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63 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Andrew Gerrand
2fffba7fe1 go1.0.1
R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6121054
2012-04-26 12:50:14 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
1c15a46489 [release-branch.go1] doc: go1.0.1 release notes
««« CL 6123055 / fdfe4968b115
doc: go1.0.1 release notes

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6123055
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6109062
2012-04-26 12:29:08 -07:00
Shenghou Ma
318b29d661 [release-branch.go1] cmd/godoc: update App Engine README and script for Go 1
««« CL 5849053 / f68d1d478a97
cmd/godoc: update App Engine README and script for Go 1

R=adg, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5849053
»»»

Also applied !appengine build constrain to main.go from CL 5969063
so that the godoc app at release-branch.go1 will build and work properly.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112063
2012-04-27 03:13:15 +08:00
Andrew Gerrand
c7a1baf1f0 [release-branch.go1] time: doc fix.
««« CL 6127050 / 6d5417240a0c
time: doc fix.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6127050
»»»

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6118057
2012-04-26 11:45:54 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
19b11c49a9 [release-branch.go1] doc: simplify the image_draw article example for converting an image to
««« CL 6119054 / a7183646b353
doc: simplify the image_draw article example for converting an image to
RGBA.

R=adg, r, bsiegert
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119054
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119056
2012-04-26 11:39:33 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
6b8d891e4e [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: new tag selection logic
««« CL 6112060 / bcd5635a53b0
cmd/go: new tag selection logic

The new logic is "use go1 if it's there, otherwise no tag."
Nothing needs to say "I require go1.0.1", and I want to
preserve some flexibility in defining what tags mean.

Right now (before go1.0.1) there is only one possible tag,
"go1", and I'd like to keep it that way.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112060
»»»

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6116059
2012-04-26 11:36:07 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
cbffaffa6d [release-branch.go1] doc: update wiki article to use html/template properly.
««« CL 6116055 / d282c379aad7
doc: update wiki article to use html/template properly.

Fixes #3569.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6116055
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119055
2012-04-26 11:34:54 -07:00
Russ Cox
8f2d48993a [release-branch.go1] mime: make ParseMediaType return zero results on error
««« CL 6119051 / 1384d7510575
mime: make ParseMediaType return zero results on error

Fixes #3562

R=golang-dev, adg, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119051
»»»

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6127045
2012-04-25 15:44:30 -04:00
Russ Cox
a8cea4cda0 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Akshat Kumar (individual CLA)
««« backport ca2868ad4611
A+C: Akshat Kumar (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6004043
»»»
2012-04-10 15:14:04 -04:00
Bobby Powers
342f4bf288 [release-branch.go1] encoding/json: allow punctuation in tag names
««« backport 233ff5d46b3d
encoding/json: allow punctuation in tag names

everything except backslash and the quote chars is fair game.

Fixes #3546.

R=rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6048047

»»»
2012-04-25 14:33:33 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
b4ea696b49 [release-branch.go1] mime/multipart: report io.EOF correctly on part ending without newlines
««« backport 4ecca118488b
mime/multipart: report io.EOF correctly on part ending without newlines

If a part ends with "--boundary--", without a final "\r\n",
that's also a graceful EOF, and we should return io.EOF instead
of the fmt-wrapped io.EOF from bufio.Reader.ReadSlice.

I found this bug parsing an image attachment from gmail.
Minimal test case stripped down from the original
gmail-generated attachment included.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6118043
»»»
2012-04-23 22:26:48 -07:00
Rob Pike
c619931610 [release-branch.go1] path: document that Clean deletes trailing slashes.
««« backport ab273014412e
path: document that Clean deletes trailing slashes.

Fixes #3492.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112044
»»»
2012-04-24 13:17:05 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
bff1a8a3b1 [release-branch.go1] net: fix typo in Listener.File() documentation
««« backport 0739e30d5df7
net: fix typo in Listener.File() documentation

R=golang-dev, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6097044
»»»
2012-04-24 01:27:19 +02:00
Luuk van Dijk
cb6f9ce4c7 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix addresses escaping through closures called in-place.
««« backport a890477d3dfb
cmd/gc: fix addresses escaping through closures called in-place.

Fixes #3545.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6061043

»»»
2012-04-23 15:39:01 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
01dce10cbf [release-branch.go1] doc: sync playground.js
««« backport 953b30b83997
doc: sync playground.js

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5956043
»»»
2012-04-03 08:10:21 +10:00
Rob Pike
86990145a6 [release-branch.go1] reflect: document and test TypeOf(nil)
««« backport 82aaf0925029
reflect: document and test TypeOf(nil)
Fixes #3549.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6107047
»»»
2012-04-23 12:07:02 +10:00
Dave Cheney
8b5350b8e4 [release-branch.go1] net: fix race between Close and Read
««« backport 5f24ff99b5f1
net: fix race between Close and Read

Fixes #3507.

Applied the suggested fix from rsc. If the connection
is in closing state then errClosing will bubble up to
the caller.

The fix has been applied to udp, ip and unix as well as
their code path include nil'ing c.fd on close. Func
tests are available in the linked issue that verified
the bug existed there as well.

R=rsc, fullung, alex.brainman, mikioh.mikioh
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6002053
»»»
2012-04-21 10:01:32 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
802ac98ffc [release-branch.go1] doc: don't wrap package names in directory listing
««« backport f4f63fb397c6
doc: don't wrap package names in directory listing

Fixes #3522.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6063054
»»»
2012-04-20 10:04:13 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
554316495f [release-branch.go1] net/http: add example for FileServer to mention StripPrefix
««« backport 362b760ecfc7
net/http: add example for FileServer to mention StripPrefix
        Fixes #3530.

R=golang-dev, rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6032052
»»»
2012-04-20 00:41:10 +08:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
69a8369b87 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Bjorn Tillenius (Individual CLA)
««« backport b93d51d8ac36
A+C: add Bjorn Tillenius (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, kevlar
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6075045
»»»
2012-04-19 09:23:48 -07:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
56612a5dc8 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Add Michael Chaten (Individual CLA)
««« backport a08a6e660bf0
A+C: Add Michael Chaten (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, kevlar
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6075044
»»»
2012-04-19 09:18:49 -07:00
Benny Siegert
78bf569018 [release-branch.go1] doc/articles/image_draw.html: Change ColorImage to Uniform
««« backport a224d214002e
doc/articles/image_draw.html: Change ColorImage to Uniform

Fixes #3474.

R=nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6048050

»»»
2012-04-19 11:04:42 +10:00
Adam Langley
5fe252d191 [release-branch.go1] encoding/asn1: allow lengths up to the maximum int value.
««« backport d088bc4e2e64
encoding/asn1: allow lengths up to the maximum int value.

Previously we capped lengths at 2**24 rather than 2**31.

R=golang-dev, r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6050050
»»»
2012-04-18 13:41:11 -04:00
David Symonds
dd58503eaf [release-branch.go1] flag: update style.
««« backport 059ba0d0dc6a
flag: update style.

R=golang-dev, r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6051044
»»»
2012-04-17 16:37:35 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
5c69520377 [release-branch.go1] CONTRIBUTORS: add Colby Ranger (Google CLA)
««« backport 4875dfefc730
CONTRIBUTORS: add Colby Ranger (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6037052
»»»
2012-04-16 10:25:20 -07:00
Shenghou Ma
85a2bbe135 [release-branch.go1] doc/code: mention $GOBIN
««« backport 543047268d1a
doc/code: mention $GOBIN

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5989045

»»»
2012-04-17 02:41:27 +10:00
Robert Hencke
65904a75bc [release-branch.go1] time: parse fractional second with single digit
««« backport 99292bad0d6d
time: parse fractional second with single digit

Fixes #3487.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6011050

»»»
2012-04-16 11:56:37 +10:00
Adam Langley
ad0c81b124 [release-branch.go1] crypto/tls: don't always use the default private key.
««« backport 6a2ea47583df
crypto/tls: don't always use the default private key.

When SNI based certificate selection is enabled, we previously used
the default private key even if we selected a non-default certificate.

Fixes #3367.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5987058
»»»
2012-04-12 12:35:21 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
30f431fe2e [release-branch.go1] doc: update Mercurial installation instructions
««« backport f6e1ee2d8cd1
doc: update Mercurial installation instructions

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6031046
»»»
2012-04-14 13:27:11 +10:00
Jongmin Kim
e4806c2a18 [release-branch.go1] doc/effective_go.html: fixed the Request channel parameter
««« backport 29acc3fb59c3
doc/effective_go.html: fixed the Request channel parameter

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, gri
https://golang.org/cl/6010051

»»»
2012-04-13 15:22:40 +10:00
Gustavo Niemeyer
cd73d696d0 [release-branch.go1] time: panic if UnixNano is out of range
««« backport 4ed98a6b6fe5
time: panic if UnixNano is out of range

R=golang-dev, remyoudompheng, dsymonds, gustavo, dchest, r, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5985059
»»»
2012-04-12 22:16:31 -03:00
Rob Pike
18a71beb07 [release-branch.go1] fmt: fix crash of %b on huge negative int64
««« backport 344d5c33331a
fmt: fix crash of %b on huge negative int64
The buffer had 64 bytes but needs one more for the sign.

Fixes #3510.

R=golang-dev, dave, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6011057
»»»
2012-04-13 09:28:37 +10:00
Adam Langley
bde649ca89 [release-branch.go1] encoding/pem: ignore spaces and tabs at the end of header lines.
««« backport 5eadbc72f1d2
encoding/pem: ignore spaces and tabs at the end of header lines.

Fixes #3502.

R=bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6011046
»»»
2012-04-12 12:33:52 -04:00
Nigel Tao
ec0b7b7de4 [release-branch.go1] html, exp/html: escape ' and " as ' and ", since IE8 and
««« backport a70135896879
html, exp/html: escape ' and " as ' and ", since IE8 and
below do not support '.

This makes package html consistent with package text/template's
HTMLEscape function.

Fixes #3489.

R=rsc, mikesamuel, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5992071
»»»
2012-04-12 09:35:43 +10:00
Dave Cheney
a200931cae [release-branch.go1] doc: fix minor typo in Go 1 release notes
««« backport 75c94686a4d7
doc: fix minor typo in Go 1 release notes

Fixes #3478.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5986074

»»»
2012-04-11 10:59:03 +10:00
Alex Brainman
01479df5b6 [release-branch.go1] os: fix IsPermission on windows
««« backport 1b2b113a2d66
os: fix IsPermission on windows

Fixes #3482.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5987070
»»»
2012-04-10 10:07:29 +10:00
Rob Pike
610fc6598b [release-branch.go1] runtime.Callers: make documentation match code
««« backport a7db811befb8
runtime.Callers: make documentation match code
It is a bug that Caller and Callers disagree about the offset of the skip
parameter. Document the bug.

R=rsc, dsymonds, r, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5976064
»»»
2012-04-10 09:47:57 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
8f72d82b63 [release-branch.go1] doc/code: update newmath.Sqrt test case to make sure test succeed
««« backport aa9954952235
doc/code: update newmath.Sqrt test case to make sure test succeed
        Fixes #3445.

R=golang-dev, rsc, mtj
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5975061
»»»
2012-04-10 01:55:51 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
4df8143754 [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix a typo
««« backport 1c42d454d4dd
doc/go_spec: fix a typo

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5989065
»»»
2012-04-10 01:50:46 +08:00
Stéphane Travostino
70e139f3bc [release-branch.go1] net/url: Correctly escape URL as per RFC 3986
««« backport 6b46fb967ca4
net/url: Correctly escape URL as per RFC 3986

The shouldEscape function did not correctly escape the reserved characters listed in RFC 3986 §2.2, breaking some strict web servers.
Fixes #3433.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970050

»»»
2012-04-05 13:23:08 -04:00
Russ Cox
9b1d0910e1 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Stéphane Travostino (individual CLA)
««« backport 6c0fd8ec2c77
A+C: Stéphane Travostino (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5991048
»»»
2012-04-05 13:13:34 -04:00
Hong Ruiqi
54fc7ef5ad [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix typo
««« backport d10b521f63d1
doc/go_spec: fix typo

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5990043

»»»
2012-04-05 22:37:07 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
41848f960c [release-branch.go1] doc: shorten project dashboard link
««« backport 4e6ea52ad147
doc: shorten project dashboard link

Fixes #3420.
(which was already fixed)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5987043
»»»
2012-04-05 11:17:18 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
c3882041a9 [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: in go get, don't try to perform discovery on non-hosts
««« backport 2a52a9484c10
cmd/go: in go get, don't try to perform discovery on non-hosts

Before, "go get -v foo/bar" was assuming "foo" was a hostname
and trying to perform discovery on it. Now, require a dot in
the first path component (the hostname).

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5981057
»»»
2012-04-04 07:24:13 -07:00
Dmitry Chestnykh
d98b9dac03 [release-branch.go1] encoding/ascii85: fix panic caused by special case
««« backport b127df6df1ab
encoding/ascii85: fix panic caused by special case

Special case for encoding 4 zeros as 'z' didn't
update source slice, causing 'index out of bounds'
panic in destination slice.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970078

»»»
2012-04-04 09:52:42 -04:00
Michael Lewis
ca246227a8 [release-branch.go1] sql: Propagate error from subsetTypeArgs in Exec
««« backport dd8f13acda2e
sql: Propagate error from subsetTypeArgs in Exec

Fixes #3449

R=golang-dev
CC=bradfitz, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970076

»»»
2012-04-03 15:36:48 -07:00
Rob Pike
02c38a83b9 [release-branch.go1] time.RFC822: make the string standard-compliant
««« backport fda7b4c9978d
time.RFC822: make the string standard-compliant
For mysterious reasons, the existing string was just wrong: it was missing a colon.
There is no apparent reason for this discrepancy.

This should be safe to fix because existing uses would not be RFC822-compliant;
people cannot be depending on it to generate correct mail headers.

Fixes #3444.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, iant, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5969072
»»»
2012-04-04 06:54:39 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
6b68716f85 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Michael Lewis (Individual CLA)
««« backport 3ee4c6bdf311
A+C: add Michael Lewis (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970077
»»»
2012-04-03 13:38:57 -07:00
Dave Cheney
eacdcccb9e [release-branch.go1] encoding/base64: fix panic when input len is not a multiple of 4
««« backport 95e67cc5fa08
encoding/base64: fix panic when input len is not a multiple of 4

Fixes #3442.

R=for.go.yong, dsymonds, sougou, minux.ma, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5975052

»»»
2012-04-03 12:14:02 +10:00
Rob Pike
efcd0d5bd8 [release-branch.go1] text/template: pipelined arg was not typechecked
««« backport c007925a75c6
text/template: pipelined arg was not typechecked
Without this fix, an erroneous template causes a panic; should be caught safely.
The bug did not affect correct templates.

Fixes #3267.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5900065
»»»
2012-04-03 11:44:52 +10:00
Alex Brainman
7510885c4d [release-branch.go1] time: fix handling of locations with no dst on windows
««« backport 701af83040ac
time: fix handling of locations with no dst on windows

Fixes #3437.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5967063
»»»
2012-04-03 11:39:38 +10:00
Peter Weinberger
b4f17bdf98 [release-branch.go1] doc/code.html: change 'affect' to 'effect'.
««« backport 0dc51d66e03d
doc/code.html: change 'affect' to 'effect'.
Fixes #3429.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5966047
»»»
2012-04-02 13:05:09 -04:00
Russ Cox
879f5d9007 [release-branch.go1] C: add Peter Weinberger (Google CLA)
««« backport b9b0c8d8b5ff
C: add Peter Weinberger (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5976059
»»»
2012-04-02 12:59:02 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
c50da29f00 [release-branch.go1] cmd/dist, sudo.bash: don't mention sudo.bash if cov or prof is not present
««« backport e757e2af45ec
cmd/dist, sudo.bash: don't mention sudo.bash if cov or prof is not present
        Fixes #3422.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5967057
»»»
2012-04-02 22:33:38 +08:00
Aaron Kemp
465aef6f86 [release-branch.go1] doc/effective_go.html: Add missing '...' for fmt.Sprintf()
««« backport 8434de733c20
doc/effective_go.html: Add missing '...' for fmt.Sprintf()

The '...' was missing on a call to fmt.Sprintf() which would result in
the slice being printed instead of the correct result.

R=golang-dev, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5967051

»»»
2012-03-30 17:51:24 -07:00
Robert Griesemer
d9b3c09097 [release-branch.go1] A+C: added Aaron Kemp (Corporate CLA)
««« backport 347d126983f7
A+C: added Aaron Kemp (Corporate CLA)

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5966054
»»»
2012-03-30 17:51:07 -07:00
Shenghou Ma
931e05acde [release-branch.go1] doc/codewalk/markov: fix syntax and broken link
««« backport fd037b466111
doc/codewalk/markov: fix syntax and broken link
        Part of issue 3424.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5955050
»»»
2012-03-30 15:00:23 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
78b1980875 [release-branch.go1] doc/code.html: fix broken dashboard link
««« backport feb586ac4860
doc/code.html: fix broken dashboard link
        Fixes #3420.
        Part of issue 3424.

R=golang-dev, cldorian, adg, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5958046
»»»
2012-03-30 14:07:40 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
8af4ac6444 [release-branch.go1] doc/go1: minor fixes
««« backport b8f8e3b892dc
doc/go1: minor fixes
        Fixes #3427.
        Part of issue 3424.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5959045
»»»
2012-03-30 14:06:12 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
0c34a28d85 [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix broken link
««« backport 719d3065511a
doc/go_spec: fix broken link
        Part of issue 3424

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5955049
»»»
2012-03-30 14:04:03 +08:00
Rob Pike
6d62c5c99a [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: update docs about tags for get command
««« backport 79e6b4602f26
cmd/go: update docs about tags for get command
"go1" dominates. Delete the text about weekly and release.
We can revisit this once the situation changes.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5969043
»»»
2012-03-30 13:07:10 +11:00
Andrew Gerrand
6174b5e21e go1 2012-03-28 23:41:59 +11:00
Andrew Gerrand
4081aa1277 remove non-go1 commands and packages 2012-03-28 23:41:38 +11:00
8093 changed files with 562587 additions and 1570770 deletions

10
.gitattributes vendored
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@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
# Treat all files in the Go repo as binary, with no git magic updating
# line endings. Windows users contributing to Go will need to use a
# modern version of git and editors capable of LF line endings.
#
# We'll prevent accidental CRLF line endings from entering the repo
# via the git-review gofmt checks.
#
# See golang.org/issue/9281
* -text

View File

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks!
### What version of Go are you using (`go version`)?
### What operating system and processor architecture are you using (`go env`)?
### What did you do?
If possible, provide a recipe for reproducing the error.
A complete runnable program is good.
A link on play.golang.org is best.
### What did you expect to see?
### What did you see instead?

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@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
Please do not send pull requests to the golang/* repositories.
We do, however, take contributions gladly.
See https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html
Thanks!

14
.github/SUPPORT vendored
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@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
Unlike many projects on GitHub, the Go project does not use its bug tracker for general discussion or asking questions.
We only use our bug tracker for tracking bugs and tracking proposals going through the [Proposal Process](https://golang.org/s/proposal-process).
For asking questions, see:
* [The golang-nuts mailing list](https://groups.google.com/d/forum/golang-nuts)
* [The Go Forum](https://forum.golangbridge.org/), a web-based forum
* [Gophers Slack](https://gophers.slack.com), use the [invite app](https://invite.slack.golangbridge.org/) for access
* [Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/go) with questions tagged "go"
* **IRC** channel #go-nuts on Freenode

45
.gitignore vendored
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@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
.DS_Store
*.[56789ao]
*.a[56789o]
*.so
*.pyc
._*
.nfs.*
[56789a].out
*~
*.orig
*.rej
*.exe
.*.swp
core
*.cgo*.go
*.cgo*.c
_cgo_*
_obj
_test
_testmain.go
/VERSION.cache
/bin/
/build.out
/doc/articles/wiki/*.bin
/goinstall.log
/last-change
/misc/cgo/life/run.out
/misc/cgo/stdio/run.out
/misc/cgo/testso/main
/pkg/
/src/*.*/
/src/cmd/cgo/zdefaultcc.go
/src/cmd/go/internal/cfg/zdefaultcc.go
/src/cmd/go/internal/cfg/zosarch.go
/src/cmd/internal/objabi/zbootstrap.go
/src/go/build/zcgo.go
/src/go/doc/headscan
/src/runtime/internal/sys/zversion.go
/src/unicode/maketables
/test.out
/test/garbage/*.out
/test/pass.out
/test/run.out
/test/times.out

65
.hgignore Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
syntax:glob
.DS_Store
.git
.gitignore
*.[568ao]
*.a[568o]
*.so
*.pyc
._*
.nfs.*
[568a].out
*~
*.orig
*.rej
*.exe
.*.swp
core
*.cgo*.go
*.cgo*.c
_cgo_*
_obj
_test
_testmain.go
build.out
test.out
doc/tmpltohtml
doc/articles/wiki/*.bin
misc/cgo/life/run.out
misc/cgo/stdio/run.out
misc/cgo/testso/main
misc/dashboard/builder/builder
misc/goplay/goplay
misc/osx/*.pkg
misc/osx/*.dmg
src/cmd/6a/6a
src/cmd/?a/y.output
src/cmd/?l/enam.c
src/cmd/cc/y.output
src/cmd/dist/dist.dSYM
src/cmd/gc/mkbuiltin1
src/cmd/gc/opnames.h
src/cmd/gc/y.output
src/pkg/exp/norm/maketables
src/pkg/exp/norm/maketesttables
src/pkg/exp/norm/normregtest
src/pkg/exp/ebnflint/ebnflint
src/pkg/go/doc/headscan
src/pkg/runtime/goc2c
src/pkg/runtime/mkversion
src/pkg/runtime/z*
src/pkg/unicode/maketables
src/pkg/*.*/
test/pass.out
test/run.out
test/times.out
test/garbage/*.out
goinstall.log
last-change
VERSION.cache
syntax:regexp
^bin/
^pkg/
^src/cmd/(.*)/6?\1$
^.*/core.[0-9]*$

110
.hgtags Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
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780c85032b174c9d4b42adf75d82bc85af7d78d1 weekly.2011-11-02
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2f4482b89a6b5956828872137b6b96636cd904d3 weekly.2011-11-09
b4a91b6933748db1a7150c06a1b55ad506e52906 weekly.2011-11-18
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4a82689277582a2a60f006e3f158985f2f8d1da3 weekly.2011-12-22
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911
AUTHORS

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# Contributing to Go
Go is an open source project.
It is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
## Before filing an issue
If you are unsure whether you have found a bug, please consider asking in the [golang-nuts mailing
list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/golang-nuts) or [other forums](https://golang.org/help/) first. If
the behavior you are seeing is confirmed as a bug or issue, it can easily be re-raised in the issue tracker.
## Filing issues
Sensitive security-related issues should be reported to [security@golang.org](mailto:security@golang.org).
See the [security policy](https://golang.org/security) for details.
The recommended way to file an issue is by running `go bug`.
Otherwise, when filing an issue, make sure to answer these five questions:
1. What version of Go are you using (`go version`)?
2. What operating system and processor architecture are you using?
3. What did you do?
4. What did you expect to see?
5. What did you see instead?
For change proposals, see [Proposing Changes To Go](https://github.com/golang/proposal/).
## Contributing code
Please read the [Contribution Guidelines](https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html) before sending patches.
**We do not accept GitHub pull requests**
(we use [an instance](https://go-review.googlesource.com/) of the
[Gerrit](https://www.gerritcodereview.com/) code review system instead).
Also, please do not post patches on the issue tracker.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed under
the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.

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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
Copyright (c) 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are

31
README Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
This is the source code repository for the Go programming language.
For documentation about how to install and use Go,
visit http://golang.org/ or load doc/install.html in your web browser.
After installing Go, you can view a nicely formatted
doc/install.html by running godoc --http=:6060
and then visiting http://localhost:6060/doc/install.html.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed
under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
--
Binary Distribution Notes
If you have just untarred a binary Go distribution, you need to set
the environment variable $GOROOT to the full path of the go
directory (the one containing this README). You can omit the
variable if you unpack it into /usr/local/go, or if you rebuild
from sources by running all.bash (see doc/install.html).
You should also add the Go binary directory $GOROOT/bin
to your shell's path.
For example, if you extracted the tar file into $HOME/go, you might
put the following in your .profile:
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
See doc/install.html for more details.

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@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
# The Go Programming Language
Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple,
reliable, and efficient software.
![Gopher image](doc/gopher/fiveyears.jpg)
*Gopher image by [Renee French][rf], licensed under [Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions license][cc3-by].*
Our canonical Git repository is located at https://go.googlesource.com/go.
There is a mirror of the repository at https://github.com/golang/go.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed under the
BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
### Download and Install
#### Binary Distributions
Official binary distributions are available at https://golang.org/dl/.
After downloading a binary release, visit https://golang.org/doc/install
or load doc/install.html in your web browser for installation
instructions.
#### Install From Source
If a binary distribution is not available for your combination of
operating system and architecture, visit
https://golang.org/doc/install/source or load doc/install-source.html
in your web browser for source installation instructions.
### Contributing
Go is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines:
https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html
Note that the Go project does not use GitHub pull requests, and that
we use the issue tracker for bug reports and proposals only. See
https://golang.org/wiki/Questions for a list of places to ask
questions about the Go language.
[rf]: https://reneefrench.blogspot.com/
[cc3-by]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

1
VERSION Normal file
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go1.0.1

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@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
Files in this directory are data for Go's API checker ("go tool api", in src/cmd/api).
Each file is a list of API features, one per line.
go1.txt (and similarly named files) are frozen once a version has been
shipped. Each file adds new lines but does not remove any.
except.txt lists features that may disappear without breaking true
compatibility.
next.txt is the only file intended to be mutated. It's a list of
features that may be added to the next version. It only affects
warning output from the go api tool.

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@@ -1,345 +0,0 @@
pkg encoding/json, method (*RawMessage) MarshalJSON() ([]uint8, error)
pkg math/big, type Word uintptr
pkg net, func ListenUnixgram(string, *UnixAddr) (*UDPConn, error)
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCAIFADDR = 2151967019
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCGIFSTATUS = 3274991931
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCSIFPHYADDR = 2151967046
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET = 537
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT = 536
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET = 535
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT = 534
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET = 515
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT = 533
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofBpfHdr = 24
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 88
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 104
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCAIFADDR = 2151967019
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCGIFSTATUS = 3274991931
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCSIFPHYADDR = 2151967046
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET = 537
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT = 536
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET = 535
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT = 534
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET = 515
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT = 533
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofBpfHdr = 24
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 88
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 104
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-386), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074283118
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148024941
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGGPARAM = 3224922456
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofIfData = 208
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const TIOCGTSTAMP = 1074295899
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Timeval struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074283118
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148024941
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGGPARAM = 3224922456
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 208
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const TIOCGTSTAMP = 1074295899
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Timeval struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CCR0_FLUSH = 16
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CCR0_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CPUID_CFLUSH = 524288
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CPUID_CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LMA = 1024
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LMA ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LME = 256
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LME ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_NXE = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_NXE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_SCE = 1
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_SCE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH = 21
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Kevent_t struct, Ident uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CCR0_FLUSH = 16
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CCR0_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CPUID_CFLUSH = 524288
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CPUID_CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LMA = 1024
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LMA ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LME = 256
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LME ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_NXE = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_NXE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_SCE = 1
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_SCE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH = 21
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Ident uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg testing, func RegisterCover(Cover)
pkg testing, func MainStart(func(string, string) (bool, error), []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode bool
pkg text/template/parse, type Node interface { Copy, String, Type }
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.2.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.3.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "7.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "8.0.0"
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 37

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@@ -1,604 +0,0 @@
# CL 134210043 archive/zip: add Writer.Flush, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) Flush() error
# CL 97140043 compress/flate: add Reset() to allow reusing large buffers to compress multiple buffers, James Robinson <jamesr@google.com>
pkg compress/flate, type Resetter interface { Reset }
pkg compress/flate, type Resetter interface, Reset(io.Reader, []uint8) error
pkg compress/zlib, type Resetter interface { Reset }
pkg compress/zlib, type Resetter interface, Reset(io.Reader, []uint8) error
# CL 159120044 compress/gzip: allow stopping at end of first stream, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg compress/gzip, method (*Reader) Multistream(bool)
# CL 138800043 crypto: Add SHA3 functions in go.crypto/sha3 to the Hash enum., David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
pkg crypto, const SHA3_224 = 10
pkg crypto, const SHA3_224 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_256 = 11
pkg crypto, const SHA3_256 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_384 = 12
pkg crypto, const SHA3_384 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_512 = 13
pkg crypto, const SHA3_512 Hash
# CL 114680043 crypto: add Signer, Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto, method (Hash) HashFunc() Hash
pkg crypto, type Signer interface { Public, Sign }
pkg crypto, type Signer interface, Public() PublicKey
pkg crypto, type Signer interface, Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto, type SignerOpts interface { HashFunc }
pkg crypto, type SignerOpts interface, HashFunc() Hash
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PSSOptions) HashFunc() crypto.Hash
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, type PSSOptions struct, Hash crypto.Hash
# CL 157090043 crypto/tls: support TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV as a server., Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV = 22016
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV uint16
# CL 107400043 crypto/tls: Added dynamic alternative to NameToCertificate map for SNI, Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, CipherSuites []uint16
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, ServerName string
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedCurves []CurveID
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedPoints []uint8
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, GetCertificate func(*ClientHelloInfo) (*Certificate, error)
pkg crypto/tls, type ConnectionState struct, TLSUnique []uint8
# CL 153420045 crypto/x509: continue to recognise MaxPathLen of zero as "no value"., Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto/x509, type Certificate struct, MaxPathLenZero bool
# CL 158950043 database/sql: add Drivers, returning list of registered drivers, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg database/sql, func Drivers() []string
# CL 117280043 debug/dwarf: fix Reader panic on DW_TAG_unspecified_type, Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Basic() *BasicType
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Common() *CommonType
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Size() int64
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) String() string
pkg debug/dwarf, type UnspecifiedType struct
pkg debug/dwarf, type UnspecifiedType struct, embedded BasicType
# CL 132000043 debug/elf: support arm64 relocations, Michael Hudson-Doyle <michael.hudson@linaro.org>
pkg debug/elf, const EM_AARCH64 = 183
pkg debug/elf, const EM_AARCH64 Machine
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS16 = 259
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS32 = 258
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS64 = 257
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC = 277
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_GOT_PAGE = 311
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_GOT_PAGE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_LO21 = 274
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_LO21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 = 275
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21_NC = 276
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CALL26 = 283
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CALL26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CONDBR19 = 280
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CONDBR19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_COPY = 1024
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_COPY R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT = 1025
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GOT_LD_PREL19 = 309
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GOT_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE = 1032
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP26 = 282
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT = 1026
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD64_GOT_LO12_NC = 312
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD64_GOT_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC = 299
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC = 284
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC = 285
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC = 286
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC = 278
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD_PREL_LO19 = 273
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD_PREL_LO19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G0 = 270
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G1 = 271
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G2 = 272
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0 = 263
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC = 264
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1 = 265
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1_NC = 266
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2 = 267
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2_NC = 268
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G3 = 269
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G3 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NONE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NULL = 256
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NULL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS16 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS32 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_GOT_PAGE = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_GOT_PAGE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_LO21 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_LO21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CALL26 = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CALL26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CONDBR19 = 19
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CONDBR19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_COPY = 180
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_COPY R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GLOB_DAT = 181
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GLOB_DAT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GOT_LD_PREL19 = 25
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GOT_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_IRELATIVE = 188
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_IRELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP26 = 20
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP_SLOT = 182
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP_SLOT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD32_GOT_LO12_NC = 27
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD32_GOT_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD_PREL_LO19 = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD_PREL_LO19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_SABS_G0 = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_SABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0 = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G1 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL16 = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL32 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_RELATIVE = 183
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_RELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC = 187
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC = 126
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 = 124
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 = 123
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_CALL = 127
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_CALL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD32_LO12_NC = 125
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD32_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 = 122
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC = 82
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 = 81
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 = 103
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD32_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC = 104
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD32_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 = 105
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 = 109
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 = 110
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC = 111
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 = 107
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC = 108
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 = 106
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPMOD = 184
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPMOD R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPREL = 185
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPREL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_TPREL = 186
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_TPREL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TSTBR14 = 18
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TSTBR14 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL16 = 262
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL32 = 261
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL64 = 260
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_RELATIVE = 1027
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_RELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC = 1031
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD = 568
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC = 564
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 = 562
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 = 561
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_CALL = 569
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_CALL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD64_LO12_NC = 563
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD64_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LDR = 567
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LDR R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 = 560
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G0_NC = 566
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G1 = 565
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC = 514
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 = 513
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 = 541
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD64_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC = 542
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD64_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 = 543
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G0_NC = 540
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G1 = 539
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 = 549
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 = 550
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC = 551
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 = 547
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC = 548
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 = 545
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1_NC = 546
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G2 = 544
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPMOD64 = 1028
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPMOD64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL64 = 1029
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64 = 1030
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TSTBR14 = 279
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TSTBR14 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, method (R_AARCH64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_AARCH64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_AARCH64 int
# CL 107530043 debug/elf: add (*File).DynamicSymbols, ErrNoSymbols, and tests for (*File).Symbols and (*File).DynamicSymbols, and formalize symbol order., Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
pkg debug/elf, method (*File) DynamicSymbols() ([]Symbol, error)
pkg debug/elf, var ErrNoSymbols error
# CL 106460044 debug/plan9obj, cmd/addr2line: on Plan 9 use a.out header, Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
pkg debug/plan9obj, type FileHeader struct, HdrSize uint64
pkg debug/plan9obj, type FileHeader struct, LoadAddress uint64
# CL 122960043 encoding/xml: add InputOffset method to Decoder, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg encoding/xml, method (*Decoder) InputOffset() int64
# CL 124940043 cmd/go, go/build: implement import comment checking, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg go/build, const ImportComment = 4
pkg go/build, const ImportComment ImportMode
pkg go/build, type Package struct, ImportComment string
# CL 155050043 go/build: Return MultiplePackageError on importing a dir containing multiple packages, Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
pkg go/build, method (*MultiplePackageError) Error() string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Dir string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Files []string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Packages []string
# CL 135110044 go/token: implement PositionFor accessors, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg go/token, method (*File) PositionFor(Pos, bool) Position
pkg go/token, method (*FileSet) PositionFor(Pos, bool) Position
# CL 109000049 image: add RGBAAt, Gray16At, etc., ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
pkg image, method (*Alpha) AlphaAt(int, int) color.Alpha
pkg image, method (*Alpha16) Alpha16At(int, int) color.Alpha16
pkg image, method (*Gray) GrayAt(int, int) color.Gray
pkg image, method (*Gray16) Gray16At(int, int) color.Gray16
pkg image, method (*NRGBA) NRGBAAt(int, int) color.NRGBA
pkg image, method (*NRGBA64) NRGBA64At(int, int) color.NRGBA64
pkg image, method (*RGBA) RGBAAt(int, int) color.RGBA
pkg image, method (*RGBA64) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*YCbCr) YCbCrAt(int, int) color.YCbCr
# CL 129190043 png: make the encoder configurable, Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org>
pkg image/png, const BestCompression = -3
pkg image/png, const BestCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const BestSpeed = -2
pkg image/png, const BestSpeed CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const DefaultCompression = 0
pkg image/png, const DefaultCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const NoCompression = -1
pkg image/png, const NoCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, method (*Encoder) Encode(io.Writer, image.Image) error
pkg image/png, type CompressionLevel int
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct, CompressionLevel CompressionLevel
# CL 101750048 math: implement Nextafter32, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg math, func Nextafter32(float32, float32) float32
# CL 93550043 math/big: implement Rat.Float32, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg math/big, method (*Rat) Float32() (float32, bool)
# CL 76540043 net/http: add BasicAuth method to *http.Request, Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
pkg net/http, method (*Request) BasicAuth() (string, string, bool)
# CL 137940043 net/http: add Transport.DialTLS hook, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, DialTLS func(string, string) (net.Conn, error)
# CL 132750043 net/http/httputil: Pass a Logger to ReverseProxy, allowing the user to control logging., Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
pkg net/http/httputil, type ReverseProxy struct, ErrorLog *log.Logger
# CL 148370043 os, syscall: add Unsetenv, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg os, func Unsetenv(string) error
pkg syscall, func Unsetenv(string) error
# CL 144020043 reflect: add Type.Comparable, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg reflect, type Type interface, Comparable() bool
# CL 153670043 runtime: add PauseEnd array to MemStats and GCStats, Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, PauseEnd [256]uint64
pkg runtime/debug, type GCStats struct, PauseEnd []time.Time
# CL 136710045 sync/atomic: add Value, Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Load() interface{}
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Store(interface{})
pkg sync/atomic, type Value struct
# CL 126190043 syscall: support UID/GID map files for Linux user namespaces, Mrunal Patel <mrunalp@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
# CL 122200043 net: fix CNAME resolving on Windows, Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS = 9501
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAdditional = 3
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAdditional ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAnswer = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAnswer ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAuthority = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAuthority ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionQuestion = 0
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionQuestion ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func DnsNameCompare(*uint16, *uint16) bool
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS = 9501
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAdditional = 3
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAdditional ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAnswer = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAnswer ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAuthority = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAuthority ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionQuestion = 0
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionQuestion ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func DnsNameCompare(*uint16, *uint16) bool
# CL 86160044 os: Implement symlink support for Windows, Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD = 1314
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD = 1314
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD Errno
# CL 86160044 os: Implement symlink support for Windows, Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 589992
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384
pkg syscall (windows-386), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateHardLink(*uint16, *uint16, uintptr) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateSymbolicLink(*uint16, *uint16, uint32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func DeviceIoControl(Handle, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint32, *Overlapped) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 589992
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateHardLink(*uint16, *uint16, uintptr) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateSymbolicLink(*uint16, *uint16, uint32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func DeviceIoControl(Handle, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint32, *Overlapped) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error
# CL 149510043 net: disable SIO_UDP_CONNRESET behavior on windows., Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET = 2550136844
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET = 2550136844
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET ideal-int
# CL 102320044 syscall: implement syscall.Getppid() on Windows, Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_INHERIT = 2147483648
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_INHERIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPALL = 15
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPALL ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE = 8
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 = 16
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD = 4
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(uint32, uint32) (Handle, error)
pkg syscall (windows-386), func Process32First(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func Process32Next(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, DefaultHeapID uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ExeFile [260]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ModuleID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ParentProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, PriClassBase int32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Size uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Threads uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Usage uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_INHERIT = 2147483648
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_INHERIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPALL = 15
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPALL ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE = 8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 = 16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD = 4
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(uint32, uint32) (Handle, error)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func Process32First(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func Process32Next(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, DefaultHeapID uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ExeFile [260]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ModuleID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ParentProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, PriClassBase int32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Size uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Threads uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Usage uint32
# CL 127740043 os: make SameFile handle paths like c:a.txt properly, Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), func FullPath(string) (string, error)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func FullPath(string) (string, error)
# CL 98150043 testing: add Coverage function, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg testing, func Coverage() float64
# CL 148770043 cmd/go, testing: add TestMain support, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg testing, func MainStart(func(string, string) (bool, error), []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, method (*M) Run() int
pkg testing, type M struct
# CL 108030044 text/scanner: provide facility for custom identifiers, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg text/scanner, type Scanner struct, IsIdentRune func(int32, int) bool
# CL 130620043 text/template: add back pointer to Nodes for better error generation, Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type NilNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, method (*BranchNode) Copy() Node
pkg text/template/parse, method (*IdentifierNode) SetTree(*Tree) *IdentifierNode
pkg html/template, type Error struct, Node parse.Node
# CL 127470043 unicode: strconv: regexp: Upgrade to Unicode 7.0.0., Marcel van Lohuizen <mpvl@golang.org>
pkg unicode, const Version = "7.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Bassa_Vah *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Caucasian_Albanian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Duployan *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Elbasan *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Grantha *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khojki *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khudawadi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Linear_A *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mahajani *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Manichaean *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mende_Kikakui *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Modi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mro *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Nabataean *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_North_Arabian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_Permic *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Pahawh_Hmong *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Palmyrene *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Pau_Cin_Hau *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Psalter_Pahlavi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Siddham *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Tirhuta *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Warang_Citi *RangeTable

View File

@@ -1,975 +0,0 @@
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) SetOffset(int64)
pkg bufio, method (*Reader) Discard(int) (int, error)
pkg bufio, method (ReadWriter) Discard(int) (int, error)
pkg bytes, func LastIndexByte([]uint8, uint8) int
pkg bytes, method (*Buffer) Cap() int
pkg bytes, method (*Reader) Size() int64
pkg crypto, const SHA512_224 = 14
pkg crypto, const SHA512_224 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA512_256 = 15
pkg crypto, const SHA512_256 Hash
pkg crypto, type Decrypter interface { Decrypt, Public }
pkg crypto, type Decrypter interface, Decrypt(io.Reader, []uint8, DecrypterOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto, type Decrypter interface, Public() PublicKey
pkg crypto, type DecrypterOpts interface {}
pkg crypto/cipher, func NewGCMWithNonceSize(Block, int) (AEAD, error)
pkg crypto/elliptic, type CurveParams struct, Name string
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Decrypt(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.DecrypterOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, type OAEPOptions struct
pkg crypto/rsa, type OAEPOptions struct, Hash crypto.Hash
pkg crypto/rsa, type OAEPOptions struct, Label []uint8
pkg crypto/rsa, type PKCS1v15DecryptOptions struct
pkg crypto/rsa, type PKCS1v15DecryptOptions struct, SessionKeyLen int
pkg crypto/sha512, const Size224 = 28
pkg crypto/sha512, const Size224 ideal-int
pkg crypto/sha512, const Size256 = 32
pkg crypto/sha512, const Size256 ideal-int
pkg crypto/sha512, func New512_224() hash.Hash
pkg crypto/sha512, func New512_256() hash.Hash
pkg crypto/sha512, func Sum512_224([]uint8) [28]uint8
pkg crypto/sha512, func Sum512_256([]uint8) [32]uint8
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 49196
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 49200
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Config) SetSessionTicketKeys([][32]uint8)
pkg crypto/tls, type Certificate struct, SignedCertificateTimestamps [][]uint8
pkg crypto/tls, type ConnectionState struct, OCSPResponse []uint8
pkg crypto/tls, type ConnectionState struct, SignedCertificateTimestamps [][]uint8
pkg crypto/x509, method (*CertificateRequest) CheckSignature() error
pkg crypto/x509, type Certificate struct, UnhandledCriticalExtensions []asn1.ObjectIdentifier
pkg crypto/x509/pkix, type Name struct, ExtraNames []AttributeTypeAndValue
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) Stats() DBStats
pkg database/sql, type DBStats struct
pkg database/sql, type DBStats struct, OpenConnections int
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassAddress = 1
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassAddress Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassBlock = 2
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassBlock Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassConstant = 3
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassConstant Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassExprLoc = 4
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassExprLoc Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassFlag = 5
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassFlag Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassLinePtr = 6
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassLinePtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassLocListPtr = 7
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassLocListPtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassMacPtr = 8
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassMacPtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassRangeListPtr = 9
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassRangeListPtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassReference = 10
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassReference Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassReferenceAlt = 13
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassReferenceAlt Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassReferenceSig = 11
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassReferenceSig Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassString = 12
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassString Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassStringAlt = 14
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassStringAlt Class
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Data) LineReader(*Entry) (*LineReader, error)
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Entry) AttrField(Attr) *Field
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*LineReader) Next(*LineEntry) error
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*LineReader) Reset()
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*LineReader) Seek(LineReaderPos)
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*LineReader) SeekPC(uint64, *LineEntry) error
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*LineReader) Tell() LineReaderPos
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Reader) AddressSize() int
pkg debug/dwarf, method (Class) GoString() string
pkg debug/dwarf, method (Class) String() string
pkg debug/dwarf, type Class int
pkg debug/dwarf, type Field struct, Class Class
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, Address uint64
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, BasicBlock bool
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, Column int
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, Discriminator int
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, EndSequence bool
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, EpilogueBegin bool
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, File *LineFile
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, ISA int
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, IsStmt bool
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, Line int
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, OpIndex int
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineEntry struct, PrologueEnd bool
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineFile struct
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineFile struct, Length int
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineFile struct, Mtime uint64
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineFile struct, Name string
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineReader struct
pkg debug/dwarf, type LineReaderPos struct
pkg debug/dwarf, var ErrUnknownPC error
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_DS = 56
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HA = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HI = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHER = 39
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHERA = 40
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHEST = 41
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHESTA = 42
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS = 57
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR24 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR24 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR32 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR32 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR64 = 38
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPMOD64 = 68
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPMOD64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16 = 74
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_DS = 101
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HA = 77
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HI = 76
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHER = 103
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHERA = 104
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHEST = 105
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHESTA = 106
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO = 75
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO_DS = 102
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL64 = 78
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16 = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_DS = 58
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HA = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HI = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS = 59
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_DS = 91
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA = 94
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI = 93
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS = 92
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16 = 79
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA = 82
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI = 81
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO = 80
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16 = 83
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA = 86
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI = 85
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO = 84
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS = 87
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA = 90
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI = 89
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS = 88
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_JMP_SLOT = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_JMP_SLOT R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_NONE R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16 = 249
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HA = 252
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HI = 251
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_LO = 250
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL24 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL24 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL32 = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL32 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL64 = 44
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLS = 67
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSGD = 107
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSGD R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSLD = 108
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSLD R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC = 51
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16 = 47
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_DS = 63
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HA = 50
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HI = 49
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO = 48
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS = 64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16 = 69
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_DS = 95
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HA = 72
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HI = 71
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHER = 97
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHERA = 98
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHEST = 99
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHESTA = 100
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO = 70
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO_DS = 96
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL64 = 73
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, method (R_PPC64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_PPC64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_PPC64 int
pkg encoding/base64, const NoPadding = -1
pkg encoding/base64, const NoPadding int32
pkg encoding/base64, const StdPadding = 61
pkg encoding/base64, const StdPadding int32
pkg encoding/base64, method (Encoding) WithPadding(int32) *Encoding
pkg encoding/base64, var RawStdEncoding *Encoding
pkg encoding/base64, var RawURLEncoding *Encoding
pkg encoding/json, method (*Decoder) More() bool
pkg encoding/json, method (*Decoder) Token() (Token, error)
pkg encoding/json, method (Delim) String() string
pkg encoding/json, type Delim int32
pkg encoding/json, type Token interface {}
pkg encoding/json, type UnmarshalTypeError struct, Offset int64
pkg flag, func UnquoteUsage(*Flag) (string, string)
pkg go/ast, type EmptyStmt struct, Implicit bool
pkg go/build, type Package struct, PkgTargetRoot string
pkg go/constant, const Bool = 1
pkg go/constant, const Bool Kind
pkg go/constant, const Complex = 5
pkg go/constant, const Complex Kind
pkg go/constant, const Float = 4
pkg go/constant, const Float Kind
pkg go/constant, const Int = 3
pkg go/constant, const Int Kind
pkg go/constant, const String = 2
pkg go/constant, const String Kind
pkg go/constant, const Unknown = 0
pkg go/constant, const Unknown Kind
pkg go/constant, func BinaryOp(Value, token.Token, Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func BitLen(Value) int
pkg go/constant, func BoolVal(Value) bool
pkg go/constant, func Bytes(Value) []uint8
pkg go/constant, func Compare(Value, token.Token, Value) bool
pkg go/constant, func Denom(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func Float32Val(Value) (float32, bool)
pkg go/constant, func Float64Val(Value) (float64, bool)
pkg go/constant, func Imag(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func Int64Val(Value) (int64, bool)
pkg go/constant, func MakeBool(bool) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeFloat64(float64) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeFromBytes([]uint8) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeFromLiteral(string, token.Token, uint) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeImag(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeInt64(int64) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeString(string) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeUint64(uint64) Value
pkg go/constant, func MakeUnknown() Value
pkg go/constant, func Num(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func Real(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func Shift(Value, token.Token, uint) Value
pkg go/constant, func Sign(Value) int
pkg go/constant, func StringVal(Value) string
pkg go/constant, func Uint64Val(Value) (uint64, bool)
pkg go/constant, func UnaryOp(token.Token, Value, uint) Value
pkg go/constant, type Kind int
pkg go/constant, type Value interface, Kind() Kind
pkg go/constant, type Value interface, String() string
pkg go/constant, type Value interface, unexported methods
pkg go/importer, func Default() types.Importer
pkg go/importer, func For(string, Lookup) types.Importer
pkg go/importer, type Lookup func(string) (io.ReadCloser, error)
pkg go/parser, func ParseExprFrom(*token.FileSet, string, interface{}, Mode) (ast.Expr, error)
pkg go/types, const Bool = 1
pkg go/types, const Bool BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Byte = 8
pkg go/types, const Byte BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Complex128 = 16
pkg go/types, const Complex128 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Complex64 = 15
pkg go/types, const Complex64 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const FieldVal = 0
pkg go/types, const FieldVal SelectionKind
pkg go/types, const Float32 = 13
pkg go/types, const Float32 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Float64 = 14
pkg go/types, const Float64 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Int = 2
pkg go/types, const Int BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Int16 = 4
pkg go/types, const Int16 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Int32 = 5
pkg go/types, const Int32 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Int64 = 6
pkg go/types, const Int64 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Int8 = 3
pkg go/types, const Int8 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Invalid = 0
pkg go/types, const Invalid BasicKind
pkg go/types, const IsBoolean = 1
pkg go/types, const IsBoolean BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsComplex = 16
pkg go/types, const IsComplex BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsConstType = 59
pkg go/types, const IsConstType BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsFloat = 8
pkg go/types, const IsFloat BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsInteger = 2
pkg go/types, const IsInteger BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsNumeric = 26
pkg go/types, const IsNumeric BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsOrdered = 42
pkg go/types, const IsOrdered BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsString = 32
pkg go/types, const IsString BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsUnsigned = 4
pkg go/types, const IsUnsigned BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const IsUntyped = 64
pkg go/types, const IsUntyped BasicInfo
pkg go/types, const MethodExpr = 2
pkg go/types, const MethodExpr SelectionKind
pkg go/types, const MethodVal = 1
pkg go/types, const MethodVal SelectionKind
pkg go/types, const RecvOnly = 2
pkg go/types, const RecvOnly ChanDir
pkg go/types, const Rune = 5
pkg go/types, const Rune BasicKind
pkg go/types, const SendOnly = 1
pkg go/types, const SendOnly ChanDir
pkg go/types, const SendRecv = 0
pkg go/types, const SendRecv ChanDir
pkg go/types, const String = 17
pkg go/types, const String BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Uint = 7
pkg go/types, const Uint BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Uint16 = 9
pkg go/types, const Uint16 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Uint32 = 10
pkg go/types, const Uint32 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Uint64 = 11
pkg go/types, const Uint64 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Uint8 = 8
pkg go/types, const Uint8 BasicKind
pkg go/types, const Uintptr = 12
pkg go/types, const Uintptr BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UnsafePointer = 18
pkg go/types, const UnsafePointer BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedBool = 19
pkg go/types, const UntypedBool BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedComplex = 23
pkg go/types, const UntypedComplex BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedFloat = 22
pkg go/types, const UntypedFloat BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedInt = 20
pkg go/types, const UntypedInt BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedNil = 25
pkg go/types, const UntypedNil BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedRune = 21
pkg go/types, const UntypedRune BasicKind
pkg go/types, const UntypedString = 24
pkg go/types, const UntypedString BasicKind
pkg go/types, func AssertableTo(*Interface, Type) bool
pkg go/types, func AssignableTo(Type, Type) bool
pkg go/types, func Comparable(Type) bool
pkg go/types, func ConvertibleTo(Type, Type) bool
pkg go/types, func DefPredeclaredTestFuncs()
pkg go/types, func Eval(*token.FileSet, *Package, token.Pos, string) (TypeAndValue, error)
pkg go/types, func ExprString(ast.Expr) string
pkg go/types, func Id(*Package, string) string
pkg go/types, func Identical(Type, Type) bool
pkg go/types, func Implements(Type, *Interface) bool
pkg go/types, func IsInterface(Type) bool
pkg go/types, func LookupFieldOrMethod(Type, bool, *Package, string) (Object, []int, bool)
pkg go/types, func MissingMethod(Type, *Interface, bool) (*Func, bool)
pkg go/types, func NewArray(Type, int64) *Array
pkg go/types, func NewChan(ChanDir, Type) *Chan
pkg go/types, func NewChecker(*Config, *token.FileSet, *Package, *Info) *Checker
pkg go/types, func NewConst(token.Pos, *Package, string, Type, constant.Value) *Const
pkg go/types, func NewField(token.Pos, *Package, string, Type, bool) *Var
pkg go/types, func NewFunc(token.Pos, *Package, string, *Signature) *Func
pkg go/types, func NewInterface([]*Func, []*Named) *Interface
pkg go/types, func NewLabel(token.Pos, *Package, string) *Label
pkg go/types, func NewMap(Type, Type) *Map
pkg go/types, func NewMethodSet(Type) *MethodSet
pkg go/types, func NewNamed(*TypeName, Type, []*Func) *Named
pkg go/types, func NewPackage(string, string) *Package
pkg go/types, func NewParam(token.Pos, *Package, string, Type) *Var
pkg go/types, func NewPkgName(token.Pos, *Package, string, *Package) *PkgName
pkg go/types, func NewPointer(Type) *Pointer
pkg go/types, func NewScope(*Scope, token.Pos, token.Pos, string) *Scope
pkg go/types, func NewSignature(*Var, *Tuple, *Tuple, bool) *Signature
pkg go/types, func NewSlice(Type) *Slice
pkg go/types, func NewStruct([]*Var, []string) *Struct
pkg go/types, func NewTuple(...*Var) *Tuple
pkg go/types, func NewTypeName(token.Pos, *Package, string, Type) *TypeName
pkg go/types, func NewVar(token.Pos, *Package, string, Type) *Var
pkg go/types, func ObjectString(Object, Qualifier) string
pkg go/types, func RelativeTo(*Package) Qualifier
pkg go/types, func SelectionString(*Selection, Qualifier) string
pkg go/types, func TypeString(Type, Qualifier) string
pkg go/types, func WriteExpr(*bytes.Buffer, ast.Expr)
pkg go/types, func WriteSignature(*bytes.Buffer, *Signature, Qualifier)
pkg go/types, func WriteType(*bytes.Buffer, Type, Qualifier)
pkg go/types, method (*Array) Elem() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Array) Len() int64
pkg go/types, method (*Array) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Array) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Basic) Info() BasicInfo
pkg go/types, method (*Basic) Kind() BasicKind
pkg go/types, method (*Basic) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Basic) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Basic) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Builtin) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Chan) Dir() ChanDir
pkg go/types, method (*Chan) Elem() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Chan) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Chan) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Checker) Files([]*ast.File) error
pkg go/types, method (*Config) Check(string, *token.FileSet, []*ast.File, *Info) (*Package, error)
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Const) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Const) Val() constant.Value
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Func) FullName() string
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Scope() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Func) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Func) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Info) ObjectOf(*ast.Ident) Object
pkg go/types, method (*Info) TypeOf(ast.Expr) Type
pkg go/types, method (*Initializer) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) Complete() *Interface
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) Embedded(int) *Named
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) Empty() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) ExplicitMethod(int) *Func
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) Method(int) *Func
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) NumEmbeddeds() int
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) NumExplicitMethods() int
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) NumMethods() int
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Label) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Label) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Map) Elem() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Map) Key() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Map) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Map) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*MethodSet) At(int) *Selection
pkg go/types, method (*MethodSet) Len() int
pkg go/types, method (*MethodSet) Lookup(*Package, string) *Selection
pkg go/types, method (*MethodSet) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Named) AddMethod(*Func)
pkg go/types, method (*Named) Method(int) *Func
pkg go/types, method (*Named) NumMethods() int
pkg go/types, method (*Named) Obj() *TypeName
pkg go/types, method (*Named) SetUnderlying(Type)
pkg go/types, method (*Named) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Named) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Nil) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Package) Complete() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Package) Imports() []*Package
pkg go/types, method (*Package) MarkComplete()
pkg go/types, method (*Package) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Package) Path() string
pkg go/types, method (*Package) Scope() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Package) SetImports([]*Package)
pkg go/types, method (*Package) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Imported() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*PkgName) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Pointer) Elem() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Pointer) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Pointer) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Child(int) *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Contains(token.Pos) bool
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) End() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Innermost(token.Pos) *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Insert(Object) Object
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Len() int
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Lookup(string) Object
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) LookupParent(string, token.Pos) (*Scope, Object)
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Names() []string
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) NumChildren() int
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Scope) WriteTo(io.Writer, int, bool)
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) Index() []int
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) Indirect() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) Kind() SelectionKind
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) Obj() Object
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) Recv() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Selection) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) Params() *Tuple
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) Recv() *Var
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) Results() *Tuple
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) Variadic() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Slice) Elem() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Slice) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Slice) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*StdSizes) Alignof(Type) int64
pkg go/types, method (*StdSizes) Offsetsof([]*Var) []int64
pkg go/types, method (*StdSizes) Sizeof(Type) int64
pkg go/types, method (*Struct) Field(int) *Var
pkg go/types, method (*Struct) NumFields() int
pkg go/types, method (*Struct) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Struct) Tag(int) string
pkg go/types, method (*Struct) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Tuple) At(int) *Var
pkg go/types, method (*Tuple) Len() int
pkg go/types, method (*Tuple) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Tuple) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Anonymous() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Exported() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Id() string
pkg go/types, method (*Var) IsField() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Name() string
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, method (*Var) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Var) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (Checker) ObjectOf(*ast.Ident) Object
pkg go/types, method (Checker) TypeOf(ast.Expr) Type
pkg go/types, method (Error) Error() string
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) Addressable() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) Assignable() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) HasOk() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) IsBuiltin() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) IsNil() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) IsType() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) IsValue() bool
pkg go/types, method (TypeAndValue) IsVoid() bool
pkg go/types, type Array struct
pkg go/types, type Basic struct
pkg go/types, type BasicInfo int
pkg go/types, type BasicKind int
pkg go/types, type Builtin struct
pkg go/types, type Chan struct
pkg go/types, type ChanDir int
pkg go/types, type Checker struct
pkg go/types, type Checker struct, embedded *Info
pkg go/types, type Config struct
pkg go/types, type Config struct, DisableUnusedImportCheck bool
pkg go/types, type Config struct, Error func(error)
pkg go/types, type Config struct, FakeImportC bool
pkg go/types, type Config struct, IgnoreFuncBodies bool
pkg go/types, type Config struct, Importer Importer
pkg go/types, type Config struct, Sizes Sizes
pkg go/types, type Const struct
pkg go/types, type Error struct
pkg go/types, type Error struct, Fset *token.FileSet
pkg go/types, type Error struct, Msg string
pkg go/types, type Error struct, Pos token.Pos
pkg go/types, type Error struct, Soft bool
pkg go/types, type Func struct
pkg go/types, type Importer interface { Import }
pkg go/types, type Importer interface, Import(string) (*Package, error)
pkg go/types, type Info struct
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Defs map[*ast.Ident]Object
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Implicits map[ast.Node]Object
pkg go/types, type Info struct, InitOrder []*Initializer
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Scopes map[ast.Node]*Scope
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Selections map[*ast.SelectorExpr]*Selection
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Types map[ast.Expr]TypeAndValue
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Uses map[*ast.Ident]Object
pkg go/types, type Initializer struct
pkg go/types, type Initializer struct, Lhs []*Var
pkg go/types, type Initializer struct, Rhs ast.Expr
pkg go/types, type Interface struct
pkg go/types, type Label struct
pkg go/types, type Map struct
pkg go/types, type MethodSet struct
pkg go/types, type Named struct
pkg go/types, type Nil struct
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Exported() bool
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Id() string
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Name() string
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Parent() *Scope
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Pkg() *Package
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/types, type Object interface, String() string
pkg go/types, type Object interface, Type() Type
pkg go/types, type Object interface, unexported methods
pkg go/types, type Package struct
pkg go/types, type PkgName struct
pkg go/types, type Pointer struct
pkg go/types, type Qualifier func(*Package) string
pkg go/types, type Scope struct
pkg go/types, type Selection struct
pkg go/types, type SelectionKind int
pkg go/types, type Signature struct
pkg go/types, type Sizes interface { Alignof, Offsetsof, Sizeof }
pkg go/types, type Sizes interface, Alignof(Type) int64
pkg go/types, type Sizes interface, Offsetsof([]*Var) []int64
pkg go/types, type Sizes interface, Sizeof(Type) int64
pkg go/types, type Slice struct
pkg go/types, type StdSizes struct
pkg go/types, type StdSizes struct, MaxAlign int64
pkg go/types, type StdSizes struct, WordSize int64
pkg go/types, type Struct struct
pkg go/types, type Tuple struct
pkg go/types, type Type interface { String, Underlying }
pkg go/types, type Type interface, String() string
pkg go/types, type Type interface, Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, type TypeAndValue struct
pkg go/types, type TypeAndValue struct, Type Type
pkg go/types, type TypeAndValue struct, Value constant.Value
pkg go/types, type TypeName struct
pkg go/types, type Var struct
pkg go/types, var Typ []*Basic
pkg go/types, var Universe *Scope
pkg go/types, var Unsafe *Package
pkg html/template, method (*Template) Option(...string) *Template
pkg image, const YCbCrSubsampleRatio410 = 5
pkg image, const YCbCrSubsampleRatio410 YCbCrSubsampleRatio
pkg image, const YCbCrSubsampleRatio411 = 4
pkg image, const YCbCrSubsampleRatio411 YCbCrSubsampleRatio
pkg image, func NewCMYK(Rectangle) *CMYK
pkg image, method (*CMYK) At(int, int) color.Color
pkg image, method (*CMYK) Bounds() Rectangle
pkg image, method (*CMYK) CMYKAt(int, int) color.CMYK
pkg image, method (*CMYK) ColorModel() color.Model
pkg image, method (*CMYK) Opaque() bool
pkg image, method (*CMYK) PixOffset(int, int) int
pkg image, method (*CMYK) Set(int, int, color.Color)
pkg image, method (*CMYK) SetCMYK(int, int, color.CMYK)
pkg image, method (*CMYK) SubImage(Rectangle) Image
pkg image, method (Rectangle) At(int, int) color.Color
pkg image, method (Rectangle) Bounds() Rectangle
pkg image, method (Rectangle) ColorModel() color.Model
pkg image, type CMYK struct
pkg image, type CMYK struct, Pix []uint8
pkg image, type CMYK struct, Rect Rectangle
pkg image, type CMYK struct, Stride int
pkg image/color, func CMYKToRGB(uint8, uint8, uint8, uint8) (uint8, uint8, uint8)
pkg image/color, func RGBToCMYK(uint8, uint8, uint8) (uint8, uint8, uint8, uint8)
pkg image/color, method (CMYK) RGBA() (uint32, uint32, uint32, uint32)
pkg image/color, type CMYK struct
pkg image/color, type CMYK struct, C uint8
pkg image/color, type CMYK struct, K uint8
pkg image/color, type CMYK struct, M uint8
pkg image/color, type CMYK struct, Y uint8
pkg image/color, var CMYKModel Model
pkg image/gif, const DisposalBackground = 2
pkg image/gif, const DisposalBackground ideal-int
pkg image/gif, const DisposalNone = 1
pkg image/gif, const DisposalNone ideal-int
pkg image/gif, const DisposalPrevious = 3
pkg image/gif, const DisposalPrevious ideal-int
pkg image/gif, type GIF struct, BackgroundIndex uint8
pkg image/gif, type GIF struct, Config image.Config
pkg image/gif, type GIF struct, Disposal []uint8
pkg io, func CopyBuffer(Writer, Reader, []uint8) (int64, error)
pkg log, const LUTC = 32
pkg log, const LUTC ideal-int
pkg log, func Output(int, string) error
pkg log, method (*Logger) SetOutput(io.Writer)
pkg math/big, const Above = 1
pkg math/big, const Above Accuracy
pkg math/big, const AwayFromZero = 3
pkg math/big, const AwayFromZero RoundingMode
pkg math/big, const Below = -1
pkg math/big, const Below Accuracy
pkg math/big, const Exact = 0
pkg math/big, const Exact Accuracy
pkg math/big, const MaxExp = 2147483647
pkg math/big, const MaxExp ideal-int
pkg math/big, const MaxPrec = 4294967295
pkg math/big, const MaxPrec ideal-int
pkg math/big, const MinExp = -2147483648
pkg math/big, const MinExp ideal-int
pkg math/big, const ToNearestAway = 1
pkg math/big, const ToNearestAway RoundingMode
pkg math/big, const ToNearestEven = 0
pkg math/big, const ToNearestEven RoundingMode
pkg math/big, const ToNegativeInf = 4
pkg math/big, const ToNegativeInf RoundingMode
pkg math/big, const ToPositiveInf = 5
pkg math/big, const ToPositiveInf RoundingMode
pkg math/big, const ToZero = 2
pkg math/big, const ToZero RoundingMode
pkg math/big, func Jacobi(*Int, *Int) int
pkg math/big, func NewFloat(float64) *Float
pkg math/big, func ParseFloat(string, int, uint, RoundingMode) (*Float, int, error)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Abs(*Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Acc() Accuracy
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Add(*Float, *Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Append([]uint8, uint8, int) []uint8
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Cmp(*Float) int
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Copy(*Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Float32() (float32, Accuracy)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Float64() (float64, Accuracy)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Format(fmt.State, int32)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Int(*Int) (*Int, Accuracy)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Int64() (int64, Accuracy)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) IsInf() bool
pkg math/big, method (*Float) IsInt() bool
pkg math/big, method (*Float) MantExp(*Float) int
pkg math/big, method (*Float) MinPrec() uint
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Mode() RoundingMode
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Mul(*Float, *Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Neg(*Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Parse(string, int) (*Float, int, error)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Prec() uint
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Quo(*Float, *Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Rat(*Rat) (*Rat, Accuracy)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Set(*Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetFloat64(float64) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetInf(bool) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetInt(*Int) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetInt64(int64) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetMantExp(*Float, int) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetMode(RoundingMode) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetPrec(uint) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetRat(*Rat) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetString(string) (*Float, bool)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) SetUint64(uint64) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Sign() int
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Signbit() bool
pkg math/big, method (*Float) String() string
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Sub(*Float, *Float) *Float
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Text(uint8, int) string
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Uint64() (uint64, Accuracy)
pkg math/big, method (*Int) ModSqrt(*Int, *Int) *Int
pkg math/big, method (Accuracy) String() string
pkg math/big, method (ErrNaN) Error() string
pkg math/big, method (RoundingMode) String() string
pkg math/big, type Accuracy int8
pkg math/big, type ErrNaN struct
pkg math/big, type Float struct
pkg math/big, type RoundingMode uint8
pkg mime, const BEncoding = 98
pkg mime, const BEncoding WordEncoder
pkg mime, const QEncoding = 113
pkg mime, const QEncoding WordEncoder
pkg mime, func ExtensionsByType(string) ([]string, error)
pkg mime, method (*WordDecoder) Decode(string) (string, error)
pkg mime, method (*WordDecoder) DecodeHeader(string) (string, error)
pkg mime, method (WordEncoder) Encode(string, string) string
pkg mime, type WordDecoder struct
pkg mime, type WordDecoder struct, CharsetReader func(string, io.Reader) (io.Reader, error)
pkg mime, type WordEncoder uint8
pkg mime/quotedprintable, func NewReader(io.Reader) *Reader
pkg mime/quotedprintable, func NewWriter(io.Writer) *Writer
pkg mime/quotedprintable, method (*Reader) Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg mime/quotedprintable, method (*Writer) Close() error
pkg mime/quotedprintable, method (*Writer) Write([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg mime/quotedprintable, type Reader struct
pkg mime/quotedprintable, type Writer struct
pkg mime/quotedprintable, type Writer struct, Binary bool
pkg net, type Dialer struct, FallbackDelay time.Duration
pkg net, type OpError struct, Source Addr
pkg net/http, type Request struct, Cancel <-chan struct
pkg net/http/fcgi, var ErrConnClosed error
pkg net/http/fcgi, var ErrRequestAborted error
pkg net/http/pprof, func Trace(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request)
pkg net/mail, method (*AddressParser) Parse(string) (*Address, error)
pkg net/mail, method (*AddressParser) ParseList(string) ([]*Address, error)
pkg net/mail, type AddressParser struct
pkg net/mail, type AddressParser struct, WordDecoder *mime.WordDecoder
pkg net/smtp, method (*Client) TLSConnectionState() (tls.ConnectionState, bool)
pkg net/url, method (*URL) EscapedPath() string
pkg net/url, type URL struct, RawPath string
pkg os, func LookupEnv(string) (string, bool)
pkg os/signal, func Ignore(...os.Signal)
pkg os/signal, func Reset(...os.Signal)
pkg reflect, func ArrayOf(int, Type) Type
pkg reflect, func FuncOf([]Type, []Type, bool) Type
pkg runtime, func ReadTrace() []uint8
pkg runtime, func StartTrace() error
pkg runtime, func StopTrace()
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, GCCPUFraction float64
pkg runtime/trace, func Start(io.Writer) error
pkg runtime/trace, func Stop()
pkg strings, func Compare(string, string) int
pkg strings, func LastIndexByte(string, uint8) int
pkg strings, method (*Reader) Size() int64
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Ctty int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Foreground bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pgid int
pkg text/template, method (*Template) DefinedTemplates() string
pkg text/template, method (*Template) Option(...string) *Template
pkg time, method (Time) AppendFormat([]uint8, string) []uint8
pkg unicode, const Version = "8.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Ahom *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Anatolian_Hieroglyphs *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Hatran *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Multani *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_Hungarian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var SignWriting *RangeTable

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@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
pkg archive/zip, method (*ReadCloser) RegisterDecompressor(uint16, Decompressor)
pkg archive/zip, method (*Reader) RegisterDecompressor(uint16, Decompressor)
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) RegisterCompressor(uint16, Compressor)
pkg bufio, method (*Scanner) Buffer([]uint8, int)
pkg bufio, var ErrFinalToken error
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 = 156
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 157
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, method (RecordHeaderError) Error() string
pkg crypto/tls, type RecordHeaderError struct
pkg crypto/tls, type RecordHeaderError struct, Msg string
pkg crypto/tls, type RecordHeaderError struct, RecordHeader [5]uint8
pkg crypto/x509, method (InsecureAlgorithmError) Error() string
pkg crypto/x509, method (SignatureAlgorithm) String() string
pkg crypto/x509, type InsecureAlgorithmError int
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Duration)
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassUnknown = 0
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassUnknown Class
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_HIOS = 1879048191
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_HIOS CompressionType
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_HIPROC = 2147483647
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_HIPROC CompressionType
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_LOOS = 1610612736
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_LOOS CompressionType
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_LOPROC = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_LOPROC CompressionType
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_ZLIB = 1
pkg debug/elf, const COMPRESS_ZLIB CompressionType
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_16 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_26 = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_26 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_32 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_32 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_64 = 18
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_64 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_ADD_IMMEDIATE = 34
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_ADD_IMMEDIATE R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_CALL16 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_CALL16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_CALL_HI16 = 30
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_CALL_HI16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_CALL_LO16 = 31
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_CALL_LO16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_DELETE = 27
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_DELETE R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT16 = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_DISP = 19
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_DISP R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_HI16 = 22
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_HI16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_LO16 = 23
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_LO16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_OFST = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_OFST R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_PAGE = 20
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GOT_PAGE R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GPREL16 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GPREL16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GPREL32 = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_GPREL32 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_HI16 = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_HI16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_HIGHER = 28
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_HIGHER R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_HIGHEST = 29
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_HIGHEST R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_INSERT_A = 25
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_INSERT_A R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_INSERT_B = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_INSERT_B R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_JALR = 37
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_JALR R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_LITERAL = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_LITERAL R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_LO16 = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_LO16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_NONE R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_PC16 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_PC16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_PJUMP = 35
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_PJUMP R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_REL16 = 33
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_REL16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_REL32 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_REL32 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_RELGOT = 36
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_RELGOT R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SCN_DISP = 32
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SCN_DISP R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SHIFT5 = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SHIFT5 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SHIFT6 = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SHIFT6 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SUB = 24
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_SUB R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPMOD32 = 38
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPMOD32 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPMOD64 = 40
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPMOD64 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL32 = 39
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL32 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL64 = 41
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL64 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL_HI16 = 44
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL_HI16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL_LO16 = 45
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_DTPREL_LO16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_GD = 42
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_GD R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_GOTTPREL = 46
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_GOTTPREL R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_LDM = 43
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_LDM R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL32 = 47
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL32 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL64 = 48
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL64 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL_HI16 = 49
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL_HI16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL_LO16 = 50
pkg debug/elf, const R_MIPS_TLS_TPREL_LO16 R_MIPS
pkg debug/elf, const SHF_COMPRESSED = 2048
pkg debug/elf, const SHF_COMPRESSED SectionFlag
pkg debug/elf, method (CompressionType) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (CompressionType) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_MIPS) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_MIPS) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr32 struct
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr32 struct, Addralign uint32
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr32 struct, Size uint32
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr32 struct, Type uint32
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr64 struct
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr64 struct, Addralign uint64
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr64 struct, Size uint64
pkg debug/elf, type Chdr64 struct, Type uint32
pkg debug/elf, type CompressionType int
pkg debug/elf, type R_MIPS int
pkg debug/elf, type SectionHeader struct, FileSize uint64
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassApplication = 1
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassApplication ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassContextSpecific = 2
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassContextSpecific ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassPrivate = 3
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassPrivate ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassUniversal = 0
pkg encoding/asn1, const ClassUniversal ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagBitString = 3
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagBitString ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagBoolean = 1
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagBoolean ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagEnum = 10
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagEnum ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagGeneralString = 27
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagGeneralString ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagGeneralizedTime = 24
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagGeneralizedTime ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagIA5String = 22
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagIA5String ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagInteger = 2
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagInteger ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagOID = 6
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagOID ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagOctetString = 4
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagOctetString ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagPrintableString = 19
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagPrintableString ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagSequence = 16
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagSequence ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagSet = 17
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagSet ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagT61String = 20
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagT61String ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagUTCTime = 23
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagUTCTime ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagUTF8String = 12
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagUTF8String ideal-int
pkg go/build, const IgnoreVendor = 8
pkg go/build, const IgnoreVendor ImportMode
pkg go/build, type Package struct, InvalidGoFiles []string
pkg go/constant, func ToComplex(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func ToFloat(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, func ToInt(Value) Value
pkg go/constant, type Value interface, ExactString() string
pkg go/types, method (*Package) SetName(string)
pkg go/types, type ImportMode int
pkg go/types, type ImporterFrom interface { Import, ImportFrom }
pkg go/types, type ImporterFrom interface, Import(string) (*Package, error)
pkg go/types, type ImporterFrom interface, ImportFrom(string, string, ImportMode) (*Package, error)
pkg html/template, func IsTrue(interface{}) (bool, bool)
pkg html/template, method (*Template) DefinedTemplates() string
pkg image, func NewNYCbCrA(Rectangle, YCbCrSubsampleRatio) *NYCbCrA
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) AOffset(int, int) int
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) At(int, int) color.Color
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) Bounds() Rectangle
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) COffset(int, int) int
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) ColorModel() color.Model
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) NYCbCrAAt(int, int) color.NYCbCrA
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) Opaque() bool
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) SubImage(Rectangle) Image
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) YCbCrAt(int, int) color.YCbCr
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) YOffset(int, int) int
pkg image, type NYCbCrA struct
pkg image, type NYCbCrA struct, A []uint8
pkg image, type NYCbCrA struct, AStride int
pkg image, type NYCbCrA struct, embedded YCbCr
pkg image/color, method (NYCbCrA) RGBA() (uint32, uint32, uint32, uint32)
pkg image/color, type NYCbCrA struct
pkg image/color, type NYCbCrA struct, A uint8
pkg image/color, type NYCbCrA struct, embedded YCbCr
pkg image/color, var NYCbCrAModel Model
pkg math/big, method (*Float) MarshalText() ([]uint8, error)
pkg math/big, method (*Float) UnmarshalText([]uint8) error
pkg math/big, method (*Int) Append([]uint8, int) []uint8
pkg math/big, method (*Int) Text(int) string
pkg math/rand, func Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg math/rand, method (*Rand) Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg net, type DNSError struct, IsTemporary bool
pkg net, type Dialer struct, Cancel <-chan struct
pkg net/http, const MethodConnect = "CONNECT"
pkg net/http, const MethodConnect ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodDelete = "DELETE"
pkg net/http, const MethodDelete ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodGet = "GET"
pkg net/http, const MethodGet ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodHead = "HEAD"
pkg net/http, const MethodHead ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodOptions = "OPTIONS"
pkg net/http, const MethodOptions ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodPatch = "PATCH"
pkg net/http, const MethodPatch ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodPost = "POST"
pkg net/http, const MethodPost ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodPut = "PUT"
pkg net/http, const MethodPut ideal-string
pkg net/http, const MethodTrace = "TRACE"
pkg net/http, const MethodTrace ideal-string
pkg net/http, const StatusNetworkAuthenticationRequired = 511
pkg net/http, const StatusNetworkAuthenticationRequired ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusPreconditionRequired = 428
pkg net/http, const StatusPreconditionRequired ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge = 431
pkg net/http, const StatusRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusTooManyRequests = 429
pkg net/http, const StatusTooManyRequests ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusUnavailableForLegalReasons = 451
pkg net/http, const StatusUnavailableForLegalReasons ideal-int
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, ExpectContinueTimeout time.Duration
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, TLSNextProto map[string]func(string, *tls.Conn) RoundTripper
pkg net/http, var ErrSkipAltProtocol error
pkg net/http/httptest, method (*ResponseRecorder) WriteString(string) (int, error)
pkg net/http/httputil, type BufferPool interface { Get, Put }
pkg net/http/httputil, type BufferPool interface, Get() []uint8
pkg net/http/httputil, type BufferPool interface, Put([]uint8)
pkg net/http/httputil, type ReverseProxy struct, BufferPool BufferPool
pkg net/url, method (*Error) Temporary() bool
pkg net/url, method (*Error) Timeout() bool
pkg net/url, method (InvalidHostError) Error() string
pkg net/url, type InvalidHostError string
pkg os/exec, type ExitError struct, Stderr []uint8
pkg regexp, method (*Regexp) Copy() *Regexp
pkg runtime/debug, func SetTraceback(string)
pkg strconv, func AppendQuoteRuneToGraphic([]uint8, int32) []uint8
pkg strconv, func AppendQuoteToGraphic([]uint8, string) []uint8
pkg strconv, func IsGraphic(int32) bool
pkg strconv, func QuoteRuneToGraphic(int32) string
pkg strconv, func QuoteToGraphic(string) string
pkg text/template, func IsTrue(interface{}) (bool, bool)
pkg text/template, method (ExecError) Error() string
pkg text/template, type ExecError struct
pkg text/template, type ExecError struct, Err error
pkg text/template, type ExecError struct, Name string

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@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
pkg bytes, func ContainsAny([]uint8, string) bool
pkg bytes, func ContainsRune([]uint8, int32) bool
pkg bytes, method (*Reader) Reset([]uint8)
pkg compress/flate, const HuffmanOnly = -2
pkg compress/flate, const HuffmanOnly ideal-int
pkg context, func Background() Context
pkg context, func TODO() Context
pkg context, func WithCancel(Context) (Context, CancelFunc)
pkg context, func WithDeadline(Context, time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc)
pkg context, func WithTimeout(Context, time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc)
pkg context, func WithValue(Context, interface{}, interface{}) Context
pkg context, type CancelFunc func()
pkg context, type Context interface { Deadline, Done, Err, Value }
pkg context, type Context interface, Deadline() (time.Time, bool)
pkg context, type Context interface, Done() <-chan struct
pkg context, type Context interface, Err() error
pkg context, type Context interface, Value(interface{}) interface{}
pkg context, var Canceled error
pkg context, var DeadlineExceeded error
pkg crypto/tls, const RenegotiateFreelyAsClient = 2
pkg crypto/tls, const RenegotiateFreelyAsClient RenegotiationSupport
pkg crypto/tls, const RenegotiateNever = 0
pkg crypto/tls, const RenegotiateNever RenegotiationSupport
pkg crypto/tls, const RenegotiateOnceAsClient = 1
pkg crypto/tls, const RenegotiateOnceAsClient RenegotiationSupport
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, DynamicRecordSizingDisabled bool
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, Renegotiation RenegotiationSupport
pkg crypto/tls, type RenegotiationSupport int
pkg crypto/x509, func SystemCertPool() (*CertPool, error)
pkg crypto/x509, type SystemRootsError struct, Err error
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Data) Ranges(*Entry) ([][2]uint64, error)
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Reader) SeekPC(uint64) (*Entry, error)
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_12 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_12 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_16 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_16 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_20 = 57
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_20 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_32 = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_64 = 22
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_8 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_8 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_COPY = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_COPY R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GLOB_DAT = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GLOB_DAT R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT12 = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT12 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT16 = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT16 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT20 = 58
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT20 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT32 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT64 = 24
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOT64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTENT = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTENT R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTOFF = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTOFF R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTOFF16 = 27
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTOFF16 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTOFF64 = 28
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTOFF64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPC = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPC R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPCDBL = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPCDBL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT12 = 29
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT12 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT16 = 30
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT16 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT20 = 59
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT20 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT32 = 31
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT64 = 32
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLT64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTENT = 33
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTENT R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTOFF16 = 34
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTOFF16 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTOFF32 = 35
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTOFF32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTOFF64 = 36
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_GOTPLTOFF64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_JMP_SLOT = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_JMP_SLOT R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_NONE R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC16 = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC16 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC16DBL = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC16DBL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC32 = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC32DBL = 19
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC32DBL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC64 = 23
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PC64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT16DBL = 18
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT16DBL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT32 = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT32DBL = 20
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT32DBL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT64 = 25
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_PLT64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_RELATIVE = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_RELATIVE R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_DTPMOD = 54
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_DTPMOD R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_DTPOFF = 55
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_DTPOFF R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GD32 = 40
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GD32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GD64 = 41
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GD64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GDCALL = 38
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GDCALL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE12 = 42
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE12 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE20 = 60
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE20 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE32 = 43
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE64 = 44
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_GOTIE64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_IE32 = 47
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_IE32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_IE64 = 48
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_IE64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_IEENT = 49
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_IEENT R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDCALL = 39
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDCALL R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDM32 = 45
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDM32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDM64 = 46
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDM64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDO32 = 52
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDO32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDO64 = 53
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LDO64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LE32 = 50
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LE32 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LE64 = 51
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LE64 R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LOAD = 37
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_LOAD R_390
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_TPOFF = 56
pkg debug/elf, const R_390_TLS_TPOFF R_390
pkg debug/elf, method (R_390) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_390) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_390 int
pkg encoding/json, method (*Encoder) SetEscapeHTML(bool)
pkg encoding/json, method (*Encoder) SetIndent(string, string)
pkg go/build, type Package struct, BinaryOnly bool
pkg go/build, type Package struct, CgoFFLAGS []string
pkg go/build, type Package struct, FFiles []string
pkg go/doc, type Example struct, Unordered bool
pkg io, const SeekCurrent = 1
pkg io, const SeekCurrent ideal-int
pkg io, const SeekEnd = 2
pkg io, const SeekEnd ideal-int
pkg io, const SeekStart = 0
pkg io, const SeekStart ideal-int
pkg math/big, method (*Float) GobDecode([]uint8) error
pkg math/big, method (*Float) GobEncode() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net, method (*Dialer) DialContext(context.Context, string, string) (Conn, error)
pkg net/http, const StatusAlreadyReported = 208
pkg net/http, const StatusAlreadyReported ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusFailedDependency = 424
pkg net/http, const StatusFailedDependency ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusIMUsed = 226
pkg net/http, const StatusIMUsed ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusInsufficientStorage = 507
pkg net/http, const StatusInsufficientStorage ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusLocked = 423
pkg net/http, const StatusLocked ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusLoopDetected = 508
pkg net/http, const StatusLoopDetected ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusMultiStatus = 207
pkg net/http, const StatusMultiStatus ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusNotExtended = 510
pkg net/http, const StatusNotExtended ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusPermanentRedirect = 308
pkg net/http, const StatusPermanentRedirect ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusProcessing = 102
pkg net/http, const StatusProcessing ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusUnprocessableEntity = 422
pkg net/http, const StatusUnprocessableEntity ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusUpgradeRequired = 426
pkg net/http, const StatusUpgradeRequired ideal-int
pkg net/http, const StatusVariantAlsoNegotiates = 506
pkg net/http, const StatusVariantAlsoNegotiates ideal-int
pkg net/http, method (*Request) Context() context.Context
pkg net/http, method (*Request) WithContext(context.Context) *Request
pkg net/http, type Request struct, Response *Response
pkg net/http, type Response struct, Uncompressed bool
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, DialContext func(context.Context, string, string) (net.Conn, error)
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, IdleConnTimeout time.Duration
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, MaxIdleConns int
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, MaxResponseHeaderBytes int64
pkg net/http, var ErrUseLastResponse error
pkg net/http, var LocalAddrContextKey *contextKey
pkg net/http, var ServerContextKey *contextKey
pkg net/http/cgi, type Handler struct, Stderr io.Writer
pkg net/http/httptest, func NewRequest(string, string, io.Reader) *http.Request
pkg net/http/httptest, method (*ResponseRecorder) Result() *http.Response
pkg net/http/httptrace, func ContextClientTrace(context.Context) *ClientTrace
pkg net/http/httptrace, func WithClientTrace(context.Context, *ClientTrace) context.Context
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, ConnectDone func(string, string, error)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, ConnectStart func(string, string)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, DNSDone func(DNSDoneInfo)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, DNSStart func(DNSStartInfo)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, GetConn func(string)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, Got100Continue func()
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, GotConn func(GotConnInfo)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, GotFirstResponseByte func()
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, PutIdleConn func(error)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, Wait100Continue func()
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, WroteHeaders func()
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, WroteRequest func(WroteRequestInfo)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type DNSDoneInfo struct
pkg net/http/httptrace, type DNSDoneInfo struct, Addrs []net.IPAddr
pkg net/http/httptrace, type DNSDoneInfo struct, Coalesced bool
pkg net/http/httptrace, type DNSDoneInfo struct, Err error
pkg net/http/httptrace, type DNSStartInfo struct
pkg net/http/httptrace, type DNSStartInfo struct, Host string
pkg net/http/httptrace, type GotConnInfo struct
pkg net/http/httptrace, type GotConnInfo struct, Conn net.Conn
pkg net/http/httptrace, type GotConnInfo struct, IdleTime time.Duration
pkg net/http/httptrace, type GotConnInfo struct, Reused bool
pkg net/http/httptrace, type GotConnInfo struct, WasIdle bool
pkg net/http/httptrace, type WroteRequestInfo struct
pkg net/http/httptrace, type WroteRequestInfo struct, Err error
pkg net/url, type URL struct, ForceQuery bool
pkg os/exec, func CommandContext(context.Context, string, ...string) *Cmd
pkg os/user, func LookupGroup(string) (*Group, error)
pkg os/user, func LookupGroupId(string) (*Group, error)
pkg os/user, method (*User) GroupIds() ([]string, error)
pkg os/user, method (UnknownGroupError) Error() string
pkg os/user, method (UnknownGroupIdError) Error() string
pkg os/user, type Group struct
pkg os/user, type Group struct, Gid string
pkg os/user, type Group struct, Name string
pkg os/user, type UnknownGroupError string
pkg os/user, type UnknownGroupIdError string
pkg reflect, func StructOf([]StructField) Type
pkg reflect, method (StructTag) Lookup(string) (string, bool)
pkg runtime, func CallersFrames([]uintptr) *Frames
pkg runtime, func KeepAlive(interface{})
pkg runtime, func SetCgoTraceback(int, unsafe.Pointer, unsafe.Pointer, unsafe.Pointer)
pkg runtime, method (*Frames) Next() (Frame, bool)
pkg runtime, type Frame struct
pkg runtime, type Frame struct, Entry uintptr
pkg runtime, type Frame struct, File string
pkg runtime, type Frame struct, Func *Func
pkg runtime, type Frame struct, Function string
pkg runtime, type Frame struct, Line int
pkg runtime, type Frame struct, PC uintptr
pkg runtime, type Frames struct
pkg strings, method (*Reader) Reset(string)
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Unshareflags uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Unshareflags uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Unshareflags uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Unshareflags uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Unshareflags uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Unshareflags uintptr
pkg testing, method (*B) Run(string, func(*B)) bool
pkg testing, method (*T) Run(string, func(*T)) bool
pkg testing, type InternalExample struct, Unordered bool
pkg unicode, const Version = "9.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Adlam *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Bhaiksuki *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Marchen *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Newa *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Osage *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Prepended_Concatenation_Mark *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Sentence_Terminal *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Tangut *RangeTable

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@@ -1,261 +0,0 @@
pkg compress/gzip, const HuffmanOnly = -2
pkg compress/gzip, const HuffmanOnly ideal-int
pkg compress/zlib, const HuffmanOnly = -2
pkg compress/zlib, const HuffmanOnly ideal-int
pkg crypto/tls, const ECDSAWithP256AndSHA256 = 1027
pkg crypto/tls, const ECDSAWithP256AndSHA256 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const ECDSAWithP384AndSHA384 = 1283
pkg crypto/tls, const ECDSAWithP384AndSHA384 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const ECDSAWithP521AndSHA512 = 1539
pkg crypto/tls, const ECDSAWithP521AndSHA512 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA1 = 513
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA1 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA256 = 1025
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA256 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA384 = 1281
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA384 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA512 = 1537
pkg crypto/tls, const PKCS1WithSHA512 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PSSWithSHA256 = 2052
pkg crypto/tls, const PSSWithSHA256 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PSSWithSHA384 = 2053
pkg crypto/tls, const PSSWithSHA384 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const PSSWithSHA512 = 2054
pkg crypto/tls, const PSSWithSHA512 SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 49187
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305 = 52393
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 49191
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305 = 52392
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 60
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const X25519 = 29
pkg crypto/tls, const X25519 CurveID
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Config) Clone() *Config
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Conn) CloseWrite() error
pkg crypto/tls, type CertificateRequestInfo struct
pkg crypto/tls, type CertificateRequestInfo struct, AcceptableCAs [][]uint8
pkg crypto/tls, type CertificateRequestInfo struct, SignatureSchemes []SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, Conn net.Conn
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SignatureSchemes []SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedProtos []string
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedVersions []uint16
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, GetClientCertificate func(*CertificateRequestInfo) (*Certificate, error)
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, GetConfigForClient func(*ClientHelloInfo) (*Config, error)
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, KeyLogWriter io.Writer
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, VerifyPeerCertificate func([][]uint8, [][]*x509.Certificate) error
pkg crypto/tls, type SignatureScheme uint16
pkg crypto/x509, const NameMismatch = 5
pkg crypto/x509, const NameMismatch InvalidReason
pkg crypto/x509, const SHA256WithRSAPSS = 13
pkg crypto/x509, const SHA256WithRSAPSS SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, const SHA384WithRSAPSS = 14
pkg crypto/x509, const SHA384WithRSAPSS SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, const SHA512WithRSAPSS = 15
pkg crypto/x509, const SHA512WithRSAPSS SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, type UnknownAuthorityError struct, Cert *Certificate
pkg database/sql, const LevelDefault = 0
pkg database/sql, const LevelDefault IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelLinearizable = 7
pkg database/sql, const LevelLinearizable IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelReadCommitted = 2
pkg database/sql, const LevelReadCommitted IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelReadUncommitted = 1
pkg database/sql, const LevelReadUncommitted IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelRepeatableRead = 4
pkg database/sql, const LevelRepeatableRead IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelSerializable = 6
pkg database/sql, const LevelSerializable IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelSnapshot = 5
pkg database/sql, const LevelSnapshot IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, const LevelWriteCommitted = 3
pkg database/sql, const LevelWriteCommitted IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql/driver, type ConnBeginTx interface { BeginTx }
pkg database/sql/driver, type ConnBeginTx interface, BeginTx(context.Context, TxOptions) (Tx, error)
pkg database/sql/driver, type ConnPrepareContext interface { PrepareContext }
pkg database/sql/driver, type ConnPrepareContext interface, PrepareContext(context.Context, string) (Stmt, error)
pkg database/sql/driver, type ExecerContext interface { ExecContext }
pkg database/sql/driver, type ExecerContext interface, ExecContext(context.Context, string, []NamedValue) (Result, error)
pkg database/sql/driver, type IsolationLevel int
pkg database/sql/driver, type NamedValue struct
pkg database/sql/driver, type NamedValue struct, Name string
pkg database/sql/driver, type NamedValue struct, Ordinal int
pkg database/sql/driver, type NamedValue struct, Value Value
pkg database/sql/driver, type Pinger interface { Ping }
pkg database/sql/driver, type Pinger interface, Ping(context.Context) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type QueryerContext interface { QueryContext }
pkg database/sql/driver, type QueryerContext interface, QueryContext(context.Context, string, []NamedValue) (Rows, error)
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface { Close, ColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName, Columns, Next }
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface, Close() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface, Columns() []string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface, ColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName(int) string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface, Next([]Value) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeLength interface { Close, ColumnTypeLength, Columns, Next }
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeLength interface, Close() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeLength interface, Columns() []string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeLength interface, ColumnTypeLength(int) (int64, bool)
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeLength interface, Next([]Value) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface { Close, ColumnTypeNullable, Columns, Next }
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface, Close() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface, Columns() []string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface, ColumnTypeNullable(int) (bool, bool)
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface, Next([]Value) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface { Close, ColumnTypePrecisionScale, Columns, Next }
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface, Close() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface, Columns() []string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface, ColumnTypePrecisionScale(int) (int64, int64, bool)
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface, Next([]Value) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface { Close, ColumnTypeScanType, Columns, Next }
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface, Close() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface, Columns() []string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface, ColumnTypeScanType(int) reflect.Type
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface, Next([]Value) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsNextResultSet interface { Close, Columns, HasNextResultSet, Next, NextResultSet }
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsNextResultSet interface, Close() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsNextResultSet interface, Columns() []string
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsNextResultSet interface, HasNextResultSet() bool
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsNextResultSet interface, NextResultSet() error
pkg database/sql/driver, type RowsNextResultSet interface, Next([]Value) error
pkg database/sql/driver, type StmtExecContext interface { ExecContext }
pkg database/sql/driver, type StmtExecContext interface, ExecContext(context.Context, []NamedValue) (Result, error)
pkg database/sql/driver, type StmtQueryContext interface { QueryContext }
pkg database/sql/driver, type StmtQueryContext interface, QueryContext(context.Context, []NamedValue) (Rows, error)
pkg database/sql/driver, type TxOptions struct
pkg database/sql/driver, type TxOptions struct, Isolation IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql/driver, type TxOptions struct, ReadOnly bool
pkg database/sql, func Named(string, interface{}) NamedArg
pkg database/sql, method (*ColumnType) DatabaseTypeName() string
pkg database/sql, method (*ColumnType) DecimalSize() (int64, int64, bool)
pkg database/sql, method (*ColumnType) Length() (int64, bool)
pkg database/sql, method (*ColumnType) Name() string
pkg database/sql, method (*ColumnType) Nullable() (bool, bool)
pkg database/sql, method (*ColumnType) ScanType() reflect.Type
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) BeginTx(context.Context, *TxOptions) (*Tx, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) ExecContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) (Result, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) PingContext(context.Context) error
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) PrepareContext(context.Context, string) (*Stmt, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) QueryContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) (*Rows, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) QueryRowContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) *Row
pkg database/sql, method (*Rows) ColumnTypes() ([]*ColumnType, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Rows) NextResultSet() bool
pkg database/sql, method (*Stmt) ExecContext(context.Context, ...interface{}) (Result, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Stmt) QueryContext(context.Context, ...interface{}) (*Rows, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Stmt) QueryRowContext(context.Context, ...interface{}) *Row
pkg database/sql, method (*Tx) ExecContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) (Result, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Tx) PrepareContext(context.Context, string) (*Stmt, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Tx) QueryContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) (*Rows, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Tx) QueryRowContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) *Row
pkg database/sql, method (*Tx) StmtContext(context.Context, *Stmt) *Stmt
pkg database/sql, type ColumnType struct
pkg database/sql, type IsolationLevel int
pkg database/sql, type NamedArg struct
pkg database/sql, type NamedArg struct, Name string
pkg database/sql, type NamedArg struct, Value interface{}
pkg database/sql, type TxOptions struct
pkg database/sql, type TxOptions struct, Isolation IsolationLevel
pkg database/sql, type TxOptions struct, ReadOnly bool
pkg debug/pe, method (*COFFSymbol) FullName(StringTable) (string, error)
pkg debug/pe, method (StringTable) String(uint32) (string, error)
pkg debug/pe, type File struct, COFFSymbols []COFFSymbol
pkg debug/pe, type File struct, StringTable StringTable
pkg debug/pe, type Reloc struct
pkg debug/pe, type Reloc struct, SymbolTableIndex uint32
pkg debug/pe, type Reloc struct, Type uint16
pkg debug/pe, type Reloc struct, VirtualAddress uint32
pkg debug/pe, type Section struct, Relocs []Reloc
pkg debug/pe, type StringTable []uint8
pkg encoding/base64, method (Encoding) Strict() *Encoding
pkg encoding/json, method (RawMessage) MarshalJSON() ([]uint8, error)
pkg encoding/json, type UnmarshalTypeError struct, Field string
pkg encoding/json, type UnmarshalTypeError struct, Struct string
pkg expvar, func Handler() http.Handler
pkg expvar, method (*Float) Value() float64
pkg expvar, method (Func) Value() interface{}
pkg expvar, method (*Int) Value() int64
pkg expvar, method (*String) Value() string
pkg go/doc, func IsPredeclared(string) bool
pkg go/types, func Default(Type) Type
pkg go/types, func IdenticalIgnoreTags(Type, Type) bool
pkg math/big, method (*Float) Scan(fmt.ScanState, int32) error
pkg math/big, method (*Int) Sqrt(*Int) *Int
pkg math/rand, func Uint64() uint64
pkg math/rand, method (*Rand) Uint64() uint64
pkg math/rand, type Source64 interface, Int63() int64
pkg math/rand, type Source64 interface { Int63, Seed, Uint64 }
pkg math/rand, type Source64 interface, Seed(int64)
pkg math/rand, type Source64 interface, Uint64() uint64
pkg net/http, const TrailerPrefix ideal-string
pkg net/http, const TrailerPrefix = "Trailer:"
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, TLSHandshakeDone func(tls.ConnectionState, error)
pkg net/http/httptrace, type ClientTrace struct, TLSHandshakeStart func()
pkg net/http/httputil, type ReverseProxy struct, ModifyResponse func(*http.Response) error
pkg net/http, method (*Server) Close() error
pkg net/http, method (*Server) Shutdown(context.Context) error
pkg net/http, type Pusher interface { Push }
pkg net/http, type Pusher interface, Push(string, *PushOptions) error
pkg net/http, type PushOptions struct
pkg net/http, type PushOptions struct, Header Header
pkg net/http, type PushOptions struct, Method string
pkg net/http, type Request struct, GetBody func() (io.ReadCloser, error)
pkg net/http, type Server struct, IdleTimeout time.Duration
pkg net/http, type Server struct, ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, ProxyConnectHeader Header
pkg net/http, var ErrAbortHandler error
pkg net/http, var ErrServerClosed error
pkg net/http, var NoBody noBody
pkg net/mail, func ParseDate(string) (time.Time, error)
pkg net, method (*Buffers) Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg net, method (*Buffers) WriteTo(io.Writer) (int64, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupAddr(context.Context, string) ([]string, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupCNAME(context.Context, string) (string, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupHost(context.Context, string) ([]string, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupIPAddr(context.Context, string) ([]IPAddr, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupMX(context.Context, string) ([]*MX, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupNS(context.Context, string) ([]*NS, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupPort(context.Context, string, string) (int, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupSRV(context.Context, string, string, string) (string, []*SRV, error)
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupTXT(context.Context, string) ([]string, error)
pkg net, method (*UnixListener) SetUnlinkOnClose(bool)
pkg net, type Buffers [][]uint8
pkg net, type Dialer struct, Resolver *Resolver
pkg net, type Resolver struct
pkg net, type Resolver struct, PreferGo bool
pkg net/url, func PathEscape(string) string
pkg net/url, func PathUnescape(string) (string, error)
pkg net/url, method (*URL) Hostname() string
pkg net/url, method (*URL) MarshalBinary() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/url, method (*URL) Port() string
pkg net/url, method (*URL) UnmarshalBinary([]uint8) error
pkg net, var DefaultResolver *Resolver
pkg os, func Executable() (string, error)
pkg os, var ErrClosed error
pkg plugin, func Open(string) (*Plugin, error)
pkg plugin, method (*Plugin) Lookup(string) (Symbol, error)
pkg plugin, type Plugin struct
pkg plugin, type Symbol interface {}
pkg reflect, func Swapper(interface{}) func(int, int)
pkg runtime, func MutexProfile([]BlockProfileRecord) (int, bool)
pkg runtime, func SetMutexProfileFraction(int) int
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, NumForcedGC uint32
pkg sort, func Slice(interface{}, func(int, int) bool)
pkg sort, func SliceIsSorted(interface{}, func(int, int) bool) bool
pkg sort, func SliceStable(interface{}, func(int, int) bool)
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), func TimevalToNsec(Timeval) int64
pkg syscall (linux-arm), func TimevalToNsec(Timeval) int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KILL = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KILL = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 122
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY = 145
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY = 145
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY Errno
pkg testing, func CoverMode() string
pkg testing, func MainStart(testDeps, []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, method (*B) Name() string
pkg testing, method (*T) Name() string
pkg testing, type TB interface, Name() string
pkg time, func Until(Time) Duration

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pkg crypto, const BLAKE2b_256 = 17
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2b_256 Hash
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2b_384 = 18
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2b_384 Hash
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2b_512 = 19
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2b_512 Hash
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2s_256 = 16
pkg crypto, const BLAKE2s_256 Hash
pkg crypto/x509, type Certificate struct, ExcludedDNSDomains []string
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) BeginTx(context.Context, *TxOptions) (*Tx, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) Close() error
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) ExecContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) (Result, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) PingContext(context.Context) error
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) PrepareContext(context.Context, string) (*Stmt, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) QueryContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) (*Rows, error)
pkg database/sql, method (*Conn) QueryRowContext(context.Context, string, ...interface{}) *Row
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) Conn(context.Context) (*Conn, error)
pkg database/sql, type Conn struct
pkg database/sql, type Out struct
pkg database/sql, type Out struct, Dest interface{}
pkg database/sql, type Out struct, In bool
pkg database/sql, var ErrConnDone error
pkg database/sql/driver, type NamedValueChecker interface { CheckNamedValue }
pkg database/sql/driver, type NamedValueChecker interface, CheckNamedValue(*NamedValue) error
pkg database/sql/driver, var ErrRemoveArgument error
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagNull = 5
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagNull ideal-int
pkg encoding/asn1, var NullBytes []uint8
pkg encoding/asn1, var NullRawValue RawValue
pkg encoding/base32, const NoPadding = -1
pkg encoding/base32, const NoPadding int32
pkg encoding/base32, const StdPadding = 61
pkg encoding/base32, const StdPadding int32
pkg encoding/base32, method (Encoding) WithPadding(int32) *Encoding
pkg encoding/csv, type Reader struct, ReuseRecord bool
pkg encoding/json, func Valid([]uint8) bool
pkg go/ast, type TypeSpec struct, Assign token.Pos
pkg go/types, func SizesFor(string, string) Sizes
pkg go/types, method (*TypeName) IsAlias() bool
pkg hash/fnv, func New128() hash.Hash
pkg hash/fnv, func New128a() hash.Hash
pkg html/template, const ErrPredefinedEscaper = 11
pkg html/template, const ErrPredefinedEscaper ErrorCode
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct, BufferPool EncoderBufferPool
pkg image/png, type EncoderBuffer struct
pkg image/png, type EncoderBufferPool interface { Get, Put }
pkg image/png, type EncoderBufferPool interface, Get() *EncoderBuffer
pkg image/png, type EncoderBufferPool interface, Put(*EncoderBuffer)
pkg math/big, method (*Int) IsInt64() bool
pkg math/big, method (*Int) IsUint64() bool
pkg math/big, type Word uint
pkg math/bits, const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits, const UintSize ideal-int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros(uint) int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros16(uint16) int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros32(uint32) int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros64(uint64) int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros8(uint8) int
pkg math/bits, func Len(uint) int
pkg math/bits, func Len16(uint16) int
pkg math/bits, func Len32(uint32) int
pkg math/bits, func Len64(uint64) int
pkg math/bits, func Len8(uint8) int
pkg math/bits, func OnesCount(uint) int
pkg math/bits, func OnesCount16(uint16) int
pkg math/bits, func OnesCount32(uint32) int
pkg math/bits, func OnesCount64(uint64) int
pkg math/bits, func OnesCount8(uint8) int
pkg math/bits, func Reverse(uint) uint
pkg math/bits, func Reverse16(uint16) uint16
pkg math/bits, func Reverse32(uint32) uint32
pkg math/bits, func Reverse64(uint64) uint64
pkg math/bits, func Reverse8(uint8) uint8
pkg math/bits, func ReverseBytes(uint) uint
pkg math/bits, func ReverseBytes16(uint16) uint16
pkg math/bits, func ReverseBytes32(uint32) uint32
pkg math/bits, func ReverseBytes64(uint64) uint64
pkg math/bits, func RotateLeft(uint, int) uint
pkg math/bits, func RotateLeft16(uint16, int) uint16
pkg math/bits, func RotateLeft32(uint32, int) uint32
pkg math/bits, func RotateLeft64(uint64, int) uint64
pkg math/bits, func RotateLeft8(uint8, int) uint8
pkg math/bits, func TrailingZeros(uint) int
pkg math/bits, func TrailingZeros16(uint16) int
pkg math/bits, func TrailingZeros32(uint32) int
pkg math/bits, func TrailingZeros64(uint64) int
pkg math/bits, func TrailingZeros8(uint8) int
pkg mime, var ErrInvalidMediaParameter error
pkg mime/multipart, type FileHeader struct, Size int64
pkg mime/multipart, var ErrMessageTooLarge error
pkg net, method (*IPConn) SyscallConn() (syscall.RawConn, error)
pkg net, method (*TCPConn) SyscallConn() (syscall.RawConn, error)
pkg net, method (*UDPConn) SyscallConn() (syscall.RawConn, error)
pkg net, method (*UnixConn) SyscallConn() (syscall.RawConn, error)
pkg net, type Resolver struct, Dial func(context.Context, string, string) (Conn, error)
pkg net, type Resolver struct, StrictErrors bool
pkg net/http, func ServeTLS(net.Listener, Handler, string, string) error
pkg net/http, method (*Server) RegisterOnShutdown(func())
pkg net/http, method (*Server) ServeTLS(net.Listener, string, string) error
pkg net/http/fcgi, func ProcessEnv(*http.Request) map[string]string
pkg net/http/httptest, method (*Server) Certificate() *x509.Certificate
pkg net/http/httptest, method (*Server) Client() *http.Client
pkg reflect, func MakeMapWithSize(Type, int) Value
pkg runtime/pprof, func Do(context.Context, LabelSet, func(context.Context))
pkg runtime/pprof, func ForLabels(context.Context, func(string, string) bool)
pkg runtime/pprof, func Label(context.Context, string) (string, bool)
pkg runtime/pprof, func Labels(...string) LabelSet
pkg runtime/pprof, func SetGoroutineLabels(context.Context)
pkg runtime/pprof, func WithLabels(context.Context, LabelSet) context.Context
pkg runtime/pprof, type LabelSet struct
pkg sync, method (*Map) Delete(interface{})
pkg sync, method (*Map) Load(interface{}) (interface{}, bool)
pkg sync, method (*Map) LoadOrStore(interface{}, interface{}) (interface{}, bool)
pkg sync, method (*Map) Range(func(interface{}, interface{}) bool)
pkg sync, method (*Map) Store(interface{}, interface{})
pkg sync, type Map struct
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), func Pipe2([]int, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Pipe2([]int, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), func Pipe2([]int, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Pipe2([]int, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Pipe2([]int, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Pipe2([]int, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, AmbientCaps []uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-386), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, AmbientCaps []uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, AmbientCaps []uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, AmbientCaps []uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, AmbientCaps []uintptr
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, AmbientCaps []uintptr
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Credential struct, NoSetGroups bool
pkg syscall (windows-386), const WSAECONNABORTED = 10053
pkg syscall (windows-386), const WSAECONNABORTED Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const WSAECONNABORTED = 10053
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const WSAECONNABORTED Errno
pkg syscall, type Conn interface { SyscallConn }
pkg syscall, type Conn interface, SyscallConn() (RawConn, error)
pkg syscall, type RawConn interface { Control, Read, Write }
pkg syscall, type RawConn interface, Control(func(uintptr)) error
pkg syscall, type RawConn interface, Read(func(uintptr) bool) error
pkg syscall, type RawConn interface, Write(func(uintptr) bool) error
pkg testing, method (*B) Helper()
pkg testing, method (*T) Helper()
pkg testing, type TB interface, Helper()
pkg time, method (Duration) Round(Duration) Duration
pkg time, method (Duration) Truncate(Duration) Duration

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# Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
RAWHTML=\
articles/defer_panic_recover.rawhtml\
articles/error_handling.rawhtml\
articles/slices_usage_and_internals.rawhtml\
articles/laws_of_reflection.rawhtml\
articles/c_go_cgo.rawhtml\
articles/concurrency_patterns.rawhtml\
articles/godoc_documenting_go_code.rawhtml\
articles/gobs_of_data.rawhtml\
articles/json_and_go.rawhtml\
articles/json_rpc_tale_of_interfaces.rawhtml\
articles/image_draw.rawhtml\
articles/image_package.rawhtml\
effective_go.rawhtml\
go1.rawhtml\
all: $(RAWHTML)
%.rawhtml: %.html
godoc -url /doc/$< >$@
clean:
rm -f $(RAWHTML)

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<!--{
"Title": "C? Go? Cgo!",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Cgo lets Go packages call C code. Given a Go source file written with some
special features, cgo outputs Go and C files that can be combined into a
single Go package.
</p>
<p>
To lead with an example, here's a Go package that provides two functions -
<code>Random</code> and <code>Seed</code> - that wrap C's <code>random</code>
and <code>srandom</code> functions.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/package rand/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Let's look at what's happening here, starting with the import statement.
</p>
<p>
The <code>rand</code> package imports <code>"C"</code>, but you'll find there's
no such package in the standard Go library. That's because <code>C</code> is a
"pseudo-package", a special name interpreted by cgo as a reference to C's
name space.
</p>
<p>
The <code>rand</code> package contains four references to the <code>C</code>
package: the calls to <code>C.random</code> and <code>C.srandom</code>, the
conversion <code>C.uint(i)</code>, and the <code>import</code> statement.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Random</code> function calls the standard C library's <code>random</code>
function and returns the result. In C, <code>random</code> returns a value of the
C type <code>long</code>, which cgo represents as the type <code>C.long</code>.
It must be converted to a Go type before it can be used by Go code outside this
package, using an ordinary Go type conversion:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/func Random/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Here's an equivalent function that uses a temporary variable to illustrate
the type conversion more explicitly:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo2.go" `/func Random/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>Seed</code> function does the reverse, in a way. It takes a
regular Go <code>int</code>, converts it to the C <code>unsigned int</code>
type, and passes it to the C function <code>srandom</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/func Seed/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Note that cgo knows the <code>unsigned int</code> type as <code>C.uint</code>;
see the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo documentation</a> for a complete list of
these numeric type names.
</p>
<p>
The one detail of this example we haven't examined yet is the comment
above the <code>import</code> statement.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/\/\*/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Cgo recognizes this comment. Any lines starting
with <code>#cgo</code>
followed
by a space character are removed; these become directives for cgo.
The remaining lines are used as a header when compiling the C parts of
the package. In this case those lines are just a
single <code>#include</code>
statement, but they can be almost any C code. The <code>#cgo</code>
directives are
used to provide flags for the compiler and linker when building the C
parts of the package.
</p>
<p>
There is a limitation: if your program uses any <code>//export</code>
directives, then the C code in the comment may only include declarations
(<code>extern int f();</code>), not definitions (<code>int f() {
return 1; }</code>). You can use <code>//export</code> directives to
make Go functions accessible to C code.
</p>
<p>
The <code>#cgo</code> and <code>//export</code> directives are
documented in
the <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo documentation</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Strings and things</b>
</p>
<p>
Unlike Go, C doesn't have an explicit string type. Strings in C are
represented by a zero-terminated array of chars.
</p>
<p>
Conversion between Go and C strings is done with the
<code>C.CString</code>, <code>C.GoString</code>, and
<code>C.GoStringN</code> functions. These conversions make a copy of the
string data.
</p>
<p>
This next example implements a <code>Print</code> function that writes a
string to standard output using C's <code>fputs</code> function from the
<code>stdio</code> library:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo3.go" `/package print/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Memory allocations made by C code are not known to Go's memory manager.
When you create a C string with <code>C.CString</code> (or any C memory
allocation) you must remember to free the memory when you're done with it
by calling <code>C.free</code>.
</p>
<p>
The call to <code>C.CString</code> returns a pointer to the start of the
char array, so before the function exits we convert it to an
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code></a> and release
the memory allocation with <code>C.free</code>. A common idiom in cgo programs
is to <a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html"><code>defer</code></a>
the free immediately after allocating (especially when the code that follows
is more complex than a single function call), as in this rewrite of
<code>Print</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo4.go" `/func Print/` `/END/`}}
<p>
<b>Building cgo packages</b>
</p>
<p>
To build cgo packages, just use <a href="/cmd/go/#Compile_packages_and_dependencies">"
<code>go build</code>"</a> or
<a href="/cmd/go/#Compile_and_install_packages_and_dependencies">"<code>go install</code>
"</a> as usual. The go tool recognizes the special <code>"C"</code> import and automatically
uses cgo for those files.
</p>
<p>
<b>More cgo resources</b>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo command</a> documentation has more detail about
the C pseudo-package and the build process. The <a href="/misc/cgo/">cgo examples</a>
in the Go tree demonstrate more advanced concepts.
</p>
<p>
For a simple, idiomatic example of a cgo-based package, see Russ Cox's <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gosqlite/source/browse/sqlite/sqlite.go">gosqlite</a>.
Also, the Go Project Dashboard lists <a
href="https://godashboard.appspot.com/project?tag=cgo">several other
cgo packages</a>.
</p>
<p>
Finally, if you're curious as to how all this works internally, take a look
at the introductory comment of the runtime package's <a href="/src/pkg/runtime/cgocall.c">cgocall.c</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Concurrent programming has its own idioms. A good example is timeouts. Although
Go's channels do not support them directly, they are easy to implement. Say we
want to receive from the channel <code>ch</code>, but want to wait at most one
second for the value to arrive. We would start by creating a signalling channel
and launching a goroutine that sleeps before sending on the channel:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout1.go" `/timeout :=/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
We can then use a <code>select</code> statement to receive from either
<code>ch</code> or <code>timeout</code>. If nothing arrives on <code>ch</code>
after one second, the timeout case is selected and the attempt to read from
<cde>ch</cde> is abandoned.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout1.go" `/select {/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>timeout</code> channel is buffered with space for 1 value, allowing
the timeout goroutine to send to the channel and then exit. The goroutine
doesn't know (or care) whether the value is received. This means the goroutine
won't hang around forever if the <code>ch</code> receive happens before the
timeout is reached. The <code>timeout</code> channel will eventually be
deallocated by the garbage collector.
</p>
<p>
(In this example we used <code>time.Sleep</code> to demonstrate the mechanics
of goroutines and channels. In real programs you should use <code>
<a href="/pkg/time/#After">time.After</a></code>, a function that returns
a channel and sends on that channel after the specified duration.)
</p>
<p>
Let's look at another variation of this pattern. In this example we have a
program that reads from multiple replicated databases simultaneously. The
program needs only one of the answers, and it should accept the answer that
arrives first.
</p>
<p>
The function <code>Query</code> takes a slice of database connections and a
<code>query</code> string. It queries each of the databases in parallel and
returns the first response it receives:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout2.go" `/func Query/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In this example, the closure does a non-blocking send, which it achieves by
using the send operation in <code>select</code> statement with a
<code>default</code> case. If the send cannot go through immediately the
default case will be selected. Making the send non-blocking guarantees that
none of the goroutines launched in the loop will hang around. However, if the
result arrives before the main function has made it to the receive, the send
could fail since no one is ready.
</p>
<p>
This problem is a textbook of example of what is known as a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition">race condition</a>, but
the fix is trivial. We just make sure to buffer the channel <code>ch</code> (by
adding the buffer length as the second argument to <a href="/pkg/builtin/#make">make</a>),
guaranteeing that the first send has a place to put the value. This ensures the
send will always succeed, and the first value to arrive will be retrieved
regardless of the order of execution.
</p>
<p>
These two examples demonstrate the simplicity with which Go can express complex
interactions between goroutines.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Defer, Panic, and Recover",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Go has the usual mechanisms for control flow: if, for, switch, goto. It also
has the go statement to run code in a separate goroutine. Here I'd like to
discuss some of the less common ones: defer, panic, and recover.
</p>
<p>
A <b>defer statement</b> pushes a function call onto a list. The list of saved
calls is executed after the surrounding function returns. Defer is commonly
used to simplify functions that perform various clean-up actions.
</p>
<p>
For example, let's look at a function that opens two files and copies the
contents of one file to the other:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func CopyFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This works, but there is a bug. If the call to os.Create fails, the
function will return without closing the source file. This can be easily
remedied by putting a call to src.Close before the second return statement,
but if the function were more complex the problem might not be so easily
noticed and resolved. By introducing defer statements we can ensure that the
files are always closed:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer2.go" `/func CopyFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Defer statements allow us to think about closing each file right after opening
it, guaranteeing that, regardless of the number of return statements in the
function, the files <i>will</i> be closed.
</p>
<p>
The behavior of defer statements is straightforward and predictable. There are
three simple rules:
</p>
<p>
1. <i>A deferred function's arguments are evaluated when the defer statement is
evaluated.</i>
</p>
<p>
In this example, the expression "i" is evaluated when the Println call is
deferred. The deferred call will print "0" after the function returns.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func a/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
2. <i>Deferred function calls are executed in Last In First Out order
</i>after<i> the surrounding function returns.</i>
</p>
<p>
This function prints "3210":
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
3. <i>Deferred functions may read and assign to the returning function's named
return values.</i>
</p>
<p>
In this example, a deferred function increments the return value i <i>after</i>
the surrounding function returns. Thus, this function returns 2:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This is convenient for modifying the error return value of a function; we will
see an example of this shortly.
</p>
<p>
<b>Panic</b> is a built-in function that stops the ordinary flow of control and
begins <i>panicking</i>. When the function F calls panic, execution of F stops,
any deferred functions in F are executed normally, and then F returns to its
caller. To the caller, F then behaves like a call to panic. The process
continues up the stack until all functions in the current goroutine have
returned, at which point the program crashes. Panics can be initiated by
invoking panic directly. They can also be caused by runtime errors, such as
out-of-bounds array accesses.
</p>
<p>
<b>Recover</b> is a built-in function that regains control of a panicking
goroutine. Recover is only useful inside deferred functions. During normal
execution, a call to recover will return nil and have no other effect. If the
current goroutine is panicking, a call to recover will capture the value given
to panic and resume normal execution.
</p>
<p>
Here's an example program that demonstrates the mechanics of panic and defer:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer2.go" `/package main/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The function g takes the int i, and panics if i is greater than 3, or else it
calls itself with the argument i+1. The function f defers a function that calls
recover and prints the recovered value (if it is non-nil). Try to picture what
the output of this program might be before reading on.
</p>
<p>
The program will output:
</p>
<pre>Calling g.
Printing in g 0
Printing in g 1
Printing in g 2
Printing in g 3
Panicking!
Defer in g 3
Defer in g 2
Defer in g 1
Defer in g 0
Recovered in f 4
Returned normally from f.</pre>
<p>
If we remove the deferred function from f the panic is not recovered and
reaches the top of the goroutine's call stack, terminating the program. This
modified program will output:
</p>
<pre>Calling g.
Printing in g 0
Printing in g 1
Printing in g 2
Printing in g 3
Panicking!
Defer in g 3
Defer in g 2
Defer in g 1
Defer in g 0
panic: 4
panic PC=0x2a9cd8
[stack trace omitted]</pre>
<p>
For a real-world example of <b>panic</b> and <b>recover</b>, see the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package</a> from the Go standard library.
It decodes JSON-encoded data with a set of recursive functions.
When malformed JSON is encountered, the parser calls panic to unwind the
stack to the top-level function call, which recovers from the panic and returns
an appropriate error value (see the 'error' and 'unmarshal' methods of
the decodeState type in
<a href="/src/pkg/encoding/json/decode.go">decode.go</a>).
</p>
<p>
The convention in the Go libraries is that even when a package uses panic
internally, its external API still presents explicit error return values.
</p>
<p>
Other uses of <b>defer</b> (beyond the file.Close example given earlier)
include releasing a mutex:
</p>
<pre>mu.Lock()
defer mu.Unlock()</pre>
<p>
printing a footer:
</p>
<pre>printHeader()
defer printFooter()</pre>
<p>
and more.
</p>
<p>
In summary, the defer statement (with or without panic and recover) provides an
unusual and powerful mechanism for control flow. It can be used to model a
number of features implemented by special-purpose structures in other
programming languages. Try it out.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Error Handling and Go",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
If you have written any Go code you have probably encountered the built-in
<code>error</code> type. Go code uses <code>error</code> values to
indicate an abnormal state. For example, the <code>os.Open</code> function
returns a non-nil <code>error</code> value when it fails to open a file.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func Open/`}}
<p>
The following code uses <code>os.Open</code> to open a file. If an error
occurs it calls <code>log.Fatal</code> to print the error message and stop.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func openFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
You can get a lot done in Go knowing just this about the <code>error</code>
type, but in this article we'll take a closer look at <code>error</code> and
discuss some good practices for error handling in Go.
</p>
<p>
<b>The error type</b>
</p>
<p>
The <code>error</code> type is an interface type. An <code>error</code>
variable represents any value that can describe itself as a string. Here is the
interface's declaration:
</p>
<pre>type error interface {
Error() string
}</pre>
<p>
The <code>error</code> type, as with all built in types, is
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclared</a> in the
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Blocks">universe block</a>.
</p>
<p>
The most commonly-used <code>error</code> implementation is the
<a href="/pkg/errors/">errors</a> package's unexported <code>errorString</code> type.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/errorString/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
You can construct one of these values with the <code>errors.New</code>
function. It takes a string that it converts to an <code>errors.errorString</code>
and returns as an <code>error</code> value.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/New/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Here's how you might use <code>errors.New</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func Sqrt/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A caller passing a negative argument to <code>Sqrt</code> receives a non-nil
<code>error</code> value (whose concrete representation is an
<code>errors.errorString</code> value). The caller can access the error string
("math: square root of...") by calling the <code>error</code>'s
<code>Error</code> method, or by just printing it:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func printErr/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package formats an <code>error</code> value
by calling its <code>Error() string</code> method.
</p>
<p>
It is the error implementation's responsibility to summarize the context.
The error returned by <code>os.Open</code> formats as "open /etc/passwd:
permission denied," not just "permission denied." The error returned by our
<code>Sqrt</code> is missing information about the invalid argument.
</p>
<p>
To add that information, a useful function is the <code>fmt</code> package's
<code>Errorf</code>. It formats a string according to <code>Printf</code>'s
rules and returns it as an <code>error</code> created by
<code>errors.New</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/fmtError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In many cases <code>fmt.Errorf</code> is good enough, but since
<code>error</code> is an interface, you can use arbitrary data structures as
error values, to allow callers to inspect the details of the error.
</p>
<p>
For instance, our hypothetical callers might want to recover the invalid
argument passed to <code>Sqrt</code>. We can enable that by defining a new
error implementation instead of using <code>errors.errorString</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/type NegativeSqrtError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A sophisticated caller can then use a
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Type_assertions">type assertion</a> to check for a
<code>NegativeSqrtError</code> and handle it specially, while callers that just
pass the error to <code>fmt.Println</code> or <code>log.Fatal</code> will see
no change in behavior.
</p>
<p>
As another example, the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package specifies a
<code>SyntaxError</code> type that the <code>json.Decode</code> function
returns when it encounters a syntax error parsing a JSON blob.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/type SyntaxError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>Offset</code> field isn't even shown in the default formatting of the
error, but callers can use it to add file and line information to their error
messages:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func decodeError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(This is a slightly simplified version of some
<a href="http://camlistore.org/code/?p=camlistore.git;a=blob;f=lib/go/camli/jsonconfig/eval.go#l68">actual code</a>
from the <a href="http://camlistore.org">Camlistore</a> project.)
</p>
<p>
The <code>error</code> interface requires only a <code>Error</code> method;
specific error implementations might have additional methods. For instance, the
<a href="/pkg/net/">net</a> package returns errors of type
<code>error</code>, following the usual convention, but some of the error
implementations have additional methods defined by the <code>net.Error</code>
interface:
</p>
<pre>package net
type Error interface {
error
Timeout() bool // Is the error a timeout?
Temporary() bool // Is the error temporary?
}</pre>
<p>
Client code can test for a <code>net.Error</code> with a type assertion and
then distinguish transient network errors from permanent ones. For instance, a
web crawler might sleep and retry when it encounters a temporary error and give
up otherwise.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func netError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<b>Simplifying repetitive error handling</b>
</p>
<p>
In Go, error handling is important. The language's design and conventions
encourage you to explicitly check for errors where they occur (as distinct from
the convention in other languages of throwing exceptions and sometimes catching
them). In some cases this makes Go code verbose, but fortunately there are some
techniques you can use to minimize repetitive error handling.
</p>
<p>
Consider an <a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/go/">App Engine</a>
application with an HTTP handler that retrieves a record from the datastore and
formats it with a template.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error2.go" `/func init/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This function handles errors returned by the <code>datastore.Get</code>
function and <code>viewTemplate</code>'s <code>Execute</code> method. In both
cases, it presents a simple error message to the user with the HTTP status code
500 ("Internal Server Error"). This looks like a manageable amount of code, but
add some more HTTP handlers and you quickly end up with many copies of
identical error handling code.
</p>
<p>
To reduce the repetition we can define our own HTTP <code>appHandler</code>
type that includes an <code>error</code> return value:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/type appHandler/`}}
<p>
Then we can change our <code>viewRecord</code> function to return errors:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/func viewRecord/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This is simpler than the original version, but the <a
href="/pkg/net/http/">http</a> package doesn't understand functions that return
<code>error</code>.
To fix this we can implement the <code>http.Handler</code> interface's
<code>ServeHTTP</code> method on <code>appHandler</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/ServeHTTP/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>ServeHTTP</code> method calls the <code>appHandler</code> function
and displays the returned error (if any) to the user. Notice that the method's
receiver, <code>fn</code>, is a function. (Go can do that!) The method invokes
the function by calling the receiver in the expression <code>fn(w, r)</code>.
</p>
<p>
Now when registering <code>viewRecord</code> with the http package we use the
<code>Handle</code> function (instead of <code>HandleFunc</code>) as
<code>appHandler</code> is an <code>http.Handler</code> (not an
<code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/func init/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
With this basic error handling infrastructure in place, we can make it more
user friendly. Rather than just displaying the error string, it would be better
to give the user a simple error message with an appropriate HTTP status code,
while logging the full error to the App Engine developer console for debugging
purposes.
</p>
<p>
To do this we create an <code>appError</code> struct containing an
<code>error</code> and some other fields:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/type appError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Next we modify the appHandler type to return <code>*appError</code> values:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/type appHandler/`}}
<p>
(It's usually a mistake to pass back the concrete type of an error rather than
<code>error</code>,
for reasons discussed in <a href="/doc/go_faq.html#nil_error">the Go FAQ</a>,
but it's the right thing to do here because <code>ServeHTTP</code> is the only
place that sees the value and uses its contents.)
</p>
<p>
And make <code>appHandler</code>'s <code>ServeHTTP</code> method display the
<code>appError</code>'s <code>Message</code> to the user with the correct HTTP
status <code>Code</code> and log the full <code>Error</code> to the developer
console:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/ServeHTTP/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Finally, we update <code>viewRecord</code> to the new function signature and
have it return more context when it encounters an error:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/func viewRecord/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This version of <code>viewRecord</code> is the same length as the original, but
now each of those lines has specific meaning and we are providing a friendlier
user experience.
</p>
<p>
It doesn't end there; we can further improve the error handling in our
application. Some ideas:
</p>
<ul>
<li>give the error handler a pretty HTML template,
<li>make debugging easier by writing the stack trace to the HTTP response when
the user is an administrator,
<li>write a constructor function for <code>appError</code> that stores the
stack trace for easier debugging,
<li>recover from panics inside the <code>appHandler</code>, logging the error
to the console as "Critical," while telling the user "a serious error
has occurred." This is a nice touch to avoid exposing the user to inscrutable
error messages caused by programming errors.
See the <a href="defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a>
article for more details.
</ul>
<p>
<b>Conclusion</b>
</p>
<p>
Proper error handling is an essential requirement of good software. By
employing the techniques described in this post you should be able to write
more reliable and succinct Go code.
</p>

View File

@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ had to be installed in certain places, under certain names, using certain build
tools, in order to be used. That's understandable: that's the way it works in
most other languages. Over the last few years we consistently reminded people
about the <code>goinstall</code> command
(now replaced by <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Download_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go get</code></a>)
(now replaced by <a href="/cmd/go/#Download_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go get</code></a>)
and its conventions: first, that the import path is derived in a known way from
the URL of the source code; second, that the place to store the sources in
the URL of the source code; second, that that the place to store the sources in
the local file system is derived in a known way from the import path; third,
that each directory in a source tree corresponds to a single package; and
fourth, that the package is built using only information in the source code.
@@ -78,18 +78,17 @@ well-established conventions.</p>
source code. For Bitbucket, GitHub, Google Code, and Launchpad, the
root directory of the repository is identified by the repository's
main URL, without the <code>http://</code> prefix. Subdirectories are named by
adding to that path.
For example, the Go example programs are obtained by running</p>
adding to that path. For example, the supplemental networking
libraries for Go are obtained by running</p>
<pre>
git clone https://github.com/golang/example
hg clone http://code.google.com/p/go.net
</pre>
<p>and thus the import path for the root directory of that repository is
"<code>github.com/golang/example</code>".
The <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/golang/example/stringutil">stringutil</a>
package is stored in a subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>github.com/golang/example/stringutil</code>".</p>
"<code>code.google.com/p/go.net</code>". The websocket package is stored in a
subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket</code>".</p>
<p>These paths are on the long side, but in exchange we get an
automatically managed name space for import paths and the ability for
@@ -97,14 +96,13 @@ a tool like the go command to look at an unfamiliar import path and
deduce where to obtain the source code.</p>
<p>Second, the place to store sources in the local file system is derived
in a known way from the import path, specifically
<code>$GOPATH/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
If unset, <code>$GOPATH</code> defaults to a subdirectory
named <code>go</code> in the user's home directory.
in a known way from the import path. Specifically, the first choice
is <code>$GOPATH/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>. If <code>$GOPATH</code> is
unset, the go command will fall back to storing source code alongside the
standard Go packages, in <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
If <code>$GOPATH</code> is set to a list of paths, the go command tries
<code>&lt;dir&gt;/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code> for each of the directories in
that list.
</p>
that list.</p>
<p>Each of those trees contains, by convention, a top-level directory named
"<code>bin</code>", for holding compiled executables, and a top-level directory
@@ -138,26 +136,41 @@ to the use of a specific tool chain.</p>
<h2>Getting started with the go command</h2>
<p>Finally, a quick tour of how to use the go command.
As mentioned above, the default <code>$GOPATH</code> on Unix is <code>$HOME/go</code>.
We'll store our programs there.
To use a different location, you can set <code>$GOPATH</code>;
see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for details.
<p>Finally, a quick tour of how to use the go command, to supplement
the information in <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a>,
which you might want to read first. Assuming you want
to keep your source code separate from the Go distribution source
tree, the first step is to set <code>$GOPATH</code>, the one piece of global
configuration that the go command needs. The <code>$GOPATH</code> can be a
list of directories, but by far the most common usage should be to set it to a
single directory. In particular, you do not need a separate entry in
<code>$GOPATH</code> for each of your projects. One <code>$GOPATH</code> can
support many projects.</p>
<p>We first add some source code. Suppose we want to use
<p>Heres an example. Lets say we decide to keep our Go code in the directory
<code>$HOME/mygo</code>. We need to create that directory and set
<code>$GOPATH</code> accordingly.</p>
<pre>
$ mkdir $HOME/mygo
$ export GOPATH=$HOME/mygo
$
</pre>
<p>Into this directory, we now add some source code. Suppose we want to use
the indexing library from the codesearch project along with a left-leaning
red-black tree. We can install both with the "<code>go get</code>"
subcommand:</p>
<pre>
$ go get github.com/google/codesearch/index
$ go get code.google.com/p/codesearch/index
$ go get github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb
$
</pre>
<p>Both of these projects are now downloaded and installed into <code>$HOME/go</code>,
which contains the two directories
<code>src/github.com/google/codesearch/index/</code> and
<p>Both of these projects are now downloaded and installed into our
<code>$GOPATH</code> directory. The one tree now contains the two directories
<code>src/code.google.com/p/codesearch/index/</code> and
<code>src/github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb/</code>, along with the compiled
packages (in <code>pkg/</code>) for those libraries and their dependencies.</p>
@@ -170,14 +183,13 @@ the pattern "<code>./...</code>" means start in the current directory
("<code>...</code>"):</p>
<pre>
$ cd $HOME/go/src
$ go list ./...
github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cgrep
github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cindex
github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/csearch
github.com/google/codesearch/index
github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
github.com/google/codesearch/sparse
code.google.com/p/codesearch/cmd/cgrep
code.google.com/p/codesearch/cmd/cindex
code.google.com/p/codesearch/cmd/csearch
code.google.com/p/codesearch/index
code.google.com/p/codesearch/regexp
code.google.com/p/codesearch/sparse
github.com/petar/GoLLRB/example
github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb
$
@@ -187,12 +199,12 @@ $
<pre>
$ go test ./...
? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cgrep [no test files]
? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cindex [no test files]
? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/csearch [no test files]
ok github.com/google/codesearch/index 0.203s
ok github.com/google/codesearch/regexp 0.017s
? github.com/google/codesearch/sparse [no test files]
? code.google.com/p/codesearch/cmd/cgrep [no test files]
? code.google.com/p/codesearch/cmd/cindex [no test files]
? code.google.com/p/codesearch/cmd/csearch [no test files]
ok code.google.com/p/codesearch/index 0.239s
ok code.google.com/p/codesearch/regexp 0.021s
? code.google.com/p/codesearch/sparse [no test files]
? github.com/petar/GoLLRB/example [no test files]
ok github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb 0.231s
$
@@ -202,18 +214,18 @@ $
current directory:</p>
<pre>
$ cd github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
$ cd $GOPATH/src/code.google.com/p/codesearch/regexp
$ go list
github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
code.google.com/p/codesearch/regexp
$ go test -v
=== RUN TestNstateEnc
--- PASS: TestNstateEnc (0.00s)
=== RUN TestMatch
--- PASS: TestMatch (0.00s)
=== RUN TestGrep
--- PASS: TestGrep (0.00s)
=== RUN TestNstateEnc
--- PASS: TestNstateEnc (0.00 seconds)
=== RUN TestMatch
--- PASS: TestMatch (0.01 seconds)
=== RUN TestGrep
--- PASS: TestGrep (0.00 seconds)
PASS
ok github.com/google/codesearch/regexp 0.018s
ok code.google.com/p/codesearch/regexp 0.021s
$ go install
$
</pre>
@@ -231,18 +243,17 @@ pick such a long name, but that ability would require additional configuration
and complexity in the tool. Typing an extra directory name or two is a small
price to pay for the increased simplicity and power.</p>
<p>As the example shows, its fine to work with packages from many different
projects at once within a single <code>$GOPATH</code> root directory.</p>
<h2>Limitations</h2>
<p>As mentioned above, the go command is not a general-purpose build
tool.
In particular, it does not have any facility for generating Go
source files <em>during</em> a build, although it does provide
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Generate_Go_files_by_processing_source"><code>go</code>
<code>generate</code></a>,
which can automate the creation of Go files <em>before</em> the build.
For more advanced build setups, you may need to write a
tool. In particular, it does not have any facility for generating Go
source files during a build. Instead, if you want to use a tool like
yacc or the protocol buffer compiler, you will need to write a
makefile (or a configuration file for the build tool of your choice)
to run whatever tool creates the Go files and then check those generated source files
to generate the Go files and then check those generated source files
into your repository. This is more work for you, the package author,
but it is significantly less work for your users, who can use
"<code>go get</code>" without needing to obtain and build

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Gobs of data",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
To transmit a data structure across a network or to store it in a file, it must
be encoded and then decoded again. There are many encodings available, of
course: <a href="http://www.json.org/">JSON</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML</a>, Google's
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/protobuf">protocol buffers</a>, and more.
And now there's another, provided by Go's <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a>
package.
</p>
<p>
Why define a new encoding? It's a lot of work and redundant at that. Why not
just use one of the existing formats? Well, for one thing, we do! Go has
<a href="/pkg/">packages</a> supporting all the encodings just mentioned (the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf">protocol buffer package</a> is in
a separate repository but it's one of the most frequently downloaded). And for
many purposes, including communicating with tools and systems written in other
languages, they're the right choice.
</p>
<p>
But for a Go-specific environment, such as communicating between two servers
written in Go, there's an opportunity to build something much easier to use and
possibly more efficient.
</p>
<p>
Gobs work with the language in a way that an externally-defined,
language-independent encoding cannot. At the same time, there are lessons to be
learned from the existing systems.
</p>
<p>
<b>Goals</b>
</p>
<p>
The gob package was designed with a number of goals in mind.
</p>
<p>
First, and most obvious, it had to be very easy to use. First, because Go has
reflection, there is no need for a separate interface definition language or
"protocol compiler". The data structure itself is all the package should need
to figure out how to encode and decode it. On the other hand, this approach
means that gobs will never work as well with other languages, but that's OK:
gobs are unashamedly Go-centric.
</p>
<p>
Efficiency is also important. Textual representations, exemplified by XML and
JSON, are too slow to put at the center of an efficient communications network.
A binary encoding is necessary.
</p>
<p>
Gob streams must be self-describing. Each gob stream, read from the beginning,
contains sufficient information that the entire stream can be parsed by an
agent that knows nothing a priori about its contents. This property means that
you will always be able to decode a gob stream stored in a file, even long
after you've forgotten what data it represents.
</p>
<p>
There were also some things to learn from our experiences with Google protocol
buffers.
</p>
<p>
<b>Protocol buffer misfeatures</b>
</p>
<p>
Protocol buffers had a major effect on the design of gobs, but have three
features that were deliberately avoided. (Leaving aside the property that
protocol buffers aren't self-describing: if you don't know the data definition
used to encode a protocol buffer, you might not be able to parse it.)
</p>
<p>
First, protocol buffers only work on the data type we call a struct in Go. You
can't encode an integer or array at the top level, only a struct with fields
inside it. That seems a pointless restriction, at least in Go. If all you want
to send is an array of integers, why should you have to put it into a
struct first?
</p>
<p>
Next, a protocol buffer definition may specify that fields <code>T.x</code> and
<code>T.y</code> are required to be present whenever a value of type
<code>T</code> is encoded or decoded. Although such required fields may seem
like a good idea, they are costly to implement because the codec must maintain a
separate data structure while encoding and decoding, to be able to report when
required fields are missing. They're also a maintenance problem. Over time, one
may want to modify the data definition to remove a required field, but that may
cause existing clients of the data to crash. It's better not to have them in the
encoding at all. (Protocol buffers also have optional fields. But if we don't
have required fields, all fields are optional and that's that. There will be
more to say about optional fields a little later.)
</p>
<p>
The third protocol buffer misfeature is default values. If a protocol buffer
omits the value for a "defaulted" field, then the decoded structure behaves as
if the field were set to that value. This idea works nicely when you have
getter and setter methods to control access to the field, but is harder to
handle cleanly when the container is just a plain idiomatic struct. Required
fields are also tricky to implement: where does one define the default values,
what types do they have (is text UTF-8? uninterpreted bytes? how many bits in a
float?) and despite the apparent simplicity, there were a number of
complications in their design and implementation for protocol buffers. We
decided to leave them out of gobs and fall back to Go's trivial but effective
defaulting rule: unless you set something otherwise, it has the "zero value"
for that type - and it doesn't need to be transmitted.
</p>
<p>
So gobs end up looking like a sort of generalized, simplified protocol buffer.
How do they work?
</p>
<p>
<b>Values</b>
</p>
<p>
The encoded gob data isn't about <code>int8</code>s and <code>uint16</code>s.
Instead, somewhat analogous to constants in Go, its integer values are abstract,
sizeless numbers, either signed or unsigned. When you encode an
<code>int8</code>, its value is transmitted as an unsized, variable-length
integer. When you encode an <code>int64</code>, its value is also transmitted as
an unsized, variable-length integer. (Signed and unsigned are treated
distinctly, but the same unsized-ness applies to unsigned values too.) If both
have the value 7, the bits sent on the wire will be identical. When the receiver
decodes that value, it puts it into the receiver's variable, which may be of
arbitrary integer type. Thus an encoder may send a 7 that came from an
<code>int8</code>, but the receiver may store it in an <code>int64</code>. This
is fine: the value is an integer and as a long as it fits, everything works. (If
it doesn't fit, an error results.) This decoupling from the size of the variable
gives some flexibility to the encoding: we can expand the type of the integer
variable as the software evolves, but still be able to decode old data.
</p>
<p>
This flexibility also applies to pointers. Before transmission, all pointers are
flattened. Values of type <code>int8</code>, <code>*int8</code>,
<code>**int8</code>, <code>****int8</code>, etc. are all transmitted as an
integer value, which may then be stored in <code>int</code> of any size, or
<code>*int</code>, or <code>******int</code>, etc. Again, this allows for
flexibility.
</p>
<p>
Flexibility also happens because, when decoding a struct, only those fields
that are sent by the encoder are stored in the destination. Given the value
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type T/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
the encoding of <code>t</code> sends only the 7 and 8. Because it's zero, the
value of <code>Y</code> isn't even sent; there's no need to send a zero value.
</p>
<p>
The receiver could instead decode the value into this structure:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type U/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and acquire a value of <code>u</code> with only <code>X</code> set (to the
address of an <code>int8</code> variable set to 7); the <code>Z</code> field is
ignored - where would you put it? When decoding structs, fields are matched by
name and compatible type, and only fields that exist in both are affected. This
simple approach finesses the "optional field" problem: as the type
<code>T</code> evolves by adding fields, out of date receivers will still
function with the part of the type they recognize. Thus gobs provide the
important result of optional fields - extensibility - without any additional
mechanism or notation.
</p>
<p>
From integers we can build all the other types: bytes, strings, arrays, slices,
maps, even floats. Floating-point values are represented by their IEEE 754
floating-point bit pattern, stored as an integer, which works fine as long as
you know their type, which we always do. By the way, that integer is sent in
byte-reversed order because common values of floating-point numbers, such as
small integers, have a lot of zeros at the low end that we can avoid
transmitting.
</p>
<p>
One nice feature of gobs that Go makes possible is that they allow you to define
your own encoding by having your type satisfy the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces, in a manner
analogous to the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">JSON</a> package's
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshaler">Marshaler</a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshaler">Unmarshaler</a> and also to the
<a href="/pkg/fmt/#Stringer">Stringer</a> interface from
<a href="/pkg/fmt/">package fmt</a>. This facility makes it possible to
represent special features, enforce constraints, or hide secrets when you
transmit data. See the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">documentation</a> for
details.
</p>
<p>
<b>Types on the wire</b>
</p>
<p>
The first time you send a given type, the gob package includes in the data
stream a description of that type. In fact, what happens is that the encoder is
used to encode, in the standard gob encoding format, an internal struct that
describes the type and gives it a unique number. (Basic types, plus the layout
of the type description structure, are predefined by the software for
bootstrapping.) After the type is described, it can be referenced by its type
number.
</p>
<p>
Thus when we send our first type <code>T</code>, the gob encoder sends a
description of <code>T</code> and tags it with a type number, say 127. All
values, including the first, are then prefixed by that number, so a stream of
<code>T</code> values looks like:
</p>
<pre>
("define type id" 127, definition of type T)(127, T value)(127, T value), ...
</pre>
<p>
These type numbers make it possible to describe recursive types and send values
of those types. Thus gobs can encode types such as trees:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type Node/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(It's an exercise for the reader to discover how the zero-defaulting rule makes
this work, even though gobs don't represent pointers.)
</p>
<p>
With the type information, a gob stream is fully self-describing except for the
set of bootstrap types, which is a well-defined starting point.
</p>
<p>
<b>Compiling a machine</b>
</p>
<p>
The first time you encode a value of a given type, the gob package builds a
little interpreted machine specific to that data type. It uses reflection on
the type to construct that machine, but once the machine is built it does not
depend on reflection. The machine uses package unsafe and some trickery to
convert the data into the encoded bytes at high speed. It could use reflection
and avoid unsafe, but would be significantly slower. (A similar high-speed
approach is taken by the protocol buffer support for Go, whose design was
influenced by the implementation of gobs.) Subsequent values of the same type
use the already-compiled machine, so they can be encoded right away.
</p>
<p>
Decoding is similar but harder. When you decode a value, the gob package holds
a byte slice representing a value of a given encoder-defined type to decode,
plus a Go value into which to decode it. The gob package builds a machine for
that pair: the gob type sent on the wire crossed with the Go type provided for
decoding. Once that decoding machine is built, though, it's again a
reflectionless engine that uses unsafe methods to get maximum speed.
</p>
<p>
<b>Use</b>
</p>
<p>
There's a lot going on under the hood, but the result is an efficient,
easy-to-use encoding system for transmitting data. Here's a complete example
showing differing encoded and decoded types. Note how easy it is to send and
receive values; all you need to do is present values and variables to the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package</a> and it does all the work.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs2.go" `/package main/` `$`}}
<p>
You can compile and run this example code in the
<a href="http://play.golang.org/p/_-OJV-rwMq">Go Playground</a>.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/">rpc package</a> builds on gobs to turn this
encode/decode automation into transport for method calls across the network.
That's a subject for another article.
</p>
<p>
<b>Details</b>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package documentation</a>, especially the
file <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a>, expands on many of the
details described here and includes a full worked example showing how the
encoding represents data. If you are interested in the innards of the gob
implementation, that's a good place to start.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Godoc: documenting Go code",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The Go project takes documentation seriously. Documentation is a huge part of
making software accessible and maintainable. Of course it must be well-written
and accurate, but it also must be easy to write and to maintain. Ideally, it
should be coupled to the code itself so the documentation evolves along with the
code. The easier it is for programmers to produce good documentation, the better
for everyone.
</p>
<p>
To that end, we have developed the <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a> documentation
tool. This article describes godoc's approach to documentation, and explains how
you can use our conventions and tools to write good documentation for your own
projects.
</p>
<p>
Godoc parses Go source code - including comments - and produces documentation as
HTML or plain text. The end result is documentation tightly coupled with the
code it documents. For example, through godoc's web interface you can navigate
from a function's <a href="/pkg/strings/#HasPrefix">documentation</a> to its
<a href="/src/pkg/strings/strings.go?#L312">implementation</a> with one click.
</p>
<p>
Godoc is conceptually related to Python's
<a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/">Docstring</a> and Java's
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index-jsp-135444.html">Javadoc</a>,
but its design is simpler. The comments read by godoc are not language
constructs (as with Docstring) nor must they have their own machine-readable
syntax (as with Javadoc). Godoc comments are just good comments, the sort you
would want to read even if godoc didn't exist.
</p>
<p>
The convention is simple: to document a type, variable, constant, function, or
even a package, write a regular comment directly preceding its declaration, with
no intervening blank line. Godoc will then present that comment as text
alongside the item it documents. For example, this is the documentation for the
<code>fmt</code> package's <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Fprint"><code>Fprint</code></a>
function:
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/fmt/print.go" `/Fprint formats using the default/` `/func Fprint/`}}
<p>
Notice this comment is a complete sentence that begins with the name of the
element it describes. This important convention allows us to generate
documentation in a variety of formats, from plain text to HTML to UNIX man
pages, and makes it read better when tools truncate it for brevity, such as when
they extract the first line or sentence.
</p>
<p>
Comments on package declarations should provide general package documentation.
These comments can be short, like the <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a>
package's brief description:
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/sort/sort.go" `/Package sort provides/` `/package sort/`}}
<p>
They can also be detailed like the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package</a>'s
overview. That package uses another convention for packages
that need large amounts of introductory documentation: the package comment is
placed in its own file, <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a>, which
contains only those comments and a package clause.
</p>
<p>
When writing package comments of any size, keep in mind that their first
sentence will appear in godoc's <a href="/pkg/">package list</a>.
</p>
<p>
Comments that are not adjacent to a top-level declaration are omitted from
godoc's output, with one notable exception. Top-level comments that begin with
the word <code>"BUG(who)”</code> are recognized as known bugs, and included in
the "Bugs” section of the package documentation. The "who” part should be the
user name of someone who could provide more information. For example, this is a
known issue from the <a href="/pkg/bytes/#bugs">bytes package</a>:
</p>
<pre>
// BUG(r): The rule Title uses for word boundaries does not handle Unicode punctuation properly.
</pre>
<p>
Godoc treats executable commands somewhat differently. Instead of inspecting the
command source code, it looks for a Go source file belonging to the special
package "documentation”. The comment on the "package documentation” clause is
used as the command's documentation. For example, see the
<a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc documentation</a> and its corresponding
<a href="/src/cmd/godoc/doc.go">doc.go</a> file.
</p>
<p>
There are a few formatting rules that Godoc uses when converting comments to
HTML:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Subsequent lines of text are considered part of the same paragraph; you must
leave a blank line to separate paragraphs.
</li>
<li>
Pre-formatted text must be indented relative to the surrounding comment text
(see gob's <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a> for an example).
</li>
<li>
URLs will be converted to HTML links; no special markup is necessary.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that none of these rules requires you to do anything out of the ordinary.
</p>
<p>
In fact, the best thing about godoc's minimal approach is how easy it is to use.
As a result, a lot of Go code, including all of the standard library, already
follows the conventions.
</p>
<p>
Your own code can present good documentation just by having comments as
described above. Any Go packages installed inside <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg</code>
and any <code>GOPATH</code> work spaces will already be accessible via godoc's
command-line and HTTP interfaces, and you can specify additional paths for
indexing via the <code>-path</code> flag or just by running <code>"godoc ."</code>
in the source directory. See the <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc documentation</a>
for more details.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go's Declaration Syntax"
}-->
<p>
Newcomers to Go wonder why the declaration syntax is different from the
tradition established in the C family. In this post we'll compare the
two approaches and explain why Go's declarations look as they do.
</p>
<p>
<b>C syntax</b>
</p>
<p>
First, let's talk about C syntax. C took an unusual and clever approach
to declaration syntax. Instead of describing the types with special
syntax, one writes an expression involving the item being declared, and
states what type that expression will have. Thus
</p>
<pre>
int x;
</pre>
<p>
declares x to be an int: the expression 'x' will have type int. In
general, to figure out how to write the type of a new variable, write an
expression involving that variable that evaluates to a basic type, then
put the basic type on the left and the expression on the right.
</p>
<p>
Thus, the declarations
</p>
<pre>
int *p;
int a[3];
</pre>
<p>
state that p is a pointer to int because '*p' has type int, and that a
is an array of ints because a[3] (ignoring the particular index value,
which is punned to be the size of the array) has type int.
</p>
<p>
What about functions? Originally, C's function declarations wrote the
types of the arguments outside the parens, like this:
</p>
<pre>
int main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{ /* ... */ }
</pre>
<p>
Again, we see that main is a function because the expression main(argc,
argv) returns an int. In modern notation we'd write
</p>
<pre>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }
</pre>
<p>
but the basic structure is the same.
</p>
<p>
This is a clever syntactic idea that works well for simple types but can
get confusing fast. The famous example is declaring a function pointer.
Follow the rules and you get this:
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int a, int b);
</pre>
<p>
Here, fp is a pointer to a function because if you write the expression
(*fp)(a, b) you'll call a function that returns int. What if one of fp's
arguments is itself a function?
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int (*ff)(int x, int y), int b)
</pre>
<p>
That's starting to get hard to read.
</p>
<p>
Of course, we can leave out the name of the parameters when we declare a
function, so main can be declared
</p>
<pre>
int main(int, char *[])
</pre>
<p>
Recall that argv is declared like this,
</p>
<pre>
char *argv[]
</pre>
<p>
so you drop the name from the <em>middle</em> of its declaration to construct
its type. It's not obvious, though, that you declare something of type
char *[] by putting its name in the middle.
</p>
<p>
And look what happens to fp's declaration if you don't name the
parameters:
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int (*)(int, int), int)
</pre>
<p>
Not only is it not obvious where to put the name inside
</p>
<pre>
int (*)(int, int)
</pre>
<p>
it's not exactly clear that it's a function pointer declaration at all.
And what if the return type is a function pointer?
</p>
<pre>
int (*(*fp)(int (*)(int, int), int))(int, int)
</pre>
<p>
It's hard even to see that this declaration is about fp.
</p>
<p>
You can construct more elaborate examples but these should illustrate
some of the difficulties that C's declaration syntax can introduce.
</p>
<p>
There's one more point that needs to be made, though. Because type and
declaration syntax are the same, it can be difficult to parse
expressions with types in the middle. This is why, for instance, C casts
always parenthesize the type, as in
</p>
<pre>
(int)M_PI
</pre>
<p>
<b>Go syntax</b>
</p>
<p>
Languages outside the C family usually use a distinct type syntax in
declarations. Although it's a separate point, the name usually comes
first, often followed by a colon. Thus our examples above become
something like (in a fictional but illustrative language)
</p>
<pre>
x: int
p: pointer to int
a: array[3] of int
</pre>
<p>
These declarations are clear, if verbose - you just read them left to
right. Go takes its cue from here, but in the interests of brevity it
drops the colon and removes some of the keywords:
</p>
<pre>
x int
p *int
a [3]int
</pre>
<p>
There is no direct correspondence between the look of [3]int and how to
use a in an expression. (We'll come back to pointers in the next
section.) You gain clarity at the cost of a separate syntax.
</p>
<p>
Now consider functions. Let's transcribe the declaration for main, even
though the main function in Go takes no arguments:
</p>
<pre>
func main(argc int, argv *[]byte) int
</pre>
<p>
Superficially that's not much different from C, but it reads well from
left to right:
</p>
<p>
<em>function main takes an int and a pointer to a slice of bytes and returns an int.</em>
</p>
<p>
Drop the parameter names and it's just as clear - they're always first
so there's no confusion.
</p>
<pre>
func main(int, *[]byte) int
</pre>
<p>
One value of this left-to-right style is how well it works as the types
become more complex. Here's a declaration of a function variable
(analogous to a function pointer in C):
</p>
<pre>
f func(func(int,int) int, int) int
</pre>
<p>
Or if f returns a function:
</p>
<pre>
f func(func(int,int) int, int) func(int, int) int
</pre>
<p>
It still reads clearly, from left to right, and it's always obvious
which name is being declared - the name comes first.
</p>
<p>
The distinction between type and expression syntax makes it easy to
write and invoke closures in Go:
</p>
<pre>
sum := func(a, b int) int { return a+b } (3, 4)
</pre>
<p>
<b>Pointers</b>
</p>
<p>
Pointers are the exception that proves the rule. Notice that in arrays
and slices, for instance, Go's type syntax puts the brackets on the left
of the type but the expression syntax puts them on the right of the
expression:
</p>
<pre>
var a []int
x = a[1]
</pre>
<p>
For familiarity, Go's pointers use the * notation from C, but we could
not bring ourselves to make a similar reversal for pointer types. Thus
pointers work like this
</p>
<pre>
var p *int
x = *p
</pre>
<p>
We couldn't say
</p>
<pre>
var p *int
x = p*
</pre>
<p>
because that postfix * would conflate with multiplication. We could have
used the Pascal ^, for example:
</p>
<pre>
var p ^int
x = p^
</pre>
<p>
and perhaps we should have (and chosen another operator for xor),
because the prefix asterisk on both types and expressions complicates
things in a number of ways. For instance, although one can write
</p>
<pre>
[]int("hi")
</pre>
<p>
as a conversion, one must parenthesize the type if it starts with a *:
</p>
<pre>
(*int)(nil)
</pre>
<p>
Had we been willing to give up * as pointer syntax, those parentheses
would be unnecessary.
</p>
<p>
So Go's pointer syntax is tied to the familiar C form, but those ties
mean that we cannot break completely from using parentheses to
disambiguate types and expressions in the grammar.
</p>
<p>
Overall, though, we believe Go's type syntax is easier to understand
than C's, especially when things get complicated.
</p>
<p>
<b>Notes</b>
</p>
<p>
Go's declarations read left to right. It's been pointed out that C's
read in a spiral! See <a href="http://c-faq.com/decl/spiral.anderson.html">
The "Clockwise/Spiral Rule"</a> by David Anderson.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "The Go image/draw package",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> defines
only one operation: drawing a source image onto a destination
image, through an optional mask image. This one operation is
surprisingly versatile and can perform a number of common image
manipulation tasks elegantly and efficiently.
</p>
<p>
Composition is performed pixel by pixel in the style of the Plan 9
graphics library and the X Render extension. The model is based on
the classic "Compositing Digital Images" paper by Porter and Duff,
with an additional mask parameter: <code>dst = (src IN mask) OP dst</code>.
For a fully opaque mask, this reduces to the original Porter-Duff
formula: <code>dst = src OP dst</code>. In Go, a nil mask image is equivalent
to an infinitely sized, fully opaque mask image.
</p>
<p>
The Porter-Duff paper presented
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVGCompositing/examples/compop-porterduff-examples.png">12 different composition operators</a>,
but with an explicit mask, only 2 of these are needed in practice:
source-over-destination and source. In Go, these operators are
represented by the <code>Over</code> and <code>Src</code> constants. The <code>Over</code> operator
performs the natural layering of a source image over a destination
image: the change to the destination image is smaller where the
source (after masking) is more transparent (that is, has lower
alpha). The <code>Src</code> operator merely copies the source (after masking)
with no regard for the destination image's original content. For
fully opaque source and mask images, the two operators produce the
same output, but the <code>Src</code> operator is usually faster.
</p>
<p><b>Geometric Alignment</b></p>
<p>
Composition requires associating destination pixels with source and
mask pixels. Obviously, this requires destination, source and mask
images, and a composition operator, but it also requires specifying
what rectangle of each image to use. Not every drawing should write
to the entire destination: when updating an animating image, it is
more efficient to only draw the parts of the image that have
changed. Not every drawing should read from the entire source: when
using a sprite that combines many small images into one large one,
only a part of the image is needed. Not every drawing should read
from the entire mask: a mask image that collects a font's glyphs is
similar to a sprite. Thus, drawing also needs to know three
rectangles, one for each image. Since each rectangle has the same
width and height, it suffices to pass a destination rectangle `r`
and two points <code>sp</code> and <code>mp</code>: the source rectangle is equal to <code>r</code>
translated so that <code>r.Min</code> in the destination image aligns with
<code>sp</code> in the source image, and similarly for <code>mp</code>. The effective
rectangle is also clipped to each image's bounds in their
respective co-ordinate space.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-20.png">
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#DrawMask"><code>DrawMask</code></a>
function takes seven arguments, but an explicit mask and mask-point
are usually unnecessary, so the
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw"><code>Draw</code></a> function takes five:
</p>
<pre>
// Draw calls DrawMask with a nil mask.
func Draw(dst Image, r image.Rectangle, src image.Image, sp image.Point, op Op)
func DrawMask(dst Image, r image.Rectangle, src image.Image, sp image.Point,
mask image.Image, mp image.Point, op Op)
</pre>
<p>
The destination image must be mutable, so the image/draw package
defines a <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Image"><code>draw.Image</code></a>
interface which has a <code>Set</code> method.
</p>
{{code "../src/pkg/image/draw/draw.go" `/type Image/` `/}/`}}
<p><b>Filling a Rectangle</b></p>
<p>
To fill a rectangle with a solid color, use an <code>image.Uniform</code>
source. The <code>Uniform</code> type re-interprets a <code>Color</code> as a
practically infinite-sized <code>Image</code> of that color. For those
familiar with the design of Plan 9's draw library, there is no need
for an explicit "repeat bit" in Go's slice-based image types; the
concept is subsumed by <code>Uniform</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/ZERO/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To initialize a new image to all-blue:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/BLUE/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To reset an image to transparent (or black, if the destination
image's color model cannot represent transparency), use
<code>image.Transparent</code>, which is an <code>image.Uniform</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RESET/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2a.png">
</p>
<p><b>Copying an Image</b></p>
<p>
To copy from a rectangle <code>sr</code> in the source image to a rectangle
starting at a point <code>dp</code> in the destination, convert the source
rectangle into the destination image's co-ordinate space:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RECT/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Alternatively:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RECT2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To copy the entire source image, use <code>sr = src.Bounds()</code>.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-2b.png">
</p>
<p><b>Scrolling an Image</b></p>
<p>
Scrolling an image is just copying an image to itself, with
different destination and source rectangles. Overlapping
destination and source images are perfectly valid, just as Go's
built-in copy function can handle overlapping destination and
source slices. To scroll an image m by 20 pixels:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/SCROLL/` `/STOP/`}}
<p><img src="image-2c.png"></p>
<p><b>Converting an Image to RGBA</b></p>
<p>
The result of decoding an image format might not be an
<code>image.RGBA</code>: decoding a GIF results in an <code>image.Paletted</code>,
decoding a JPEG results in a <code>ycbcr.YCbCr</code>, and the result of
decoding a PNG depends on the image data. To convert any image to
an <code>image.RGBA</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CONV/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2d.png">
</p>
<p><b>Drawing Through a Mask</b></p>
<p>
To draw an image through a circular mask with center <code>p</code> and radius
<code>r</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CIRCLESTRUCT/` `/STOP/`}}
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CIRCLE2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2e.png">
</p>
<p><b>Drawing Font Glyphs</b></p>
<p>
To draw a font glyph in blue starting from a point <code>p</code>, draw with
an <code>image.Uniform</code> source and an <code>image.Alpha mask</code>. For
simplicity, we aren't performing any sub-pixel positioning or
rendering, or correcting for a font's height above a baseline.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/GLYPH/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2f.png">
</p>
<p><b>Performance</b></p>
<p>
The image/draw package implementation demonstrates how to provide
an image manipulation function that is both general purpose, yet
efficient for common cases. The <code>DrawMask</code> function takes arguments
of interface types, but immediately makes type assertions that its
arguments are of specific struct types, corresponding to common
operations like drawing one <code>image.RGBA</code> image onto another, or
drawing an <code>image.Alpha</code> mask (such as a font glyph) onto an
<code>image.RGBA</code> image. If a type assertion succeeds, that type
information is used to run a specialized implementation of the
general algorithm. If the assertions fail, the fallback code path
uses the generic <code>At</code> and <code>Set</code> methods. The fast-paths are purely
a performance optimization; the resultant destination image is the
same either way. In practice, only a small number of special cases
are necessary to support typical applications.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Go image package",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/color/">image/color</a> packages define a number of types:
<code>color.Color</code> and <code>color.Model</code> describe colors,
<code>image.Point</code> and <code>image.Rectangle</code> describe basic 2-D
geometry, and <code>image.Image</code> brings the two concepts together to
represent a rectangular grid of colors. A
<a href="/doc/articles/image_draw.html">separate article</a> covers image
composition with the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.
</p>
<p>
<b>Colors and Color Models</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Color">Color</a> is an interface that defines the minimal
method set of any type that can be considered a color: one that can be converted
to red, green, blue and alpha values. The conversion may be lossy, such as
converting from CMYK or YCbCr color spaces.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Color interface/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
There are three important subtleties about the return values. First, the red,
green and blue are alpha-premultiplied: a fully saturated red that is also 25%
transparent is represented by RGBA returning a 75% r. Second, the channels have
a 16-bit effective range: 100% red is represented by RGBA returning an r of
65535, not 255, so that converting from CMYK or YCbCr is not as lossy. Third,
the type returned is <code>uint32</code>, even though the maximum value is 65535, to
guarantee that multiplying two values together won't overflow. Such
multiplications occur when blending two colors according to an alpha mask from a
third color, in the style of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing">Porter and Duff's</a>
classic algebra:
</p>
<pre>
dstr, dstg, dstb, dsta := dst.RGBA()
srcr, srcg, srcb, srca := src.RGBA()
_, _, _, m := mask.RGBA()
const M = 1<<16 - 1
// The resultant red value is a blend of dstr and srcr, and ranges in [0, M].
// The calculation for green, blue and alpha is similar.
dstr = (dstr*(M-m) + srcr*m) / M
</pre>
<p>
The last line of that code snippet would have been more complicated if we worked
with non-alpha-premultiplied colors, which is why <code>Color</code> uses
alpha-premultiplied values.
</p>
<p>
The image/color package also defines a number of concrete types that implement
the <code>Color</code> interface. For example,
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> is a struct that represents
the classic "8 bits per channel" color.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type RGBA struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Note that the <code>R</code> field of an <code>RGBA</code> is an 8-bit
alpha-premultiplied color in the range [0, 255]. <code>RGBA</code> satisfies the
<code>Color</code> interface by multiplying that value by 0x101 to generate a
16-bit alpha-premultiplied color in the range [0, 65535]. Similarly, the
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#NRGBA"><code>NRGBA</code></a> struct type represents
an 8-bit non-alpha-premultiplied color, as used by the PNG image format. When
manipulating an <code>NRGBA</code>'s fields directly, the values are
non-alpha-premultiplied, but when calling the <code>RGBA</code> method, the
return values are alpha-premultiplied.
</p>
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/color/#Model"><code>Model</code></a> is simply
something that can convert <code>Color</code>s to other <code>Color</code>s, possibly lossily. For
example, the <code>GrayModel</code> can convert any <code>Color</code> to a
desaturated <a href="/pkg/image/color/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a>. A
<code>Palette</code> can convert any <code>Color</code> to one from a
limited palette.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Model interface/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Palette \[\]Color/`}}
<p>
<b>Points and Rectangles</b>
</p>
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/#Point"><code>Point</code></a> is an (x, y) co-ordinate
on the integer grid, with axes increasing right and down. It is neither a pixel
nor a grid square. A <code>Point</code> has no intrinsic width, height or
color, but the visualizations below use a small colored square.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/geom.go" `/type Point struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-package-01.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package1.go" `/p := image.Point/`}}
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle"><code>Rectangle</code></a> is an axis-aligned
rectangle on the integer grid, defined by its top-left and bottom-right
<code>Point</code>. A <code>Rectangle</code> also has no intrinsic color, but
the visualizations below outline rectangles with a thin colored line, and call
out their <code>Min</code> and <code>Max</code> <code>Point</code>s.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/geom.go" `/type Rectangle struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
For convenience, <code>image.Rect(x0, y0, x1, y1)</code> is equivalent to
<code>image.Rectangle{image.Point{x0, y0}, image.Point{x1, y1}}</code>, but is
much easier to type.
</p>
<p>
A <code>Rectangle</code> is inclusive at the top-left and exclusive at the
bottom-right. For a <code>Point p</code> and a <code>Rectangle r</code>,
<code>p.In(r)</code> if and only if
<code>r.Min.X <= p.X && p.X < r.Max.X</code>, and similarly for <code>Y</code>. This is analagous to how
a slice <code>s[i0:i1]</code> is inclusive at the low end and exclusive at the
high end. (Unlike arrays and slices, a <code>Rectangle</code> often has a
non-zero origin.)
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-02.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package2.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Println/`}}
<p>
Adding a <code>Point</code> to a <code>Rectangle</code> translates the
<code>Rectangle</code>. Points and Rectangles are not restricted to be in the
bottom-right quadrant.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-03.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package3.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Println/`}}
<p>
Intersecting two Rectangles yields another Rectangle, which may be empty.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-04.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package4.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Printf/`}}
<p>
Points and Rectangles are passed and returned by value. A function that takes a
<code>Rectangle</code> argument will be as efficient as a function that takes
two <code>Point</code> arguments, or four <code>int</code> arguments.
</p>
<p>
<b>Images</b>
</p>
<p>
An <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">Image</a> maps every grid square in a
<code>Rectangle</code> to a <code>Color</code> from a <code>Model</code>.
"The pixel at (x, y)" refers to the color of the grid square defined by the
points (x, y), (x+1, y), (x+1, y+1) and (x, y+1).
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/image.go" `/type Image interface/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
A common mistake is assuming that an <code>Image</code>'s bounds start at (0,
0). For example, an animated GIF contains a sequence of Images, and each
<code>Image</code> after the first typically only holds pixel data for the area
that changed, and that area doesn't necessarily start at (0, 0). The correct
way to iterate over an <code>Image</code> m's pixels looks like:
</p>
<pre>
b := m.Bounds()
for y := b.Min.Y; y < b.Max.Y; y++ {
for x := b.Min.X; y < b.Max.X; x++ {
doStuffWith(m.At(x, y))
}
}
</pre>
<p>
<code>Image</code> implementations do not have to be based on an in-memory
slice of pixel data. For example, a
<a href="/pkg/image/#Uniform"><code>Uniform</code></a> is an
<code>Image</code> of enormous bounds and uniform color, whose in-memory
representation is simply that color.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/names.go" `/type Uniform struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Typically, though, programs will want an image based on a slice. Struct types
like <a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a> (which other packages refer
to as <code>image.RGBA</code> and <code>image.Gray</code>) hold slices of pixel
data and implement the <code>Image</code> interface.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/image.go" `/type RGBA struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
These types also provide a <code>Set(x, y int, c color.Color)</code> method
that allows modifying the image one pixel at a time.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package5.go" `/m := image.New/` `/m.Set/`}}
<p>
If you're reading or writing a lot of pixel data, it can be more efficient, but
more complicated, to access these struct type's <code>Pix</code> field directly.
</p>
<p>
The slice-based <code>Image</code> implementations also provide a
<code>SubImage</code> method, which returns an <code>Image</code> backed by the
same array. Modifying the pixels of a sub-image will affect the pixels of the
original image, analagous to how modifying the contents of a sub-slice
<code>s[i0:i1]</code> will affect the contents of the original slice
<code>s</code>.
</p>
<img src="image-package-05.png" width="400" height="300">
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package6.go" `/m0 := image.New/` `/fmt.Println\(m0.Stride/`}}
<p>
For low-level code that works on an image's <code>Pix</code> field, be aware
that ranging over <code>Pix</code> can affect pixels outside an image's bounds.
In the example above, the pixels covered by <code>m1.Pix</code> are shaded in
blue. Higher-level code, such as the <code>At</code> and <code>Set</code>
methods or the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw package</a>, will clip
their operations to the image's bounds.
</p>
<p>
<b>Image Formats</b>
</p>
<p>
The standard package library supports a number of common image formats, such as
GIF, JPEG and PNG. If you know the format of a source image file, you can
decode from an <a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a> directly.
</p>
<pre>
import (
"image/jpeg"
"image/png"
"io"
)
// convertJPEGToPNG converts from JPEG to PNG.
func convertJPEGToPNG(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
img, err := jpeg.Decode(r)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return png.Encode(w, img)
}
</pre>
<p>
If you have image data of unknown format, the
<a href="/pkg/image/#Decode"><code>image.Decode</code></a> function can detect
the format. The set of recognized formats is constructed at run time and is not
limited to those in the standard package library. An image format package
typically registers its format in an init function, and the main package will
"underscore import" such a package solely for the side effect of format
registration.
</p>
<pre>
import (
"image"
"image/png"
"io"
_ "code.google.com/p/vp8-go/webp"
_ "image/jpeg"
)
// convertToPNG converts from any recognized format to PNG.
func convertToPNG(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
img, _, err := image.Decode(r)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return png.Encode(w, img)
}
</pre>

View File

@@ -3,6 +3,5 @@
}-->
<p>
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> and the
<a href="/blog/index">Blog index</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
<!--{
"Title": "JSON and Go",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a simple data interchange format.
Syntactically it resembles the objects and lists of JavaScript. It is most
commonly used for communication between web back-ends and JavaScript programs
running in the browser, but it is used in many other places, too. Its home page,
<a href="http://json.org">json.org</a>, provides a wonderfully clear and concise
definition of the standard.
</p>
<p>
With the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package</a> it's a snap to read and
write JSON data from your Go programs.
</p>
<p>
<b>Encoding</b>
</p>
<p>
To encode JSON data we use the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a> function.
</p>
<pre>
func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error)
</pre>
<p>
Given the Go data structure, <code>Message</code>,
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/type Message/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and an instance of <code>Message</code>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/m :=/`}}
<p>
we can marshal a JSON-encoded version of m using <code>json.Marshal</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/b, err :=/`}}
<p>
If all is well, <code>err</code> will be <code>nil</code> and <code>b</code>
will be a <code>[]byte</code> containing this JSON data:
</p>
<pre>
b == []byte(`{"Name":"Alice","Body":"Hello","Time":1294706395881547000}`)
</pre>
<p>
Only data structures that can be represented as valid JSON will be encoded:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
JSON objects only support strings as keys; to encode a Go map type it must be
of the form <code>map[string]T</code> (where <code>T</code> is any Go type
supported by the json package).
</li>
<li>
Channel, complex, and function types cannot be encoded.
</li>
<li>
Cyclic data structures are not supported; they will cause <code>Marshal</code>
to go into an infinite loop.
</li>
<li>
Pointers will be encoded as the values they point to (or 'null' if the pointer
is <code>nil</code>).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The json package only accesses the exported fields of struct types (those that
begin with an uppercase letter). Therefore only the the exported fields of a
struct will be present in the JSON output.
</p>
<p>
<b>Decoding</b>
</p>
<p>
To decode JSON data we use the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a> function.
</p>
<pre>
func Unmarshal(data []byte, v interface{}) error
</pre>
<p>
We must first create a place where the decoded data will be stored
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/var m Message/`}}
<p>
and call <code>json.Unmarshal</code>, passing it a <code>[]byte</code> of JSON
data and a pointer to <code>m</code>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/err := json.Unmarshal/`}}
<p>
If <code>b</code> contains valid JSON that fits in <code>m</code>, after the
call <code>err</code> will be <code>nil</code> and the data from <code>b</code>
will have been stored in the struct <code>m</code>, as if by an assignment
like:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/m = Message/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
How does <code>Unmarshal</code> identify the fields in which to store the
decoded data? For a given JSON key <code>"Foo"</code>, <code>Unmarshal</code>
will look through the destination struct's fields to find (in order of
preference):
</p>
<ul>
<li>
An exported field with a tag of <code>"Foo"</code> (see the
<a href="/ref/spec#Struct_types">Go spec</a> for more on struct tags),
</li>
<li>
An exported field named <code>"Foo"</code>, or
</li>
<li>
An exported field named <code>"FOO"</code> or <code>"FoO"</code> or some other
case-insensitive match of <code>"Foo"</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
What happens when the structure of the JSON data doesn't exactly match the Go
type?
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/"Food":"Pickle"/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<code>Unmarshal</code> will decode only the fields that it can find in the
destination type. In this case, only the Name field of m will be populated,
and the Food field will be ignored. This behavior is particularly useful when
you wish to pick only a few specific fields out of a large JSON blob. It also
means that any unexported fields in the destination struct will be unaffected
by <code>Unmarshal</code>.
</p>
<p>
But what if you don't know the structure of your JSON data beforehand?
</p>
<p>
<b>Generic JSON with interface{}</b>
</p>
<p>
The <code>interface{}</code> (empty interface) type describes an interface with
zero methods. Every Go type implements at least zero methods and therefore
satisfies the empty interface.
</p>
<p>
The empty interface serves as a general container type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/var i interface{}/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A type assertion accesses the underlying concrete type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/r := i/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Or, if the underlying type is unknown, a type switch determines the type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/switch v/` `/STOP/`}}
The json package uses <code>map[string]interface{}</code> and
<code>[]interface{}</code> values to store arbitrary JSON objects and arrays;
it will happily unmarshal any valid JSON blob into a plain
<code>interface{}</code> value. The default concrete Go types are:
<ul>
<li>
<code>bool</code> for JSON booleans,
</li>
<li>
<code>float64</code> for JSON numbers,
</li>
<li>
<code>string</code> for JSON strings, and
</li>
<li>
<code>nil</code> for JSON null.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<b>Decoding arbitrary data</b>
</p>
<p>
Consider this JSON data, stored in the variable <code>b</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/b :=/`}}
<p>
Without knowing this data's structure, we can decode it into an
<code>interface{}</code> value with <code>Unmarshal</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/var f interface/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
At this point the Go value in <code>f</code> would be a map whose keys are
strings and whose values are themselves stored as empty interface values:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/f = map/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To access this data we can use a type assertion to access <code>f</code>'s
underlying <code>map[string]interface{}</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/m := f/`}}
<p>
We can then iterate through the map with a range statement and use a type switch
to access its values as their concrete types:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/for k, v/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In this way you can work with unknown JSON data while still enjoying the
benefits of type safety.
</p>
<p>
<b>Reference Types</b>
</p>
<p>
Let's define a Go type to contain the data from the previous example:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json4.go" `/type FamilyMember/` `/STOP/`}}
{{code "/doc/progs/json4.go" `/var m FamilyMember/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Unmarshaling that data into a <code>FamilyMember</code> value works as
expected, but if we look closely we can see a remarkable thing has happened.
With the var statement we allocated a <code>FamilyMember</code> struct, and
then provided a pointer to that value to <code>Unmarshal</code>, but at that
time the <code>Parents</code> field was a <code>nil</code> slice value. To
populate the <code>Parents</code> field, <code>Unmarshal</code> allocated a new
slice behind the scenes. This is typical of how <code>Unmarshal</code> works
with the supported reference types (pointers, slices, and maps).
</p>
<p>
Consider unmarshaling into this data structure:
</p>
<pre>
type Foo struct {
Bar *Bar
}
</pre>
<p>
If there were a <code>Bar</code> field in the JSON object,
<code>Unmarshal</code> would allocate a new <code>Bar</code> and populate it.
If not, <code>Bar</code> would be left as a <code>nil</code> pointer.
</p>
<p>
From this a useful pattern arises: if you have an application that receives a
few distinct message types, you might define "receiver" structure like
</p>
<pre>
type IncomingMessage struct {
Cmd *Command
Msg *Message
}
</pre>
<p>
and the sending party can populate the <code>Cmd</code> field and/or the
<code>Msg</code> field of the top-level JSON object, depending on the type of
message they want to communicate. <code>Unmarshal</code>, when decoding the
JSON into an <code>IncomingMessage</code> struct, will only allocate the data
structures present in the JSON data. To know which messages to process, the
programmer need simply test that either <code>Cmd</code> or <code>Msg</code> is
not <code>nil</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Streaming Encoders and Decoders</b>
</p>
<p>
The json package provides <code>Decoder</code> and <code>Encoder</code> types
to support the common operation of reading and writing streams of JSON data.
The <code>NewDecoder</code> and <code>NewEncoder</code> functions wrap the
<a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/io/#Writer"><code>io.Writer</code></a> interface types.
</p>
<pre>
func NewDecoder(r io.Reader) *Decoder
func NewEncoder(w io.Writer) *Encoder
</pre>
<p>
Here's an example program that reads a series of JSON objects from standard
input, removes all but the <code>Name</code> field from each object, and then
writes the objects to standard output:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json5.go" `/package main/` `$`}}
<p>
Due to the ubiquity of Readers and Writers, these <code>Encoder</code> and
<code>Decoder</code> types can be used in a broad range of scenarios, such as
reading and writing to HTTP connections, WebSockets, or files.
</p>
<p>
<b>References</b>
</p>
<p>
For more information see the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package documentation</a>. For an example usage of
json see the source files of the <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/jsonrpc/">jsonrpc package</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
<!--{
"Title": "JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces"
}-->
<p>
Here we present an example where Go's
<a href="/doc/effective_go.html#interfaces_and_types">interfaces</a> made it
easy to refactor some existing code to make it more flexible and extensible.
Originally, the standard library's <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/">RPC package</a> used
a custom wire format called <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a>. For a
particular application, we wanted to use <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">JSON</a>
as an alternate wire format.
</p>
<p>
We first defined a pair of interfaces to describe the functionality of the
existing wire format, one for the client, and one for the server (depicted
below).
</p>
<pre>
type ServerCodec interface {
ReadRequestHeader(*Request) error
ReadRequestBody(interface{}) error
WriteResponse(*Response, interface{}) error
Close() error
}
</pre>
<p>
On the server side, we then changed two internal function signatures to accept
the <code>ServerCodec</code> interface instead of our existing
<code>gob.Encoder</code>. Here's one of them:
</p>
<pre>
func sendResponse(sending *sync.Mutex, req *Request,
reply interface{}, enc *gob.Encoder, errmsg string)
</pre>
<p>
became
</p>
<pre>
func sendResponse(sending *sync.Mutex, req *Request,
reply interface{}, enc ServerCodec, errmsg string)
</pre>
<p>
We then wrote a trivial <code>gobServerCodec</code> wrapper to reproduce the
original functionality. From there it is simple to build a
<code>jsonServerCodec</code>.
</p>
<p>
After some similar changes to the client side, this was the full extent of the
work we needed to do on the RPC package. This whole exercise took about 20
minutes! After tidying up and testing the new code, the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/diff?spec=svn9daf796ebf1cae97b2fcf760a4ab682f1f063f29&r=9daf796ebf1cae97b2fcf760a4ab682f1f063f29&format=side&path=/src/pkg/rpc/server.go">final changeset</a>
was submitted.
</p>
<p>
In an inheritance-oriented language like Java or C++, the obvious path would be
to generalize the RPC class, and create JsonRPC and GobRPC subclasses. However,
this approach becomes tricky if you want to make a further generalization
orthogonal to that hierarchy. (For example, if you were to implement an
alternate RPC standard). In our Go package, we took a route that is both
conceptually simpler and requires less code be written or changed.
</p>
<p>
A vital quality for any codebase is maintainability. As needs change, it is
essential to adapt your code easily and cleanly, lest it become unwieldy to work
with. We believe Go's lightweight, composition-oriented type system provides a
means of structuring code that scales.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Laws of Reflection",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Reflection in computing is the
ability of a program to examine its own structure, particularly
through types; it's a form of metaprogramming. It's also a great
source of confusion.
</p>
<p>
In this article we attempt to clarify things by explaining how
reflection works in Go. Each language's reflection model is
different (and many languages don't support it at all), but
this article is about Go, so for the rest of this article the word
"reflection" should be taken to mean "reflection in Go".
</p>
<p><b>Types and interfaces</b></p>
<p>
Because reflection builds on the type system, let's start with a
refresher about types in Go.
</p>
<p>
Go is statically typed. Every variable has a static type, that is,
exactly one type known and fixed at compile time: <code>int</code>,
<code>float32</code>, <code>*MyType</code>, <code>[]byte</code>,
and so on. If we declare
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/type MyInt/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
then <code>i</code> has type <code>int</code> and <code>j</code>
has type <code>MyInt</code>. The variables <code>i</code> and
<code>j</code> have distinct static types and, although they have
the same underlying type, they cannot be assigned to one another
without a conversion.
</p>
<p>
One important category of type is interface types, which represent
fixed sets of methods. An interface variable can store any concrete
(non-interface) value as long as that value implements the
interface's methods. A well-known pair of examples is
<code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>, the types
<code>Reader</code> and <code>Writer</code> from the
<a href="/pkg/io/">io package</a>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/// Reader/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Any type that implements a <code>Read</code> (or
<code>Write</code>) method with this signature is said to implement
<code>io.Reader</code> (or <code>io.Writer</code>). For the
purposes of this discussion, that means that a variable of type
<code>io.Reader</code> can hold any value whose type has a
<code>Read</code> method:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/func readers/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
It's important to be clear that whatever concrete value
<code>r</code> may hold, <code>r</code>'s type is always
<code>io.Reader</code>: Go is statically typed and the static type
of <code>r</code> is <code>io.Reader</code>.</p>
<p>
An extremely important example of an interface type is the empty
interface:
</p>
<pre>
interface{}
</pre>
<p>
It represents the empty set of methods and is satisfied by any
value at all, since any value has zero or more methods.
</p>
<p>
Some people say that Go's interfaces are dynamically typed, but
that is misleading. They are statically typed: a variable of
interface type always has the same static type, and even though at
run time the value stored in the interface variable may change
type, that value will always satisfy the interface.
</p>
<p>
We need to be precise about all this because reflection and
interfaces are closely related.
</p>
<p><b>The representation of an interface</b></p>
<p>
Russ Cox has written a
<a href="http://research.swtch.com/2009/12/go-data-structures-interfaces.html">detailed blog post</a>
about the representation of interface values in Go. It's not necessary to
repeat the full story here, but a simplified summary is in order.
</p>
<p>
A variable of interface type stores a pair: the concrete value
assigned to the variable, and that value's type descriptor.
To be more precise, the value is the underlying concrete data item
that implements the interface and the type describes the full type
of that item. For instance, after
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/func typeAssertions/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<code>r</code> contains, schematically, the (value, type) pair,
(<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). Notice that the type
<code>*os.File</code> implements methods other than
<code>Read</code>; even though the interface value provides access
only to the <code>Read</code> method, the value inside carries all
the type information about that value. That's why we can do things
like this:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/var w io.Writer/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The expression in this assignment is a type assertion; what it
asserts is that the item inside <code>r</code> also implements
<code>io.Writer</code>, and so we can assign it to <code>w</code>.
After the assignment, <code>w</code> will contain the pair
(<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). That's the same pair as
was held in <code>r</code>. The static type of the interface
determines what methods may be invoked with an interface variable,
even though the concrete value inside may have a larger set of
methods.
</p>
<p>
Continuing, we can do this:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/var empty interface{}/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and our empty interface value <code>e</code> will again contain
that same pair, (<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). That's
handy: an empty interface can hold any value and contains all the
information we could ever need about that value.
</p>
<p>
(We don't need a type assertion here because it's known statically
that <code>w</code> satisfies the empty interface. In the example
where we moved a value from a <code>Reader</code> to a
<code>Writer</code>, we needed to be explicit and use a type
assertion because <code>Writer</code>'s methods are not a
subset of <code>Reader</code>'s.)
</p>
<p>
One important detail is that the pair inside an interface always
has the form (value, concrete type) and cannot have the form
(value, interface type). Interfaces do not hold interface
values.
</p>
<p>
Now we're ready to reflect.
</p>
<p><b>The first law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>1. Reflection goes from interface value to reflection object.</b></p>
<p>
At the basic level, reflection is just a mechanism to examine the
type and value pair stored inside an interface variable. To get
started, there are two types we need to know about in
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">package reflect</a>:
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> and
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a>. Those two types
give access to the contents of an interface variable, and two
simple functions, called <code>reflect.TypeOf</code> and
<code>reflect.ValueOf</code>, retrieve <code>reflect.Type</code>
and <code>reflect.Value</code> pieces out of an interface value.
(Also, from the <code>reflect.Value</code> it's easy to get
to the <code>reflect.Type</code>, but let's keep the
<code>Value</code> and <code>Type</code> concepts separate for
now.)
</p>
<p>
Let's start with <code>TypeOf</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/package main/` `/STOP main/`}}
<p>
This program prints
</p>
<pre>
type: float64
</pre>
<p>
You might be wondering where the interface is here, since the program looks
like it's passing the <code>float64</code> variable <code>x</code>, not an
interface value, to <code>reflect.TypeOf</code>. But it's there; as
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">godoc reports</a>, the signature of
<code>reflect.TypeOf</code> includes an empty interface:
</p>
<pre>
// TypeOf returns the reflection Type of the value in the interface{}.
func TypeOf(i interface{}) Type
</pre>
<p>
When we call <code>reflect.TypeOf(x)</code>, <code>x</code> is
first stored in an empty interface, which is then passed as the
argument; <code>reflect.TypeOf</code> unpacks that empty interface
to recover the type information.
</p>
<p>
The <code>reflect.ValueOf</code> function, of course, recovers the
value (from here on we'll elide the boilerplate and focus just on
the executable code):
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f9/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
value: &lt;float64 Value&gt;
</pre>
<p>
Both <code>reflect.Type</code> and <code>reflect.Value</code> have
lots of methods to let us examine and manipulate them. One
important example is that <code>Value</code> has a
<code>Type</code> method that returns the <code>Type</code> of a
<code>reflect.Value</code>. Another is that both <code>Type</code>
and <code>Value</code> have a <code>Kind</code> method that returns
a constant indicating what sort of item is stored:
<code>Uint</code>, <code>Float64</code>, <code>Slice</code>, and so
on. Also methods on <code>Value</code> with names like
<code>Int</code> and <code>Float</code> let us grab values (as
<code>int64</code> and <code>float64</code>) stored inside:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f1/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
type: float64
kind is float64: true
value: 3.4
</pre>
<p>
There are also methods like <code>SetInt</code> and
<code>SetFloat</code> but to use them we need to understand
settability, the subject of the third law of reflection, discussed
below.
</p>
<p>
The reflection library has a couple of properties worth singling
out. First, to keep the API simple, the "getter" and "setter"
methods of <code>Value</code> operate on the largest type that can
hold the value: <code>int64</code> for all the signed integers, for
instance. That is, the <code>Int</code> method of
<code>Value</code> returns an <code>int64</code> and the
<code>SetInt</code> value takes an <code>int64</code>; it may be
necessary to convert to the actual type involved:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The second property is that the <code>Kind</code> of a reflection
object describes the underlying type, not the static type. If a
reflection object contains a value of a user-defined integer type,
as in
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
the <code>Kind</code> of <code>v</code> is still
<code>reflect.Int</code>, even though the static type of
<code>x</code> is <code>MyInt</code>, not <code>int</code>. In
other words, the <code>Kind</code> cannot discriminate an int from
a <code>MyInt</code> even though the <code>Type</code> can.
</p>
<p><b>The second law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>2. Reflection goes from reflection object to interface
value.</b></p>
<p>
Like physical reflection, reflection in Go generates its own
inverse.
</p>
<p>
Given a <code>reflect.Value</code> we can recover an interface
value using the <code>Interface</code> method; in effect the method
packs the type and value information back into an interface
representation and returns the result:
</p>
<pre>
// Interface returns v's value as an interface{}.
func (v Value) Interface() interface{}
</pre>
<p>
As a consequence we can say
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
to print the <code>float64</code> value represented by the
reflection object <code>v</code>.
</p>
<p>
We can do even better, though. The arguments to
<code>fmt.Println</code>, <code>fmt.Printf</code> and so on are all
passed as empty interface values, which are then unpacked by the
<code>fmt</code> package internally just as we have been doing in
the previous examples. Therefore all it takes to print the contents
of a <code>reflect.Value</code> correctly is to pass the result of
the <code>Interface</code> method to the formatted print
routine:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(Why not <code>fmt.Println(v)</code>? Because <code>v</code> is a
<code>reflect.Value</code>; we want the concrete value it holds.)
Since our value is a <code>float64</code>, we can even use a
floating-point format if we want:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3d/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and get in this case
</p>
<pre>
3.4e+00
</pre>
<p>
Again, there's no need to type-assert the result of
<code>v.Interface()</code> to <code>float64</code>; the empty
interface value has the concrete value's type information inside
and <code>Printf</code> will recover it.
</p>
<p>
In short, the <code>Interface</code> method is the inverse of the
<code>ValueOf</code> function, except that its result is always of
static type <code>interface{}</code>.
</p>
<p>
Reiterating: Reflection goes from interface values to reflection
objects and back again.
</p>
<p><b>The third law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>3. To modify a reflection object, the value must be settable.</b></p>
<p>
The third law is the most subtle and confusing, but it's easy
enough to understand if we start from first principles.
</p>
<p>
Here is some code that does not work, but is worth studying.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f4/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
If you run this code, it will panic with the cryptic message
</p>
<pre>
panic: reflect.Value.SetFloat using unaddressable value
</pre>
<p>
The problem is not that the value <code>7.1</code> is not
addressable; it's that <code>v</code> is not settable. Settability
is a property of a reflection <code>Value</code>, and not all
reflection <code>Values</code> have it.
</p>
<p>
The <code>CanSet</code> method of <code>Value</code> reports the
settability of a <code>Value</code>; in our case,
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f5/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
settability of v: false
</pre>
<p>
It is an error to call a <code>Set</code> method on an non-settable
<code>Value</code>. But what is settability?
</p>
<p>
Settability is a bit like addressability, but stricter. It's the
property that a reflection object can modify the actual storage
that was used to create the reflection object. Settability is
determined by whether the reflection object holds the original
item. When we say
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f6/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
we pass a <em>copy</em> of <code>x</code> to
<code>reflect.ValueOf</code>, so the interface value created as the
argument to <code>reflect.ValueOf</code> is a <em>copy</em> of
<code>x</code>, not <code>x</code> itself. Thus, if the
statement
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f6b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
were allowed to succeed, it would not update <code>x</code>, even
though <code>v</code> looks like it was created from
<code>x</code>. Instead, it would update the copy of <code>x</code>
stored inside the reflection value and <code>x</code> itself would
be unaffected. That would be confusing and useless, so it is
illegal, and settability is the property used to avoid this
issue.
</p>
<p>
If this seems bizarre, it's not. It's actually a familiar situation
in unusual garb. Think of passing <code>x</code> to a
function:
</p>
<pre>
f(x)
</pre>
<p>
We would not expect <code>f</code> to be able to modify
<code>x</code> because we passed a copy of <code>x</code>'s value,
not <code>x</code> itself. If we want <code>f</code> to modify
<code>x</code> directly we must pass our function the address of
<code>x</code> (that is, a pointer to <code>x</code>):</p>
<p>
<code>f(&amp;x)</code>
</p>
<p>
This is straightforward and familiar, and reflection works the same
way. If we want to modify <code>x</code> by reflection, we must
give the reflection library a pointer to the value we want to
modify.
</p>
<p>
Let's do that. First we initialize <code>x</code> as usual
and then create a reflection value that points to it, called
<code>p</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output so far is
</p>
<pre>
type of p: *float64
settability of p: false
</pre>
<p>
The reflection object <code>p</code> isn't settable, but it's not
<code>p</code> we want to set, it's (in effect) <code>*p</code>. To
get to what <code>p</code> points to, we call the <code>Elem</code>
method of <code>Value</code>, which indirects through the pointer,
and save the result in a reflection <code>Value</code> called
<code>v</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Now <code>v</code> is a settable reflection object, as the output
demonstrates,
</p>
<pre>
settability of v: true
</pre>
<p>
and since it represents <code>x</code>, we are finally able to use
<code>v.SetFloat</code> to modify the value of
<code>x</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output, as expected, is
</p>
<pre>
7.1
7.1
</pre>
<p>
Reflection can be hard to understand but it's doing exactly what
the language does, albeit through reflection <code>Types</code> and
<code>Values</code> that can disguise what's going on. Just keep in
mind that reflection Values need the address of something in order
to modify what they represent.
</p>
<p><b>Structs</b></p>
<p>
In our previous example <code>v</code> wasn't a pointer itself, it
was just derived from one. A common way for this situation to arise
is when using reflection to modify the fields of a structure. As
long as we have the address of the structure, we can modify its
fields.
</p>
<p>
Here's a simple example that analyzes a struct value, <code>t</code>. We create
the reflection object with the address of the struct because we'll want to
modify it later. Then we set <code>typeOfT</code> to its type and iterate over
the fields using straightforward method calls
(see <a href="/pkg/reflect/">package reflect</a> for details).
Note that we extract the names of the fields from the struct type, but the
fields themselves are regular <code>reflect.Value</code> objects.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f8/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output of this program is
</p>
<pre>
0: A int = 23
1: B string = skidoo
</pre>
<p>
There's one more point about settability introduced in
passing here: the field names of <code>T</code> are upper case
(exported) because only exported fields of a struct are
settable.
</p>
<p>
Because <code>s</code> contains a settable reflection object, we
can modify the fields of the structure.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f8b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
And here's the result:
</p>
<pre>
t is now {77 Sunset Strip}
</pre>
<p>
If we modified the program so that <code>s</code> was created from
<code>t</code>, not <code>&amp;t</code>, the calls to
<code>SetInt</code> and <code>SetString</code> would fail as the
fields of <code>t</code> would not be settable.
</p>
<p><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p>
Here again are the laws of reflection:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Reflection goes from interface value to reflection
object.</li>
<li>Reflection goes from reflection object to interface
value.</li>
<li>To modify a reflection object, the value must be settable.</li>
</ol>
<p>
Once you understand these laws reflection in Go becomes much easier
to use, although it remains subtle. It's a powerful tool that
should be used with care and avoided unless strictly
necessary.
</p>
<p>
There's plenty more to reflection that we haven't covered &mdash;
sending and receiving on channels, allocating memory, using slices
and maps, calling methods and functions &mdash; but this post is
long enough. We'll cover some of those topics in a later
article.
</p>

View File

@@ -1,389 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Data Race Detector",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
Data races are among the most common and hardest to debug types of bugs in concurrent systems.
A data race occurs when two goroutines access the same variable concurrently and at least one of the accesses is a write.
See the <a href="/ref/mem/">The Go Memory Model</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
Here is an example of a data race that can lead to crashes and memory corruption:
</p>
<pre>
func main() {
c := make(chan bool)
m := make(map[string]string)
go func() {
m["1"] = "a" // First conflicting access.
c &lt;- true
}()
m["2"] = "b" // Second conflicting access.
&lt;-c
for k, v := range m {
fmt.Println(k, v)
}
}
</pre>
<h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>
<p>
To help diagnose such bugs, Go includes a built-in data race detector.
To use it, add the <code>-race</code> flag to the go command:
</p>
<pre>
$ go test -race mypkg // to test the package
$ go run -race mysrc.go // to run the source file
$ go build -race mycmd // to build the command
$ go install -race mypkg // to install the package
</pre>
<h2 id="Report_Format">Report Format</h2>
<p>
When the race detector finds a data race in the program, it prints a report.
The report contains stack traces for conflicting accesses, as well as stacks where the involved goroutines were created.
Here is an example:
</p>
<pre>
WARNING: DATA RACE
Read by goroutine 185:
net.(*pollServer).AddFD()
src/net/fd_unix.go:89 +0x398
net.(*pollServer).WaitWrite()
src/net/fd_unix.go:247 +0x45
net.(*netFD).Write()
src/net/fd_unix.go:540 +0x4d4
net.(*conn).Write()
src/net/net.go:129 +0x101
net.func·060()
src/net/timeout_test.go:603 +0xaf
Previous write by goroutine 184:
net.setWriteDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:135 +0xdf
net.setDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:144 +0x9c
net.(*conn).SetDeadline()
src/net/net.go:161 +0xe3
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:616 +0x3ed
Goroutine 185 (running) created at:
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:609 +0x288
Goroutine 184 (running) created at:
net.TestProlongTimeout()
src/net/timeout_test.go:618 +0x298
testing.tRunner()
src/testing/testing.go:301 +0xe8
</pre>
<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
<p>
The <code>GORACE</code> environment variable sets race detector options.
The format is:
</p>
<pre>
GORACE="option1=val1 option2=val2"
</pre>
<p>
The options are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>log_path</code> (default <code>stderr</code>): The race detector writes
its report to a file named <code>log_path.<em>pid</em></code>.
The special names <code>stdout</code>
and <code>stderr</code> cause reports to be written to standard output and
standard error, respectively.
</li>
<li>
<code>exitcode</code> (default <code>66</code>): The exit status to use when
exiting after a detected race.
</li>
<li>
<code>strip_path_prefix</code> (default <code>""</code>): Strip this prefix
from all reported file paths, to make reports more concise.
</li>
<li>
<code>history_size</code> (default <code>1</code>): The per-goroutine memory
access history is <code>32K * 2**history_size elements</code>.
Increasing this value can avoid a "failed to restore the stack" error in reports, at the
cost of increased memory usage.
</li>
<li>
<code>halt_on_error</code> (default <code>0</code>): Controls whether the program
exits after reporting first data race.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Example:
</p>
<pre>
$ GORACE="log_path=/tmp/race/report strip_path_prefix=/my/go/sources/" go test -race
</pre>
<h2 id="Excluding_Tests">Excluding Tests</h2>
<p>
When you build with <code>-race</code> flag, the <code>go</code> command defines additional
<a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">build tag</a> <code>race</code>.
You can use the tag to exclude some code and tests when running the race detector.
Some examples:
</p>
<pre>
// +build !race
package foo
// The test contains a data race. See issue 123.
func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
// The test fails under the race detector due to timeouts.
func TestBar(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
// The test takes too long under the race detector.
func TestBaz(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
</pre>
<h2 id="How_To_Use">How To Use</h2>
<p>
To start, run your tests using the race detector (<code>go test -race</code>).
The race detector only finds races that happen at runtime, so it can't find
races in code paths that are not executed.
If your tests have incomplete coverage,
you may find more races by running a binary built with <code>-race</code> under a realistic
workload.
</p>
<h2 id="Typical_Data_Races">Typical Data Races</h2>
<p>
Here are some typical data races. All of them can be detected with the race detector.
</p>
<h3 id="Race_on_loop_counter">Race on loop counter</h3>
<pre>
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(5)
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
go func() {
fmt.Println(i) // Not the 'i' you are looking for.
wg.Done()
}()
}
wg.Wait()
}
</pre>
<p>
The variable <code>i</code> in the function literal is the same variable used by the loop, so
the read in the goroutine races with the loop increment.
(This program typically prints 55555, not 01234.)
The program can be fixed by making a copy of the variable:
</p>
<pre>
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(5)
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
go func(j int) {
fmt.Println(j) // Good. Read local copy of the loop counter.
wg.Done()
}(i)
}
wg.Wait()
}
</pre>
<h3 id="Accidentally_shared_variable">Accidentally shared variable</h3>
<pre>
// ParallelWrite writes data to file1 and file2, returns the errors.
func ParallelWrite(data []byte) chan error {
res := make(chan error, 2)
f1, err := os.Create("file1")
if err != nil {
res &lt;- err
} else {
go func() {
// This err is shared with the main goroutine,
// so the write races with the write below.
_, err = f1.Write(data)
res &lt;- err
f1.Close()
}()
}
f2, err := os.Create("file2") // The second conflicting write to err.
if err != nil {
res &lt;- err
} else {
go func() {
_, err = f2.Write(data)
res &lt;- err
f2.Close()
}()
}
return res
}
</pre>
<p>
The fix is to introduce new variables in the goroutines (note the use of <code>:=</code>):
</p>
<pre>
...
_, err := f1.Write(data)
...
_, err := f2.Write(data)
...
</pre>
<h3 id="Unprotected_global_variable">Unprotected global variable</h3>
<p>
If the following code is called from several goroutines, it leads to races on the <code>service</code> map.
Concurrent reads and writes of the same map are not safe:
</p>
<pre>
var service map[string]net.Addr
func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
service[name] = addr
}
func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
return service[name]
}
</pre>
<p>
To make the code safe, protect the accesses with a mutex:
</p>
<pre>
var (
service map[string]net.Addr
serviceMu sync.Mutex
)
func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
serviceMu.Lock()
defer serviceMu.Unlock()
service[name] = addr
}
func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
serviceMu.Lock()
defer serviceMu.Unlock()
return service[name]
}
</pre>
<h3 id="Primitive_unprotected_variable">Primitive unprotected variable</h3>
<p>
Data races can happen on variables of primitive types as well (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>int64</code>, etc.),
as in this example:
</p>
<pre>
type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
w.last = time.Now().UnixNano() // First conflicting access.
}
func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
go func() {
for {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
// Second conflicting access.
if w.last < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
os.Exit(1)
}
}
}()
}
</pre>
<p>
Even such "innocent" data races can lead to hard-to-debug problems caused by
non-atomicity of the memory accesses,
interference with compiler optimizations,
or reordering issues accessing processor memory .
</p>
<p>
A typical fix for this race is to use a channel or a mutex.
To preserve the lock-free behavior, one can also use the
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package.
</p>
<pre>
type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
atomic.StoreInt64(&amp;w.last, time.Now().UnixNano())
}
func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
go func() {
for {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
if atomic.LoadInt64(&amp;w.last) < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
os.Exit(1)
}
}
}()
}
</pre>
<h2 id="Supported_Systems">Supported Systems</h2>
<p>
The race detector runs on <code>darwin/amd64</code>, <code>freebsd/amd64</code>,
<code>linux/amd64</code>, and <code>windows/amd64</code>.
</p>
<h2 id="Runtime_Overheads">Runtime Overhead</h2>
<p>
The cost of race detection varies by program, but for a typical program, memory
usage may increase by 5-10x and execution time by 2-20x.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Slices: usage and internals",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Go's slice type provides a convenient and efficient means of working with
sequences of typed data. Slices are analogous to arrays in other languages, but
have some unusual properties. This article will look at what slices are and how
they are used.
</p>
<p>
<b>Arrays</b>
</p>
<p>
The slice type is an abstraction built on top of Go's array type, and so to
understand slices we must first understand arrays.
</p>
<p>
An array type definition specifies a length and an element type. For example,
the type <code>[4]int</code> represents an array of four integers. An array's
size is fixed; its length is part of its type (<code>[4]int</code> and
<code>[5]int</code> are distinct, incompatible types). Arrays can be indexed in
the usual way, so the expression <code>s[n]</code> accesses the <i>n</i>th
element:
</p>
<pre>
var a [4]int
a[0] = 1
i := a[0]
// i == 1
</pre>
<p>
Arrays do not need to be initialized explicitly; the zero value of an array is
a ready-to-use array whose elements are themselves zeroed:
</p>
<pre>
// a[2] == 0, the zero value of the int type
</pre>
<p>
The in-memory representation of <code>[4]int</code> is just four integer values laid out sequentially:
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-array.png">
</p>
<p>
Go's arrays are values. An array variable denotes the entire array; it is not a
pointer to the first array element (as would be the case in C). This means
that when you assign or pass around an array value you will make a copy of its
contents. (To avoid the copy you could pass a <i>pointer</i> to the array, but
then that's a pointer to an array, not an array.) One way to think about arrays
is as a sort of struct but with indexed rather than named fields: a fixed-size
composite value.
</p>
<p>
An array literal can be specified like so:
</p>
<pre>
b := [2]string{"Penn", "Teller"}
</pre>
<p>
Or, you can have the compiler count the array elements for you:
</p>
<pre>
b := [...]string{"Penn", "Teller"}
</pre>
<p>
In both cases, the type of <code>b</code> is <code>[2]string</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Slices</b>
</p>
<p>
Arrays have their place, but they're a bit inflexible, so you don't see them
too often in Go code. Slices, though, are everywhere. They build on arrays to
provide great power and convenience.
</p>
<p>
The type specification for a slice is <code>[]T</code>, where <code>T</code> is
the type of the elements of the slice. Unlike an array type, a slice type has
no specified length.
</p>
<p>
A slice literal is declared just like an array literal, except you leave out
the element count:
</p>
<pre>
letters := []string{"a", "b", "c", "d"}
</pre>
<p>
A slice can be created with the built-in function called <code>make</code>,
which has the signature,
</p>
<pre>
func make([]T, len, cap) []T
</pre>
<p>
where T stands for the element type of the slice to be created. The
<code>make</code> function takes a type, a length, and an optional capacity.
When called, <code>make</code> allocates an array and returns a slice that
refers to that array.
</p>
<pre>
var s []byte
s = make([]byte, 5, 5)
// s == []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
</pre>
<p>
When the capacity argument is omitted, it defaults to the specified length.
Here's a more succinct version of the same code:
</p>
<pre>
s := make([]byte, 5)
</pre>
<p>
The length and capacity of a slice can be inspected using the built-in
<code>len</code> and <code>cap</code> functions.
</p>
<pre>
len(s) == 5
cap(s) == 5
</pre>
<p>
The next two sections discuss the relationship between length and capacity.
</p>
<p>
The zero value of a slice is <code>nil</code>. The <code>len</code> and
<code>cap</code> functions will both return 0 for a nil slice.
</p>
<p>
A slice can also be formed by "slicing" an existing slice or array. Slicing is
done by specifying a half-open range with two indices separated by a colon. For
example, the expression <code>b[1:4]</code> creates a slice including elements
1 through 3 of <code>b</code> (the indices of the resulting slice will be 0
through 2).
</p>
<pre>
b := []byte{'g', 'o', 'l', 'a', 'n', 'g'}
// b[1:4] == []byte{'o', 'l', 'a'}, sharing the same storage as b
</pre>
<p>
The start and end indices of a slice expression are optional; they default to zero and the slice's length respectively:
</p>
<pre>
// b[:2] == []byte{'g', 'o'}
// b[2:] == []byte{'l', 'a', 'n', 'g'}
// b[:] == b
</pre>
<p>
This is also the syntax to create a slice given an array:
</p>
<pre>
x := [3]string{"Лайка", "Белка", "Стрелка"}
s := x[:] // a slice referencing the storage of x
</pre>
<p>
<b>Slice internals</b>
</p>
<p>
A slice is a descriptor of an array segment. It consists of a pointer to the
array, the length of the segment, and its capacity (the maximum length of the
segment).
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-struct.png">
</p>
<p>
Our variable <code>s</code>, created earlier by <code>make([]byte, 5)</code>,
is structured like this:
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-1.png">
</p>
<p>
The length is the number of elements referred to by the slice. The capacity is
the number of elements in the underlying array (beginning at the element
referred to by the slice pointer). The distinction between length and capacity
will be made clear as we walk through the next few examples.
</p>
<p>
As we slice <code>s</code>, observe the changes in the slice data structure and
their relation to the underlying array:
</p>
<pre>
s = s[2:4]
</pre>
<p>
<img src="slice-2.png">
</p>
<p>
Slicing does not copy the slice's data. It creates a new slice value that
points to the original array. This makes slice operations as efficient as
manipulating array indices. Therefore, modifying the <i>elements</i> (not the
slice itself) of a re-slice modifies the elements of the original slice:
</p>
<pre>
d := []byte{'r', 'o', 'a', 'd'}
e := d[2:]
// e == []byte{'a', 'd'}
e[1] == 'm'
// e == []byte{'a', 'm'}
// d == []byte{'r', 'o', 'a', 'm'}
</pre>
<p>
Earlier we sliced <code>s</code> to a length shorter than its capacity. We can
grow s to its capacity by slicing it again:
</p>
<pre>
s = s[:cap(s)]
</pre>
<p>
<img src="slice-3.png">
</p>
<p>
A slice cannot be grown beyond its capacity. Attempting to do so will cause a
runtime panic, just as when indexing outside the bounds of a slice or array.
Similarly, slices cannot be re-sliced below zero to access earlier elements in
the array.
</p>
<p>
<b>Growing slices (the copy and append functions)</b>
</p>
<p>
To increase the capacity of a slice one must create a new, larger slice and
copy the contents of the original slice into it. This technique is how dynamic
array implementations from other languages work behind the scenes. The next
example doubles the capacity of <code>s</code> by making a new slice,
<code>t</code>, copying the contents of <code>s</code> into <code>t</code>, and
then assigning the slice value <code>t</code> to <code>s</code>:
</p>
<pre>
t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2) // +1 in case cap(s) == 0
for i := range s {
t[i] = s[i]
}
s = t
</pre>
<p>
The looping piece of this common operation is made easier by the built-in copy
function. As the name suggests, copy copies data from a source slice to a
destination slice. It returns the number of elements copied.
</p>
<pre>
func copy(dst, src []T) int
</pre>
<p>
The <code>copy</code> function supports copying between slices of different
lengths (it will copy only up to the smaller number of elements). In addition,
<code>copy</code> can handle source and destination slices that share the same
underlying array, handling overlapping slices correctly.
</p>
<p>
Using <code>copy</code>, we can simplify the code snippet above:
</p>
<pre>
t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2)
copy(t, s)
s = t
</pre>
<p>
A common operation is to append data to the end of a slice. This function
appends byte elements to a slice of bytes, growing the slice if necessary, and
returns the updated slice value:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/AppendByte/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
One could use <code>AppendByte</code> like this:
</p>
<pre>
p := []byte{2, 3, 5}
p = AppendByte(p, 7, 11, 13)
// p == []byte{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
</pre>
<p>
Functions like <code>AppendByte</code> are useful because they offer complete
control over the way the slice is grown. Depending on the characteristics of
the program, it may be desirable to allocate in smaller or larger chunks, or to
put a ceiling on the size of a reallocation.
</p>
<p>
But most programs don't need complete control, so Go provides a built-in
<code>append</code> function that's good for most purposes; it has the
signature
</p>
<pre>
func append(s []T, x ...T) []T
</pre>
<p>
The <code>append</code> function appends the elements <code>x</code> to the end
of the slice <code>s</code>, and grows the slice if a greater capacity is
needed.
</p>
<pre>
a := make([]int, 1)
// a == []int{0}
a = append(a, 1, 2, 3)
// a == []int{0, 1, 2, 3}
</pre>
<p>
To append one slice to another, use <code>...</code> to expand the second
argument to a list of arguments.
</p>
<pre>
a := []string{"John", "Paul"}
b := []string{"George", "Ringo", "Pete"}
a = append(a, b...) // equivalent to "append(a, b[0], b[1], b[2])"
// a == []string{"John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo", "Pete"}
</pre>
<p>
Since the zero value of a slice (<code>nil</code>) acts like a zero-length
slice, you can declare a slice variable and then append to it in a loop:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/Filter/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<b>A possible "gotcha"</b>
</p>
<p>
As mentioned earlier, re-slicing a slice doesn't make a copy of the underlying
array. The full array will be kept in memory until it is no longer referenced.
Occasionally this can cause the program to hold all the data in memory when
only a small piece of it is needed.
</p>
<p>
For example, this <code>FindDigits</code> function loads a file into memory and
searches it for the first group of consecutive numeric digits, returning them
as a new slice.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/digit/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This code behaves as advertised, but the returned <code>[]byte</code> points
into an array containing the entire file. Since the slice references the
original array, as long as the slice is kept around the garbage collector can't
release the array; the few useful bytes of the file keep the entire contents in
memory.
</p>
<p>
To fix this problem one can copy the interesting data to a new slice before
returning it:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/CopyDigits/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A more concise version of this function could be constructed by using
<code>append</code>. This is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
<p>
<b>Further Reading</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> contains an
in-depth treatment of <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#slices">slices</a>
and <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#arrays">arrays</a>,
and the Go <a href="/doc/go_spec.html">language specification</a>
defines <a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Slice_types">slices</a> and their
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Length_and_capacity">associated</a>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Making_slices_maps_and_channels">helper</a>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Appending_and_copying_slices">functions</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
# Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
all: index.html
CLEANFILES:=srcextract.bin htmlify.bin get.bin
index.html: wiki.html srcextract.bin htmlify.bin
PATH=.:$$PATH awk '/^!/{system(substr($$0,2)); next} {print}' < wiki.html | tr -d '\r' > index.html
test: get.bin
bash ./test.sh
rm -f get.6 get.bin
%.bin: %.go
go build -o $@ $^
clean:
rm -f $(CLEANFILES)

View File

@@ -83,15 +83,17 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (string, error) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (title string, err error) {
title = r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return "", errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
err = errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
}
return m[2], nil // The title is the second subexpression.
return
}
func main() {

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
t, _ := template.ParseFiles("view.html")
t.Execute(w, p)

View File

@@ -70,16 +70,18 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
fn(w, r, title)
}
}

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -39,13 +41,13 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
p.save()

View File

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
*** final.go 2015-06-14 23:59:22.000000000 +0200
--- final-test.go 2015-06-15 00:15:41.000000000 +0200
***************
*** 7,12 ****
--- 7,14 ----
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
+ "log"
+ "net"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
***************
*** 85,89 ****
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
! http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}
--- 87,101 ----
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
! l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
! if err != nil {
! log.Fatal(err)
! }
! err = ioutil.WriteFile("final-test-port.txt", []byte(l.Addr().String()), 0644)
! if err != nil {
! log.Fatal(err)
! }
! s := &http.Server{}
! s.Serve(l)
! return
}

View File

@@ -67,16 +67,18 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
fn(w, r, title)
}
}
@@ -84,6 +86,5 @@ func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -13,13 +13,11 @@ import (
"net/http"
"os"
"strings"
"time"
)
var (
post = flag.String("post", "", "urlencoded form data to POST")
addr = flag.Bool("addr", false, "find open address and print to stdout")
wait = flag.Duration("wait_for_port", 0, "if non-zero, the amount of time to wait for the address to become available")
)
func main() {
@@ -39,18 +37,11 @@ func main() {
}
var r *http.Response
var err error
loopUntil := time.Now().Add(*wait)
for {
if *post != "" {
b := strings.NewReader(*post)
r, err = http.Post(url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", b)
} else {
r, err = http.Get(url)
}
if err == nil || *wait == 0 || time.Now().After(loopUntil) {
break
}
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
if *post != "" {
b := strings.NewReader(*post)
r, err = http.Post(url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", b)
} else {
r, err = http.Get(url)
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"text/template"
)
func main() {
b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
template.HTMLEscape(os.Stdout, b)
}

View File

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ $ cd gowiki
</pre>
<p>
Create a file named <code>wiki.go</code>, open it in your favorite editor, and
Create a file named <code>wiki.go</code>, open it in your favorite editor, and
add the following lines:
</p>
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ import (
</pre>
<p>
We import the <code>fmt</code> and <code>ioutil</code> packages from the Go
standard library. Later, as we implement additional functionality, we will
We import the <code>fmt</code> and <code>ioutil</code> packages from the Go
standard library. Later, as we implement additional functionality, we will
add more packages to this <code>import</code> declaration.
</p>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ the title and body.
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^type Page/` `/}/`}}
<p>
The type <code>[]byte</code> means "a <code>byte</code> slice".
The type <code>[]byte</code> means "a <code>byte</code> slice".
(See <a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Slices: usage and
internals</a> for more on slices.)
The <code>Body</code> element is a <code>[]byte</code> rather than
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ libraries we will use, as you'll see below.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Page</code> struct describes how page data will be stored in memory.
But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
The <code>Page</code> struct describes how page data will be stored in memory.
But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
<code>save</code> method on <code>Page</code>:
</p>
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
<p>
This method's signature reads: "This is a method named <code>save</code> that
takes as its receiver <code>p</code>, a pointer to <code>Page</code> . It takes
no parameters, and returns a value of type <code>error</code>."
no parameters, and returns a value of type <code>error</code>."
</p>
<p>
This method will save the <code>Page</code>'s <code>Body</code> to a text
This method will save the <code>Page</code>'s <code>Body</code> to a text
file. For simplicity, we will use the <code>Title</code> as the file name.
</p>
@@ -110,36 +110,35 @@ that is the return type of <code>WriteFile</code> (a standard library function
that writes a byte slice to a file). The <code>save</code> method returns the
error value, to let the application handle it should anything go wrong while
writing the file. If all goes well, <code>Page.save()</code> will return
<code>nil</code> (the zero-value for pointers, interfaces, and some other
<code>nil</code> (the zero-value for pointers, interfaces, and some other
types).
</p>
<p>
The octal integer literal <code>0600</code>, passed as the third parameter to
The octal integer constant <code>0600</code>, passed as the third parameter to
<code>WriteFile</code>, indicates that the file should be created with
read-write permissions for the current user only. (See the Unix man page
<code>open(2)</code> for details.)
</p>
<p>
In addition to saving pages, we will want to load pages, too:
We will want to load pages, too:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from the title
parameter, reads the file's contents into a new variable <code>body</code>, and
returns a pointer to a <code>Page</code> literal constructed with the proper
title and body values.
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from
<code>Title</code>, reads the file's contents into a new
<code>Page</code>, and returns a pointer to that new <code>page</code>.
</p>
<p>
Functions can return multiple values. The standard library function
<code>io.ReadFile</code> returns <code>[]byte</code> and <code>error</code>.
Functions can return multiple values. The standard library function
<code>io.ReadFile</code> returns <code>[]byte</code> and <code>error</code>.
In <code>loadPage</code>, error isn't being handled yet; the "blank identifier"
represented by the underscore (<code>_</code>) symbol is used to throw away the
error return value (in essence, assigning the value to nothing).
error return value (in essence, assigning the value to nothing).
</p>
<p>
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ function to return <code>*Page</code> and <code>error</code>.
<p>
Callers of this function can now check the second parameter; if it is
<code>nil</code> then it has successfully loaded a Page. If not, it will be an
<code>error</code> that can be handled by the caller (see the
<code>error</code> that can be handled by the caller (see the
<a href="/ref/spec#Errors">language specification</a> for details).
</p>
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ printed to the screen.
</p>
<p>
You can compile and run the program like this:
You can compile and run the program like this:
</p>
<pre>
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ This is a sample page.
</pre>
<p>
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
</p>
@@ -200,10 +199,10 @@ Here's a full working example of a simple web server:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go"}}
<p>
The <code>main</code> function begins with a call to
<code>http.HandleFunc</code>, which tells the <code>http</code> package to
handle all requests to the web root (<code>"/"</code>) with
<code>handler</code>.
The <code>main</code> function begins with a call to
<code>http.HandleFunc</code>, which tells the <code>http</code> package to
handle all requests to the web root (<code>"/"</code>) with
<code>handler</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -220,20 +219,20 @@ its arguments.
</p>
<p>
An <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> value assembles the HTTP server's response; by writing
An <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> value assembles the HTTP server's response; by writing
to it, we send data to the HTTP client.
</p>
<p>
An <code>http.Request</code> is a data structure that represents the client
HTTP request. <code>r.URL.Path</code> is the path component
of the request URL. The trailing <code>[1:]</code> means
"create a sub-slice of <code>Path</code> from the 1st character to the end."
HTTP request. The string <code>r.URL.Path</code> is the path component
of the request URL. The trailing <code>[1:]</code> means
"create a sub-slice of <code>Path</code> from the 1st character to the end."
This drops the leading "/" from the path name.
</p>
<p>
If you run this program and access the URL:
If you run this program and access the URL:
</p>
<pre>http://localhost:8080/monkeys</pre>
<p>
@@ -250,41 +249,43 @@ To use the <code>net/http</code> package, it must be imported:
<pre>
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
<b>"net/http"</b>
"io/ioutil"
)
</pre>
<p>
Let's create a handler, <code>viewHandler</code> that will allow users to
view a wiki page. It will handle URLs prefixed with "/view/".
Let's create a handler to view a wiki page:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^const lenPath/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
First, this function extracts the page title from <code>r.URL.Path</code>,
the path component of the request URL.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[len("/view/"):]</code> to drop
the leading <code>"/view/"</code> component of the request path.
This is because the path will invariably begin with <code>"/view/"</code>,
which is not part of the page's title.
the path component of the request URL. The global constant
<code>lenPath</code> is the length of the leading <code>"/view/"</code>
component of the request path.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[lenPath:]</code> to drop the
first 6 characters of the string. This is because the path will invariably
begin with <code>"/view/"</code>, which is not part of the page title.
</p>
<p>
The function then loads the page data, formats the page with a string of simple
HTML, and writes it to <code>w</code>, the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
The function then loads the page data, formats the page with a string of simple
HTML, and writes it to <code>w</code>, the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
</p>
<p>
Again, note the use of <code>_</code> to ignore the <code>error</code>
Again, note the use of <code>_</code> to ignore the <code>error</code>
return value from <code>loadPage</code>. This is done here for simplicity
and generally considered bad practice. We will attend to this later.
</p>
<p>
To use this handler, we rewrite our <code>main</code> function to
initialize <code>http</code> using the <code>viewHandler</code> to handle
To use this handler, we create a <code>main</code> function that
initializes <code>http</code> using the <code>viewHandler</code> to handle
any requests under the path <code>/view/</code>.
</p>
@@ -309,11 +310,6 @@ $ go build wiki.go
$ ./wiki
</pre>
<p>
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
</p>
<p>
With this web server running, a visit to <code><a
href="http://localhost:8080/view/test">http://localhost:8080/view/test</a></code>
@@ -330,14 +326,14 @@ form.
</p>
<p>
First, we add them to <code>main()</code>:
First, we add them to <code>main()</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>editHandler</code> loads the page
(or, if it doesn't exist, create an empty <code>Page</code> struct),
The function <code>editHandler</code> loads the page
(or, if it doesn't exist, create an empty <code>Page</code> struct),
and displays an HTML form.
</p>
@@ -347,7 +343,7 @@ and displays an HTML form.
This function will work fine, but all that hard-coded HTML is ugly.
Of course, there is a better way.
</p>
<h2>The <code>html/template</code> package</h2>
<p>
@@ -358,20 +354,20 @@ underlying Go code.
</p>
<p>
First, we must add <code>html/template</code> to the list of imports. We
also won't be using <code>fmt</code> anymore, so we have to remove that.
First, we must add <code>html/template</code> to the list of imports:
</p>
<pre>
import (
<b>"html/template"</b>
"http"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"os"
)
</pre>
<p>
Let's create a template file containing the HTML form.
Let's create a template file containing the HTML form.
Open a new file named <code>edit.html</code>, and add the following lines:
</p>
@@ -385,8 +381,8 @@ HTML:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>template.ParseFiles</code> will read the contents of
<code>edit.html</code> and return a <code>*template.Template</code>.
The function <code>template.ParseFiles</code> will read the contents of
<code>edit.html</code> and return a <code>*template.Template</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -409,7 +405,12 @@ HTML.
</p>
<p>
Since we're working with templates now, let's create a template for our
Now that we've removed the <code>fmt.Fprintf</code> statement, we can remove
<code>"fmt"</code> from the <code>import</code> list.
</p>
<p>
While we're working with templates, let's create a template for our
<code>viewHandler</code> called <code>view.html</code>:
</p>
@@ -427,36 +428,28 @@ handlers. Let's remove this duplication by moving the templating code
to its own function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
And modify the handlers to use that function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
If we comment out the registration of our unimplemented save handler in
<code>main</code>, we can once again build and test our program.
<a href="part3.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
The handlers are now shorter and simpler.
</p>
<h2>Handling non-existent pages</h2>
<p>
What if you visit <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/APageThatDoesntExist">
<code>/view/APageThatDoesntExist</code></a>? You'll see a page containing
HTML. This is because it ignores the error return value from
<code>loadPage</code> and continues to try and fill out the template
with no data. Instead, if the requested Page doesn't exist, it should
redirect the client to the edit Page so the content may be created:
<code>/view/APageThatDoesntExist</code></a>? The program will crash. This is
because it ignores the error return value from <code>loadPage</code>. Instead,
if the requested Page doesn't exist, it should redirect the client to the edit
Page so the content may be created:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The <code>http.Redirect</code> function adds an HTTP status code of
The <code>http.Redirect</code> function adds an HTTP status code of
<code>http.StatusFound</code> (302) and a <code>Location</code>
header to the HTTP response.
</p>
@@ -464,24 +457,22 @@ header to the HTTP response.
<h2>Saving Pages</h2>
<p>
The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the submission of forms
located on the edit pages. After uncommenting the related line in
<code>main</code>, let's implement the handler:
The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the form submission.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The page title (provided in the URL) and the form's only field,
<code>Body</code>, are stored in a new <code>Page</code>.
The page title (provided in the URL) and the form's only field,
<code>Body</code>, are stored in a new <code>Page</code>.
The <code>save()</code> method is then called to write the data to a file,
and the client is redirected to the <code>/view/</code> page.
</p>
<p>
The value returned by <code>FormValue</code> is of type <code>string</code>.
We must convert that value to <code>[]byte</code> before it will fit into
the <code>Page</code> struct. We use <code>[]byte(body)</code> to perform
We must convert that value to <code>[]byte</code> before it will fit into
the <code>Page</code> struct. We use <code>[]byte(body)</code> to perform
the conversion.
</p>
@@ -490,9 +481,9 @@ the conversion.
<p>
There are several places in our program where errors are being ignored. This
is bad practice, not least because when an error does occur the program will
have unintended behavior. A better solution is to handle the errors and return
an error message to the user. That way if something does go wrong, the server
will function exactly how we want and the user can be notified.
crash. A better solution is to handle the errors and return an error message
to the user. That way if something does go wrong, the server will continue to
function and the user will be notified.
</p>
<p>
@@ -502,7 +493,7 @@ First, let's handle the errors in <code>renderTemplate</code>:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The <code>http.Error</code> function sends a specified HTTP response code
The <code>http.Error</code> function sends a specified HTTP response code
(in this case "Internal Server Error") and error message.
Already the decision to put this in a separate function is paying off.
</p>
@@ -511,18 +502,18 @@ Already the decision to put this in a separate function is paying off.
Now let's fix up <code>saveHandler</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Any errors that occur during <code>p.save()</code> will be reported
Any errors that occur during <code>p.save()</code> will be reported
to the user.
</p>
<h2>Template caching</h2>
<p>
There is an inefficiency in this code: <code>renderTemplate</code> calls
<code>ParseFiles</code> every time a page is rendered.
There is an inefficiency in this code: <code>renderTemplate</code> calls
<code>ParseFiles</code> every time a page is rendered.
A better approach would be to call <code>ParseFiles</code> once at program
initialization, parsing all templates into a single <code>*Template</code>.
Then we can use the
@@ -545,11 +536,10 @@ can't be loaded the only sensible thing to do is exit the program.
</p>
<p>
The <code>ParseFiles</code> function takes any number of string arguments that
identify our template files, and parses those files into templates that are
named after the base file name. If we were to add more templates to our
program, we would add their names to the <code>ParseFiles</code> call's
arguments.
A <code>for</code> loop is used with a <code>range</code> statement to iterate
over an array constant containing the names of the templates we want parsed.
If we were to add more templates to our program, we would add their names to
that array.
</p>
<p>
@@ -575,33 +565,31 @@ this, we can write a function to validate the title with a regular expression.
<p>
First, add <code>"regexp"</code> to the <code>import</code> list.
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation
expression:
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation regexp:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var validPath/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var titleValidator/`}}
<p>
The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
regular expression, and return a <code>regexp.Regexp</code>.
The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
regular expression, and return a <code>regexp.Regexp</code>.
<code>MustCompile</code> is distinct from <code>Compile</code> in that it will
panic if the expression compilation fails, while <code>Compile</code> returns
an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
</p>
<p>
Now, let's write a function that uses the <code>validPath</code>
expression to validate path and extract the page title:
Now, let's write a function that extracts the title string from the request
URL, and tests it against our <code>TitleValidator</code> expression:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/func getTitle/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
If the title is valid, it will be returned along with a <code>nil</code>
error value. If the title is invalid, the function will write a
"404 Not Found" error to the HTTP connection, and return an error to the
handler. To create a new error, we have to import the <code>errors</code>
package.
error value. If the title is invalid, the function will write a
"404 Not Found" error to the HTTP connection, and return an error to the
handler.
</p>
<p>
@@ -616,10 +604,10 @@ Let's put a call to <code>getTitle</code> in each of the handlers:
<p>
Catching the error condition in each handler introduces a lot of repeated code.
What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
validation and error checking? Go's
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_literals">function
literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
validation and error checking? Go's
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_declarations">function
literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
that can help us here.
</p>
@@ -666,19 +654,19 @@ Now we can take the code from <code>getTitle</code> and use it here
<p>
The closure returned by <code>makeHandler</code> is a function that takes
an <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> and <code>http.Request</code> (in other
words, an <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
words, an <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
The closure extracts the <code>title</code> from the request path, and
validates it with the <code>TitleValidator</code> regexp. If the
<code>title</code> is invalid, an error will be written to the
<code>ResponseWriter</code> using the <code>http.NotFound</code> function.
<code>ResponseWriter</code> using the <code>http.NotFound</code> function.
If the <code>title</code> is valid, the enclosed handler function
<code>fn</code> will be called with the <code>ResponseWriter</code>,
<code>Request</code>, and <code>title</code> as arguments.
</p>
<p>
Now we can wrap the handler functions with <code>makeHandler</code> in
<code>main</code>, before they are registered with the <code>http</code>
Now we can wrap the handler functions with <code>makeHandler</code> in
<code>main</code>, before they are registered with the <code>http</code>
package:
</p>
@@ -710,7 +698,7 @@ $ ./wiki
<p>
Visiting <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage">http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage</a>
should present you with the page edit form. You should then be able to
should present you with the page edit form. You should then be able to
enter some text, click 'Save', and be redirected to the newly created page.
</p>
@@ -722,11 +710,11 @@ Here are some simple tasks you might want to tackle on your own:
<ul>
<li>Store templates in <code>tmpl/</code> and page data in <code>data/</code>.
<li>Add a handler to make the web root redirect to
<li>Add a handler to make the web root redirect to
<code>/view/FrontPage</code>.</li>
<li>Spruce up the page templates by making them valid HTML and adding some
CSS rules.</li>
<li>Implement inter-page linking by converting instances of
<li>Implement inter-page linking by converting instances of
<code>[PageName]</code> to <br>
<code>&lt;a href="/view/PageName"&gt;PageName&lt;/a&gt;</code>.
(hint: you could use <code>regexp.ReplaceAllFunc</code> to do this)

View File

@@ -29,14 +29,16 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}

View File

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
return
}
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err := p.save()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
//http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"flag"
"go/ast"
"go/parser"
"go/printer"
"go/token"
"log"
"os"
"text/template"
)
var (
srcFn = flag.String("src", "", "source filename")
getName = flag.String("name", "", "func/type name to output")
html = flag.Bool("html", true, "output HTML")
showPkg = flag.Bool("pkg", false, "show package in output")
)
func main() {
// handle input
flag.Parse()
if *srcFn == "" || *getName == "" {
flag.Usage()
os.Exit(2)
}
// load file
fs := token.NewFileSet()
file, err := parser.ParseFile(fs, *srcFn, nil, 0)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// create filter
filter := func(name string) bool {
return name == *getName
}
// filter
if !ast.FilterFile(file, filter) {
os.Exit(1)
}
// print the AST
var b bytes.Buffer
printer.Fprint(&b, fs, file)
// drop package declaration
if !*showPkg {
for {
c, err := b.ReadByte()
if c == '\n' || err != nil {
break
}
}
}
// drop leading newlines
for {
b, err := b.ReadByte()
if err != nil {
break
}
if b != '\n' {
os.Stdout.Write([]byte{b})
break
}
}
// output
if *html {
template.HTMLEscape(os.Stdout, b.Bytes())
} else {
b.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
}
}

View File

@@ -4,53 +4,25 @@
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
set -e
if ! which patch > /dev/null; then
echo "Skipping test; patch command not found."
exit 0
fi
wiki_pid=
cleanup() {
kill $wiki_pid
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final-test.go final-test.bin final-test-port.txt a.out get.bin
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final-test.bin final-test.go
}
trap cleanup 0 INT
rm -f get.bin final-test.bin a.out
# If called with -all, check that all code snippets compile.
if [ "$1" = "-all" ]; then
for fn in *.go; do
go build -o a.out $fn
done
fi
go build -o get.bin get.go
cp final.go final-test.go
patch final-test.go final-test.patch > /dev/null
addr=$(./get.bin -addr)
sed s/:8080/$addr/ < final.go > final-test.go
go build -o final-test.bin final-test.go
./final-test.bin &
(./final-test.bin) &
wiki_pid=$!
l=0
while [ ! -f ./final-test-port.txt ]
do
l=$(($l+1))
if [ "$l" -gt 5 ]
then
echo "port not available within 5 seconds"
exit 1
break
fi
sleep 1
done
sleep 1
addr=$(cat final-test-port.txt)
./get.bin http://$addr/edit/Test > test_edit.out
diff -u test_edit.out test_edit.good
./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test > test_save.out
diff -u test_save.out test_view.good # should be the same as viewing
./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test
diff -u Test.txt test_Test.txt.good
./get.bin http://$addr/view/Test > test_view.out
diff -u test_view.out test_view.good

View File

@@ -1,910 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler",
"Path": "/doc/asm"
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</h2>
<p>
This document is a quick outline of the unusual form of assembly language used by the <code>gc</code> Go compiler.
The document is not comprehensive.
</p>
<p>
The assembler is based on the input style of the Plan 9 assemblers, which is documented in detail
<a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/asm.html">elsewhere</a>.
If you plan to write assembly language, you should read that document although much of it is Plan 9-specific.
The current document provides a summary of the syntax and the differences with
what is explained in that document, and
describes the peculiarities that apply when writing assembly code to interact with Go.
</p>
<p>
The most important thing to know about Go's assembler is that it is not a direct representation of the underlying machine.
Some of the details map precisely to the machine, but some do not.
This is because the compiler suite (see
<a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/compiler.html">this description</a>)
needs no assembler pass in the usual pipeline.
Instead, the compiler operates on a kind of semi-abstract instruction set,
and instruction selection occurs partly after code generation.
The assembler works on the semi-abstract form, so
when you see an instruction like <code>MOV</code>
what the tool chain actually generates for that operation might
not be a move instruction at all, perhaps a clear or load.
Or it might correspond exactly to the machine instruction with that name.
In general, machine-specific operations tend to appear as themselves, while more general concepts like
memory move and subroutine call and return are more abstract.
The details vary with architecture, and we apologize for the imprecision; the situation is not well-defined.
</p>
<p>
The assembler program is a way to parse a description of that
semi-abstract instruction set and turn it into instructions to be
input to the linker.
If you want to see what the instructions look like in assembly for a given architecture, say amd64, there
are many examples in the sources of the standard library, in packages such as
<a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a>.
You can also examine what the compiler emits as assembly code
(the actual output may differ from what you see here):
</p>
<pre>
$ cat x.go
package main
func main() {
println(3)
}
$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go tool compile -S x.go # or: go build -gcflags -S x.go
--- prog list "main" ---
0000 (x.go:3) TEXT main+0(SB),$8-0
0001 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $0,gcargs·0+0(SB)
0002 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $1,gclocals·0+0(SB)
0003 (x.go:4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
0004 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$8
0005 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printint+0(SB)
0006 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
0007 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$0
0008 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printnl+0(SB)
0009 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
0010 (x.go:5) RET ,
...
</pre>
<p>
The <code>FUNCDATA</code> and <code>PCDATA</code> directives contain information
for use by the garbage collector; they are introduced by the compiler.
</p>
<!-- Commenting out because the feature is gone but it's popular and may come back.
<p>
To see what gets put in the binary after linking, add the <code>-a</code> flag to the linker:
</p>
<pre>
$ go tool 6l -a x.6 # or: go build -ldflags -a x.go
codeblk [0x2000,0x1d059) at offset 0x1000
002000 main.main | (3) TEXT main.main+0(SB),$8
002000 65488b0c25a0080000 | (3) MOVQ 2208(GS),CX
002009 483b21 | (3) CMPQ SP,(CX)
00200c 7707 | (3) JHI ,2015
00200e e83da20100 | (3) CALL ,1c250+runtime.morestack00
002013 ebeb | (3) JMP ,2000
002015 4883ec08 | (3) SUBQ $8,SP
002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $0,main.gcargs·0+0(SB)
002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $1,main.gclocals·0+0(SB)
002019 48c7042403000000 | (4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
002021 | (4) PCDATA $0,$8
002021 e8aad20000 | (4) CALL ,f2d0+runtime.printint
002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$0
002026 e865d40000 | (4) CALL ,f490+runtime.printnl
00202b | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
00202b 4883c408 | (5) ADDQ $8,SP
00202f c3 | (5) RET ,
...
</pre>
-->
<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
<p>
Although the assembler takes its guidance from the Plan 9 assemblers,
it is a distinct program, so there are some differences.
One is in constant evaluation.
Constant expressions in the assembler are parsed using Go's operator
precedence, not the C-like precedence of the original.
Thus <code>3&amp;1<<2</code> is 4, not 0—it parses as <code>(3&amp;1)<<2</code>
not <code>3&amp;(1<<2)</code>.
Also, constants are always evaluated as 64-bit unsigned integers.
Thus <code>-2</code> is not the integer value minus two,
but the unsigned 64-bit integer with the same bit pattern.
The distinction rarely matters but
to avoid ambiguity, division or right shift where the right operand's
high bit is set is rejected.
</p>
<h3 id="symbols">Symbols</h3>
<p>
Some symbols, such as <code>R1</code> or <code>LR</code>,
are predefined and refer to registers.
The exact set depends on the architecture.
</p>
<p>
There are four predeclared symbols that refer to pseudo-registers.
These are not real registers, but rather virtual registers maintained by
the tool chain, such as a frame pointer.
The set of pseudo-registers is the same for all architectures:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>FP</code>: Frame pointer: arguments and locals.
</li>
<li>
<code>PC</code>: Program counter:
jumps and branches.
</li>
<li>
<code>SB</code>: Static base pointer: global symbols.
</li>
<li>
<code>SP</code>: Stack pointer: top of stack.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
All user-defined symbols are written as offsets to the pseudo-registers
<code>FP</code> (arguments and locals) and <code>SB</code> (globals).
</p>
<p>
The <code>SB</code> pseudo-register can be thought of as the origin of memory, so the symbol <code>foo(SB)</code>
is the name <code>foo</code> as an address in memory.
This form is used to name global functions and data.
Adding <code>&lt;&gt;</code> to the name, as in <span style="white-space: nowrap"><code>foo&lt;&gt;(SB)</code></span>, makes the name
visible only in the current source file, like a top-level <code>static</code> declaration in a C file.
Adding an offset to the name refers to that offset from the symbol's address, so
<code>foo+4(SB)</code> is four bytes past the start of <code>foo</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>FP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual frame pointer
used to refer to function arguments.
The compilers maintain a virtual frame pointer and refer to the arguments on the stack as offsets from that pseudo-register.
Thus <code>0(FP)</code> is the first argument to the function,
<code>8(FP)</code> is the second (on a 64-bit machine), and so on.
However, when referring to a function argument this way, it is necessary to place a name
at the beginning, as in <code>first_arg+0(FP)</code> and <code>second_arg+8(FP)</code>.
(The meaning of the offset—offset from the frame pointer—distinct
from its use with <code>SB</code>, where it is an offset from the symbol.)
The assembler enforces this convention, rejecting plain <code>0(FP)</code> and <code>8(FP)</code>.
The actual name is semantically irrelevant but should be used to document
the argument's name.
It is worth stressing that <code>FP</code> is always a
pseudo-register, not a hardware
register, even on architectures with a hardware frame pointer.
</p>
<p>
For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the argument names
and offsets match.
On 32-bit systems, the low and high 32 bits of a 64-bit value are distinguished by adding
a <code>_lo</code> or <code>_hi</code> suffix to the name, as in <code>arg_lo+0(FP)</code> or <code>arg_hi+4(FP)</code>.
If a Go prototype does not name its result, the expected assembly name is <code>ret</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>SP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual stack pointer
used to refer to frame-local variables and the arguments being
prepared for function calls.
It points to the top of the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets
in the range [framesize, 0):
<code>x-8(SP)</code>, <code>y-4(SP)</code>, and so on.
</p>
<p>
On architectures with a hardware register named <code>SP</code>,
the name prefix distinguishes
references to the virtual stack pointer from references to the architectural
<code>SP</code> register.
That is, <code>x-8(SP)</code> and <code>-8(SP)</code>
are different memory locations:
the first refers to the virtual stack pointer pseudo-register,
while the second refers to the
hardware's <code>SP</code> register.
</p>
<p>
On machines where <code>SP</code> and <code>PC</code> are
traditionally aliases for a physical, numbered register,
in the Go assembler the names <code>SP</code> and <code>PC</code>
are still treated specially;
for instance, references to <code>SP</code> require a symbol,
much like <code>FP</code>.
To access the actual hardware register use the true <code>R</code> name.
For example, on the ARM architecture the hardware
<code>SP</code> and <code>PC</code> are accessible as
<code>R13</code> and <code>R15</code>.
</p>
<p>
Branches and direct jumps are always written as offsets to the PC, or as
jumps to labels:
</p>
<pre>
label:
MOVW $0, R1
JMP label
</pre>
<p>
Each label is visible only within the function in which it is defined.
It is therefore permitted for multiple functions in a file to define
and use the same label names.
Direct jumps and call instructions can target text symbols,
such as <code>name(SB)</code>, but not offsets from symbols,
such as <code>name+4(SB)</code>.
</p>
<p>
Instructions, registers, and assembler directives are always in UPPER CASE to remind you
that assembly programming is a fraught endeavor.
(Exception: the <code>g</code> register renaming on ARM.)
</p>
<p>
In Go object files and binaries, the full name of a symbol is the
package path followed by a period and the symbol name:
<code>fmt.Printf</code> or <code>math/rand.Int</code>.
Because the assembler's parser treats period and slash as punctuation,
those strings cannot be used directly as identifier names.
Instead, the assembler allows the middle dot character U+00B7
and the division slash U+2215 in identifiers and rewrites them to
plain period and slash.
Within an assembler source file, the symbols above are written as
<code>fmt·Printf</code> and <code>mathrand·Int</code>.
The assembly listings generated by the compilers when using the <code>-S</code> flag
show the period and slash directly instead of the Unicode replacements
required by the assemblers.
</p>
<p>
Most hand-written assembly files do not include the full package path
in symbol names, because the linker inserts the package path of the current
object file at the beginning of any name starting with a period:
in an assembly source file within the math/rand package implementation,
the package's Int function can be referred to as <code>·Int</code>.
This convention avoids the need to hard-code a package's import path in its
own source code, making it easier to move the code from one location to another.
</p>
<h3 id="directives">Directives</h3>
<p>
The assembler uses various directives to bind text and data to symbol names.
For example, here is a simple complete function definition. The <code>TEXT</code>
directive declares the symbol <code>runtime·profileloop</code> and the instructions
that follow form the body of the function.
The last instruction in a <code>TEXT</code> block must be some sort of jump, usually a <code>RET</code> (pseudo-)instruction.
(If it's not, the linker will append a jump-to-itself instruction; there is no fallthrough in <code>TEXTs</code>.)
After the symbol, the arguments are flags (see below)
and the frame size, a constant (but see below):
</p>
<pre>
TEXT runtime·profileloop(SB),NOSPLIT,$8
MOVQ $runtime·profileloop1(SB), CX
MOVQ CX, 0(SP)
CALL runtime·externalthreadhandler(SB)
RET
</pre>
<p>
In the general case, the frame size is followed by an argument size, separated by a minus sign.
(It's not a subtraction, just idiosyncratic syntax.)
The frame size <code>$24-8</code> states that the function has a 24-byte frame
and is called with 8 bytes of argument, which live on the caller's frame.
If <code>NOSPLIT</code> is not specified for the <code>TEXT</code>,
the argument size must be provided.
For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the
argument size is correct.
</p>
<p>
Note that the symbol name uses a middle dot to separate the components and is specified as an offset from the
static base pseudo-register <code>SB</code>.
This function would be called from Go source for package <code>runtime</code> using the
simple name <code>profileloop</code>.
</p>
<p>
Global data symbols are defined by a sequence of initializing
<code>DATA</code> directives followed by a <code>GLOBL</code> directive.
Each <code>DATA</code> directive initializes a section of the
corresponding memory.
The memory not explicitly initialized is zeroed.
The general form of the <code>DATA</code> directive is
<pre>
DATA symbol+offset(SB)/width, value
</pre>
<p>
which initializes the symbol memory at the given offset and width with the given value.
The <code>DATA</code> directives for a given symbol must be written with increasing offsets.
</p>
<p>
The <code>GLOBL</code> directive declares a symbol to be global.
The arguments are optional flags and the size of the data being declared as a global,
which will have initial value all zeros unless a <code>DATA</code> directive
has initialized it.
The <code>GLOBL</code> directive must follow any corresponding <code>DATA</code> directives.
</p>
<p>
For example,
</p>
<pre>
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x00(SB)/4, $0xf4f8fcff
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x04(SB)/4, $0xe6eaedf0
...
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x3c(SB)/4, $0x81828384
GLOBL divtab&lt;&gt;(SB), RODATA, $64
GLOBL runtime·tlsoffset(SB), NOPTR, $4
</pre>
<p>
declares and initializes <code>divtab&lt;&gt;</code>, a read-only 64-byte table of 4-byte integer values,
and declares <code>runtime·tlsoffset</code>, a 4-byte, implicitly zeroed variable that
contains no pointers.
</p>
<p>
There may be one or two arguments to the directives.
If there are two, the first is a bit mask of flags,
which can be written as numeric expressions, added or or-ed together,
or can be set symbolically for easier absorption by a human.
Their values, defined in the standard <code>#include</code> file <code>textflag.h</code>, are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>NOPROF</code> = 1
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't profile the marked function. This flag is deprecated.
</li>
<li>
<code>DUPOK</code> = 2
<br>
It is legal to have multiple instances of this symbol in a single binary.
The linker will choose one of the duplicates to use.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOSPLIT</code> = 4
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't insert the preamble to check if the stack must be split.
The frame for the routine, plus anything it calls, must fit in the
spare space at the top of the stack segment.
Used to protect routines such as the stack splitting code itself.
</li>
<li>
<code>RODATA</code> = 8
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
Put this data in a read-only section.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOPTR</code> = 16
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
This data contains no pointers and therefore does not need to be
scanned by the garbage collector.
</li>
<li>
<code>WRAPPER</code> = 32
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
This is a wrapper function and should not count as disabling <code>recover</code>.
</li>
<li>
<code>NEEDCTXT</code> = 64
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
This function is a closure so it uses its incoming context register.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="runtime">Runtime Coordination</h3>
<p>
For garbage collection to run correctly, the runtime must know the
location of pointers in all global data and in most stack frames.
The Go compiler emits this information when compiling Go source files,
but assembly programs must define it explicitly.
</p>
<p>
A data symbol marked with the <code>NOPTR</code> flag (see above)
is treated as containing no pointers to runtime-allocated data.
A data symbol with the <code>RODATA</code> flag
is allocated in read-only memory and is therefore treated
as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
A data symbol with a total size smaller than a pointer
is also treated as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
It is not possible to define a symbol containing pointers in an assembly source file;
such a symbol must be defined in a Go source file instead.
Assembly source can still refer to the symbol by name
even without <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives.
A good general rule of thumb is to define all non-<code>RODATA</code>
symbols in Go instead of in assembly.
</p>
<p>
Each function also needs annotations giving the location of
live pointers in its arguments, results, and local stack frame.
For an assembly function with no pointer results and
either no local stack frame or no function calls,
the only requirement is to define a Go prototype for the function
in a Go source file in the same package. The name of the assembly
function must not contain the package name component (for example,
function <code>Syscall</code> in package <code>syscall</code> should
use the name <code>·Syscall</code> instead of the equivalent name
<code>syscall·Syscall</code> in its <code>TEXT</code> directive).
For more complex situations, explicit annotation is needed.
These annotations use pseudo-instructions defined in the standard
<code>#include</code> file <code>funcdata.h</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a function has no arguments and no results,
the pointer information can be omitted.
This is indicated by an argument size annotation of <code>$<i>n</i>-0</code>
on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
Otherwise, pointer information must be provided by
a Go prototype for the function in a Go source file,
even for assembly functions not called directly from Go.
(The prototype will also let <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> check the argument references.)
At the start of the function, the arguments are assumed
to be initialized but the results are assumed uninitialized.
If the results will hold live pointers during a call instruction,
the function should start by zeroing the results and then
executing the pseudo-instruction <code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
This instruction records that the results are now initialized
and should be scanned during stack movement and garbage collection.
It is typically easier to arrange that assembly functions do not
return pointers or do not contain call instructions;
no assembly functions in the standard library use
<code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a function has no local stack frame,
the pointer information can be omitted.
This is indicated by a local frame size annotation of <code>$0-<i>n</i></code>
on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
The pointer information can also be omitted if the
function contains no call instructions.
Otherwise, the local stack frame must not contain pointers,
and the assembly must confirm this fact by executing the
pseudo-instruction <code>NO_LOCAL_POINTERS</code>.
Because stack resizing is implemented by moving the stack,
the stack pointer may change during any function call:
even pointers to stack data must not be kept in local variables.
</p>
<p>
Assembly functions should always be given Go prototypes,
both to provide pointer information for the arguments and results
and to let <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> check that
the offsets being used to access them are correct.
</p>
<h2 id="architectures">Architecture-specific details</h2>
<p>
It is impractical to list all the instructions and other details for each machine.
To see what instructions are defined for a given machine, say ARM,
look in the source for the <code>obj</code> support library for
that architecture, located in the directory <code>src/cmd/internal/obj/arm</code>.
In that directory is a file <code>a.out.go</code>; it contains
a long list of constants starting with <code>A</code>, like this:
</p>
<pre>
const (
AAND = obj.ABaseARM + obj.A_ARCHSPECIFIC + iota
AEOR
ASUB
ARSB
AADD
...
</pre>
<p>
This is the list of instructions and their spellings as known to the assembler and linker for that architecture.
Each instruction begins with an initial capital <code>A</code> in this list, so <code>AAND</code>
represents the bitwise and instruction,
<code>AND</code> (without the leading <code>A</code>),
and is written in assembly source as <code>AND</code>.
The enumeration is mostly in alphabetical order.
(The architecture-independent <code>AXXX</code>, defined in the
<code>cmd/internal/obj</code> package,
represents an invalid instruction).
The sequence of the <code>A</code> names has nothing to do with the actual
encoding of the machine instructions.
The <code>cmd/internal/obj</code> package takes care of that detail.
</p>
<p>
The instructions for both the 386 and AMD64 architectures are listed in
<code>cmd/internal/obj/x86/a.out.go</code>.
</p>
<p>
The architectures share syntax for common addressing modes such as
<code>(R1)</code> (register indirect),
<code>4(R1)</code> (register indirect with offset), and
<code>$foo(SB)</code> (absolute address).
The assembler also supports some (not necessarily all) addressing modes
specific to each architecture.
The sections below list these.
</p>
<p>
One detail evident in the examples from the previous sections is that data in the instructions flows from left to right:
<code>MOVQ</code> <code>$0,</code> <code>CX</code> clears <code>CX</code>.
This rule applies even on architectures where the conventional notation uses the opposite direction.
</p>
<p>
Here follow some descriptions of key Go-specific details for the supported architectures.
</p>
<h3 id="x86">32-bit Intel 386</h3>
<p>
The runtime pointer to the <code>g</code> structure is maintained
through the value of an otherwise unused (as far as Go is concerned) register in the MMU.
A OS-dependent macro <code>get_tls</code> is defined for the assembler if the source includes
a special header, <code>go_asm.h</code>:
</p>
<pre>
#include "go_asm.h"
</pre>
<p>
Within the runtime, the <code>get_tls</code> macro loads its argument register
with a pointer to the <code>g</code> pointer, and the <code>g</code> struct
contains the <code>m</code> pointer.
The sequence to load <code>g</code> and <code>m</code> using <code>CX</code> looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
get_tls(CX)
MOVL g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVL g_m(AX), BX // Move g.m into BX.
</pre>
<p>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>(DI)(BX*2)</code>: The location at address <code>DI</code> plus <code>BX*2</code>.
</li>
<li>
<code>64(DI)(BX*2)</code>: The location at address <code>DI</code> plus <code>BX*2</code> plus 64.
These modes accept only 1, 2, 4, and 8 as scale factors.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
When using the compiler and assembler's
<code>-dynlink</code> or <code>-shared</code> modes,
any load or store of a fixed memory location such as a global variable
must be assumed to overwrite <code>CX</code>.
Therefore, to be safe for use with these modes,
assembly sources should typically avoid CX except between memory references.
</p>
<h3 id="amd64">64-bit Intel 386 (a.k.a. amd64)</h3>
<p>
The two architectures behave largely the same at the assembler level.
Assembly code to access the <code>m</code> and <code>g</code>
pointers on the 64-bit version is the same as on the 32-bit 386,
except it uses <code>MOVQ</code> rather than <code>MOVL</code>:
</p>
<pre>
get_tls(CX)
MOVQ g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVQ g_m(AX), BX // Move g.m into BX.
</pre>
<h3 id="arm">ARM</h3>
<p>
The registers <code>R10</code> and <code>R11</code>
are reserved by the compiler and linker.
</p>
<p>
<code>R10</code> points to the <code>g</code> (goroutine) structure.
Within assembler source code, this pointer must be referred to as <code>g</code>;
the name <code>R10</code> is not recognized.
</p>
<p>
To make it easier for people and compilers to write assembly, the ARM linker
allows general addressing forms and pseudo-operations like <code>DIV</code> or <code>MOD</code>
that may not be expressible using a single hardware instruction.
It implements these forms as multiple instructions, often using the <code>R11</code> register
to hold temporary values.
Hand-written assembly can use <code>R11</code>, but doing so requires
being sure that the linker is not also using it to implement any of the other
instructions in the function.
</p>
<p>
When defining a <code>TEXT</code>, specifying frame size <code>$-4</code>
tells the linker that this is a leaf function that does not need to save <code>LR</code> on entry.
</p>
<p>
The name <code>SP</code> always refers to the virtual stack pointer described earlier.
For the hardware register, use <code>R13</code>.
</p>
<p>
Condition code syntax is to append a period and the one- or two-letter code to the instruction,
as in <code>MOVW.EQ</code>.
Multiple codes may be appended: <code>MOVM.IA.W</code>.
The order of the code modifiers is irrelevant.
</p>
<p>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>R0-&gt;16</code>
<br>
<code>R0&gt;&gt;16</code>
<br>
<code>R0&lt;&lt;16</code>
<br>
<code>R0@&gt;16</code>:
For <code>&lt;&lt;</code>, left shift <code>R0</code> by 16 bits.
The other codes are <code>-&gt;</code> (arithmetic right shift),
<code>&gt;&gt;</code> (logical right shift), and
<code>@&gt;</code> (rotate right).
</li>
<li>
<code>R0-&gt;R1</code>
<br>
<code>R0&gt;&gt;R1</code>
<br>
<code>R0&lt;&lt;R1</code>
<br>
<code>R0@&gt;R1</code>:
For <code>&lt;&lt;</code>, left shift <code>R0</code> by the count in <code>R1</code>.
The other codes are <code>-&gt;</code> (arithmetic right shift),
<code>&gt;&gt;</code> (logical right shift), and
<code>@&gt;</code> (rotate right).
</li>
<li>
<code>[R0,g,R12-R15]</code>: For multi-register instructions, the set comprising
<code>R0</code>, <code>g</code>, and <code>R12</code> through <code>R15</code> inclusive.
</li>
<li>
<code>(R5, R6)</code>: Destination register pair.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="arm64">ARM64</h3>
<p>
The ARM64 port is in an experimental state.
</p>
<p>
Instruction modifiers are appended to the instruction following a period.
The only modifiers are <code>P</code> (postincrement) and <code>W</code>
(preincrement):
<code>MOVW.P</code>, <code>MOVW.W</code>
</p>
<p>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>(R5, R6)</code>: Register pair for <code>LDP</code>/<code>STP</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ppc64">64-bit PowerPC, a.k.a. ppc64</h3>
<p>
The 64-bit PowerPC port is in an experimental state.
</p>
<p>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>(R5)(R6*1)</code>: The location at <code>R5</code> plus <code>R6</code>. It is a scaled
mode as on the x86, but the only scale allowed is <code>1</code>.
</li>
<li>
<code>(R5+R6)</code>: Alias for (R5)(R6*1)
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="s390x">IBM z/Architecture, a.k.a. s390x</h3>
<p>
The registers <code>R10</code> and <code>R11</code> are reserved.
The assembler uses them to hold temporary values when assembling some instructions.
</p>
<p>
<code>R13</code> points to the <code>g</code> (goroutine) structure.
This register must be referred to as <code>g</code>; the name <code>R13</code> is not recognized.
</p>
<p>
<code>R15</code> points to the stack frame and should typically only be accessed using the
virtual registers <code>SP</code> and <code>FP</code>.
</p>
<p>
Load- and store-multiple instructions operate on a range of registers.
The range of registers is specified by a start register and an end register.
For example, <code>LMG</code> <code>(R9),</code> <code>R5,</code> <code>R7</code> would load
<code>R5</code>, <code>R6</code> and <code>R7</code> with the 64-bit values at
<code>0(R9)</code>, <code>8(R9)</code> and <code>16(R9)</code> respectively.
</p>
<p>
Storage-and-storage instructions such as <code>MVC</code> and <code>XC</code> are written
with the length as the first argument.
For example, <code>XC</code> <code>$8,</code> <code>(R9),</code> <code>(R9)</code> would clear
eight bytes at the address specified in <code>R9</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a vector instruction takes a length or an index as an argument then it will be the
first argument.
For example, <code>VLEIF</code> <code>$1,</code> <code>$16,</code> <code>V2</code> will load
the value sixteen into index one of <code>V2</code>.
Care should be taken when using vector instructions to ensure that they are available at
runtime.
To use vector instructions a machine must have both the vector facility (bit 129 in the
facility list) and kernel support.
Without kernel support a vector instruction will have no effect (it will be equivalent
to a <code>NOP</code> instruction).
</p>
<p>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>(R5)(R6*1)</code>: The location at <code>R5</code> plus <code>R6</code>.
It is a scaled mode as on the x86, but the only scale allowed is <code>1</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mips">MIPS, MIPS64</h3>
<p>
General purpose registers are named <code>R0</code> through <code>R31</code>,
floating point registers are <code>F0</code> through <code>F31</code>.
</p>
<p>
<code>R30</code> is reserved to point to <code>g</code>.
<code>R23</code> is used as a temporary register.
</p>
<p>
In a <code>TEXT</code> directive, the frame size <code>$-4</code> for MIPS or
<code>$-8</code> for MIPS64 instructs the linker not to save <code>LR</code>.
</p>
<p>
<code>SP</code> refers to the virtual stack pointer.
For the hardware register, use <code>R29</code>.
</p>
<p>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>16(R1)</code>: The location at <code>R1</code> plus 16.
</li>
<li>
<code>(R1)</code>: Alias for <code>0(R1)</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="unsupported_opcodes">Unsupported opcodes</h3>
<p>
The assemblers are designed to support the compiler so not all hardware instructions
are defined for all architectures: if the compiler doesn't generate it, it might not be there.
If you need to use a missing instruction, there are two ways to proceed.
One is to update the assembler to support that instruction, which is straightforward
but only worthwhile if it's likely the instruction will be used again.
Instead, for simple one-off cases, it's possible to use the <code>BYTE</code>
and <code>WORD</code> directives
to lay down explicit data into the instruction stream within a <code>TEXT</code>.
Here's how the 386 runtime defines the 64-bit atomic load function.
</p>
<pre>
// uint64 atomicload64(uint64 volatile* addr);
// so actually
// void atomicload64(uint64 *res, uint64 volatile *addr);
TEXT runtime·atomicload64(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-12
MOVL ptr+0(FP), AX
TESTL $7, AX
JZ 2(PC)
MOVL 0, AX // crash with nil ptr deref
LEAL ret_lo+4(FP), BX
// MOVQ (%EAX), %MM0
BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x6f; BYTE $0x00
// MOVQ %MM0, 0(%EBX)
BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x7f; BYTE $0x03
// EMMS
BYTE $0x0F; BYTE $0x77
RET
</pre>

View File

@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ using the go <code>tool</code> subcommand, such as <code>go tool vet</code>.
This style of invocation allows, for instance, checking a single source file
rather than an entire package: <code>go tool vet myprogram.go</code> as
compared to <code>go vet mypackage</code>.
Some of the commands, such as <code>pprof</code>, are accessible only through
Some of the commands, such as <code>yacc</code>, are accessible only through
the go <code>tool</code> subcommand.
</p>
<p>
Finally the <code>fmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> commands are installed
as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> because
they are so often referenced.
Finally, two of the commands, <code>fmt</code> and <code>doc</code>, are also
installed as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code>
because they are so often referenced.
</p>
<p>
@@ -61,13 +61,6 @@ details.
<td>Cgo enables the creation of Go packages that call C code.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/cover/">cover</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cover is a program for creating and analyzing the coverage profiles
generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/fix/">fix</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -75,6 +68,13 @@ generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
and rewrites them to use newer ones.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">doc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Doc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages, it is also available as
an independent <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">fmt</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -82,12 +82,6 @@ and rewrites them to use newer ones.</td>
gofmt</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Godoc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -95,6 +89,12 @@ gofmt</a> command with more general options.</td>
calls whose arguments do not align with the format string.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/yacc/">yacc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Yacc is a version of yacc that generates parsers implemented in Go.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>

View File

@@ -6,457 +6,139 @@
<p>
This document demonstrates the development of a simple Go package and
introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go tool</a>, the standard way to fetch,
introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a>, the standard way to fetch,
build, and install Go packages and commands.
</p>
<h2 id="GOPATH">Code organization</h2>
<h3><code>GOPATH</code> and workspaces</h3>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool requires you to organize your code in a specific
way. Please read this document carefully.
It explains the simplest way to get up and running with your Go installation.
One of Go's design goals is to make writing software easier. To that end, the
<code>go</code> command doesn't use Makefiles or other configuration files to
guide program construction. Instead, it uses the source code to find
dependencies and determine build conditions. This means your source code and
build scripts are always in sync; they are one and the same.
</p>
<p>
A similar explanation is available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
The one thing you must do is set a <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable.
<code>GOPATH</code> tells the <code>go</code> command (and other related tools)
where to find and install the Go packages on your system.
</p>
<h2 id="Organization">Code organization</h2>
<h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>
<ul>
<li>Go programmers typically keep all their Go code in a single <i>workspace</i>.</li>
<li>A workspace contains many version control <i>repositories</i>
(managed by Git, for example).</li>
<li>Each repository contains one or more <i>packages</i>.</li>
<li>Each package consists of one or more Go source files in a single directory.</li>
<li>The path to a package's directory determines its <i>import path</i>.</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that this differs from other programming environments in which every
project has a separate workspace and workspaces are closely tied to version
control repositories.
<code>GOPATH</code> is a list of paths. It shares the syntax of your system's
<code>PATH</code> environment variable. A typical <code>GOPATH</code> on
a Unix system might look like this:
</p>
<h3 id="Workspaces">Workspaces</h3>
<pre>
GOPATH=/home/user/ext:/home/user/mygo
</pre>
<p>
A workspace is a directory hierarchy with three directories at its root:
(On a Windows system use semicolons as the path separator instead of colons.)
</p>
<p>
Each path in the list (in this case <code>/home/user/ext</code> or
<code>/home/user/mygo</code>) specifies the location of a <i>workspace</i>.
A workspace contains Go source files and their associated package objects, and
command executables. It has a prescribed structure of three subdirectories:
</p>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> contains Go source files,
<li><code>pkg</code> contains package objects, and
<li><code>pkg</code> contains compiled package objects, and
<li><code>bin</code> contains executable commands.
</ul>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool builds source packages and installs the resulting
binaries to the <code>pkg</code> and <code>bin</code> directories.
Subdirectories of the <code>src</code> directory hold independent packages, and
all source files (<code>.go</code>, <code>.c</code>, <code>.h</code>, and
<code>.s</code>) in each subdirectory are elements of that subdirectory's
package.
</p>
<p>
The <code>src</code> subdirectory typically contains multiple version control
repositories (such as for Git or Mercurial) that track the development of one
or more source packages.
When building a program that imports the package "<code>widget</code>" the
<code>go</code> command looks for <code>src/pkg/widget</code> inside the Go root,
and then&mdash;if the package source isn't found there&mdash;it searches
for <code>src/widget</code> inside each workspace in order.
</p>
<p>
To give you an idea of how a workspace looks in practice, here's an example:
Multiple workspaces can offer some flexibility and convenience, but for now
we'll concern ourselves with only a single workspace.
</p>
<p>
Let's work through a simple example. First, create a <code>$HOME/mygo</code>
directory and its <code>src</code> subdirectory:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
outyet # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
github.com/golang/example/
stringutil.a # package object
src/
<a href="https://github.com/golang/example/">github.com/golang/example/</a>
.git/ # Git repository metadata
hello/
hello.go # command source
outyet/
main.go # command source
main_test.go # test source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
<a href="https://golang.org/x/image/">golang.org/x/image/</a>
.git/ # Git repository metadata
bmp/
reader.go # package source
writer.go # package source
... (many more repositories and packages omitted) ...
$ mkdir -p $HOME/mygo/src # create a place to put source code
</pre>
<p>
The tree above shows a workspace containing two repositories
(<code>example</code> and <code>image</code>).
The <code>example</code> repository contains two commands (<code>hello</code>
and <code>outyet</code>) and one library (<code>stringutil</code>).
The <code>image</code> repository contains the <code>bmp</code> package
and <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/image">several others</a>.
</p>
<p>
A typical workspace contains many source repositories containing many
packages and commands. Most Go programmers keep <i>all</i> their Go source code
and dependencies in a single workspace.
</p>
<p>
Commands and libraries are built from different kinds of source packages.
We will discuss the distinction <a href="#PackageNames">later</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="GOPATH">The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</h3>
<p>
The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable specifies the location of your
workspace. It defaults to a directory named <code>go</code> inside your home directory,
so <code>$HOME/go</code> on Unix,
<code>$home/go</code> on Plan 9,
and <code>%USERPROFILE%\go</code> (usually <code>C:\Users\YourName\go</code>) on Windows.
</p>
<p>
If you would like to work in a different location, you will need to
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set <code>GOPATH</code></a>
to the path to that directory.
(Another common setup is to set <code>GOPATH=$HOME</code>.)
Note that <code>GOPATH</code> must <b>not</b> be the
same path as your Go installation.
</p>
<p>
The command <code>go</code> <code>env</code> <code>GOPATH</code>
prints the effective current <code>GOPATH</code>;
it prints the default location if the environment variable is unset.
</p>
<p>
For convenience, add the workspace's <code>bin</code> subdirectory
to your <code>PATH</code>:
Next, set it as the <code>GOPATH</code>. You should also add the
<code>bin</code> subdirectory to your <code>PATH</code> environment variable so
that you can run the commands therein without specifying their full path.
To do this, add the following lines to <code>$HOME/.profile</code> (or
equivalent):
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>export PATH=$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin</b>
export GOPATH=$HOME/mygo
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/mygo/bin
</pre>
<h3>Import paths</h3>
<p>
The scripts in the rest of this document use <code>$GOPATH</code>
instead of <code>$(go env GOPATH)</code> for brevity.
To make the scripts run as written
if you have not set GOPATH,
you can substitute $HOME/go in those commands
or else run:
The standard packages are given short import paths such as <code>"fmt"</code>
and <code>"net/http"</code> for convenience.
For your own projects, it is important to choose a base import path that is
unlikely to collide with future additions to the standard library or other
external libraries.
</p>
<p>
The best way to choose an import path is to use the location of your version
control repository.
For instance, if your source repository is at <code>example.com</code>
or <code>code.google.com/p/example</code>, you should begin your package
paths with that URL, as in "<code>example.com/foo/bar</code>" or
"<code>code.google.com/p/example/foo/bar</code>".
Using this convention, the <code>go</code> command can automatically check out and
build the source code by its import path alone.
</p>
<p>
If you don't intend to install your code in this way, you should at
least use a unique prefix like "<code>widgets/</code>", as in
"<code>widgets/foo/bar</code>". A good rule is to use a prefix such as your
company or project name, since it is unlikely to be used by another group.
</p>
<p>
We'll use <code>example/</code> as our base import path:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>export GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH)</b>
</pre>
<p>
To learn more about the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable, see
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>'go help gopath'</code></a>.
</p>
<p>
To use a custom workspace location,
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="ImportPaths">Import paths</h3>
<p>
An <i>import path</i> is a string that uniquely identifies a package.
A package's import path corresponds to its location inside a workspace
or in a remote repository (explained below).
</p>
<p>
The packages from the standard library are given short import paths such as
<code>"fmt"</code> and <code>"net/http"</code>.
For your own packages, you must choose a base path that is unlikely to
collide with future additions to the standard library or other external
libraries.
</p>
<p>
If you keep your code in a source repository somewhere, then you should use the
root of that source repository as your base path.
For instance, if you have a <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> account at
<code>github.com/user</code>, that should be your base path.
</p>
<p>
Note that you don't need to publish your code to a remote repository before you
can build it. It's just a good habit to organize your code as if you will
publish it someday. In practice you can choose any arbitrary path name,
as long as it is unique to the standard library and greater Go ecosystem.
</p>
<p>
We'll use <code>github.com/user</code> as our base path. Create a directory
inside your workspace in which to keep source code:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/user</b>
$ mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/example
</pre>
<h3 id="Command">Your first program</h3>
<h3>Package names</h3>
<p>
To compile and run a simple program, first choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/hello</code>) and create a corresponding package directory
inside your workspace:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>hello.go</code> inside that directory,
containing the following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
fmt.Printf("Hello, world.\n")
}
</pre>
<p>
Now you can build and install that program with the <code>go</code> tool:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Note that you can run this command from anywhere on your system. The
<code>go</code> tool finds the source code by looking for the
<code>github.com/user/hello</code> package inside the workspace specified by
<code>GOPATH</code>.
</p>
<p>
You can also omit the package path if you run <code>go install</code> from the
package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>go install</b>
</pre>
<p>
This command builds the <code>hello</code> command, producing an executable
binary. It then installs that binary to the workspace's <code>bin</code>
directory as <code>hello</code> (or, under Windows, <code>hello.exe</code>).
In our example, that will be <code>$GOPATH/bin/hello</code>, which is
<code>$HOME/go/bin/hello</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool will only print output when an error occurs, so if
these commands produce no output they have executed successfully.
</p>
<p>
You can now run the program by typing its full path at the command line:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>
<p>
Or, as you have added <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>,
just type the binary name:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>
<p>
If you're using a source control system, now would be a good time to initialize
a repository, add the files, and commit your first change. Again, this step is
optional: you do not need to use source control to write Go code.
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>git init</b>
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/work/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
$ <b>git add hello.go</b>
$ <b>git commit -m "initial commit"</b>
[master (root-commit) 0b4507d] initial commit
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 hello.go
</pre>
<p>
Pushing the code to a remote repository is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
<h3 id="Library">Your first library</h3>
<p>
Let's write a library and use it from the <code>hello</code> program.
</p>
<p>
Again, the first step is to choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/stringutil</code>) and create the package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>reverse.go</code> in that directory with the
following contents.
</p>
<pre>
// Package stringutil contains utility functions for working with strings.
package stringutil
// Reverse returns its argument string reversed rune-wise left to right.
func Reverse(s string) string {
r := []rune(s)
for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i &lt; len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
}
return string(r)
}
</pre>
<p>
Now, test that the package compiles with <code>go build</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>
<p>
Or, if you are working in the package's source directory, just:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build</b>
</pre>
<p>
This won't produce an output file. To do that, you must use <code>go
install</code>, which places the package object inside the <code>pkg</code>
directory of the workspace.
</p>
<p>
After confirming that the <code>stringutil</code> package builds,
modify your original <code>hello.go</code> (which is in
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</code>) to use it:
</p>
<pre>
package main
import (
"fmt"
<b>"github.com/user/stringutil"</b>
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf(stringutil.Reverse("!oG ,olleH"))
}
</pre>
<p>
Whenever the <code>go</code> tool installs a package or binary, it also
installs whatever dependencies it has.
So when you install the <code>hello</code> program
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
the <code>stringutil</code> package will be installed as well, automatically.
</p>
<p>
Running the new version of the program, you should see a new, reversed message:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, Go!
</pre>
<p>
After the steps above, your workspace should look like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/ # this will reflect your OS and architecture
github.com/user/
stringutil.a # package object
src/
github.com/user/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
</pre>
<p>
Note that <code>go install</code> placed the <code>stringutil.a</code> object
in a directory inside <code>pkg/linux_amd64</code> that mirrors its source
directory.
This is so that future invocations of the <code>go</code> tool can find the
package object and avoid recompiling the package unnecessarily.
The <code>linux_amd64</code> part is there to aid in cross-compilation,
and will reflect the operating system and architecture of your system.
</p>
<p>
Go command executables are statically linked; the package objects need not
be present to run Go programs.
</p>
<h3 id="PackageNames">Package names</h3>
<p>
The first statement in a Go source file must be
The first statement in a Go source file should be
</p>
<pre>
@@ -472,24 +154,209 @@ where <code><i>name</i></code> is the package's default name for imports.
Go's convention is that the package name is the last element of the
import path: the package imported as "<code>crypto/rot13</code>"
should be named <code>rot13</code>.
</p>
<p>
Executable commands must always use <code>package main</code>.
</p>
<p>
There is no requirement that package names be unique
across all packages linked into a single binary,
only that the import paths (their full file names) be unique.
</p>
<p>
Create a new package under <code>example</code> called <code>newmath</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/example
$ mkdir newmath
</pre>
<p>
Then create a file named <code>$GOPATH/src/example/newmath/sqrt.go</code>
containing the following Go code:
</p>
<pre>
// Package newmath is a trivial example package.
package newmath
// Sqrt returns an approximation to the square root of x.
func Sqrt(x float64) float64 {
// This is a terrible implementation.
// Real code should import "math" and use math.Sqrt.
z := 0.0
for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
z -= (z*z - x) / (2 * x)
}
return z
}
</pre>
<p>
This package is imported by the path name of the directory it's in, starting
after the <code>src</code> component:
</p>
<pre>
import "example/newmath"
</pre>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#names">Effective Go</a> to learn more about
Go's naming conventions.
</p>
<h2>Building and installing</h2>
<p>
The <code>go</code> command comprises several subcommands, the most central being
<code>install</code>. Running <code>go install <i>importpath</i></code> builds
and installs a package and its dependencies.
</p>
<p>
To "install a package" means to write the package object or executable command
to the <code>pkg</code> or <code>bin</code> subdirectory of the workspace in
which the source resides.
</p>
<h3>Building a package</h3>
<p>
To build and install the <code>newmath</code> package, type
</p>
<pre>
$ go install example/newmath
</pre>
<p>
This command will produce no output if the package and its dependencies
are built and installed correctly.
</p>
<p>
As a convenience, the <code>go</code> command will assume the current directory
if no import path is specified on the command line. This sequence of commands
has the same effect as the one above:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/example/newmath
$ go install
</pre>
<p>
The resulting workspace directory tree (assuming we're running Linux on a 64-bit
system) looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
pkg/
linux_amd64/
example/
newmath.a # package object
src/
example/
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
</pre>
<h3>Building a command</h3>
<p>
The <code>go</code> command treats code belonging to <code>package main</code> as
an executable command and installs the package binary to the
<code>GOPATH</code>'s <code>bin</code> subdirectory.
</p>
<p>
Add a command named <code>hello</code> to the source tree.
First create the <code>example/hello</code> directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/example
$ mkdir hello
</pre>
<p>
Then create the file <code>$GOPATH/src/example/hello/hello.go</code>
containing the following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
// Hello is a trivial example of a main package.
package main
import (
"example/newmath"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf("Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = %v\n", newmath.Sqrt(2))
}
</pre>
<p>
Next, run <code>go install</code>, which builds and installs the binary to
<code>$GOPATH/bin</code> (or <code>$GOBIN</code>, if set; to simplify
presentation, this document assumes <code>GOBIN</code> is unset):
</p>
<pre>
$ go install example/hello
</pre>
<p>
To run the program, invoke it by name as you would any other command:
</p>
<pre>
$ $GOPATH/bin/hello
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
If you added <code>$HOME/mygo/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>, you may omit
the path to the executable:
</p>
<pre>
$ hello
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
The workspace directory tree now looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
example/
newmath.a # package object
src/
example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
</pre>
<p>
The <code>go</code> command also provides a <code>build</code> command, which is
like <code>install</code> except it builds all objects in a temporary directory
and does not install them under <code>pkg</code> or <code>bin</code>.
When building a command an executable named after the last element of the
import path is written to the current directory. When building a package,
<code>go build</code> serves merely to test that the package and its
dependencies can be built. (The resulting package object is thrown away.)
</p>
<h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2>
<p>
@@ -507,54 +374,35 @@ if the function calls a failure function such as <code>t.Error</code> or
</p>
<p>
Add a test to the <code>stringutil</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil/reverse_test.go</code> containing
the following Go code.
Add a test to the <code>newmath</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/example/newmath/sqrt_test.go</code> containing the following
Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package stringutil
package newmath
import "testing"
func TestReverse(t *testing.T) {
cases := []struct {
in, want string
}{
{"Hello, world", "dlrow ,olleH"},
{"Hello, 世界", "界世 ,olleH"},
{"", ""},
}
for _, c := range cases {
got := Reverse(c.in)
if got != c.want {
t.Errorf("Reverse(%q) == %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
}
}
func TestSqrt(t *testing.T) {
const in, out = 4, 2
if x := Sqrt(in); x != out {
t.Errorf("Sqrt(%v) = %v, want %v", in, x, out)
}
}
</pre>
<p>
Then run the test with <code>go test</code>:
Now run the test with <code>go test</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test github.com/user/stringutil</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
$ go test example/newmath
ok example/newmath 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
As always, if you are running the <code>go</code> tool from the package
directory, you can omit the package path:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
<a href="/pkg/testing/">testing package documentation</a> for more detail.
</p>
@@ -563,19 +411,19 @@ Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see t
<p>
An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> tool uses
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> command uses
this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories.
For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a
Git repository hosted at GitHub
<code><a href="https://github.com/golang/example">github.com/golang/example</a></code>.
Mercurial repository hosted at Google Code,
<code><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go.example">code.google.com/p/go.example</a></code>.
If you include the repository URL in the package's import path,
<code>go get</code> will fetch, build, and install it automatically:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go get github.com/golang/example/hello</b>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, Go examples!
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.example/hello
$ $GOPATH/bin/hello
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
@@ -587,67 +435,58 @@ fetch and behaves the same as <code>go install</code>.)
<p>
After issuing the above <code>go get</code> command, the workspace directory
tree should now look like this:
tree should now now look like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
github.com/golang/example/
stringutil.a # package object
github.com/user/
stringutil.a # package object
linux_amd64/
code.google.com/p/go.example/
newmath.a # package object
example/
newmath.a # package object
src/
github.com/golang/example/
.git/ # Git repository metadata
code.google.com/p/go.example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
github.com/user/
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
sqrt_test.go # test source
example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
sqrt_test.go # test source
</pre>
<p>
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at GitHub depends on the
<code>stringutil</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the
<code>go get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent
package, too.
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at Google Code depends on the
<code>newmath</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the <code>go
get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent package, too.
</p>
<pre>
import "github.com/golang/example/stringutil"
import "code.google.com/p/go.example/newmath"
</pre>
<p>
This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for
others to use.
The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
and <a href="//godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
provide lists of external Go projects.
The <a href="http://godashboard.appspot.com">Go Project Dashboard</a>
is a list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.
</p>
<p>
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> tool, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">go help importpath</a></code>.
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> command, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#Remote_import_path_syntax">go help remote</a></code>.
</p>
<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>
<p>
Subscribe to the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
</p>
<h2 id="more">Further reading</h2>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> for tips on writing
@@ -655,7 +494,7 @@ clear, idiomatic Go code.
</p>
<p>
Take <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
Take <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
proper.
</p>
@@ -663,21 +502,3 @@ proper.
Visit the <a href="/doc/#articles">documentation page</a> for a set of in-depth
articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.
</p>
<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
<p>
For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
<a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
</p>
<p>
The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
</p>
<p>
Report bugs using the
<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>

115
doc/codereview_with_mq.html Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Using Mercurial Queues with Codereview"
}-->
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
The Mercurial Queues extension (<code>mq</code>) provides a mechanism for
managing patches on top of a Mercurial repository and is described in detail
in Chapters
<a href="http://hgbook.red-bean.com/read/managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html">12</a>
and <a href="http://hgbook.red-bean.com/read/advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">13</a>
of <a href="http://hgbook.red-bean.com/read/">Mercurial: The Definitive Guide</a>.
This document explains how to use <code>mq</code> in conjunction
with the <code>codereview</code> Mercurial extension described in the
instructions for <a href="contribute.html">contributing to the Go project</a>.
It assumes you have read those instructions.
</p>
<h2>Configuration</h2>
<p>
To enable <code>mq</code> edit either <code>$HOME/.hgrc</code> (to enable it
for all of your repositories) or <code>$GOROOT/.hg/hgrc</code> (to enable it for the
repository at <code>$GOROOT</code>) to add:</p>
<pre>
[extensions]
mq=
</pre>
<p>
Since pulling, pushing, updating and committing while <code>mq</code> patches
are applied can damage your repository or a remote one, add these lines to
prevent that case:
</p>
<pre>
[hooks]
# Prevent "hg pull" if MQ patches are applied.
prechangegroup.mq-no-pull = ! hg qtop > /dev/null 2>&amp;1
# Prevent "hg push" if MQ patches are applied.
preoutgoing.mq-no-push = ! hg qtop > /dev/null 2>&amp;1
# Prevent "hg update" if MQ patches are applied.
preupdate.mq-no-update = ! hg qtop > /dev/null 2>&amp;1
</pre>
<h2>Making a change</h2>
<p>
The entire checked-out tree is writable and you can use <code>mq</code>,
as documented in Chapter
<a href="http://hgbook.red-bean.com/read/managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html">12</a>
of "The Guide",
to implement your change as a single patch or a series of patches.
</p>
<p>When you are ready to send a change out for review, run</p>
<pre>
$ hg change
</pre>
<p>from any directory in your Go repository with all of the <code>mq</code> patches relevant to your
change applied and then proceed as instructed in <a href="contribute.html">contributing
to the Go project</a>.
</p>
<p>
The change number reported by <code>hg change</code>, preceded by a <code>+</code>,
can be used as an <code>mq</code> patch guard to assist in controlling which patches
are applied as described in Chapter
<a href="http://hgbook.red-bean.com/read/advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">13</a>
of "The Guide".
For example, the command:
</p>
<pre>
for p in $(hg qapplied); do hg qguard $p +99999; done
</pre>
<p>
will apply the guard <code>+99999</code> guard to all currently applied <code>mq</code>
patches.
</p>
<h2>Synchronizing your client</h2>
<p>While you were working, others might have submitted changes
to the repository and, as explained in <a href="contribute.html">contributing
to the Go project</a>, it is necessary to synchronize your repository using
<code>hg sync</code>before sending your change list for review.
Because <code>hg sync</code> runs <code>hg pull -u</code>,
you should not run <code>hg sync</code> while <code>mq</code> patches are
applied. Instead
pop all your patches before running <code>hg sync</code> and reapply them after
it has completed.
</p>
<p>
When reapplying the patches, you may need to resolve conflicts
as described in <a href="contribute.html">contributing to the Go project</a>.
</p>
<h2>Mailing the change for review</h2>
<p>
You should have all of the <code>mq</code> patches relevant to your
change applied when you run <code>hg mail</code>.
<h2>Submitting the change after the review</h2>
If you are a committer, you should have all of the <code>mq</code> patches relevant to your
change applied when you run <code>hg commit</code>.

View File

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ CodewalkViewer.prototype.updateHeight = function() {
this.sizer.height(codeHeight);
};
window.initFuncs.push(function() {
var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery('#codewalk-main'));
jQuery(document).ready(function() {
var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery());
viewer.selectFirstComment();
viewer.targetCommentLinksAtBlank();
viewer.installEventHandlers();

View File

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
its <code>src</code> is just a file name.
</step>
<step title="Specifying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
<step title="Specifiying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
The most complex part of the codewalk specification is
saying what lines to highlight.
Instead of ordinary line numbers,
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
The full address syntax is summarized in this table
(an excerpt of Table II from
<a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/sam/sam.html">The text editor <code>sam</code></a>):
<a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/sam/sam.html">The text editor <code>sam</code></a>):
<br/><br/>
<table>

View File

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!--
Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-->
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Prefix Map key
this data.
</step>
<step title="The NewChain constructor function" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func New/,/\n}/">
<step title="The NewChain constructor function" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func New/,/}/">
The <code>Chain</code> struct has two unexported fields (those that
do not begin with an upper case character), and so we write a
<code>NewChain</code> constructor function that initializes the
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ p == Prefix{"am", "not"}</pre>
one index to the left (if you consider zero as the leftmost index).
<pre>
p := Prefix{"I", "am"}
copy(p, p[1:])
copy(p, p[:1])
// p == Prefix{"am", "am"}</pre>
We then assign the provided <code>word</code> to the last index
of the slice:

View File

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ type score struct {
// An action transitions stochastically to a resulting score.
type action func(current score) (result score, turnIsOver bool)
// roll returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of simulating a die roll.
// roll returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of simulating a die roll.
// If the roll value is 1, then thisTurn score is abandoned, and the players'
// roles swap. Otherwise, the roll value is added to thisTurn.
func roll(s score) (score, bool) {

View File

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
set -e
function fail {
echo FAIL: doc/codewalk/$1
exit 1
}
# markov.xml
echo foo | go run markov.go | grep foo > /dev/null || fail markov
# functions.xml
go run pig.go | grep 'Wins, losses staying at k = 100: 210/990 (21.2%), 780/990 (78.8%)' > /dev/null || fail pig
# sharemem.xml: only build the example, as it uses the network
go build urlpoll.go || fail urlpoll
rm -f urlpoll

View File

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ and/or writes to a shared map.
<step title="Conclusion" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
In this codewalk we have explored a simple example of using Go's concurrency
primitives to share memory through communication.
primitives to share memory through commmunication.
<br/><br/>
This should provide a starting point from which to explore the ways in which
goroutines and channels can be used to write expressive and concise concurrent

View File

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func (r *Resource) Poll() string {
return resp.Status
}
// Sleep sleeps for an appropriate interval (dependent on error state)
// Sleep sleeps for an appropriate interval (dependant on error state)
// before sending the Resource to done.
func (r *Resource) Sleep(done chan<- *Resource) {
time.Sleep(pollInterval + errTimeout*time.Duration(r.errCount))

View File

@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go Community Code of Conduct",
"Path": "/conduct",
"Template": true
}-->
<style>
ul {
max-width: 800px;
}
ul ul {
margin: 0 0 5px;
}
</style>
<h2 id="about">About the Code of Conduct</h2>
<h3 id="why">Why have a Code of Conduct?</h3>
<p>
Online communities include people from many different backgrounds.
The Go contributors are committed to providing a friendly, safe and welcoming
environment for all, regardless of age, disability, gender, nationality,
ethnicity, religion, sexuality, or similar personal characteristic.
</p>
<p>
The first goal of the Code of Conduct is to specify a baseline standard
of behavior so that people with different social values and communication
styles can talk about Go effectively, productively, and respectfully.
</p>
<p>
The second goal is to provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts in the
community when they arise.
</p>
<p>
The third goal of the Code of Conduct is to make our community welcoming to
people from different backgrounds.
Diversity is critical to the project; for Go to be successful, it needs
contributors and users from all backgrounds.
(See <a href="https://blog.golang.org/open-source">Go, Open Source, Community</a>.)
</p>
<p>
With that said, a healthy community must allow for disagreement and debate.
The Code of Conduct is not a mechanism for people to silence others with whom
they disagree.
</p>
<h3 id="spaces">Where does the Code of Conduct apply?</h3>
<p>
If you participate in or contribute to the Go ecosystem in any way,
you are encouraged to follow the Code of Conduct while doing so.
</p>
<p>
Explicit enforcement of the Code of Conduct applies to the
official forums operated by the Go project (“Go spaces”):
</p>
<ul>
<li>The official <a href="https://github.com/golang/">GitHub projects</a>
and <a href="https://go-review.googlesource.com/">code reviews</a>.
<li>The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a> and
<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a> mailing lists.
<li>The #go-nuts IRC channel on Freenode.
</ul>
<p>
Other Go groups (such as conferences, meetups, and other unofficial forums) are
encouraged to adopt this Code of Conduct. Those groups must provide their own
moderators and/or working group (see below).
</p>
<h2 id="values">Gopher values</h2>
<p>
These are the values to which people in the Go community (“Gophers”) should aspire.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Be friendly and welcoming
<li>Be patient
<ul>
<li>Remember that people have varying communication styles and that not
everyone is using their native language.
(Meaning and tone can be lost in translation.)
</ul>
<li>Be thoughtful
<ul>
<li>Productive communication requires effort.
Think about how your words will be interpreted.
<li>Remember that sometimes it is best to refrain entirely from commenting.
</ul>
<li>Be respectful
<ul>
<li>In particular, respect differences of opinion.
</ul>
<li>Be charitable
<ul>
<li>Interpret the arguments of others in good faith, do not seek to disagree.
<li>When we do disagree, try to understand why.
</ul>
<li>Avoid destructive behavior:
<ul>
<li>Derailing: stay on topic; if you want to talk about something else,
start a new conversation.
<li>Unconstructive criticism: don't merely decry the current state of affairs;
offer—or at least solicit—suggestions as to how things may be improved.
<li>Snarking (pithy, unproductive, sniping comments)
<li>Discussing potentially offensive or sensitive issues;
this all too often leads to unnecessary conflict.
<li>Microaggressions: brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral and
environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory or negative
slights and insults to a person or group.
</ul>
</ul>
<p>
People are complicated.
You should expect to be misunderstood and to misunderstand others;
when this inevitably occurs, resist the urge to be defensive or assign blame.
Try not to take offense where no offense was intended.
Give people the benefit of the doubt.
Even if the intent was to provoke, do not rise to it.
It is the responsibility of <i>all parties</i> to de-escalate conflict when it arises.
</p>
<h2 id="unwelcome_behavior">Unwelcome behavior</h2>
<p>
These actions are explicitly forbidden in Go spaces:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Insulting, demeaning, hateful, or threatening remarks.
<li>Discrimination based on age, disability, gender, nationality, race,
religion, sexuality, or similar personal characteristic.
<li>Bullying or systematic harassment.
<li>Unwelcome sexual advances.
<li>Incitement to any of these.
</ul>
<h2 id="moderation">Moderation</h2>
<p>
The Go spaces are not free speech venues; they are for discussion about Go.
Each of these spaces have their own moderators.
</p>
<p>
When using the official Go spaces you should act in the spirit of the “Gopher
values”.
If a reported conflict cannot be resolved amicably, the CoC Working Group
may make a recommendation to the relevant forum moderators.
</p>
<p>
CoC Working Group members and forum moderators are held to a higher standard than other community members.
If a working group member or moderator creates an inappropriate situation, they
should expect less leeway than others, and should expect to be removed from
their position if they cannot adhere to the CoC.
</p>
<p>
Complaints about working group member or moderator actions must be handled
using the reporting process below.
</p>
<h2 id="reporting">Reporting issues</h2>
<p>
The Code of Conduct Working Group is a group of people that represent the Go
community. They are responsible for handling conduct-related issues.
Their purpose is to de-escalate conflicts and try to resolve issues to the
satisfaction of all parties. They are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Aditya Mukerjee &lt;dev@chimeracoder.net&gt;
<li>Andrew Gerrand &lt;adg@golang.org&gt;
<li>Peggy Li &lt;peggyli.224@gmail.com&gt;
<li>Sarah Adams &lt;sadams.codes@gmail.com&gt;
<li>Steve Francia &lt;steve.francia@gmail.com&gt;
<li>Verónica López &lt;gveronicalg@gmail.com&gt;
</ul>
<p>
If you encounter a conduct-related issue, you should report it to the
Working Group using the process described below.
<b>Do not</b> post about the issue publicly or try to rally sentiment against a
particular individual or group.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Mail <a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.
<ul>
<li>Your message will reach the Working Group.
<li>Reports are confidential within the Working Group.
<li>You may contact a member of the group directly if you do not feel
comfortable contacting the group as a whole. That member will then raise
the issue with the Working Group as a whole, preserving the privacy of the
reporter (if desired).
<li>If your report concerns a member of the Working Group they will be recused
from Working Group discussions of the report.
<li>The Working Group will strive to handle reports with discretion and
sensitivity, to protect the privacy of the involved parties,
and to avoid conflicts of interest.
</ul>
<li>You should receive a response within 48 hours (likely sooner).
(Should you choose to contact a single Working Group member,
it may take longer to receive a response.)
<li>The Working Group will meet to review the incident and determine what happened.
<ul>
<li>With the permission of person reporting the incident, the Working Group
may reach out to other community members for more context.
</ul>
<li>The Working Group will reach a decision as to how to act. These may include:
<ul>
<li>Nothing.
<li>Passing the report along to the offender.
<li>A recommendation of action to the relevant forum moderators.
</ul>
<li>The Working Group will reach out to the original reporter to let them know
the decision.
<li>Appeals to the decision may be made to the Working Group,
or to any of its members directly.
</ul>
<p>
<b>Note that the goal of the Code of Conduct and the Working Group is to resolve
conflicts in the most harmonious way possible.</b>
We hope that in most cases issues may be resolved through polite discussion and
mutual agreement.
</p>
<p>
Changes to the Code of Conduct (including to the members of the Working Group)
should be proposed using the
<a href="https://golang.org/s/proposal-process">change proposal process</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li>Treat everyone with respect and kindness.
<li>Be thoughtful in how you communicate.
<li>Dont be destructive or inflammatory.
<li>If you encounter an issue, please mail <a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.
</ul>
<h3 id="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</h3>
<p>
Parts of this document were derived from the Code of Conduct documents of the
Django, FreeBSD, and Rust projects.
</p>

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
<p>
Go is an open source project developed by a team at
<a href="//google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="http://google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="/CONTRIBUTORS">contributors</a> from the open source community.
</p>
@@ -17,73 +17,49 @@ Go is an open source project developed by a team at
Go is distributed under a <a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>
A low traffic mailing list for important announcements, such as new releases.
</p>
<p>
We encourage all Go users to subscribe to
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">Version history</h2>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A <a href="/doc/devel/release.html">summary</a> of the changes between Go releases. Notes for the major releases:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.8">Go 1.8</a> <small>(February 2017)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.7">Go 1.7</a> <small>(August 2016)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.6">Go 1.6</a> <small>(February 2016)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.5">Go 1.5</a> <small>(August 2015)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4</a> <small>(December 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3</a> <small>(June 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2</a> <small>(December 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1</a> <small>(May 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1">Go 1</a> <small>(March 2012)</small></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h2 id="resources">Developer Resources</h2>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://golang.org/change">Source Code</a></h3>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source">Source Code</a></h3>
<p>Check out the Go source code.</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer</a> and
<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">Code Review Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing code changes to the Go project.
The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews</a>
mailing list is for actual reviewing of the code changes (CLs).</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h3 id="weekly"><a href="/doc/devel/weekly.html">Weekly Snapshot History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between weekly snapshots of Go.</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing and reviewing code for the Go project.</p>
<p>For general discussion of Go programming, see <a
href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.</p>
href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.</p>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>A mailing list that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.</p>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="//build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="http://build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<p>View the status of Go builds across the supported operating
systems and architectures.</p>
<h2 id="howto">How you can help</h2>
<h3><a href="//golang.org/issue">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<h3><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<p>
If you spot bugs, mistakes, or inconsistencies in the Go project's code or
documentation, please let us know by
<a href="//golang.org/issue/new">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/entry">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">issue tracker</a>.
(Of course, you should check it's not an existing issue before creating
a new one.)
</p>
@@ -92,18 +68,6 @@ a new one.)
We pride ourselves on being meticulous; no issue is too small.
</p>
<p>
Security-related issues should be reported to
<a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a>.<br>
See the <a href="/security">security policy</a> for more details.
</p>
<p>
Community-related issues should be reported to
<a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.<br>
See the <a href="/conduct">Code of Conduct</a> for more details.
</p>
<h3><a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing code</a></h3>
<p>
@@ -114,8 +78,31 @@ To get started, read these <a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribution
guidelines</a> for information on design, testing, and our code review process.
</p>
<p>
Check <a href="//golang.org/issue">the tracker</a> for
Check <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">the tracker</a> for
open issues that interest you. Those labeled
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3Ahelpwanted">helpwanted</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list?q=status=HelpWanted">HelpWanted</a>
are particularly in need of outside help.
</p>
<h2 id="community">The Go Community</h2>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
mailing list is for general Go discussion.</p>
<h3 id="projects"><a href="http://godashboard.appspot.com/project">Go Project Dashboard</a></h3>
<p>A list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
<p><b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b> is the official Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -4,65 +4,32 @@
}-->
<p><i>
This applies to the standard toolchain (the <code>gc</code> Go
compiler and tools). Gccgo has native gdb support.
This applies to the <code>gc</code> toolchain. Gccgo has native gdb support.
Besides this overview you might want to consult the
<a href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/">GDB manual</a>.
</i></p>
<p>
GDB does not understand Go programs well.
The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse
the debugger, even when the program is compiled with gccgo.
As a consequence, although GDB can be useful in some situations, it is
not a reliable debugger for Go programs, particularly heavily concurrent ones.
Moreover, it is not a priority for the Go project to address these issues, which
are difficult.
In short, the instructions below should be taken only as a guide to how
to use GDB when it works, not as a guarantee of success.
</p>
<p>
In time, a more Go-centric debugging architecture may be required.
</p>
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
When you compile and link your Go programs with the <code>gc</code> toolchain
on Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD or NetBSD, the resulting binaries contain DWARFv3
on Linux, Mac OS X or FreeBSD, the resulting binaries contain DWARFv3
debugging information that recent versions (&gt;7.1) of the GDB debugger can
use to inspect a live process or a core dump.
</p>
<p>
Pass the <code>'-w'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go build -ldflags "-w" prog.go</code>).
Pass the <code>'-s'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go build -ldflags "-s" prog.go</code>).
</p>
<p>
The code generated by the <code>gc</code> compiler includes inlining of
function invocations and registerization of variables. These optimizations
can sometimes make debugging with <code>gdb</code> harder. To disable them
when debugging, pass the flags <code>-gcflags "-N -l"</code> to the
<a href="/cmd/go"><code>go</code></a> command used to build the code being
debugged.
</p>
<p>
If you want to use gdb to inspect a core dump, you can trigger a dump
on a program crash, on systems that permit it, by setting
<code>GOTRACEBACK=crash</code> in the environment (see the
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#hdr-Environment_Variables"> runtime package
documentation</a> for more info).
</p>
<h3 id="Common_Operations">Common Operations</h3>
<ul>
<li>
Show file and line number for code, set breakpoints and disassemble:
Show file and line number for code
, set breakpoints and disassemble:
<pre>(gdb) <b>list</b>
(gdb) <b>list <i>line</i></b>
(gdb) <b>list <i>file.go</i>:<i>line</i></b>
@@ -129,17 +96,17 @@ For example:
<p>
If you'd like to see how this works, or want to extend it, take a look at <a
href="/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
href="/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
the Go source distribution. It depends on some special magic types
(<code>hash&lt;T,U&gt;</code>) and variables (<code>runtime.m</code> and
<code>runtime.g</code>) that the linker
(<a href="/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go">src/cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go</a>) ensures are described in
(<a href="/src/cmd/ld/dwarf.c">src/cmd/ld/dwarf.c</a>) ensures are described in
the DWARF code.
</p>
<p>
If you're interested in what the debugging information looks like, run
'<code>objdump -W a.out</code>' and browse through the <code>.debug_*</code>
'<code>objdump -W 6.out</code>' and browse through the <code>.debug_*</code>
sections.
</p>
@@ -162,7 +129,7 @@ the form <code>pkg.(*MyType).Meth</code>.
<p>
In this tutorial we will inspect the binary of the
<a href="/pkg/regexp/">regexp</a> package's unit tests. To build the binary,
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/regexp</code> and run <code>go test -c</code>.
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/regexp</code> and run <code>go test -c</code>.
This should produce an executable file named <code>regexp.test</code>.
</p>
@@ -181,7 +148,7 @@ License GPLv 3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.htm
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux".
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test...
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.test...
done.
Loading Go Runtime support.
(gdb)
@@ -189,7 +156,7 @@ Loading Go Runtime support.
<p>
The message <code>"Loading Go Runtime support"</code> means that GDB loaded the
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -205,10 +172,10 @@ $ <b>gdb regexp.test -d $GOROOT</b>
If for some reason GDB still can't find that directory or that script, you can load
it by hand by telling gdb (assuming you have the go sources in
<code>~/go/</code>):
</p>
<p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
Loading Go Runtime support.
</pre>
@@ -268,7 +235,7 @@ Set a breakpoint at the <code>TestFind</code> function:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>b 'regexp.TestFind'</b>
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
</pre>
<p>
@@ -277,9 +244,9 @@ Run the program:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>run</b>
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.test
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148
148 func TestFind(t *testing.T) {
</pre>
@@ -306,9 +273,9 @@ Look at the stack trace for where weve paused the program:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b> <i># backtrace</i>
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:242
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:242
#3 0x000000f8404a89c0 in ?? ()
#4 0x0000000000573720 in ?? ()
#5 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
@@ -320,18 +287,18 @@ The other goroutine, number 1, is stuck in <code>runtime.gosched</code>, blocked
<pre>
(gdb) <b>goroutine 1 bt</b>
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:873
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:873
#1 0x00000000004031c9 in runtime.chanrecv (c=void, ep=void, selected=void, received=void)
at /home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:423
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/chan.c:423
#3 0x000000000043075b in testing.RunTests (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:201
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:201
#4 0x00000000004302b1 in testing.Main (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef80, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}, benchmarks= []testing.InternalBenchmark = {...})
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:243
#8 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
</pre>
@@ -342,7 +309,7 @@ The stack frame shows were currently executing the <code>regexp.TestFind</cod
<pre>
(gdb) <b>info frame</b>
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7ffff7f9ff88:
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148);
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148);
saved rip 0x430233
called by frame at 0x7ffff7f9ffa8
source language minimal.
@@ -386,9 +353,7 @@ $3 = struct hchan&lt;*testing.T&gt;
</pre>
<p>
That <code>struct hchan&lt;*testing.T&gt;</code> is the
runtime-internal representation of a channel. It is currently empty,
or gdb would have pretty-printed its contents.
That <code>struct hchan&lt;*testing.T&gt;</code> is the runtime-internal representation of a channel. It is currently empty, or gdb would have pretty-printed it's contents.
</p>
<p>
@@ -421,7 +386,7 @@ We can step into the <code>String</code>function call with <code>"s"</code>:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>s</b>
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go:97
97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
</pre>
@@ -432,12 +397,12 @@ Get a stack trace to see where we are:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b>
#0 regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go:97
#1 0x0000000000425615 in regexp.TestFind (t=0xf840688b60)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:151
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:151
#2 0x0000000000430233 in testing.tRunner (t=0xf840688b60, test=0x5747b8)
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:243
....
</pre>

View File

@@ -1,455 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Pre-Go 1 Release History"
}-->
<p>
This page summarizes the changes between stable releases of Go prior to Go 1.
See the <a href="release.html">Release History</a> page for notes on recent releases.
</p>
<h2 id="r60">r60 (released 2011/09/07)</h2>
<p>
The r60 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly.2011-08-17</a></code>.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
An "else" block is now required to have braces except if the body of the "else"
is another "if". Since gofmt always puts those braces in anyway,
gofmt-formatted programs will not be affected.
To fix other programs, run gofmt.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a>'s URL parsing and query escaping code
(such as <code>ParseURL</code> and <code>URLEscape</code>) has been moved to
the new <a href="/pkg/url/">url package</a>, with several simplifications to
the names. Client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/">Package image</a> has had significant changes made to the
<code>Pix</code> field of struct types such as
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA">image.RGBA</a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#NRGBA">image.NRGBA</a>.
The <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">image.Image</a> interface type has not changed,
though, and you should not need to change your code if you don't explicitly
refer to <code>Pix</code> fields. For example, if you decode a number of images
using the <a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/">image/jpeg</a> package, compose them using
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a>, and then encode the result using
<a href="/pkg/img/png">image/png</a>, then your code should still work as
before.
If your code <i>does</i> refer to <code>Pix</code> fields see the
<a href="/doc/devel/weekly.html#2011-07-19">weekly.2011-07-19</a>
snapshot notes for how to update your code.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/template/">Package template</a> has been replaced with a new
templating package (formerly <code>exp/template</code>). The original template
package is still available as <a href="/pkg/old/template/">old/template</a>.
The <code>old/template</code> package is deprecated and will be removed.
The Go tree has been updated to use the new template package. We encourage
users of the old template package to switch to the new one. Code that uses
<code>template</code> or <code>exp/template</code> will need to change its
import lines to <code>"old/template"</code> or <code>"template"</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now uses a new tag selection scheme.
When downloading or updating, goinstall looks for a tag or branch with the
<code>"go."</code> prefix that corresponds to the local Go version. For Go
<code>release.r58</code> it looks for <code>go.r58</code>. For
<code>weekly.2011-06-03</code> it looks for <code>go.weekly.2011-06-03</code>.
If the specific <code>go.X</code> tag or branch is not found, it chooses the
closest earlier version. If an appropriate tag or branch is found, goinstall
uses that version of the code. Otherwise it uses the default version selected
by the version control system. Library authors are encouraged to use the
appropriate tag or branch names in their repositories to make their libraries
more accessible.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
r60.1 includes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/1824581bf62d">linker
fix</a>, a pair of
<a href="//golang.org/change/9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="//golang.org/change/d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
and a <code>json</code> package
<a href="//golang.org/change/d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
a new
<a href="//golang.org/change/4f0e6269213f">struct tag
option</a>.
</p>
<p>
r60.2
<a href="//golang.org/change/ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
a memory leak involving maps.
</p>
<p>
r60.3 fixes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="r59">r59 (released 2011/08/01)</h2>
<p>
The r59 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly.2011-07-07</a></code>.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release includes a language change that restricts the use of
<code>goto</code>. In essence, a <code>goto</code> statement outside a block
cannot jump to a label inside that block. Your code may require changes if it
uses <code>goto</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/dc6d3cf9279d">this
changeset</a> for how the new rule affected the Go tree.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http">Package http</a> has a new
<a href="/pkg/http/#FileSystem">FileSystem</a> interface that provides access
to files. The <a href="/pkg/http/#FileServer">FileServer</a> helper now takes a
<code>FileSystem</code> argument instead of an explicit file system root. By
implementing your own <code>FileSystem</code> you can use the
<code>FileServer</code> to serve arbitrary data.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>'s <code>ErrorString</code> type has been
hidden. Most uses of <code>os.ErrorString</code> can be replaced with
<a href="/pkg/os/#NewError">os.NewError</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> supports a new struct tag scheme
that enables sharing of struct tags between multiple packages.
In this scheme, the tags must be of the form:
</p>
<pre>
`key:"value" key2:"value2"`
</pre>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructField">StructField</a> type's Tag field now
has type <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag">StructTag</a>, which has a
<code>Get</code> method. Clients of <a href="/pkg/json">json</a> and
<a href="/pkg/xml">xml</a> will need to be updated. Code that says
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X int "name"
}
</pre>
<p>
should become
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X int `json:"name"` // or `xml:"name"`
}
</pre>
<p>
Use <a href="/cmd/govet/">govet</a> to identify struct tags that need to be
changed to use the new syntax.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/sort/">Package sort</a>'s <code>IntArray</code> type has been
renamed to <a href="/pkg/sort/#IntSlice">IntSlice</a>, and similarly for
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Float64Slice">Float64Slice</a> and
<a href="/pkg/sort/#StringSlice">StringSlice</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/strings/">Package strings</a>'s <code>Split</code> function has
itself been split into <a href="/pkg/strings/#Split">Split</a> and
<a href="/pkg/strings/#SplitN">SplitN</a>.
<code>SplitN</code> is the same as the old <code>Split</code>.
The new <code>Split</code> is equivalent to <code>SplitN</code> with a final
argument of -1.
</p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a>'s
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw">Draw</a> function now takes an additional
argument, a compositing operator.
If in doubt, use <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Op">draw.Over</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now installs packages and commands from
arbitrary remote repositories (not just Google Code, Github, and so on).
See the <a href="/cmd/goinstall/">goinstall documentation</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="r58">r58 (released 2011/06/29)</h2>
<p>
The r58 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly.2011-06-09</a></code>
with additional bug fixes.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> drops the <code>finalURL</code> return
value from the <a href="/pkg/http/#Client.Get">Client.Get</a> method. The value
is now available via the new <code>Request</code> field on <a
href="/pkg/http/#Response">http.Response</a>.
Most instances of the type map[string][]string in have been
replaced with the new <a href="/pkg/http/#Values">Values</a> type.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/exec/">Package exec</a> has been redesigned with a more
convenient and succinct API.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/strconv/">Package strconv</a>'s <a href="/pkg/strconv/#Quote">Quote</a>
function now escapes only those Unicode code points not classified as printable
by <a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsPrint">unicode.IsPrint</a>.
Previously Quote would escape all non-ASCII characters.
This also affects the <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package's <code>"%q"</code>
formatting directive. The previous quoting behavior is still available via
strconv's new <a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteToASCII">QuoteToASCII</a> function.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/signal/">Package os/signal</a>'s
<a href="/pkg/os/#Signal">Signal</a> and
<a href="/pkg/os/#UnixSignal">UnixSignal</a> types have been moved to the
<a href="/pkg/os/">os</a> package.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> is the new name for
<code>exp/draw</code>. The GUI-related code from <code>exp/draw</code> is now
located in the <a href="/pkg/exp/gui/">exp/gui</a> package.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now observes the GOPATH environment
variable to build and install your own code and external libraries outside of
the Go tree (and avoid writing Makefiles).
</p>
<h3 id="r58.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r58.1 adds
<a href="//golang.org/change/293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/change/bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
changes to make Go run on OS X 10.7 Lion.
</p>
<h2 id="r57">r57 (released 2011/05/03)</h2>
<p>
The r57 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly.2011-04-27</a></code>
with additional bug fixes.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<p>The new <a href="/cmd/gofix">gofix</a> tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
newer ones. After you update to a new Go release, gofix helps make the
necessary changes to your programs. Gofix will handle the http, os, and syscall
package changes described below, and we will update the program to keep up with
future changes to the libraries.
Gofix cant
handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
committing them.
See <a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
information.</p>
<h3 id="r57.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Receive_operator">Multiple assignment syntax</a> replaces the <code>closed</code> function.
The syntax for channel
receives allows an optional second assigned value, a boolean value
indicating whether the channel is closed. This code:
</p>
<pre>
v := &lt;-ch
if closed(ch) {
// channel is closed
}
</pre>
<p>should now be written as:</p>
<pre>
v, ok := &lt;-ch
if !ok {
// channel is closed
}
</pre>
<p><a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Label_scopes">Unused labels are now illegal</a>, just as unused local variables are.</p>
<h3 id="r57.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/gob/">Package gob</a> will now encode and decode values of types that implement the
<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces. This allows types with unexported
fields to transmit self-consistent descriptions; examples include
<a href="/pkg/big/#Int.GobDecode">big.Int</a> and <a href="/pkg/big/#Rat.GobDecode">big.Rat</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> has been redesigned.
For clients, there are new
<a href="/pkg/http/#Client">Client</a> and <a href="/pkg/http/#Transport">Transport</a>
abstractions that give more control over HTTP details such as headers sent
and redirections followed. These abstractions make it easy to implement
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="//code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
For servers, <a href="/pkg/http/#ResponseWriter">ResponseWriter</a>
has dropped its non-essential methods.
The Hijack and Flush methods are no longer required;
code can test for them by checking whether a specific value implements
<a href="/pkg/http/#Hijacker">Hijacker</a> or <a href="/pkg/http/#Flusher">Flusher</a>.
The RemoteAddr and UsingTLS methods are replaced by <a href="/pkg/http/#Request">Request</a>'s
RemoteAddr and TLS fields.
The SetHeader method is replaced by a Header method;
its result, of type <a href="/pkg/http/#Header">Header</a>,
implements Set and other methods.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/net/">Package net</a>
drops the <code>laddr</code> argument from <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn.Dial">Dial</a>
and drops the <code>cname</code> return value
from <a href="/pkg/net/#LookupHost">LookupHost</a>.
The implementation now uses <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> to implement
network name lookups using the C library getaddrinfo(3)
function when possible. This ensures that Go and C programs
resolve names the same way and also avoids the OS X
application-level firewall.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>
introduces simplified <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Open">Open</a>
and <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Create">Create</a> functions.
The original Open is now available as <a href="/pkg/os/#File.OpenFile">OpenFile</a>.
The final three arguments to <a href="/pkg/os/#Process.StartProcess">StartProcess</a>
have been replaced by a pointer to a <a href="/pkg/os/#ProcAttr">ProcAttr</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> has been redesigned.
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> is now an interface that implements
all the possible type methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Type <code>t</code>, switch on <code>t.Kind()</code>.
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a> is now a struct value that
implements all the possible value methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Value <code>v</code>, switch on <code>v.Kind()</code>.
Typeof and NewValue are now called <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">TypeOf</a> and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.ValueOf">ValueOf</a>
To create a writable Value, use <code>New(t).Elem()</code> instead of <code>Zero(t)</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/843855f3c026">the change description</a>
for the full details.
The new API allows a more efficient implementation of Value
that avoids many of the allocations required by the previous API.
</p>
<p>
Remember that gofix will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<h3 id="r57.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p><a href="/cmd/gofix/">Gofix</a>, a new command, is described above.</p>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/gotest/">Gotest</a> is now a Go program instead of a shell script.
The new <code>-test.short</code> flag in combination with package testing's Short function
allows you to write tests that can be run in normal or &ldquo;short&rdquo; mode;
all.bash runs tests in short mode to reduce installation time.
The Makefiles know about the flag: use <code>make testshort</code>.
</p>
<p>
The run-time support now implements CPU and memory profiling.
Gotest's new
<a href="/cmd/gotest/"><code>-test.cpuprofile</code> and
<code>-test.memprofile</code> flags</a> make it easy to
profile tests.
To add profiling to your web server, see the <a href="/pkg/http/pprof/">http/pprof</a>
documentation.
For other uses, see the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a> documentation.
</p>
<h3 id="r57.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<h2 id="r56">r56 (released 2011/03/16)</h2>
<p>
The r56 release was the first stable release and corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-03-07">weekly.2011-03-07.1</a></code>.
The numbering starts at 56 because before this release,
what we now consider weekly snapshots were called releases.
</p>

View File

@@ -3,281 +3,19 @@
}-->
<p>This page summarizes the changes between official stable releases of Go.
The <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> has the full details.</p>
Between releases we issue less stable
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/03/go-becomes-more-stable.html">weekly snapshots</a>.
The <a href="weekly.html">weekly snapshot history</a> contains more detail,
and the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>
has full details.</p>
<p>To update to a specific release, use:</p>
<pre>
git pull
git checkout <i>release-branch</i>
hg pull
hg update <i>tag</i>
</pre>
<h2 id="policy">Release Policy</h2>
<p>
Each major Go release is supported until there are two newer major releases.
For example, Go 1.8 is supported until Go 1.10 is released,
and Go 1.9 is supported until Go 1.11 is released.
We fix critical problems, including <a href="/security">critical security problems</a>,
in supported releases as needed by issuing minor revisions
(for example, Go 1.8.1, Go 1.8.2, and so on).
</p>
<h2 id="go1.8">go1.8 (released 2017/02/16)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.8 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.8">Go 1.8 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.8.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.8.1 (released 2017/04/07) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
documentation, <code>go</code> command and the <code>crypto/tls</code>,
<code>encoding/xml</code>, <code>image/png</code>, <code>net</code>,
<code>net/http</code>, <code>reflect</code>, <code>text/template</code>,
and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.1">Go
1.8.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.2 (released 2017/05/23) includes a security fix to the
<code>crypto/elliptic</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.2">Go
1.8.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.3 (released 2017/05/24) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
documentation, and the <code>database/sql</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.3">Go
1.8.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.7">go1.7 (released 2016/08/15)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.7 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.7">Go 1.7 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.7.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.7.1 (released 2016/09/07) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
documentation, and the <code>compress/flate</code>, <code>hash/crc32</code>,
<code>io</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>,
<code>path/filepath</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>syscall</code>
packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.1">Go
1.7.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.2 should not be used. It was tagged but not fully released.
The release was deferred due to a last minute bug report.
Use go1.7.3 instead, and refer to the summary of changes below.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.3 (released 2016/10/19) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
and the <code>crypto/cipher</code>, <code>crypto/tls</code>,
<code>net/http</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.3">Go
1.7.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.4 (released 2016/12/01) includes two security fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.4">Go
1.7.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.5 (released 2017/01/26) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
and the <code>crypto/x509</code> and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.5">Go
1.7.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.6 (released 2017/05/23) includes the same security fix as Go 1.8.2 and
was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.2">Go
1.8.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.6">go1.6 (released 2016/02/17)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.6 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.6">Go 1.6 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.6.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.6.1 (released 2016/04/12) includes two security fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.1">Go
1.6.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.6.2 (released 2016/04/20) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime, tools,
documentation, and the <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>sort</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.2">Go
1.6.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.6.3 (released 2016/07/17) includes security fixes to the
<code>net/http/cgi</code> package and <code>net/http</code> package when used in
a CGI environment.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.3">Go
1.6.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.6.4 (released 2016/12/01) includes two security fixes.
It contains the same fixes as Go 1.7.4 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.4">Go
1.7.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.5">go1.5 (released 2015/08/19)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.5 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.5">Go 1.5 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.5.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.5.1 (released 2015/09/08) includes bug fixes to the compiler, assembler, and
the <code>fmt</code>, <code>net/textproto</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>runtime</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.5.1">Go
1.5.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.5.2 (released 2015/12/02) includes bug fixes to the compiler, linker, and
the <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>runtime</code>
packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.5.2">Go
1.5.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.5.3 (released 2016/01/13) includes a security fix to the <code>math/big</code> package
affecting the <code>crypto/tls</code> package.
See the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go153announce">release announcement</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.5.4 (released 2016/04/12) includes two security fixes.
It contains the same fixes as Go 1.6.1 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.1">Go
1.6.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.4">go1.4 (released 2014/12/10)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.4 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.4.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.4.1 (released 2015/01/15) includes bug fixes to the linker and the <code>log</code>, <code>syscall</code>, and <code>runtime</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.1">Go 1.4.1 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.4.2 (released 2015/02/17) includes bug fixes to the <code>go</code> command, the compiler and linker, and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>syscall</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>math/big</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.2">Go 1.4.2 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.4.3 (released 2015/09/22) includes security fixes to the <code>net/http</code> package and bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.3">Go 1.4.3 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.3">go1.3 (released 2014/06/18)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.3 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.3.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.3.1 (released 2014/08/13) includes bug fixes to the compiler and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>crypto/rsa</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.1">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.2 (released 2014/09/25) includes bug fixes to cgo and the crypto/tls packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.2">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.3 (released 2014/09/30) includes further bug fixes to cgo, the runtime package, and the nacl port.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.3">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.2">go1.2 (released 2013/12/01)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.2 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.2.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.2.1 (released 2014/03/02) includes bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>database/sql</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.2.1">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.2.2 (released 2014/05/05) includes a
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.2.2">security fix</a>
that affects the tour binary included in the binary distributions (thanks to Guillaume T).
</p>
<h2 id="go1.1">go1.1 (released 2013/05/13)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.1 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.1.1 (released 2013/06/13) includes several compiler and runtime bug fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.1.1">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.1.2 (released 2013/08/13) includes fixes to the <code>gc</code> compiler
and <code>cgo</code>, and the <code>bufio</code>, <code>runtime</code>,
<code>syscall</code>, and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.1.2">change history</a> for details.
If you use package syscall's <code>Getrlimit</code> and <code>Setrlimit</code>
functions under Linux on the ARM or 386 architectures, please note change
<a href="//golang.org/cl/11803043">11803043</a>
that fixes <a href="//golang.org/issue/5949">issue 5949</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">go1 (released 2012/03/28)</h2>
<p>
@@ -301,32 +39,459 @@ The go1 release corresponds to
<p>
go1.0.1 (released 2012/04/25) was issued to
<a href="//golang.org/cl/6061043">fix</a> an
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3545">escape analysis bug</a>
that can lead to memory corruption.
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=a890477d3dfb">fix</a> an
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3545">escape analysis
bug</a> that can lead to memory corruption.
It also includes several minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
go1.0.2 (released 2012/06/13) was issued to fix two bugs in the implementation
of maps using struct or array keys:
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3695">issue 3695</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3573">issue 3573</a>.
It also includes many minor code and documentation fixes.
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
</p>
<h2 id="r60">r60 (released 2011/09/07)</h2>
<p>
The r60 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly.2011-08-17</a></code>.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
An "else" block is now required to have braces except if the body of the "else"
is another "if". Since gofmt always puts those braces in anyway,
gofmt-formatted programs will not be affected.
To fix other programs, run gofmt.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a>'s URL parsing and query escaping code
(such as <code>ParseURL</code> and <code>URLEscape</code>) has been moved to
the new <a href="/pkg/url/">url package</a>, with several simplifications to
the names. Client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
</p>
<p>
go1.0.3 (released 2012/09/21) includes minor code and documentation fixes.
<a href="/pkg/image/">Package image</a> has had significant changes made to the
<code>Pix</code> field of struct types such as
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA">image.RGBA</a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#NRGBA">image.NRGBA</a>.
The <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">image.Image</a> interface type has not changed,
though, and you should not need to change your code if you don't explicitly
refer to <code>Pix</code> fields. For example, if you decode a number of images
using the <a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/">image/jpeg</a> package, compose them using
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a>, and then encode the result using
<a href="/pkg/img/png">image/png</a>, then your code should still work as
before.
If your code <i>does</i> refer to <code>Pix</code> fields see the
<a href="/doc/devel/weekly.html#2011-07-19">weekly.2011-07-19</a>
snapshot notes for how to update your code.
</p>
<p>
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
<a href="/pkg/template/">Package template</a> has been replaced with a new
templating package (formerly <code>exp/template</code>). The original template
package is still available as <a href="/pkg/old/template/">old/template</a>.
The <code>old/template</code> package is deprecated and will be removed.
The Go tree has been updated to use the new template package. We encourage
users of the old template package to switch to the new one. Code that uses
<code>template</code> or <code>exp/template</code> will need to change its
import lines to <code>"old/template"</code> or <code>"template"</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<h2 id="pre.go1">Older releases</h2>
<h3 id="r60.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
See the <a href="pre_go1.html">Pre-Go 1 Release History</a> page for notes
on earlier releases.
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now uses a new tag selection scheme.
When downloading or updating, goinstall looks for a tag or branch with the
<code>"go."</code> prefix that corresponds to the local Go version. For Go
<code>release.r58</code> it looks for <code>go.r58</code>. For
<code>weekly.2011-06-03</code> it looks for <code>go.weekly.2011-06-03</code>.
If the specific <code>go.X</code> tag or branch is not found, it chooses the
closest earlier version. If an appropriate tag or branch is found, goinstall
uses that version of the code. Otherwise it uses the default version selected
by the version control system. Library authors are encouraged to use the
appropriate tag or branch names in their repositories to make their libraries
more accessible.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
r60.1 includes a
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=1824581bf62d">linker
fix</a>, a pair of
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
and a <code>json</code> package
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
a new
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=4f0e6269213f">struct tag
option</a>.
</p>
<p>
r60.2
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
a memory leak involving maps.
</p>
<p>
r60.3 fixes a
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="r59">r59 (released 2011/08/01)</h2>
<p>
The r59 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly.2011-07-07</a></code>.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release includes a language change that restricts the use of
<code>goto</code>. In essence, a <code>goto</code> statement outside a block
cannot jump to a label inside that block. Your code may require changes if it
uses <code>goto</code>.
See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=dc6d3cf9279d">this
changeset</a> for how the new rule affected the Go tree.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http">Package http</a> has a new
<a href="/pkg/http/#FileSystem">FileSystem</a> interface that provides access
to files. The <a href="/pkg/http/#FileServer">FileServer</a> helper now takes a
<code>FileSystem</code> argument instead of an explicit file system root. By
implementing your own <code>FileSystem</code> you can use the
<code>FileServer</code> to serve arbitrary data.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>'s <code>ErrorString</code> type has been
hidden. Most uses of <code>os.ErrorString</code> can be replaced with
<a href="/pkg/os/#NewError">os.NewError</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> supports a new struct tag scheme
that enables sharing of struct tags between multiple packages.
In this scheme, the tags must be of the form:
</p>
<pre>
`key:"value" key2:"value2"`
</pre>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructField">StructField</a> type's Tag field now
has type <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag">StructTag</a>, which has a
<code>Get</code> method. Clients of <a href="/pkg/json">json</a> and
<a href="/pkg/xml">xml</a> will need to be updated. Code that says
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X int "name"
}
</pre>
<p>
should become
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X int `json:"name"` // or `xml:"name"`
}
</pre>
<p>
Use <a href="/cmd/govet/">govet</a> to identify struct tags that need to be
changed to use the new syntax.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/sort/">Package sort</a>'s <code>IntArray</code> type has been
renamed to <a href="/pkg/sort/#IntSlice">IntSlice</a>, and similarly for
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Float64Slice">Float64Slice</a> and
<a href="/pkg/sort/#StringSlice">StringSlice</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/strings/">Package strings</a>'s <code>Split</code> function has
itself been split into <a href="/pkg/strings/#Split">Split</a> and
<a href="/pkg/strings/#SplitN">SplitN</a>.
<code>SplitN</code> is the same as the old <code>Split</code>.
The new <code>Split</code> is equivalent to <code>SplitN</code> with a final
argument of -1.
</p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a>'s
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw">Draw</a> function now takes an additional
argument, a compositing operator.
If in doubt, use <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Op">draw.Over</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now installs packages and commands from
arbitrary remote repositories (not just Google Code, Github, and so on).
See the <a href="/cmd/goinstall/">goinstall documentation</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="r58">r58 (released 2011/06/29)</h2>
<p>
The r58 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly.2011-06-09</a></code>
with additional bug fixes.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> drops the <code>finalURL</code> return
value from the <a href="/pkg/http/#Client.Get">Client.Get</a> method. The value
is now available via the new <code>Request</code> field on <a
href="/pkg/http/#Response">http.Response</a>.
Most instances of the type map[string][]string in have been
replaced with the new <a href="/pkg/http/#Values">Values</a> type.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/exec/">Package exec</a> has been redesigned with a more
convenient and succinct API.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/strconv/">Package strconv</a>'s <a href="/pkg/strconv/#Quote">Quote</a>
function now escapes only those Unicode code points not classified as printable
by <a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsPrint">unicode.IsPrint</a>.
Previously Quote would escape all non-ASCII characters.
This also affects the <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package's <code>"%q"</code>
formatting directive. The previous quoting behavior is still available via
strconv's new <a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteToASCII">QuoteToASCII</a> function.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/signal/">Package os/signal</a>'s
<a href="/pkg/os/#Signal">Signal</a> and
<a href="/pkg/os/#UnixSignal">UnixSignal</a> types have been moved to the
<a href="/pkg/os/">os</a> package.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> is the new name for
<code>exp/draw</code>. The GUI-related code from <code>exp/draw</code> is now
located in the <a href="/pkg/exp/gui/">exp/gui</a> package.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now observes the GOPATH environment
variable to build and install your own code and external libraries outside of
the Go tree (and avoid writing Makefiles).
</p>
<h3 id="r58.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r58.1 adds
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
changes to make Go run on OS X 10.7 Lion.
</p>
<h2 id="r57">r57 (released 2011/05/03)</h2>
<p>
The r57 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly.2011-04-27</a></code>
with additional bug fixes.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<p>The new <a href="/cmd/gofix">gofix</a> tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
newer ones. After you update to a new Go release, gofix helps make the
necessary changes to your programs. Gofix will handle the http, os, and syscall
package changes described below, and we will update the program to keep up with
future changes to the libraries.
Gofix cant
handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
committing them.
See <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
information.</p>
<h3 id="r57.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Receive_operator">Multiple assignment syntax</a> replaces the <code>closed</code> function.
The syntax for channel
receives allows an optional second assigned value, a boolean value
indicating whether the channel is closed. This code:
</p>
<pre>
v := &lt;-ch
if closed(ch) {
// channel is closed
}
</pre>
<p>should now be written as:</p>
<pre>
v, ok := &lt;-ch
if !ok {
// channel is closed
}
</pre>
<p><a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Label_scopes">Unused labels are now illegal</a>, just as unused local variables are.</p>
<h3 id="r57.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/gob/">Package gob</a> will now encode and decode values of types that implement the
<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces. This allows types with unexported
fields to transmit self-consistent descriptions; examples include
<a href="/pkg/big/#Int.GobDecode">big.Int</a> and <a href="/pkg/big/#Rat.GobDecode">big.Rat</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> has been redesigned.
For clients, there are new
<a href="/pkg/http/#Client">Client</a> and <a href="/pkg/http/#Transport">Transport</a>
abstractions that give more control over HTTP details such as headers sent
and redirections followed. These abstractions make it easy to implement
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="http://code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
For servers, <a href="/pkg/http/#ResponseWriter">ResponseWriter</a>
has dropped its non-essential methods.
The Hijack and Flush methods are no longer required;
code can test for them by checking whether a specific value implements
<a href="/pkg/http/#Hijacker">Hijacker</a> or <a href="/pkg/http/#Flusher">Flusher</a>.
The RemoteAddr and UsingTLS methods are replaced by <a href="/pkg/http/#Request">Request</a>'s
RemoteAddr and TLS fields.
The SetHeader method is replaced by a Header method;
its result, of type <a href="/pkg/http/#Header">Header</a>,
implements Set and other methods.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/net/">Package net</a>
drops the <code>laddr</code> argument from <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn.Dial">Dial</a>
and drops the <code>cname</code> return value
from <a href="/pkg/net/#LookupHost">LookupHost</a>.
The implementation now uses <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> to implement
network name lookups using the C library getaddrinfo(3)
function when possible. This ensures that Go and C programs
resolve names the same way and also avoids the OS X
application-level firewall.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>
introduces simplified <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Open">Open</a>
and <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Create">Create</a> functions.
The original Open is now available as <a href="/pkg/os/#File.OpenFile">OpenFile</a>.
The final three arguments to <a href="/pkg/os/#Process.StartProcess">StartProcess</a>
have been replaced by a pointer to a <a href="/pkg/os/#ProcAttr">ProcAttr</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> has been redesigned.
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> is now an interface that implements
all the possible type methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Type <code>t</code>, switch on <code>t.Kind()</code>.
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a> is now a struct value that
implements all the possible value methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Value <code>v</code>, switch on <code>v.Kind()</code>.
Typeof and NewValue are now called <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">TypeOf</a> and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.ValueOf">ValueOf</a>
To create a writable Value, use <code>New(t).Elem()</code> instead of <code>Zero(t)</code>.
See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=843855f3c026">the change description</a>
for the full details.
The new API allows a more efficient implementation of Value
that avoids many of the allocations required by the previous API.
</p>
<p>
Remember that gofix will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<h3 id="r57.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p><a href="/cmd/gofix/">Gofix</a>, a new command, is described above.</p>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/gotest/">Gotest</a> is now a Go program instead of a shell script.
The new <code>-test.short</code> flag in combination with package testing's Short function
allows you to write tests that can be run in normal or &ldquo;short&rdquo; mode;
all.bash runs tests in short mode to reduce installation time.
The Makefiles know about the flag: use <code>make testshort</code>.
</p>
<p>
The run-time support now implements CPU and memory profiling.
Gotest's new
<a href="/cmd/gotest/"><code>-test.cpuprofile</code> and
<code>-test.memprofile</code> flags</a> make it easy to
profile tests.
To add profiling to your web server, see the <a href="/pkg/http/pprof/">http/pprof</a>
documentation.
For other uses, see the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a> documentation.
</p>
<h3 id="r57.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<h2 id="r56">r56 (released 2011/03/16)</h2>
<p>
The r56 release was the first stable release and corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-03-07">weekly.2011-03-07.1</a></code>.
The numbering starts at 56 because before this release,
what we now consider weekly snapshots were called releases.
</p>

View File

@@ -3,9 +3,18 @@
}-->
<p>This page summarizes the changes between tagged weekly snapshots of Go.
Such snapshots are no longer created. This page remains as a historical reference only.</p>
For full details, see the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>.</p>
<p>For recent information, see the <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> and <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-dev/">development mailing list</a>.</p>
<p>Weekly snapshots occur often and may not be stable.
If stability of API and code is more important than having the
latest features, use the <a href="release.html">official releases</a> instead.</p>
<p>To update to a specific snapshot, use:</p>
<pre>
hg pull
hg update weekly.<i>YYYY-MM-DD</i>
</pre>
<h2 id="2012-03-27">2012-03-27 (<a href="release.html#go1">Go 1</a>)</h2>
@@ -519,7 +528,7 @@ Other changes:
fix FreeBSD signal handling around thread creation (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
goroutine profile, stack dumps,
implement runtime.osyield on FreeBSD 386, amd64 (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
permit default behavior of SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU,
permit default behaviour of SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU,
release unused memory to the OS (thanks Sébastien Paolacci),
remove an obsolete file (thanks Mikio Hara).
* spec: make all comparison results untyped bool,
@@ -2035,7 +2044,7 @@ Other changes:
* spec: define order of multiple assignment.
* syscall/windows: dll function load and calling changes (thanks Alex Brainman).
* syscall: add #ifdefs to fix the manual corrections in ztypes_linux_arm.go (thanks Dave Cheney),
adjust Mount to accommodate stricter FS implementations.
adjust Mount to accomodate stricter FS implementations.
* testing: fix time reported for failing tests.
* utf8: add Valid and ValidString.
* websocket: tweak hybi ReadHandshake to support Firefox (thanks Luca Greco).
@@ -2450,7 +2459,7 @@ The http package's URL parsing and query escaping code (such as ParseURL and
URLEscape) has been moved to the new url package, with several simplifications
to the names. Client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
* asn1: support unmarshaling structs with int32 members (thanks Dave Cheney).
* asn1: support unmarshalling structs with int32 members (thanks Dave Cheney).
* build: allow builds without cgo or hg,
support versioning without hg (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
* builtin: add documentation for builtins.
@@ -3030,7 +3039,7 @@ Other changes:
* 5g: alignment fixes.
* 6l, 8l: fix Mach-O binaries with many dynamic libraries.
* 8l: emit resources (.rsrc) in Windows PE. (thanks Wei Guangjing).
* asn1: fix marshaling of empty optional RawValues (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
* asn1: fix marshalling of empty optional RawValues (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
* big: make Int and Rat implement fmt.Scanner (thanks Evan Shaw),
~8x faster number scanning,
remove some unnecessary conversions.
@@ -4157,7 +4166,7 @@ Other changes in this release:
* suffixarray: use binary search for both ends of Lookup (thanks Eric Eisner).
* syscall: add missing network interface constants (thanks Mikio Hara).
* template: treat map keys as zero, not non-existent (thanks Roger Peppe).
* time: allow canceling of After events (thanks Roger Peppe),
* time: allow cancelling of After events (thanks Roger Peppe),
support Solaris zoneinfo directory.
* token/position: added SetLinesForContent.
* unicode: update to unicode 6.0.0.
@@ -4238,7 +4247,7 @@ example: http://golang.org/pkg/xml/
<pre>
The json, gob, and template packages have changed, and code that uses them
may need to be updated after this release. They will no longer read or write
unexported struct fields. When marshaling a struct with json or gob the
unexported struct fields. When marshalling a struct with json or gob the
unexported fields will be silently ignored. Attempting to unmarshal json or
gob data into an unexported field will generate an error. Accessing an
unexported field from a template will cause the Execute function to return
@@ -4362,7 +4371,7 @@ The print/println bootstrapping functions now write to standard error.
To write to standard output, use fmt.Print[ln].
A new tool, govet, has been added to the Go distribution. Govet is a static
checker for Go programs. At the moment, and for the foreseeable future,
checker for Go programs. At the moment, and for the forseeable future,
it only checks arguments to print calls.
The cgo tool for writing Go bindings for C code has changed so that it no
@@ -5682,7 +5691,7 @@ Other changes:
pidigits ~10% performance win by using adds instead of shifts.
* time: remove incorrect time.ISO8601 and add time.RFC3339 (thanks Micah Stetson).
* utf16: add DecodeRune, EncodeRune.
* xml: add support for XML marshaling embedded structs (thanks Raif S. Naffah),
* xml: add support for XML marshalling embedded structs (thanks Raif S. Naffah),
new "innerxml" tag to collect inner XML.
</pre>
@@ -5696,7 +5705,7 @@ This release contains many changes:
* cmath: new complex math library (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
* docs: update to match current coding style (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
* exp/eval: fix example and add target to Makefile (thanks Evan Shaw).
* fmt: change behavior of format verb %b to match %x when negative (thanks Andrei Vieru).
* fmt: change behaviour of format verb %b to match %x when negative (thanks Andrei Vieru).
* gc: compile s == "" as len(s) == 0,
distinguish fatal compiler bug from error+exit,
fix alignment on non-amd64,
@@ -5925,10 +5934,10 @@ Other changes and fixes:
* 8a/8l: Added CMOVcc instructions (thanks Evan Shaw)
* 8l: pe executable building code changed to include import table for kernel32.dll functions (thanks Alex Brainman)
* 5g/6g/8g: bug fixes
* asn1: bug fixes and additions (incl marshaling)
* asn1: bug fixes and additions (incl marshalling)
* build: fix build for Native Client, Linux/ARM
* dashboard: show benchmarks, add garbage collector benchmarks
* encoding/pem: add marshaling support
* encoding/pem: add marshalling support
* exp/draw: fast paths for a nil mask
* godoc: support for directories outside $GOROOT
* http: sort header keys when writing Response or Request to wire (thanks Petar Maymounkov)
@@ -5971,7 +5980,7 @@ You can now check build status on various platforms at the Go Dashboard:
* runtime: add SetFinalizer
* time: Sleep through interruptions (thanks Chris Wedgwood)
add RFC822 formats
experimental implementation of Ticker using two goroutines for all tickers
experimental implemenation of Ticker using two goroutines for all tickers
* xml: allow underscores in XML element names (thanks Michael Hoisie)
allow any scalar type in xml.Unmarshal
</pre>

View File

@@ -33,34 +33,20 @@ libraries.
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/doc.png"/>
<h3 id="go_tour"><a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a></h3>
<h3 id="go_tour"><a href="http://tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
An interactive introduction to Go in three sections.
The first section covers basic syntax and data structures; the second discusses
methods and interfaces; and the third introduces Go's concurrency primitives.
Each section concludes with a few exercises so you can practice what you've
learned. You can <a href="//tour.golang.org/">take the tour online</a> or
install it locally with:
</p>
<p>
<pre>
$ go get golang.org/x/tour/gotour
</pre>
This will place the <code>gotour</code> binary in your workspace's <code>bin</code> directory.
learned. You can <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">take the tour online</a> or
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-tour/">install it locally</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="code"><a href="code.html">How to write Go code</a></h3>
<p>
Also available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>, this doc
explains how to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a> to fetch, build, and
install packages, commands, and run tests.
</p>
<h3 id="editors"><a href="editors.html">Editor plugins and IDEs</a></h3>
<p>
A document that summarizes commonly used editor plugins and IDEs with
Go support.
How to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a> to fetch, build, and install
packages, commands, and run tests.
</p>
<h3 id="effective_go"><a href="effective_go.html">Effective Go</a></h3>
@@ -70,52 +56,36 @@ A must read for any new Go programmer. It augments the tour and
the language specification, both of which should be read first.
</p>
<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<h3 id="appengine"><a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/go/gettingstarted/">Getting Started with Go on App Engine</a></h3>
<p>
How to develop and deploy a simple Go project with
<a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="go_faq"><a href="go_faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<p>
Answers to common questions about Go.
</p>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Language Community Wiki</a></h3>
<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
<h4 id="learn_more">More</h4>
<h2 id="go1">Go version 1</h2>
<h3 id="go1notes"><a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1 Release Notes</a></h3>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Learn">Learn</a> page at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a>
for more Go learning resources.
A guide for updating your code to work with Go 1.
</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<h3 id="pkg"><a href="/pkg/">Package Documentation</a></h3>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go standard library.
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h3 id="cmd"><a href="/doc/cmd">Command Documentation</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go tools.
</p>
<h2 id="articles">Go Articles</h2>
<h3 id="spec"><a href="/ref/spec">Language Specification</a></h3>
<p>
The official Go Language specification.
</p>
<h3 id="go_mem"><a href="/ref/mem">The Go Memory Model</a></h3>
<p>
A document that specifies the conditions under which reads of a variable in
one goroutine can be guaranteed to observe values produced by writes to the
same variable in a different goroutine.
</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h2 id="articles">Articles</h2>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="//blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>
@@ -132,80 +102,113 @@ Guided tours of Go programs.
<h4>Language</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gos-declaration-syntax">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/defer-panic-and-recover">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/error-handling-and-go">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/organizing-go-code">Organizing Go code</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/json_rpc_tale_of_interfaces.html">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/gos_declaration_syntax.html">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/concurrency_patterns.html">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/05/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces.html">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/error_handling.html">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
</ul>
<h4>Packages</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-and-go">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/gobs-of-data">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/laws-of-reflection">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-image-package">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-imagedraw-package">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/json_and_go.html">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/gobs_of_data.html">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/laws_of_reflection.html">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/image_package.html">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/image_draw.html">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Tools</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/go_command.html">About the Go command</a> - why we wrote it, what it is, what it's not, and how to use it.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/c-go-cgo">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/c_go_cgo.html">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/gdb">Debugging Go Code with GDB</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">Data Race Detector</a> - a manual for the data race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/race-detector">Introducing the Go Race Detector</a> - an introduction to the race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/asm">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</a> - an introduction to the assembler used by Go.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/godoc_documenting_go_code.html">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="articles_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Articles">Articles page</a> at the
<a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for more Go articles.
</p>
<h2 id="talks">Talks</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/talks.png"/>
<h3 id="video_tour_of_go"><a href="http://research.swtch.com/gotour">A Video Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
Three things that make Go fast, fun, and productive:
interfaces, reflection, and concurrency. Builds a toy web crawler to
demonstrate these.
The talks marked with a red asterisk (<font color="red">*</font>) were written
before Go 1 and contain some examples that are no longer correct, but they are
still of value.
</p>
<h3 id="go_code_that_grows"><a href="//vimeo.com/53221560">Code that grows with grace</a></h3>
<h3 id="writing_web_apps"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-i0hat7pdpk">Writing Web Apps in Go</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
One of Go's key design goals is code adaptability; that it should be easy to take a simple design and build upon it in a clean and natural way. In this talk Andrew Gerrand describes a simple "chat roulette" server that matches pairs of incoming TCP connections, and then use Go's concurrency mechanisms, interfaces, and standard library to extend it with a web interface and other features. While the function of the program changes dramatically, Go's flexibility preserves the original design as it grows.
A talk by Rob Pike and Andrew Gerrand presented at Google I/O 2011.
It walks through the construction and deployment of a simple web application
and unveils the <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/05/go-and-google-app-engine.html">Go runtime for App Engine</a>.
See the <a href="/doc/talks/io2011/Writing_Web_Apps_in_Go.pdf">presentation slides</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<h3 id="real_world_go"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QDVRowyUQA">Real World Go</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
Concurrency is the key to designing high performance network services. Go's concurrency primitives (goroutines and channels) provide a simple and efficient means of expressing concurrent execution. In this talk we see how tricky concurrency problems can be solved gracefully with simple Go code.
A talk by Andrew Gerrand presented at Google I/O Bootcamp 2011.
It gives a broad overview of Go's type system and concurrency model
and provides four examples of Go programs that solve real problems.
See the <a href="/doc/talks/io2011/Real_World_Go.pdf">presentation slides</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="advanced_go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw">Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<h3 id="integrated_apps"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mo1YKpIF1PQ">Building Integrated Apps on Google's Cloud Platform</a></h3>
<p>
This talk expands on the <i>Go Concurrency Patterns</i> talk to dive deeper into Go's concurrency primitives.
A talk by Andrew Gerrand presented at Google Developer Day Japan 2011.
It discusses the development of a web application that runs on Google
App Engine and renders images that it stores on Google Cloud Storage.
</p>
<h3 id="go_programming"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgVhBThJdXc">Go Programming</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
A presentation delivered by Rob Pike and Russ Cox at Google I/O 2010. It
illustrates how programming in Go differs from other languages through a set of
examples demonstrating features particular to Go. These include concurrency,
embedded types, methods on any type, and program construction using interfaces.
</p>
<h3 id="practical_go_programming"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-pPAvqyluI">Practical Go Programming</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
This talk presents the development of a complete web application in Go.
It looks at design, storage, concurrency, and scaling issues in detail, using
the simple example of an URL shortening service.
See the <a href="http://wh3rd.net/practical-go/">presentation slides</a>.
</p>
<h4 id="talks_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/talks">Go Talks site</a> and <a href="/wiki/GoTalks">wiki page</a> for more Go talks.
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/GoTalks">GoTalks
page</a> at the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Wiki</a> for
more Go talks.
</p>
<h2 id="nonenglish">Non-English Documentation</h2>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for localized
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Wiki</a> for localized
documentation.
</p>
<h2 id="community">The Go Community</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/project.png"/>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
mailing list is for general Go discussion.</p>
<h3 id="projects"><a href="http://godashboard.appspot.com/project">Go Project Dashboard</a></h3>
<p>A list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
<p><b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b> is the official Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>

View File

@@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Editor plugins and IDEs",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
This document lists commonly used editor plugins and IDEs from the Go ecosystem
that make Go development more productive and seamless.
A comprehensive list of editor support and IDEs for Go development is available at
<a href="http://golang.org/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">the wiki</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="options">Options</h2>
<p>
The Go ecosystem provides a variety of editor plugins and IDEs to enhance your day-to-day
editing, navigation, testing, and debugging experience.
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/fatih/vim-go">Vim Go</a>: a plugin for Vim to provide Go programming language support</li>
<li><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=lukehoban.Go">Visual Studio Code Go</a>:
an extension for Visual Studio Code to provide support for the Go programming language</li>
<li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go">Gogland</a>: Gogland is distributed either as a standalone IDE
or as a plugin for the IntelliJ Platform IDEs</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that these are only a few top solutions; a more comphensive
community-maintained list of
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">IDEs and text editor plugins</a>
is available at the Wiki.
</p>
<p>
Each development environment integrates a number of Go-specific tools.
The following feature matrix lists and compares the most significant features.
</p>
<table class="features-matrix">
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><img title="Vim Go" src="/doc/editors/vimgo.png"><br>Vim Go</th>
<th><img title="Visual Studio Code" src="/doc/editors/vscodego.png"><br>Visual Studio Code Go</th>
<th><img title="Gogland" src="/doc/editors/gogland.png"><br>Gogland</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="feature-row" colspan="4">Editing features</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Build and run from the editor/IDE</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Autocompletion of identifers (variable, method, and function names)</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Autocompletion based on type</td>
<td class="no">No</td>
<td class="no">No</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rename identifiers</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Auto format, build, vet, and lint on save</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes<sup>1</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Auto insert import paths and remove unused on save</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes<sup>2</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Auto generate JSON, XML tags for struct fields</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="feature-row" colspan="4">Navigation features</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Display documentation inline, or open godoc in browser</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Switch between <code>*.go</code> and <code>*_test.go</code> file</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jump to definition and referees</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Look up for interface implementations</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Search for callers and callees</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="feature-row" colspan="4">Testing and debugging features</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Debugger support</td>
<td class="no">No</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Run a single test case, all tests from file, or all tests from a package</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Auto generate tests for packages, files and identifiers</td>
<td class="no">No</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="no">No</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Debug tests</td>
<td class="no">No</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Display test coverage</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
<td class="yes">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr class="download">
<td></td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/fatih/vim-go">Install<a/></td>
<td><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=lukehoban.Go">Install<a/></td>
<td><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go">Install<a/></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
<sup>1</sup>: Possible when enabled via Settings &gt; Go &gt; On Save, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> and <code>golint</code> are available via plugins. Also runs tests on save if configured.
<br>
<sup>2</sup>: Additionally, user input can disambiguate when two or more options are available.
</p>
</div>
<style>
.features-matrix {
min-width: 800px;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
.features-matrix th {
width: 60px;
text-align: center;
font-size: 14px;
color: #666;
}
.features-matrix th img {
width: 48px;
}
.features-matrix .yes {
text-align: center;
}
.features-matrix .no {
text-align: center;
background-color: #ffe9e9;
}
.features-matrix .download {
font-weight: bold;
text-align: center;
}
.features-matrix td {
padding: 11px 5px 11px 5px;
border-bottom: solid 1px #ebebeb;
}
.features-matrix .feature-row {
background-color: #ebebeb;
font-weight: bold;
}
</style>
<!--TODO(jbd): Add the Atom comparison-->

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