diff --git a/cmd/cmd.go b/cmd/cmd.go
index 5139c05cb..14e018a4e 100644
--- a/cmd/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/cmd.go
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/runner"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/syncmap"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/version"
 	xcmd "github.com/ollama/ollama/x/cmd"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/x/create"
@@ -205,7 +204,6 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	spinner.Stop()
 
 	req.Model = modelName
 	quantize, _ := cmd.Flags().GetString("quantize")
@@ -219,42 +217,29 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	}
 
 	var g errgroup.Group
-	g.SetLimit(max(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)-1, 1))
+	g.SetLimit(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0))
+	for blob, err := range createBlobs(req.Files, req.Adapters) {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
-	files := syncmap.NewSyncMap[string, string]()
-	for f, digest := range req.Files {
 		g.Go(func() error {
-			if _, err := createBlob(cmd, client, f, digest, p); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			// TODO: this is incorrect since the file might be in a subdirectory
-			//       instead this should take the path relative to the model directory
-			//       but the current implementation does not allow this
-			files.Store(filepath.Base(f), digest)
-			return nil
+			_, err := createBlob(cmd, client, blob.Abs, blob.Digest, p)
+			return err
 		})
-	}
 
-	adapters := syncmap.NewSyncMap[string, string]()
-	for f, digest := range req.Adapters {
-		g.Go(func() error {
-			if _, err := createBlob(cmd, client, f, digest, p); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			// TODO: same here
-			adapters.Store(filepath.Base(f), digest)
-			return nil
-		})
+		if _, ok := req.Files[blob.Rel]; ok {
+			req.Files[blob.Rel] = blob.Digest
+		} else if _, ok := req.Adapters[blob.Rel]; ok {
+			req.Adapters[blob.Rel] = blob.Digest
+		}
 	}
 
 	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	req.Files = files.Items()
-	req.Adapters = adapters.Items()
+	spinner.Stop()
 
 	bars := make(map[string]*progress.Bar)
 	fn := func(resp api.ProgressResponse) error {
@@ -292,54 +277,6 @@ func CreateHandler(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func createBlob(cmd *cobra.Command, client *api.Client, path string, digest string, p *progress.Progress) (string, error) {
-	realPath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	bin, err := os.Open(realPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer bin.Close()
-
-	// Get file info to retrieve the size
-	fileInfo, err := bin.Stat()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	fileSize := fileInfo.Size()
-
-	var pw progressWriter
-	status := fmt.Sprintf("copying file %s 0%%", digest)
-	spinner := progress.NewSpinner(status)
-	p.Add(status, spinner)
-	defer spinner.Stop()
-
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	defer close(done)
-
-	go func() {
-		ticker := time.NewTicker(60 * time.Millisecond)
-		defer ticker.Stop()
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-ticker.C:
-				spinner.SetMessage(fmt.Sprintf("copying file %s %d%%", digest, int(100*pw.n.Load()/fileSize)))
-			case <-done:
-				spinner.SetMessage(fmt.Sprintf("copying file %s 100%%", digest))
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if err := client.CreateBlob(cmd.Context(), digest, io.TeeReader(bin, &pw)); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return digest, nil
-}
-
 type progressWriter struct {
 	n atomic.Int64
 }
diff --git a/cmd/create.go b/cmd/create.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed90b7035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/create.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"iter"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/progress"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type blob struct {
+	Rel, Abs, Digest string
+}
+
+func createBlob(cmd *cobra.Command, client *api.Client, path string, digest string, p *progress.Progress) (string, error) {
+	realPath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	bin, err := os.Open(realPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer bin.Close()
+
+	// Get file info to retrieve the size
+	fileInfo, err := bin.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	fileSize := fileInfo.Size()
+
+	var pw progressWriter
+	status := fmt.Sprintf("copying file %s 0%%", digest)
+	spinner := progress.NewSpinner(status)
+	p.Add(status, spinner)
+	defer spinner.Stop()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(done)
+
+	go func() {
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(60 * time.Millisecond)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ticker.C:
+				spinner.SetMessage(fmt.Sprintf("copying file %s %d%%", digest, int(100*pw.n.Load()/fileSize)))
+			case <-done:
+				spinner.SetMessage(fmt.Sprintf("copying file %s 100%%", digest))
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := client.CreateBlob(cmd.Context(), digest, io.TeeReader(bin, &pw)); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return digest, nil
+}
+
+func createBlobs(mappings ...map[string]string) iter.Seq2[blob, error] {
+	return func(yield func(blob, error) bool) {
+		for _, mapping := range mappings {
+			for rel, abs := range mapping {
+				if abs, ok := strings.CutPrefix(abs, "abs:"); ok {
+					f, err := os.Open(abs)
+					if err != nil {
+						yield(blob{}, err)
+						return
+					}
+
+					h := sha256.New()
+					if _, err := io.Copy(h, f); err != nil {
+						yield(blob{}, err)
+						return
+					}
+
+					if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+						yield(blob{}, err)
+						return
+					}
+
+					if !yield(blob{
+						Rel:    rel,
+						Abs:    abs,
+						Digest: fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", h.Sum(nil)),
+					}, nil) {
+						return
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/parser/parser.go b/parser/parser.go
index 5ef918bf2..ed5b2c646 100644
--- a/parser/parser.go
+++ b/parser/parser.go
@@ -3,22 +3,20 @@ package parser
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
-	"crypto/sha256"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"maps"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"os/user"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"sync"
 
 	"golang.org/x/mod/semver"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"golang.org/x/text/encoding/unicode"
 	"golang.org/x/text/transform"
 
@@ -54,7 +52,10 @@ var deprecatedParameters = []string{
 
 // CreateRequest creates a new *api.CreateRequest from an existing Modelfile
 func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error) {
-	req := &api.CreateRequest{}
+	req := &api.CreateRequest{
+		Files:    make(map[string]string),
+		Adapters: make(map[string]string),
+	}
 
 	var messages []api.Message
 	var licenses []string
@@ -63,12 +64,7 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 	for _, c := range f.Commands {
 		switch c.Name {
 		case "model":
-			path, err := expandPath(c.Args, relativeDir)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			digestMap, err := fileDigestMap(path)
+			files, err := filesMap(c.Args, relativeDir)
 			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
 				req.From = c.Args
 				continue
@@ -76,25 +72,14 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 				return nil, err
 			}
 
-			if req.Files == nil {
-				req.Files = digestMap
-			} else {
-				for k, v := range digestMap {
-					req.Files[k] = v
-				}
-			}
+			maps.Copy(req.Files, files)
 		case "adapter":
-			path, err := expandPath(c.Args, relativeDir)
+			files, err := filesMap(c.Args, relativeDir)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 
-			digestMap, err := fileDigestMap(path)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			req.Adapters = digestMap
+			maps.Copy(req.Adapters, files)
 		case "template":
 			req.Template = c.Args
 		case "system":
@@ -154,106 +139,66 @@ func (f Modelfile) CreateRequest(relativeDir string) (*api.CreateRequest, error)
 	return req, nil
 }
 
-func fileDigestMap(path string) (map[string]string, error) {
-	fl := make(map[string]string)
+func filesMap(args, base string) (map[string]string, error) {
+	path, err := expandPath(args, base)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
 	fi, err := os.Stat(path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var files []string
-	if fi.IsDir() {
-		fs, err := filesForModel(path)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		for _, f := range fs {
-			f, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(f)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			rel, err := filepath.Rel(path, f)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-
-			if !filepath.IsLocal(rel) {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("insecure path: %s", rel)
-			}
-
-			files = append(files, f)
-		}
-	} else {
-		files = []string{path}
+	mapping := make(map[string]string)
+	if !fi.IsDir() {
+		return map[string]string{
+			filepath.Base(path): "abs:" + path,
+		}, nil
 	}
 
-	var mu sync.Mutex
-	var g errgroup.Group
-	g.SetLimit(max(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)-1, 1))
-	for _, f := range files {
-		g.Go(func() error {
-			digest, err := digestForFile(f)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			mu.Lock()
-			defer mu.Unlock()
-			fl[f] = digest
-			return nil
-		})
+	root, err := os.OpenRoot(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer root.Close()
 
-	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
+	files, err := filesForModel(root)
+	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return fl, nil
+	for _, file := range files {
+		// create a temporary mapping from relative path to absolute path
+		mapping[file] = "abs:" + filepath.Join(root.Name(), file)
+	}
+
+	return mapping, nil
 }
 
-func digestForFile(filename string) (string, error) {
-	filepath, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	bin, err := os.Open(filepath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer bin.Close()
-
-	hash := sha256.New()
-	if _, err := io.Copy(hash, bin); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", hash.Sum(nil)), nil
-}
-
-func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {
+func filesForModel(root *os.Root) ([]string, error) {
 	detectContentType := func(path string) (string, error) {
-		f, err := os.Open(path)
+		f, err := root.Open(path)
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
 		defer f.Close()
 
-		var b bytes.Buffer
-		b.Grow(512)
-
-		if _, err := io.CopyN(&b, f, 512); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+		bts := make([]byte, 512)
+		n, err := io.ReadFull(f, bts)
+		if errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) {
+			// short read, use what we have
+			bts = bts[:n]
+		} else if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
 
-		contentType, _, _ := strings.Cut(http.DetectContentType(b.Bytes()), ";")
+		contentType, _, _ := strings.Cut(http.DetectContentType(bts), ";")
 		return contentType, nil
 	}
 
 	glob := func(pattern, contentType string) ([]string, error) {
-		matches, err := filepath.Glob(pattern)
+		matches, err := fs.Glob(root.FS(), pattern)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -262,7 +207,7 @@ func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {
 			if ct, err := detectContentType(match); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			} else if len(contentType) > 0 && ct != contentType {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid content type: expected %s for %s", ct, match)
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid content type: expected %s for %s, got %s", ct, match, contentType)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -271,25 +216,25 @@ func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {
 
 	var files []string
 	// some safetensors files do not properly match "application/octet-stream", so skip checking their contentType
-	if st, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "model*.safetensors"), ""); len(st) > 0 {
+	if st, _ := glob("model*.safetensors", ""); len(st) > 0 {
 		// safetensors files might be unresolved git lfs references; skip if they are
 		// covers model-x-of-y.safetensors, model.fp32-x-of-y.safetensors, model.safetensors
 		files = append(files, st...)
-	} else if st, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "consolidated*.safetensors"), ""); len(st) > 0 {
+	} else if st, _ := glob("consolidated*.safetensors", ""); len(st) > 0 {
 		// covers consolidated.safetensors
 		files = append(files, st...)
-	} else if pt, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "pytorch_model*.bin"), "application/zip"); len(pt) > 0 {
+	} else if pt, _ := glob("pytorch_model*.bin", "application/zip"); len(pt) > 0 {
 		// pytorch files might also be unresolved git lfs references; skip if they are
 		// covers pytorch_model-x-of-y.bin, pytorch_model.fp32-x-of-y.bin, pytorch_model.bin
 		files = append(files, pt...)
-	} else if pt, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "consolidated*.pth"), "application/zip"); len(pt) > 0 {
+	} else if pt, _ := glob("consolidated*.pth", "application/zip"); len(pt) > 0 {
 		// pytorch files might also be unresolved git lfs references; skip if they are
 		// covers consolidated.x.pth, consolidated.pth
 		files = append(files, pt...)
-	} else if gg, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "*.gguf"), "application/octet-stream"); len(gg) > 0 {
+	} else if gg, _ := glob("*.gguf", "application/octet-stream"); len(gg) > 0 {
 		// covers gguf files ending in .gguf
 		files = append(files, gg...)
-	} else if gg, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "*.bin"), "application/octet-stream"); len(gg) > 0 {
+	} else if gg, _ := glob("*.bin", "application/octet-stream"); len(gg) > 0 {
 		// covers gguf files ending in .bin
 		files = append(files, gg...)
 	} else {
@@ -297,7 +242,7 @@ func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {
 	}
 
 	// add configuration files, json files are detected as text/plain
-	js, err := glob(filepath.Join(path, "*.json"), "text/plain")
+	js, err := glob("*.json", "text/plain")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -305,7 +250,7 @@ func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {
 
 	// bert models require a nested config.json
 	// TODO(mxyng): merge this with the glob above
-	js, err = glob(filepath.Join(path, "**/*.json"), "text/plain")
+	js, err = glob("**/*.json", "text/plain")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -313,9 +258,9 @@ func filesForModel(path string) ([]string, error) {
 
 	// add tokenizer.model if it exists (tokenizer.json is automatically picked up by the previous glob)
 	// tokenizer.model might be a unresolved git lfs reference; error if it is
-	if tks, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "tokenizer.model"), "application/octet-stream"); len(tks) > 0 {
+	if tks, _ := glob("tokenizer.model", "application/octet-stream"); len(tks) > 0 {
 		files = append(files, tks...)
-	} else if tks, _ := glob(filepath.Join(path, "**/tokenizer.model"), "text/plain"); len(tks) > 0 {
+	} else if tks, _ := glob("**/tokenizer.model", "text/plain"); len(tks) > 0 {
 		// some times tokenizer.model is in a subdirectory (e.g. meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B)
 		files = append(files, tks...)
 	}
diff --git a/parser/parser_test.go b/parser/parser_test.go
index 4dcfed0cb..a31fb198a 100644
--- a/parser/parser_test.go
+++ b/parser/parser_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package parser
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"unicode/utf16"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/text/encoding"
@@ -775,25 +775,13 @@ MESSAGE assistant Hi! How are you?
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
 
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(actual, c.expected); diff != "" {
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(actual, c.expected, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()); diff != "" {
 			t.Errorf("mismatch (-got +want):\n%s", diff)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func getSHA256Digest(t *testing.T, r io.Reader) (string, int64) {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	h := sha256.New()
-	n, err := io.Copy(h, r)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	return fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", h.Sum(nil)), n
-}
-
-func createBinFile(t *testing.T, kv map[string]any, ti []*ggml.Tensor) (string, string) {
+func createBinFile(t *testing.T, kv map[string]any, ti []*ggml.Tensor) string {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "testbin.*.gguf")
@@ -808,19 +796,12 @@ func createBinFile(t *testing.T, kv map[string]any, ti []*ggml.Tensor) (string,
 	if err := ggml.WriteGGUF(f, base, ti); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	// Calculate sha256 of file
-	if _, err := f.Seek(0, 0); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	digest, _ := getSHA256Digest(t, f)
-
-	return f.Name(), digest
+	return f.Name()
 }
 
 func TestCreateRequestFiles(t *testing.T) {
-	n1, d1 := createBinFile(t, nil, nil)
-	n2, d2 := createBinFile(t, map[string]any{"foo": "bar"}, nil)
+	n1 := createBinFile(t, nil, nil)
+	n2 := createBinFile(t, map[string]any{"foo": "bar"}, nil)
 
 	cases := []struct {
 		input    string
@@ -828,11 +809,20 @@ func TestCreateRequestFiles(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			fmt.Sprintf("FROM %s", n1),
-			&api.CreateRequest{Files: map[string]string{n1: d1}},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				Files: map[string]string{
+					filepath.Base(n1): "abs:" + n1,
+				},
+			},
 		},
 		{
 			fmt.Sprintf("FROM %s\nFROM %s", n1, n2),
-			&api.CreateRequest{Files: map[string]string{n1: d1, n2: d2}},
+			&api.CreateRequest{
+				Files: map[string]string{
+					filepath.Base(n1): "abs:" + n1,
+					filepath.Base(n2): "abs:" + n2,
+				},
+			},
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -852,7 +842,7 @@ func TestCreateRequestFiles(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Error(err)
 		}
 
-		if diff := cmp.Diff(actual, c.expected); diff != "" {
+		if diff := cmp.Diff(actual, c.expected, cmpopts.EquateEmpty()); diff != "" {
 			t.Errorf("mismatch (-got +want):\n%s", diff)
 		}
 	}
@@ -860,15 +850,15 @@ func TestCreateRequestFiles(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
-		name          string
-		setup         func(string) error
-		wantFiles     []string
-		wantErr       bool
-		expectErrType error
+		name    string
+		setup   func(*testing.T, *os.Root)
+		want    []string
+		wantErr error
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "safetensors model files",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
+				t.Helper()
 				files := []string{
 					"model-00001-of-00002.safetensors",
 					"model-00002-of-00002.safetensors",
@@ -876,13 +866,12 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 					"tokenizer.json",
 				}
 				for _, file := range files {
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"model-00001-of-00002.safetensors",
 				"model-00002-of-00002.safetensors",
 				"config.json",
@@ -891,7 +880,7 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "safetensors with both tokenizer.json and tokenizer.model",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				// Create binary content for tokenizer.model (application/octet-stream)
 				binaryContent := make([]byte, 512)
 				for i := range binaryContent {
@@ -903,17 +892,16 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 					"tokenizer.json",
 				}
 				for _, file := range files {
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
 				// Write tokenizer.model as binary
-				if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "tokenizer.model"), binaryContent, 0o644); err != nil {
-					return err
+				if err := root.WriteFile("tokenizer.model", binaryContent, 0o644); err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"model-00001-of-00001.safetensors",
 				"config.json",
 				"tokenizer.json",
@@ -922,46 +910,44 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "safetensors with consolidated files - prefers model files",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				files := []string{
 					"model-00001-of-00001.safetensors",
 					"consolidated.safetensors",
 					"config.json",
 				}
 				for _, file := range files {
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"model-00001-of-00001.safetensors", // consolidated files should be excluded
 				"config.json",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "safetensors without model-.safetensors files - uses consolidated",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				files := []string{
 					"consolidated.safetensors",
 					"config.json",
 				}
 				for _, file := range files {
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, []byte("test content"), 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"consolidated.safetensors",
 				"config.json",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "pytorch model files",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				// Create a file that will be detected as application/zip
 				zipHeader := []byte{0x50, 0x4B, 0x03, 0x04} // PK zip header
 				files := []string{
@@ -974,13 +960,12 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 					if file == "config.json" {
 						content = []byte(`{"config": true}`)
 					}
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), content, 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"pytorch_model-00001-of-00002.bin",
 				"pytorch_model-00002-of-00002.bin",
 				"config.json",
@@ -988,7 +973,7 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "consolidated pth files",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				zipHeader := []byte{0x50, 0x4B, 0x03, 0x04}
 				files := []string{
 					"consolidated.00.pth",
@@ -1000,13 +985,12 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 					if file == "config.json" {
 						content = []byte(`{"config": true}`)
 					}
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), content, 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"consolidated.00.pth",
 				"consolidated.01.pth",
 				"config.json",
@@ -1014,7 +998,7 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "gguf files",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				// Create binary content that will be detected as application/octet-stream
 				binaryContent := make([]byte, 512)
 				for i := range binaryContent {
@@ -1029,20 +1013,19 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 					if file == "config.json" {
 						content = []byte(`{"config": true}`)
 					}
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), content, 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"model.gguf",
 				"config.json",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "bin files as gguf",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				binaryContent := make([]byte, 512)
 				for i := range binaryContent {
 					binaryContent[i] = byte(i % 256)
@@ -1056,35 +1039,32 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 					if file == "config.json" {
 						content = []byte(`{"config": true}`)
 					}
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), content, 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantFiles: []string{
+			want: []string{
 				"model.bin",
 				"config.json",
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "no model files found",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				// Only create non-model files
 				files := []string{"README.md", "config.json"}
 				for _, file := range files {
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), []byte("content"), 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, []byte("content"), 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantErr:       true,
-			expectErrType: ErrModelNotFound,
+			wantErr: ErrModelNotFound,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "invalid content type for pytorch model",
-			setup: func(dir string) error {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, root *os.Root) {
 				// Create pytorch model file with wrong content type (text instead of zip)
 				files := []string{
 					"pytorch_model.bin",
@@ -1092,68 +1072,32 @@ func TestFilesForModel(t *testing.T) {
 				}
 				for _, file := range files {
 					content := []byte("plain text content")
-					if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, file), content, 0o644); err != nil {
-						return err
+					if err := root.WriteFile(file, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
 					}
 				}
-				return nil
 			},
-			wantErr: true,
+			wantErr: ErrModelNotFound,
 		},
 	}
 
-	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
-
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			testDir := filepath.Join(tmpDir, tt.name)
-			if err := os.MkdirAll(testDir, 0o755); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Failed to create test directory: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			if err := tt.setup(testDir); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("Setup failed: %v", err)
-			}
-
-			files, err := filesForModel(testDir)
-
-			if tt.wantErr {
-				if err == nil {
-					t.Error("Expected error, but got none")
-				}
-				if tt.expectErrType != nil && err != tt.expectErrType {
-					t.Errorf("Expected error type %v, got %v", tt.expectErrType, err)
-				}
-				return
-			}
-
+			root, err := os.OpenRoot(t.TempDir())
 			if err != nil {
-				t.Errorf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
-				return
+				t.Fatalf("Failed to open root: %v", err)
+			}
+			defer root.Close()
+
+			tt.setup(t, root)
+
+			files, err := filesForModel(root)
+			if !errors.Is(err, tt.wantErr) {
+				t.Fatalf("want %v error, got %v", tt.wantErr, err)
 			}
 
-			var relativeFiles []string
-			for _, file := range files {
-				rel, err := filepath.Rel(testDir, file)
-				if err != nil {
-					t.Fatalf("Failed to get relative path: %v", err)
-				}
-				relativeFiles = append(relativeFiles, rel)
-			}
-
-			if len(relativeFiles) != len(tt.wantFiles) {
-				t.Errorf("Expected %d files, got %d: %v", len(tt.wantFiles), len(relativeFiles), relativeFiles)
-			}
-
-			fileSet := make(map[string]bool)
-			for _, file := range relativeFiles {
-				fileSet[file] = true
-			}
-
-			for _, wantFile := range tt.wantFiles {
-				if !fileSet[wantFile] {
-					t.Errorf("Missing expected file: %s", wantFile)
-				}
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(tt.want, files); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("filesForModel() mismatch (-want +got):\n%s", diff)
 			}
 		})
 	}
diff --git a/types/syncmap/syncmap.go b/types/syncmap/syncmap.go
deleted file mode 100644
index ff21cd999..000000000
--- a/types/syncmap/syncmap.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-package syncmap
-
-import (
-	"maps"
-	"sync"
-)
-
-// SyncMap is a simple, generic thread-safe map implementation.
-type SyncMap[K comparable, V any] struct {
-	mu sync.RWMutex
-	m  map[K]V
-}
-
-func NewSyncMap[K comparable, V any]() *SyncMap[K, V] {
-	return &SyncMap[K, V]{
-		m: make(map[K]V),
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *SyncMap[K, V]) Load(key K) (V, bool) {
-	s.mu.RLock()
-	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
-	val, ok := s.m[key]
-	return val, ok
-}
-
-func (s *SyncMap[K, V]) Store(key K, value V) {
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.mu.Unlock()
-	s.m[key] = value
-}
-
-func (s *SyncMap[K, V]) Items() map[K]V {
-	s.mu.RLock()
-	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
-	// shallow copy map items
-	return maps.Clone(s.m)
-}