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Author SHA1 Message Date
Katie Hockman
72766093e6 [release-branch.go1.13-security] go1.13.2
Change-Id: I057434f66a07bd97e7608e171e48283423d89680
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/575987
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <valsorda@google.com>
2019-10-17 17:32:17 +00:00
Katie Hockman
f3ed8e61d9 [release-branch.go1.13-security] doc: document Go 1.13.2 and Go 1.12.11
Change-Id: I73f27924046a0a2493330ddc732d1a2fd3f730a5
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/575981
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <valsorda@google.com>
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/575983
2019-10-17 15:57:02 +00:00
zdjones
fddc08f94a [release-branch.go1.13-security] cmd/compile: make poset use sufficient conditions for OrderedOrEqual
When assessing whether A <= B, the poset's OrderedOrEqual has a passing
condition which permits A <= B, but is not sufficient to infer that A <= B.
This CL removes that incorrect passing condition.

Having identified that A and B are in the poset, the method will report that
A <= B if any of these three conditions are true:
 (1) A and B are the same node in the poset.
 	- This means we know that A == B.
 (2) There is a directed path, strict or not, from A -> B
 	- This means we know that, at least, A <= B, but A < B is possible.
 (3) There is a directed path from B -> A, AND that path has no strict edges.
 	- This means we know that B <= A, but do not know that B < A.

In condition (3), we do not have enough information to say that A <= B, rather
we only know that B == A (which satisfies A <= B) is possible. The way I
understand it, a strict edge shows a known, strictly-ordered relation (<) but
the lack of a strict edge does not show the lack of a strictly-ordered relation.

The difference is highlighted by the example in #34802, where a bounds check is
incorrectly removed by prove, such that negative indexes into a slice
succeed:

	n := make([]int, 1)
	for i := -1; i <= 0; i++ {
	    fmt.Printf("i is %d\n", i)
	    n[i] = 1  // No Bounds check, program runs, assignment to n[-1] succeeds!!
	}

When prove is checking the negative/failed branch from the bounds check at n[i],
in the signed domain we learn (0 > i || i >= len(n)). Because prove can't learn
the OR condition, we check whether we know that i is non-negative so we can
learn something, namely that i >= len(n). Prove uses the poset to check whether
we know that i is non-negative.  At this point the poset holds the following
relations as a directed graph:

	-1 <= i <= 0
	-1 < 0

In poset.OrderedOrEqual, we are testing for 0 <= i. In this case, condition (3)
above is true because there is a non-strict path from i -> 0, and that path
does NOT have any strict edges. Because this condition is true, the poset
reports to prove that i is known to be >= 0. Knowing, incorrectly, that i >= 0,
prove learns from the failed bounds check that i >= len(n) in the signed domain.

When the slice, n, was created, prove learned that len(n) == 1. Because i is
also the induction variable for the loop, upon entering the loop, prove previously
learned that i is in [-1,0]. So when prove attempts to learn from the failed
bounds check, it finds the new fact, i > len(n), unsatisfiable given that it
previously learned that i <= 0 and len(n) = 1.

Fixes #34807

Change-Id: I235f4224bef97700c3aa5c01edcc595eb9f13afc
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/200759
Run-TryBot: Zach Jones <zachj1@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Giovanni Bajo <rasky@develer.com>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/201060
Run-TryBot: Alexander Rakoczy <alex@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/575398
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <valsorda@google.com>
2019-10-17 15:56:46 +00:00
zdjones
d66ace1bab [release-branch.go1.13-security] cmd/compile: rename poset method dominates to reaches
The partially ordered set uses a method named 'dominates' to determine whether
two nodes are partially ordered. Dominates does a depth-first search of the
DAG, beginning at the source node, and returns true as soon as it finds a path
to the target node. In the context of the forest-of-DAGs that makes up the
poset, dominates is not necessarily checking dominance, but is checking
reachability. See the issue tracker for a more detailed discussion of the
difference.

Fortunately, reachability is logically correct everywhere dominates is currently
used in poset.go. Reachability within a DAG is sufficient to establish the
partial ordering (source < target).

This CL changes the name of the method (dominates -> reaches) and updates
all the comments in the file accordingly.

Updates #34807

Change-Id: Ia3a34f7b14b363801d75b05099cfc686035f7d96
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192617
Reviewed-by: Giovanni Bajo <rasky@develer.com>
Run-TryBot: Giovanni Bajo <rasky@develer.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/201059
Run-TryBot: Alexander Rakoczy <alex@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/575397
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <valsorda@google.com>
2019-10-17 15:56:30 +00:00
Katie Hockman
4cabf6992e [release-branch.go1.13-security] crypto/dsa: prevent bad public keys from causing panic
dsa.Verify might currently use a nil s inverse in a
multiplication if the public key contains a non-prime Q,
causing a panic. Change this to check that the mod
inverse exists before using it.

Fixes CVE-2019-17596

Change-Id: I94d5f3cc38f1b5d52d38dcb1d253c71b7fd1cae7
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/572809
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <valsorda@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit 9119dfb0511326d4485b248b83d4fde19c95d0f7)
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/575233
2019-10-16 23:10:06 +00:00
Filippo Valsorda
b17fd8e49d [release-branch.go1.13-security] go1.13.1
Change-Id: I371ff39537fc617a2462cc947dd717b53ede7bcc
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/558790
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>
2019-09-25 18:48:17 +00:00
Andrew
13fe59bfda [release-branch.go1.13-security] doc: add Go 1.13 to release history
Change-Id: I3340561c0b17bf28d8d480e00f5bc8afb2a897ef
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/193042
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Katie Hockman <katie@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/558786
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>
2019-09-25 17:33:40 +00:00
Filippo Valsorda
5a6ab1ec3e [release-branch.go1.13-security] net/textproto: don't normalize headers with spaces before the colon
RFC 7230 is clear about headers with a space before the colon, like

X-Answer : 42

being invalid, but we've been accepting and normalizing them for compatibility
purposes since CL 5690059 in 2012.

On the client side, this is harmless and indeed most browsers behave the same
to this day. On the server side, this becomes a security issue when the
behavior doesn't match that of a reverse proxy sitting in front of the server.

For example, if a WAF accepts them without normalizing them, it might be
possible to bypass its filters, because the Go server would interpret the
header differently. Worse, if the reverse proxy coalesces requests onto a
single HTTP/1.1 connection to a Go server, the understanding of the request
boundaries can get out of sync between them, allowing an attacker to tack an
arbitrary method and path onto a request by other clients, including
authentication headers unknown to the attacker.

This was recently presented at multiple security conferences:
https://portswigger.net/blog/http-desync-attacks-request-smuggling-reborn

net/http servers already reject header keys with invalid characters.
Simply stop normalizing extra spaces in net/textproto, let it return them
unchanged like it does for other invalid headers, and let net/http enforce
RFC 7230, which is HTTP specific. This loses us normalization on the client
side, but there's no right answer on the client side anyway, and hiding the
issue sounds worse than letting the application decide.

Fixes CVE-2019-16276

Change-Id: I6d272de827e0870da85d93df770d6a0e161bbcf1
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/549719
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit 1280b868e82bf173ea3e988be3092d160ee66082)
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/558935
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>
2019-09-25 17:15:11 +00:00
Filippo Valsorda
c58577b6c9 [release-branch.go1.13-security] doc: document Go 1.13.1 and Go 1.12.10
Change-Id: If694ce529393b8ae9c6c55270665efc3a108a3b2
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/558783
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@google.com>
2019-09-25 17:12:25 +00:00
Andrew Bonventre
cc8838d645 [release-branch.go1.13] go1.13
Change-Id: Iad80da6df9a6f9a39458e1060bed3557a5ed89a4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/193037
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Rakoczy <alex@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
2019-09-03 17:05:17 +00:00
Bryan C. Mills
67d2a1e066 [release-branch.go1.13] doc/go1.13: remove announcements of arm64 support on NetBSD and OpenBSD
Those configurations currently lack builders, and it is not clear to
me what state their tests are in.

The Go porting policy¹ requires builders for all active ports, so
let's not claim support until that requirement is met.

¹https://golang.org/wiki/PortingPolicy#requirements-for-a-new-port

Updates #30824
Updates #31656
Updates #34035
Updates #34036

Change-Id: I6496de9d92fb8546048abf139cf10546a47e314b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192997
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 9f5127bfeb)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192998
Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
2019-09-03 13:47:38 +00:00
Emmanuel Odeke
4c8037b278 [release-branch.go1.13] os: skip TestPipeThreads on GOOS=darwin
Updates #32326.
Updates #33953.

Change-Id: I97a1cbe682becfe9592e19294d4d94f5e5b16c21
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192342
Run-TryBot: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit bac5b3f0fe)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192757
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
2019-09-03 01:03:47 +00:00
Kevin Gillette
b719a5875e [release-branch.go1.13] net/http: make docs refer to Context.Value as a getter instead of context.WithValue
The doc comments of both ServerContextKey and LocalAddrContextKey both suggest that context.WithValue can be used to access (get) properties of the server or connection. This PR fixes those comments to refer to Context.Value instead.

Change-Id: I4ed383ef97ba1951f90c555243007469cfc18d4d
GitHub-Last-Rev: 05bc3acf82
GitHub-Pull-Request: golang/go#33833
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191838
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 8b03a3992b)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191750
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-09-02 21:51:40 +00:00
Andrew
fb7b50c13c [release-branch.go1.13] doc: document Go 1.13
Change-Id: Icf7e1dab82aa48cc693eb4da8a564dff23312741
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192746
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
2019-09-02 21:44:50 +00:00
Andrew Bonventre
2f866fe20f [release-branch.go1.13] doc/1.13: remove draft note and make various fixes
Updates #33954

Change-Id: Idfe71bf825adcd7cbf70cd139b3e779963394ff6
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192105
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Katie Hockman <katie@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit dec16794cf)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192743
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
2019-09-02 21:43:53 +00:00
Tom Thorogood
2e65ef623b [release-branch.go1.13] encoding/json: revert Compact HTML escaping documentation
This partly reverts CL 173417 as it incorrectly documented that Compact
performed HTML escaping and the output was safe to embed inside HTML
<script> tags. This has never been true.

Although Compact does escape U+2028 and U+2029, it doesn't escape <, >
or &. Compact is thus only performing a subset of HTML escaping and it's
output is not safe to embed inside HTML <script> tags.

A more complete fix would be for Compact to either never perform any
HTML escaping, as it was prior to CL 10883045, or to actually perform
the same HTML escaping as HTMLEscape. Neither change is likely safe
enough for go1.13.

Fixes #34006
Updates #30357

Change-Id: I912f0fe9611097d988048b28228c4a5b985080ba
GitHub-Last-Rev: aebababc92
GitHub-Pull-Request: golang/go#33427
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/188717
Reviewed-by: Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
Run-TryBot: Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 79669dc705)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192747
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
2019-09-02 21:39:04 +00:00
Andrew Bonventre
d7b402a49a [release-branch.go1.13] go1.13rc2
Change-Id: I1d3f2f7e8d274f328e20f9158468d8a1b4367fcf
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192320
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
2019-08-29 14:35:17 +00:00
Dmitri Shuralyov
450a918b6f [release-branch.go1.13] CONTRIBUTORS: second round of updates for Go 1.13
This update has been automatically generated using the updatecontrib
command:

	cd gotip
	go run golang.org/x/build/cmd/updatecontrib

With minor manual changes based on publicly available information
to canonicalize letter case for a few names.

Actions taken (relative to CONTRIBUTORS at origin/master):

	Added Albert Teoh <albert.teoh@gmail.com>
	Added Allen Li <ayatane@google.com>
	Added Anderson Queiroz <contato@andersonq.eti.br>
	Added Andrew Todd <andrew.todd@wework.com>
	Added Artem Kolin <artemkaxboy@gmail.com>
	Added Bharath Thiruveedula <tbharath91@gmail.com>
	Added Christian Muehlhaeuser <muesli@gmail.com>
	Added Darren McCleary <darren.rmc@gmail.com>
	Added David Finkel <david.finkel@gmail.com>
	Added Eddie Scholtz <escholtz@google.com>
	Added GitHub User tatsumack (4510569) <tatsu.mack@gmail.com>
	Added GitHub User utkarsh-extc (53217283) <53217283+utkarsh-extc@users.noreply.github.com>
	Added GitHub User yuanhh (1298735) <yuan415030@gmail.com>
	Added Illya Yalovyy <yalovoy@gmail.com>
	Added James Eady <jmeady@google.com>
	Added Jan Steinke <jan.steinke@gmail.com>
	Added Javier Revillas <jrevillas@massivedynamic.io>
	Added Jordi Martin <jordimartin@gmail.com>
	Added Jorge Araya <jorgejavieran@yahoo.com.mx>
	Added Kelly Heller <pestophagous@gmail.com>
	Added Kevin Gillette <extemporalgenome@gmail.com>
	Added Mark Glines <mark@glines.org>
	Added Nao Yonashiro <owan.orisano@gmail.com>
	Added Pascal Dierich <pascal@pascaldierich.com>
	Added Pure White <wu.purewhite@gmail.com>
	Added Sam Arnold <sarnold64@bloomberg.net>
	Added Sander van Harmelen <sander@vanharmelen.nl>
	Added Sergei Zagurskii <gvozdoder@gmail.com>
	Added Shivani Singhal <shivani.singhal2804@gmail.com>
	Added Stefan Baebler <sbaebler@outbrain.com>
	Added Tianon Gravi <admwiggin@gmail.com>
	Added Toshihiro Shiino <shiino.toshihiro@gmail.com>
	Added Wagner Riffel <wgrriffel@gmail.com>
	Used GitHub User tatsumack (4510569) form for tatsumack <tatsu.mack@gmail.com> https://github.com/golang/website/commit/7eeb7ef [website]
	Used GitHub User utkarsh-extc (53217283) form for utkarsh-extc <53217283+utkarsh-extc@users.noreply.github.com> https://github.com/golang/sys/commit/51ab0e2 [sys]
	Used GitHub User yuanhh (1298735) form for yuanhh <yuan415030@gmail.com> https://github.com/golang/crypto/commit/60c769a [crypto]
	Used GitHub name "Akhil Indurti" for smasher164 <aindurti@gmail.com> https://github.com/golang/go/commit/5ca44dc403 [build exp go sys]
	Used GitHub name "Artem Kolin" for artemkaxboy <artemkaxboy@gmail.com> https://github.com/golang/go/commit/e881604d1c [go]
	Used GitHub name "Ivan Markin" for nogoegst <nogoegst@users.noreply.github.com> https://github.com/golang/go/commit/a1addf15df [go]
	Used GitHub name "Keiji Yoshida" for yosssi <yoshida.keiji.84@gmail.com> https://github.com/golang/lint/commit/ac6833c [lint]
	Used GitHub name "Michalis Kargakis" for kargakis <mkargaki@redhat.com> https://github.com/golang/go/commit/e243d242d7 [go]
	Used GitHub name "Roberto Clapis" for Roberto <empijei@users.noreply.github.com> https://github.com/golang/go/commit/963776e689 [go]
	Used GitHub name "Robin Eklind" for mewmew <rnd0x00@gmail.com> https://github.com/golang/go/commit/b8620afb8d [blog go proposal.git]

Updates #12042

Change-Id: I1b21a18138849c537048558dd4324a823ba12a14
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192099
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit d0eaec79f9)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/192178
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
2019-08-28 23:04:55 +00:00
Bryan C. Mills
1ae4e73c11 [release-branch.go1.13] cmd/go/internal/modload: fix swapped paths in error message
Cherry-picked from CL 191997.

Updates #33879
Fixes #33885

Change-Id: Ifc91490b1cb791fdf5ffe69ef81c0ec0e6cbecc3
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191997
Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexander Rakoczy <alex@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 8f5353fd1c)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191972
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-08-27 21:14:34 +00:00
Bryan C. Mills
2e3989e04e [release-branch.go1.13] cmd/go/internal/get: remove '--' separator from 'git ls-remote' command
'git ls-remote' started recognizing the '--' separator at some point
after 2.7.4, but git defaults to version 2.7.4 on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS,
which remains supported by Ubuntu until April 2021.

We added '--' tokens to most VCS commands as a defensive measure in
CL 181237, but it isn't strictly necessary here because the 'scheme'
argument to our template is chosen from a predefined list: we can
safely drop it to retain compatibility.

Cherry-picked from CL 191978.

Updates #33836
Fixes #33880

Change-Id: Ibb53366b95f8029b587e0b7646a439330d759ac7
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191973
Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-08-27 21:10:30 +00:00
Filippo Valsorda
c11853c09b [release-branch.go1.13] crypto/tls: make SSLv3 again disabled by default
It was mistakenly re-enabled in CL 146217.

Updates #33837

Change-Id: I8c0e1787114c6232df5888e51e355906622295bc
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191877
Run-TryBot: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 2ebc3d8157)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191998
2019-08-27 20:56:38 +00:00
Bryan C. Mills
44a66acc71 [release-branch.go1.13] net/http: fix wantConnQueue memory leaks in Transport
I'm trying to keep the code changes minimal for backporting to Go 1.13,
so it is still possible for a handful of entries to leak,
but the leaks are now O(1) instead of O(N) in the steady state.

Longer-term, I think it would be a good idea to coalesce idleMu with
connsPerHostMu and clear entries out of both queues as soon as their
goroutines are done waiting.

Cherry-picked from CL 191964.

Updates #33849
Updates #33850
Fixes #33878

Change-Id: Ia66bc64671eb1014369f2d3a01debfc023b44281
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191964
Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 94bf9a8d4a)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191967
2019-08-27 18:37:25 +00:00
Cherry Zhang
633d0c9765 [release-branch.go1.13] cmd/vendor: update vendored x/arch repo to 8a70ba74b3a1
Update vendored x/arch repo to pick up the fix of issue #33802.

This is done with the following commands:

$ cd $GOROOT/src/cmd
$ go get -d golang.org/x/arch@latest
go: finding golang.org/x/arch latest
go: downloading golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20190815191158-8a70ba74b3a1
go: extracting golang.org/x/arch v0.0.0-20190815191158-8a70ba74b3a1
$ go mod tidy
$ go mod vendor

Updates #33802.
Fixes #33811.

Change-Id: I0a44f1d83d6f573124cea1f099378b1c851f3feb
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191619
Run-TryBot: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit 66ff373911)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191737
Run-TryBot: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>
2019-08-26 21:44:24 +00:00
obei
994ebd3066 [release-branch.go1.13] doc: align documents link
Updates #33738

Change-Id: If0856d7c57ecfde08341c1aecb5e92361fd64f2b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191217
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit cded9f43f8)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191747
Reviewed-by: Katie Hockman <katie@golang.org>
2019-08-26 18:55:44 +00:00
Katie Hockman
8eecefd58d [release-branch.go1.13] doc/go1.13: add information about using private modules to the introduction
Updates #33796
Fixes #33846

Change-Id: I9f6837be96410e96d004523c48bef95ee1427484
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191746
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit 989409f527)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191749
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
2019-08-26 17:45:51 +00:00
Toshihiro Shiino
ea9edabf44 [release-branch.go1.13] doc/go1.13: add missing slashes
This saves a redirect and makes the document more consistent.

Change-Id: Ib7f68b1967275c0c676a044314919449680297f3
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191537
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 89fb80f7fa)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191740
Reviewed-by: Toshihiro Shiino <shiino.toshihiro@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
2019-08-25 21:58:28 +00:00
Emmanuel T Odeke
bc30423263 [release-branch.go1.13] doc/go1.13: fix bad URLs to strconv identifiers
Change-Id: I7db3ad060773c9396fbe34e7bd52e7ccf6e5e52c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191797
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 1a7c15fa6d)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191739
Reviewed-by: Toshihiro Shiino <shiino.toshihiro@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
2019-08-25 21:56:21 +00:00
Emmanuel T Odeke
55a5beb12c [release-branch.go1.13] doc/go1.13: document fmt's number syntax updates
Fixes #32815

Change-Id: Ia8ac9943a920a056ba7dbc69c1c70fa188f7aca8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191578
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 9e1c864afe)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191738
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-08-25 16:54:13 +00:00
Emmanuel T Odeke
a5a92aa673 [release-branch.go1.13] doc/go1.13: document _ between digits for math/big, strconv
Document that:
* math/big.Float.Parse
* math/big.Int.SetString
* strconv.ParseFloat
* strconv.ParseInt
* strconv.ParseUint
now accept underscores to group digits only if base = 0,
as per the Go 2 language changes.

Updates #32815

Change-Id: Id45bd803a18442436419739297e8aed0d32ca56c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191077
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit e764432605)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191477
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-08-23 17:22:08 +00:00
Filippo Valsorda
5c379a437e [release-branch.go1.13] net/http: update bundled golang.org/x/net/http2 to import security fix
Update golang.org/x/net to v0.0.0-20190813141303-74dc4d7220e7 to import
the following security fix.

    commit 74dc4d7220e7acc4e100824340f3e66577424772
    Author: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@golang.org>
    Date:   Sun Aug 11 02:12:18 2019 -0400

    http2: limit number of control frames in server send queue

    An attacker could cause servers to queue an unlimited number of PING
    ACKs or RST_STREAM frames by soliciting them and not reading them, until
    the program runs out of memory.

    Limit control frames in the queue to a few thousands (matching the limit
    imposed by other vendors) by counting as they enter and exit the scheduler,
    so the protection will work with any WriteScheduler.

    Once the limit is exceeded, close the connection, as we have no way to
    communicate with the peer.

    Change-Id: I842968fc6ed3eac654b497ade8cea86f7267886b
    Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/525552
    Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@google.com>

This change was generated with cmd/go and cmd/bundle:

$ go get -u golang.org/x/net
$ go mod tidy
$ go mod vendor
$ go generate net/http

Fixes CVE-2019-9512 and CVE-2019-9514
Fixes #33606

Change-Id: I464baf96175006aa101d65d3b0f6494f28a626ab
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/190137
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 145e193131)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191618
Run-TryBot: Filippo Valsorda <filippo@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-08-23 17:16:16 +00:00
Jeff Hodges
d76bd214ae [release-branch.go1.13] net/http: change TimeoutHandler's docs to match its new interfaces
As of Go 1.13rc1, TimeoutHandler supports the Flusher and Pusher interfaces and
this change corrects its documentation to say that.

Fixes #33769
Updates #29193

Change-Id: Ia0523f7f2e3dc1f8f0b68950b85a7bf81c4abe60
GitHub-Last-Rev: 5310d2c960
GitHub-Pull-Request: golang/go#33770
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191237
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit f3e3b71a50)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191169
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
2019-08-22 17:40:45 +00:00
Emmanuel T Odeke
bd2e28190d [release-branch.go1.13] strconv: update documentation
Fixes #33750.
Updates #31197.

Change-Id: I26f63cef57e5f0eec85b84554c82f6d47b4f41a1
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191078
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit d9b1323337)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191168
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Emmanuel Odeke <emm.odeke@gmail.com>
2019-08-22 17:40:31 +00:00
Andrew Bonventre
ed4f3f3134 [release-branch.go1.13] go1.13rc1
Change-Id: I2921895d336c8f63e521b5c921494917b4f42f79
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/191157
Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Katie Hockman <katie@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2019-08-21 19:21:42 +00:00
8757 changed files with 670118 additions and 875635 deletions

14
.gitattributes vendored
View File

@@ -1,16 +1,10 @@
# Treat all files in the Go repo as binary, with no git magic updating
# line endings. This produces predictable results in different environments.
#
# Windows users contributing to Go will need to use a modern version
# of git and editors capable of LF line endings.
#
# Windows .bat files are known to have multiple bugs when run with LF
# endings, and so they are checked in with CRLF endings, with a test
# in test/winbatch.go to catch problems. (See golang.org/issue/37791.)
# line endings. Windows users contributing to Go will need to use a
# modern version of git and editors capable of LF line endings.
#
# We'll prevent accidental CRLF line endings from entering the repo
# via the git-codereview gofmt checks and tests.
# via the git-review gofmt checks.
#
# See golang.org/issue/9281.
# See golang.org/issue/9281
* -text

36
.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE vendored Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
<!-- Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks! -->
### What version of Go are you using (`go version`)?
<pre>
$ go version
</pre>
### Does this issue reproduce with the latest release?
### What operating system and processor architecture are you using (`go env`)?
<details><summary><code>go env</code> Output</summary><br><pre>
$ go env
</pre></details>
### What did you do?
<!--
If possible, provide a recipe for reproducing the error.
A complete runnable program is good.
A link on play.golang.org is best.
-->
### What did you expect to see?
### What did you see instead?

View File

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
---
name: Bugs
about: The go command, standard library, or anything else
title: "affected/package: "
---
<!--
Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks!
-->
### What version of Go are you using (`go version`)?
<pre>
$ go version
</pre>
### Does this issue reproduce with the latest release?
### What operating system and processor architecture are you using (`go env`)?
<details><summary><code>go env</code> Output</summary><br><pre>
$ go env
</pre></details>
### What did you do?
<!--
If possible, provide a recipe for reproducing the error.
A complete runnable program is good.
A link on go.dev/play is best.
-->
### What did you expect to see?
### What did you see instead?

View File

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
---
name: Pkg.go.dev bugs or feature requests
about: Issues or feature requests for the documentation site
title: "x/pkgsite: "
labels: pkgsite
---
<!--
Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks!
-->
### What is the URL of the page with the issue?
### What is your user agent?
<!--
You can find your user agent here:
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+my+user+agent
-->
### Screenshot
<!--
Please paste a screenshot of the page.
-->
### What did you do?
<!--
If possible, provide a recipe for reproducing the error.
-->
### What did you expect to see?
### What did you see instead?

View File

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
---
name: Pkg.go.dev package removal request
about: Request a package be removed from the documentation site (pkg.go.dev)
title: "x/pkgsite: package removal request for [type path here]"
labels: pkgsite
---
<!--
Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks!
-->
### What is the path of the package that you would like to have removed?
<!---
We can remove packages with a shared path prefix.
For example, a request for "github.com/author" would remove all pkg.go.dev pages with that package path prefix.
--->
### Are you the owner of this package?
<!---
Only the package owners can request to have their packages removed from pkg.go.dev.
--->
### What is the reason that you could not retract this package instead?
<!---
If you would like to have your module removed from pkg.go.dev, we recommend that you retract them, so that they can be removed from the go command and proxy.golang.org as well.
Retracting a module version involves adding a retract directive to your go.mod file and publishing a new version. For example: https://github.com/jba/retract-demo/blob/main/go.mod#L5-L8
See https://pkg.go.dev/about#removing-a-package for additional tips on retractions.
--->

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@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
---
name: Gopls bugs or feature requests
about: Issues or feature requests for the Go language server (gopls)
title: "x/tools/gopls: "
labels: gopls Tools
---
<!--
Please answer these questions before submitting your issue. Thanks!
-->
### gopls version
<!--
Output of `gopls -v version` on the command line
-->
### go env
<!--
Output of `go env` on the command line in your workspace directory
-->
### What did you do?
<!--
If possible, provide a recipe for reproducing the error.
A complete runnable program is good.
A link on go.dev/play is better.
A failing unit test is the best.
-->
### What did you expect to see?
### What did you see instead?
### Editor and settings
<!--
Your editor and any settings you have configured (for example, your VSCode settings.json file)
-->
### Logs
<!--
If possible please include gopls logs. Instructions for capturing them can be found here:
https://github.com/golang/tools/blob/master/gopls/doc/troubleshooting.md#capture-logs
-->

View File

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
---
name: Proposals
about: New external API or other notable changes
title: "proposal: affected/package: "
labels: Proposal
---
<!--
Our proposal process is documented here:
https://go.dev/s/proposal-process
-->

View File

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
---
name: Language Change Proposals
about: Changes to the language
title: "proposal: Go 2: "
labels: Proposal Go2 LanguageChange
---
<!--
Our process for evaluating language changes can be found here:
https://go.googlesource.com/proposal/+/refs/heads/master#language-changes
-->
### Author background
- **Would you consider yourself a novice, intermediate, or experienced Go programmer?**
- **What other languages do you have experience with?**
### Related proposals
- **Has this idea, or one like it, been proposed before?**
- **If so, how does this proposal differ?**
- **Does this affect error handling?**
- **If so, how does this differ from previous error handling proposals?**
- **Is this about generics?**
- **If so, how does this relate to the accepted design and other generics proposals?**
### Proposal
- **What is the proposed change?**
- **Who does this proposal help, and why?**
- **Please describe as precisely as possible the change to the language.**
- **What would change in the language spec?**
- **Please also describe the change informally, as in a class teaching Go.**
- **Is this change backward compatible?**
- Breaking the Go 1 compatibility guarantee is a large cost and requires a large benefit.
Show example code before and after the change.
- **Before**
- **After**
- **Orthogonality: how does this change interact or overlap with existing features?**
- **Is the goal of this change a performance improvement?**
- **If so, what quantifiable improvement should we expect?**
- **How would we measure it?**
### Costs
- **Would this change make Go easier or harder to learn, and why?**
- **What is the cost of this proposal? (Every language change has a cost).**
- **How many tools (such as vet, gopls, gofmt, goimports, etc.) would be affected?**
- **What is the compile time cost?**
- **What is the run time cost?**
- **Can you describe a possible implementation?**
- **Do you have a prototype? (This is not required.)**

View File

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
blank_issues_enabled: false
contact_links:
- name: Questions
about: Please use one of the forums for questions or general discussions
url: https://go.dev/wiki/Questions

2
.github/SUPPORT.md vendored
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@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ For asking questions, see:
* [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/go) with questions tagged "go"
* **IRC** channel #go-nuts on Libera
* **IRC** channel #go-nuts on Freenode

1
.gitignore vendored
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@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ _testmain.go
/src/cmd/internal/objabi/zbootstrap.go
/src/go/build/zcgo.go
/src/go/doc/headscan
/src/internal/buildcfg/zbootstrap.go
/src/runtime/internal/sys/zversion.go
/src/unicode/maketables
/test.out

30
AUTHORS
View File

@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ Aeneas Rekkas (arekkas) <aeneas@ory.am>
Afanasev Stanislav <phpprogger@gmail.com>
Agis Anastasopoulos <agis.anast@gmail.com>
Agniva De Sarker <agnivade@yahoo.co.in>
Ahmed W. Mones <oneofone@gmail.com>
Ahmed Wahed <oneofone@gmail.com>
Ahmet Soormally <ahmet@mangomm.co.uk>
Ahmy Yulrizka <yulrizka@gmail.com>
Aiden Scandella <ai@uber.com>
Ainar Garipov <gugl.zadolbal@gmail.com>
Aishraj Dahal <aishraj@users.noreply.github.com>
Akhil Indurti <aindurti@gmail.com>
Akhil Indurti <contact@akhilindurti.com>
Akihiro Suda <suda.kyoto@gmail.com>
Akshat Kumar <seed@mail.nanosouffle.net>
Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ Alexei Sholik <alcosholik@gmail.com>
Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
Alexey Neganov <neganovalexey@gmail.com>
Alexey Palazhchenko <alexey.palazhchenko@gmail.com>
Alexey Semenyuk <alexsemenyuk88@gmail.com>
Alexis Hildebrandt <surryhill@gmail.com>
Ali Rizvi-Santiago <arizvisa@gmail.com>
Aliaksandr Valialkin <valyala@gmail.com>
@@ -145,7 +144,6 @@ Andy Davis <andy@bigandian.com>
Andy Finkenstadt <afinkenstadt@zynga.com>
Andy Lindeman <andy@lindeman.io>
Andy Maloney <asmaloney@gmail.com>
Andy Pan <panjf2000@gmail.com> <panjf2000@golangcn.org> <i@andypan.me>
Andy Walker <walkeraj@gmail.com>
Anfernee Yongkun Gui <anfernee.gui@gmail.com>
Angelo Bulfone <mbulfone@gmail.com>
@@ -195,21 +193,20 @@ Ayanamist Yang <ayanamist@gmail.com>
Aymerick Jéhanne <aymerick@jehanne.org>
Azat Kaumov <kaumov.a.r@gmail.com>
Baiju Muthukadan <baiju.m.mail@gmail.com>
Baokun Lee <nototon@gmail.com> <bk@golangcn.org>
Baokun Lee <nototon@gmail.com>
Bartosz Grzybowski <melkorm@gmail.com>
Bastian Ike <bastian.ike@gmail.com>
Ben Burkert <ben@benburkert.com>
Ben Haines <bhainesva@gmail.com>
Ben Lubar <ben.lubar@gmail.com>
Ben Olive <sionide21@gmail.com>
Ben Shi <powerman1st@163.com> <ben.shi@streamcomputing.com>
Ben Shi <powerman1st@163.com>
Benjamin Black <b@b3k.us>
Benjamin Cable <cable.benjamin@gmail.com>
Benjamin Hsieh <tanookiben@users.noreply.github.com>
Benny Siegert <bsiegert@gmail.com>
Benoit Sigoure <tsunanet@gmail.com>
Berengar Lehr <berengar.lehr@gmx.de>
Bharath Kumar Uppala <uppala.bharath@gmail.com>
Bill Zissimopoulos <billziss@navimatics.com>
Billie Harold Cleek <bhcleek@gmail.com>
Bjorn Tillenius <bjorn@tillenius.me>
@@ -263,8 +260,6 @@ Casey Callendrello <squeed@gmail.com>
Casey Marshall <casey.marshall@gmail.com>
Cezar Sá Espinola <cezarsa@gmail.com>
ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
Changkun Ou <hi@changkun.de> <hi@changkun.us>
Chaoqun Han <hanssccv@gmail.com>
Charles Fenwick Elliott <Charles@FenwickElliott.io>
Charles L. Dorian <cldorian@gmail.com>
Charles Lee <zombie.fml@gmail.com>
@@ -566,11 +561,9 @@ Hitoshi Mitake <mitake.hitoshi@gmail.com>
Holden Huang <ttyh061@gmail.com>
Hong Ruiqi <hongruiqi@gmail.com>
Hongfei Tan <feilengcui008@gmail.com>
Hootsuite Inc.
Hsin-Ho Yeh <yhh92u@gmail.com>
Hu Keping <hukeping@huawei.com>
Hugues Bruant <hugues.bruant@gmail.com>
HyperConnect Inc.
Ian Gudger <ian@loosescre.ws>
Ian Kent <iankent85@gmail.com>
IBM
@@ -821,7 +814,6 @@ Lehner Florian <dev@der-flo.net>
Leigh McCulloch <leighmcc@gmail.com>
Leo Antunes <leo@costela.net>
Leon Klingele <git@leonklingele.de>
Leonard Wang <wangdeyu0907@gmail.com> <wangdeyu@golangcn.org>
Leonel Quinteros <leonel.quinteros@gmail.com>
Lev Shamardin <shamardin@gmail.com>
Lewin Bormann <lewin.bormann@gmail.com>
@@ -829,7 +821,6 @@ Liberty Fund Inc
Linaro Limited
Lion Yang <lion@aosc.xyz>
Lloyd Dewolf <foolswisdom@gmail.com>
Loongson Technology Corporation Limited
Lorenzo Masini <rugginoso@develer.com>
Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Luan Santos <cfcluan@gmail.com>
@@ -941,7 +932,7 @@ Maya Rashish <maya@netbsd.org>
Mayank Kumar <krmayankk@gmail.com>
MediaMath, Inc
Meir Fischer <meirfischer@gmail.com>
Meng Zhuo <mengzhuo1203@gmail.com> <mzh@golangcn.org>
Meng Zhuo <mengzhuo1203@gmail.com>
Meteor Development Group
Mhd Sulhan <m.shulhan@gmail.com>
Micah Stetson <micah.stetson@gmail.com>
@@ -1021,7 +1012,6 @@ Nathan Youngman <git@nathany.com>
Nathaniel Cook <nvcook42@gmail.com>
Naveen Kumar Sangi <naveenkumarsangi@protonmail.com>
Neelesh Chandola <neelesh.c98@gmail.com>
Neil Alexander <neilalexander@neilalexander.dev>
Neil Lyons <nwjlyons@googlemail.com>
Netflix, Inc.
Neuman Vong <neuman.vong@gmail.com>
@@ -1052,7 +1042,6 @@ Niels Widger <niels.widger@gmail.com>
Nigel Kerr <nigel.kerr@gmail.com>
Nik Nyby <nnyby@columbia.edu>
Nikhil Benesch <nikhil.benesch@gmail.com>
Nikita Gillmann <nikita@n0.is> <ng0@n0.is>
Niklas Schnelle <niklas.schnelle@gmail.com>
Niko Dziemba <niko@dziemba.com>
Nikolay Turpitko <nikolay@turpitko.com>
@@ -1149,14 +1138,11 @@ Piers <google@hellopiers.pro>
Pieter Droogendijk <pieter@binky.org.uk>
Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
Piyush Mishra <piyush@codeitout.com>
PlanetScale, Inc.
Platform.sh
Pontus Leitzler <leitzler@gmail.com>
Prasanga Siripala <pj@pjebs.com.au>
Prashant Varanasi <prashant@prashantv.com>
Pravendra Singh <hackpravj@gmail.com>
Preetam Jinka <pj@preet.am>
Qais Patankar <qaisjp@gmail.com>
Qiuxuan Zhu <ilsh1022@gmail.com>
Qualcomm Data Center, Inc.
Quan Tran <qeed.quan@gmail.com>
@@ -1322,7 +1308,6 @@ Szabolcs Nagy <nsz@port70.net>
Taavi Kivisik <taavi.kivisik@gmail.com>
Tad Fisher <tadfisher@gmail.com>
Tad Glines <tad.glines@gmail.com>
Tailscale Inc.
Taj Khattra <taj.khattra@gmail.com>
Takayoshi Nishida <takayoshi.nishida@gmail.com>
Takeshi YAMANASHI <9.nashi@gmail.com>
@@ -1407,7 +1392,6 @@ Upthere, Inc.
Uriel Mangado <uriel@berlinblue.org>
Vadim Grek <vadimprog@gmail.com>
Vadim Vygonets <unixdj@gmail.com>
Vee Zhang <veezhang@126.com> <vveezhang@gmail.com>
Vendasta
Veselkov Konstantin <kostozyb@gmail.com>
Victor Vrantchan <vrancean+github@gmail.com>
@@ -1433,9 +1417,7 @@ Wèi Cōngruì <crvv.mail@gmail.com>
Wei Fu <fhfuwei@163.com>
Wei Guangjing <vcc.163@gmail.com>
Weichao Tang <tevic.tt@gmail.com>
Weixie Cui <cuiweixie@gmail.com> <523516579@qq.com>
Wembley G. Leach, Jr <wembley.gl@gmail.com>
Wen Yang <yangwen.yw@gmail.com>
Will Faught <will.faught@gmail.com>
Will Storey <will@summercat.com>
Willem van der Schyff <willemvds@gmail.com>
@@ -1486,10 +1468,8 @@ Zemanta d.o.o.
Zev Goldstein <zev.goldstein@gmail.com>
Zheng Dayu <davidzheng23@gmail.com>
Zhongtao Chen <chenzhongtao@126.com>
Zhou Guangyuan <zhouguangyuan.xian@gmail.com>
Zhou Peng <p@ctriple.cn>
Ziad Hatahet <hatahet@gmail.com>
Zizhao Zhang <btw515wolf2@gmail.com>
Zorion Arrizabalaga <zorionk@gmail.com>
Максим Федосеев <max.faceless.frei@gmail.com>
Роман Хавроненко <hagen1778@gmail.com>

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
# dev.boringcrypto branch
This branch is no more. `GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto` on the standard branch does the job now.
Previous notice:
We have been working inside Google on a fork of Go that uses
BoringCrypto (the core of [BoringSSL][]) for various crypto
primitives, in furtherance of some [work related to FIPS 140-2][sp].
We have heard that some external users of Go would be interested in
this code as well, so this branch holds the patches to make Go use
BoringCrypto.
[BoringSSL]: https://boringssl.googlesource.com/boringssl/
[sp]: https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/projects/cryptographic-module-validation-program/documents/security-policies/140sp3678.pdf
Unlike typical dev branches, we do not intend any eventual merge of
this code into the master branch. Instead we intend to maintain in
this branch the latest release plus BoringCrypto patches.
To be clear, we are not making any statements or representations about
the suitability of this code in relation to the FIPS 140-2 standard.
Interested users will have to evaluate for themselves whether the code
is useful for their own purposes.

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple,
reliable, and efficient software.
![Gopher image](https://golang.org/doc/gopher/fiveyears.jpg)
![Gopher image](doc/gopher/fiveyears.jpg)
*Gopher image by [Renee French][rf], licensed under [Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions license][cc3-by].*
Our canonical Git repository is located at https://go.googlesource.com/go.
@@ -16,26 +16,28 @@ BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
#### Binary Distributions
Official binary distributions are available at https://go.dev/dl/.
Official binary distributions are available at https://golang.org/dl/.
After downloading a binary release, visit https://go.dev/doc/install
for installation instructions.
After downloading a binary release, visit https://golang.org/doc/install
or load [doc/install.html](./doc/install.html) in your web browser for installation
instructions.
#### Install From Source
If a binary distribution is not available for your combination of
operating system and architecture, visit
https://go.dev/doc/install/source
for source installation instructions.
https://golang.org/doc/install/source or load [doc/install-source.html](./doc/install-source.html)
in your web browser for source installation instructions.
### Contributing
Go is the work of thousands of contributors. We appreciate your help!
To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines at https://go.dev/doc/contribute.
To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines:
https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html
Note that the Go project uses the issue tracker for bug reports and
proposals only. See https://go.dev/wiki/Questions for a list of
proposals only. See https://golang.org/wiki/Questions for a list of
places to ask questions about the Go language.
[rf]: https://reneefrench.blogspot.com/

View File

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
## Supported Versions
We support the past two Go releases (for example, Go 1.17.x and Go 1.18.x when Go 1.18.x is the latest stable release).
We support the past two Go releases (for example, Go 1.11.x and Go 1.12.x).
See https://go.dev/wiki/Go-Release-Cycle and in particular the
[Release Maintenance](https://go.dev/wiki/Go-Release-Cycle#release-maintenance)
See https://golang.org/wiki/Go-Release-Cycle and in particular the
[Release Maintenance](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Go-Release-Cycle#release-maintenance)
part of that page.
## Reporting a Vulnerability
See https://go.dev/security for how to report a vulnerability.
See https://golang.org/security for how to report a vulnerability.

1
VERSION Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
go1.13.2

View File

@@ -8,16 +8,6 @@ shipped. Each file adds new lines but does not remove any.
except.txt lists features that may disappear without breaking true
compatibility.
Starting with go1.19.txt, each API feature line must end in "#nnnnn"
giving the GitHub issue number of the proposal issue that accepted
the new API. This helps with our end-of-cycle audit of new APIs.
The same requirement applies to next/* (described below), which will
become a go1.XX.txt for XX >= 19.
The next/ directory contains the only files intended to be mutated.
Each file in that directory contains a list of features that may be added
to the next release of Go. The files in this directory only affect the
warning output from the go api tool. Each file should be named
nnnnn.txt, after the issue number for the accepted proposal.
(The #nnnnn suffix must also appear at the end of each line in the file;
that will be preserved when next/*.txt is concatenated into go1.XX.txt.)
next.txt is the only file intended to be mutated. It's a list of
features that may be added to the next version. It only affects
warning output from the go api tool.

View File

@@ -1,60 +1,17 @@
pkg encoding/json, method (*RawMessage) MarshalJSON() ([]uint8, error)
pkg math, const MaxFloat64 = 1.79769e+308 // 179769313486231570814527423731704356798100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
pkg math, const SmallestNonzeroFloat32 = 1.4013e-45 // 17516230804060213386546619791123951641/12500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
pkg math, const SmallestNonzeroFloat64 = 4.94066e-324 // 4940656458412465441765687928682213723651/1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
pkg math/big, const MaxBase = 36
pkg math/big, type Word uintptr
pkg net, func ListenUnixgram(string, *UnixAddr) (*UDPConn, error)
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 1052672
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 1052672
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os, const ModeAppend FileMode
pkg os, const ModeCharDevice FileMode
pkg os, const ModeDevice FileMode
pkg os, const ModeDir FileMode
pkg os, const ModeExclusive FileMode
pkg os, const ModeIrregular FileMode
pkg os, const ModeNamedPipe FileMode
pkg os, const ModePerm FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSetgid FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSetuid FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSocket FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSticky FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSymlink FileMode
pkg os, const ModeTemporary FileMode
pkg os, const ModeType = 2399141888
pkg os, const ModeType = 2399666176
pkg os, const ModeType FileMode
pkg os, func Chmod(string, FileMode) error
pkg os, func Lstat(string) (FileInfo, error)
pkg os, func Mkdir(string, FileMode) error
pkg os, func MkdirAll(string, FileMode) error
pkg os, func OpenFile(string, int, FileMode) (*File, error)
pkg os, func SameFile(FileInfo, FileInfo) bool
pkg os, func Stat(string) (FileInfo, error)
pkg os, method (*File) Chmod(FileMode) error
pkg os, method (*File) Readdir(int) ([]FileInfo, error)
pkg os, method (*File) Stat() (FileInfo, error)
pkg os, method (*PathError) Error() string
pkg os, method (*PathError) Timeout() bool
pkg os, method (*PathError) Unwrap() error
pkg os, method (FileMode) IsDir() bool
pkg os, method (FileMode) IsRegular() bool
pkg os, method (FileMode) Perm() FileMode
pkg os, method (FileMode) String() string
pkg os, type FileInfo interface { IsDir, ModTime, Mode, Name, Size, Sys }
pkg os, type FileInfo interface, IsDir() bool
pkg os, type FileInfo interface, ModTime() time.Time
pkg os, type FileInfo interface, Mode() FileMode
pkg os, type FileInfo interface, Name() string
pkg os, type FileInfo interface, Size() int64
pkg os, type FileInfo interface, Sys() interface{}
pkg os, type FileMode uint32
pkg os, type PathError struct
pkg os, type PathError struct, Err error
pkg os, type PathError struct, Op string
pkg os, type PathError struct, Path string
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 1052672
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 1052672
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
@@ -65,72 +22,22 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [8]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [8]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
@@ -159,22 +66,10 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
@@ -203,22 +98,10 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (linux-386), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type Cmsghdr struct, X__cmsg_data [0]uint8
@@ -230,10 +113,10 @@ pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
@@ -261,7 +144,6 @@ pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SELECT = 93
@@ -315,7 +197,6 @@ pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
@@ -380,7 +261,6 @@ pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SELECT = 93
@@ -444,7 +324,6 @@ pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
@@ -473,6 +352,19 @@ pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg testing, func RegisterCover(Cover)
pkg testing, func MainStart(func(string, string) (bool, error), []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode bool
pkg text/template/parse, type Node interface { Copy, String, Type }
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.2.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.3.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "7.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "8.0.0"
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KILL = 37
pkg unicode, const Version = "9.0.0"
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS = 983295
pkg syscall (windows-386), type AddrinfoW struct, Addr uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-386), type CertChainPolicyPara struct, ExtraPolicyPara uintptr
@@ -491,19 +383,79 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type CertRevocationInfo struct, CrlInfo uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type CertRevocationInfo struct, OidSpecificInfo uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type CertSimpleChain struct, TrustListInfo uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type RawSockaddrAny struct, Pad [96]int8
pkg testing, func MainStart(func(string, string) (bool, error), []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, func MainStart(testDeps, []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, func RegisterCover(Cover)
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [8]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [8]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Mknod(string, uint32, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Dirent struct, Namlen uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Blksize uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Dev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Gen uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare int32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Nlink uint16
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Rdev uint32
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntfromname [88]int8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Mntonname [88]int8
pkg text/scanner, const GoTokens = 1012
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode bool
pkg text/template/parse, type Node interface { Copy, String, Type }
pkg unicode, const Version = "10.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "11.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "12.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.2.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.3.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "7.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "8.0.0"
pkg unicode, const Version = "9.0.0"
pkg html/template, method (*Template) Funcs(FuncMap) *Template
pkg html/template, type FuncMap map[string]interface{}

View File

@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ pkg debug/elf, const ELFCLASSNONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const ELFDATA2LSB = 1
pkg debug/elf, const ELFDATA2MSB = 2
pkg debug/elf, const ELFDATANONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const ELFMAG = "\x7fELF"
pkg debug/elf, const ELFMAG = "\u007fELF"
pkg debug/elf, const ELFOSABI_86OPEN = 5
pkg debug/elf, const ELFOSABI_AIX = 7
pkg debug/elf, const ELFOSABI_ARM = 97
@@ -2603,34 +2603,7 @@ pkg runtime/debug, type GCStats struct, Pause []time.Duration
pkg runtime/debug, type GCStats struct, PauseQuantiles []time.Duration
pkg runtime/debug, type GCStats struct, PauseTotal time.Duration
pkg sort, func Reverse(Interface) Interface
pkg strconv (darwin-amd64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (freebsd-386), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (freebsd-386-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (freebsd-amd64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (freebsd-arm), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (freebsd-arm-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (linux-386), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (linux-386-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (linux-amd64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (linux-amd64-cgo), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (linux-arm), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (linux-arm-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (netbsd-386), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (netbsd-386-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (netbsd-amd64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (netbsd-arm), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (netbsd-arm-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (netbsd-arm64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (openbsd-386), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (openbsd-386-cgo), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (openbsd-amd64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv (windows-386), const IntSize = 32
pkg strconv (windows-amd64), const IntSize = 64
pkg strconv, const IntSize = 64
pkg strings, func TrimPrefix(string, string) string
pkg strings, func TrimSuffix(string, string) string
pkg strings, method (*Reader) WriteTo(io.Writer) (int64, error)
@@ -49393,7 +49366,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), const IP_MULTICAST_TTL = 10
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IP_TOS = 3
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IP_TTL = 4
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ImplementsGetwd = true
pkg syscall (windows-386), const InvalidHandle = 4294967295
pkg syscall (windows-386), const InvalidHandle = 18446744073709551615
pkg syscall (windows-386), const KEY_ALL_ACCESS = 983103
pkg syscall (windows-386), const KEY_CREATE_LINK = 32
pkg syscall (windows-386), const KEY_CREATE_SUB_KEY = 4

View File

@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 = 52393
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 = 52392
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 uint16
pkg crypto/tls, func CipherSuiteName(uint16) string
pkg crypto/tls, func CipherSuites() []*CipherSuite
pkg crypto/tls, func InsecureCipherSuites() []*CipherSuite
pkg crypto/tls, method (*CertificateRequestInfo) SupportsCertificate(*Certificate) error
pkg crypto/tls, method (*ClientHelloInfo) SupportsCertificate(*Certificate) error
pkg crypto/tls, type Certificate struct, SupportedSignatureAlgorithms []SignatureScheme
pkg crypto/tls, type CertificateRequestInfo struct, Version uint16
pkg crypto/tls, type CipherSuite struct
pkg crypto/tls, type CipherSuite struct, ID uint16
pkg crypto/tls, type CipherSuite struct, Insecure bool
pkg crypto/tls, type CipherSuite struct, Name string
pkg crypto/tls, type CipherSuite struct, SupportedVersions []uint16
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrAddrBase = 115
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrAddrBase Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrAlignment = 136
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrAlignment Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrBinaryScale = 91
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrBinaryScale Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallAllCalls = 122
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallAllCalls Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallAllSourceCalls = 123
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallAllSourceCalls Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallAllTailCalls = 124
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallAllTailCalls Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallDataLocation = 133
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallDataLocation Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallDataValue = 134
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallDataValue Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallOrigin = 127
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallOrigin Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallPC = 129
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallPC Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallParameter = 128
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallParameter Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallReturnPC = 125
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallReturnPC Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallTailCall = 130
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallTailCall Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallTarget = 131
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallTarget Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallTargetClobbered = 132
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallTargetClobbered Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallValue = 126
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrCallValue Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrConstExpr = 108
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrConstExpr Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDataBitOffset = 107
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDataBitOffset Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDecimalScale = 92
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDecimalScale Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDecimalSign = 94
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDecimalSign Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDefaulted = 139
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDefaulted Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDeleted = 138
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDeleted Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDigitCount = 95
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDigitCount Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDwoName = 118
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrDwoName Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrElemental = 102
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrElemental Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrEndianity = 101
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrEndianity Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrEnumClass = 109
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrEnumClass Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrExplicit = 99
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrExplicit Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrExportSymbols = 137
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrExportSymbols Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrLinkageName = 110
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrLinkageName Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrLoclistsBase = 140
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrLoclistsBase Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrMacros = 121
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrMacros Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrMainSubprogram = 106
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrMainSubprogram Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrMutable = 97
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrMutable Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrNoreturn = 135
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrNoreturn Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrObjectPointer = 100
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrObjectPointer Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrPictureString = 96
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrPictureString Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrPure = 103
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrPure Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRank = 113
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRank Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRecursive = 104
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRecursive Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrReference = 119
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrReference Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRnglistsBase = 116
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRnglistsBase Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRvalueReference = 120
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrRvalueReference Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrSignature = 105
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrSignature Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrSmall = 93
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrSmall Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrStrOffsetsBase = 114
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrStrOffsetsBase Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrStringLengthBitSize = 111
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrStringLengthBitSize Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrStringLengthByteSize = 112
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrStringLengthByteSize Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrThreadsScaled = 98
pkg debug/dwarf, const AttrThreadsScaled Attr
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassAddrPtr = 15
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassAddrPtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassLocList = 16
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassLocList Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassRngList = 17
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassRngList Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassRngListsPtr = 18
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassRngListsPtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassStrOffsetsPtr = 19
pkg debug/dwarf, const ClassStrOffsetsPtr Class
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagAtomicType = 71
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagAtomicType Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagCallSite = 72
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagCallSite Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagCallSiteParameter = 73
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagCallSiteParameter Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagCoarrayType = 68
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagCoarrayType Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagDynamicType = 70
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagDynamicType Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagGenericSubrange = 69
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagGenericSubrange Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagImmutableType = 75
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagImmutableType Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagSkeletonUnit = 74
pkg debug/dwarf, const TagSkeletonUnit Tag
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Data) AddSection(string, []uint8) error
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*LineReader) Files() []*LineFile
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*Reader) ByteOrder() binary.ByteOrder
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagBMPString = 30
pkg encoding/asn1, const TagBMPString ideal-int
pkg encoding/json, method (*Decoder) InputOffset() int64
pkg go/build, type Context struct, Dir string
pkg go/doc, func NewFromFiles(*token.FileSet, []*ast.File, string, ...interface{}) (*Package, error)
pkg go/doc, type Example struct, Suffix string
pkg go/doc, type Func struct, Examples []*Example
pkg go/doc, type Package struct, Examples []*Example
pkg go/doc, type Type struct, Examples []*Example
pkg hash/maphash, func MakeSeed() Seed
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) BlockSize() int
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) Reset()
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) Seed() Seed
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) SetSeed(Seed)
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) Size() int
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) Sum([]uint8) []uint8
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) Sum64() uint64
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) Write([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) WriteByte(uint8) error
pkg hash/maphash, method (*Hash) WriteString(string) (int, error)
pkg hash/maphash, type Hash struct
pkg hash/maphash, type Seed struct
pkg log, const Lmsgprefix = 64
pkg log, const Lmsgprefix ideal-int
pkg math, func FMA(float64, float64, float64) float64
pkg math/bits, func Rem(uint, uint, uint) uint
pkg math/bits, func Rem32(uint32, uint32, uint32) uint32
pkg math/bits, func Rem64(uint64, uint64, uint64) uint64
pkg mime/multipart, method (*Reader) NextRawPart() (*Part, error)
pkg net/http, method (Header) Values(string) []string
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, DialTLSContext func(context.Context, string, string) (net.Conn, error)
pkg net/http/httptest, type Server struct, EnableHTTP2 bool
pkg net/textproto, method (MIMEHeader) Values(string) []string
pkg strconv, method (*NumError) Unwrap() error
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_CLOSE_EVENT = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_CLOSE_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT = 5
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT = 6
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_CLOSE_EVENT = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_CLOSE_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT = 5
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_LOGOFF_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT = 6
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_SHUTDOWN_EVENT ideal-int
pkg testing, method (*B) Cleanup(func())
pkg testing, method (*T) Cleanup(func())
pkg testing, type TB interface, Cleanup(func())
pkg unicode, const Version = "12.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Elymaic *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Nandinagari *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Wancho *RangeTable

View File

@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
pkg bufio, var ErrBadReadCount error
pkg crypto, method (Hash) String() string
pkg crypto/ecdsa, func SignASN1(io.Reader, *PrivateKey, []uint8) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, func VerifyASN1(*PublicKey, []uint8, []uint8) bool
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Equal(crypto.PrivateKey) bool
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PublicKey) Equal(crypto.PublicKey) bool
pkg crypto/ed25519, method (PrivateKey) Equal(crypto.PrivateKey) bool
pkg crypto/ed25519, method (PublicKey) Equal(crypto.PublicKey) bool
pkg crypto/elliptic, func MarshalCompressed(Curve, *big.Int, *big.Int) []uint8
pkg crypto/elliptic, func UnmarshalCompressed(Curve, []uint8) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Equal(crypto.PrivateKey) bool
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PublicKey) Equal(crypto.PublicKey) bool
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Dialer) Dial(string, string) (net.Conn, error)
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Dialer) DialContext(context.Context, string, string) (net.Conn, error)
pkg crypto/tls, method (ClientAuthType) String() string
pkg crypto/tls, method (CurveID) String() string
pkg crypto/tls, method (SignatureScheme) String() string
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, VerifyConnection func(ConnectionState) error
pkg crypto/tls, type Dialer struct
pkg crypto/tls, type Dialer struct, Config *Config
pkg crypto/tls, type Dialer struct, NetDialer *net.Dialer
pkg crypto/x509, func CreateRevocationList(io.Reader, *RevocationList, *Certificate, crypto.Signer) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, ExtraExtensions []pkix.Extension
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, NextUpdate time.Time
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, Number *big.Int
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, RevokedCertificates []pkix.RevokedCertificate
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, SignatureAlgorithm SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, ThisUpdate time.Time
pkg database/sql, method (*DB) SetConnMaxIdleTime(time.Duration)
pkg database/sql, method (*Row) Err() error
pkg database/sql, type DBStats struct, MaxIdleTimeClosed int64
pkg database/sql/driver, type Validator interface { IsValid }
pkg database/sql/driver, type Validator interface, IsValid() bool
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_APPCONTAINER = 4096
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_APPCONTAINER ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_DYNAMIC_BASE = 64
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_DYNAMIC_BASE ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_FORCE_INTEGRITY = 128
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_FORCE_INTEGRITY ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_GUARD_CF = 16384
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_GUARD_CF ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_HIGH_ENTROPY_VA = 32
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_HIGH_ENTROPY_VA ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NO_BIND = 2048
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NO_BIND ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NO_ISOLATION = 512
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NO_ISOLATION ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NO_SEH = 1024
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NO_SEH ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NX_COMPAT = 256
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_NX_COMPAT ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_TERMINAL_SERVER_AWARE = 32768
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_TERMINAL_SERVER_AWARE ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_WDM_DRIVER = 8192
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_WDM_DRIVER ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_32BIT_MACHINE = 256
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_32BIT_MACHINE ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_AGGRESIVE_WS_TRIM = 16
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_AGGRESIVE_WS_TRIM ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_BYTES_REVERSED_HI = 32768
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_BYTES_REVERSED_HI ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_BYTES_REVERSED_LO = 128
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_BYTES_REVERSED_LO ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_DEBUG_STRIPPED = 512
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_DEBUG_STRIPPED ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_DLL = 8192
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_DLL ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_EXECUTABLE_IMAGE = 2
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_EXECUTABLE_IMAGE ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_LARGE_ADDRESS_AWARE = 32
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_LARGE_ADDRESS_AWARE ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_LINE_NUMS_STRIPPED = 4
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_LINE_NUMS_STRIPPED ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_LOCAL_SYMS_STRIPPED = 8
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_LOCAL_SYMS_STRIPPED ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_NET_RUN_FROM_SWAP = 2048
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_NET_RUN_FROM_SWAP ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_RELOCS_STRIPPED = 1
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_RELOCS_STRIPPED ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_REMOVABLE_RUN_FROM_SWAP = 1024
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_REMOVABLE_RUN_FROM_SWAP ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_SYSTEM = 4096
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_SYSTEM ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_UP_SYSTEM_ONLY = 16384
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_FILE_UP_SYSTEM_ONLY ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_APPLICATION = 10
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_APPLICATION ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_BOOT_SERVICE_DRIVER = 11
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_BOOT_SERVICE_DRIVER ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_ROM = 13
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_ROM ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_RUNTIME_DRIVER = 12
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_EFI_RUNTIME_DRIVER ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_NATIVE = 1
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_NATIVE ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_NATIVE_WINDOWS = 8
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_NATIVE_WINDOWS ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_OS2_CUI = 5
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_OS2_CUI ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_POSIX_CUI = 7
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_POSIX_CUI ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_UNKNOWN = 0
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_UNKNOWN ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_BOOT_APPLICATION = 16
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_BOOT_APPLICATION ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_CE_GUI = 9
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_CE_GUI ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_CUI = 3
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_CUI ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_GUI = 2
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_GUI ideal-int
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_XBOX = 14
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_XBOX ideal-int
pkg math/big, method (*Int) FillBytes([]uint8) []uint8
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupIP(context.Context, string, string) ([]IP, error)
pkg net/url, method (*URL) EscapedFragment() string
pkg net/url, method (*URL) Redacted() string
pkg net/url, type URL struct, RawFragment string
pkg os, method (*File) ReadFrom(io.Reader) (int64, error)
pkg os, var ErrDeadlineExceeded error
pkg regexp, method (*Regexp) SubexpIndex(string) int
pkg strconv, func FormatComplex(complex128, uint8, int, int) string
pkg strconv, func ParseComplex(string, int) (complex128, error)
pkg sync, method (*Map) LoadAndDelete(interface{}) (interface{}, bool)
pkg testing, method (*B) TempDir() string
pkg testing, method (*T) Deadline() (time.Time, bool)
pkg testing, method (*T) TempDir() string
pkg testing, type TB interface, TempDir() string
pkg time, method (*Ticker) Reset(Duration)

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@@ -1,501 +0,0 @@
pkg archive/zip, method (*ReadCloser) Open(string) (fs.File, error)
pkg archive/zip, method (*Reader) Open(string) (fs.File, error)
pkg crypto/x509, method (SystemRootsError) Unwrap() error
pkg debug/elf, const DT_ADDRRNGHI = 1879047935
pkg debug/elf, const DT_ADDRRNGHI DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_ADDRRNGLO = 1879047680
pkg debug/elf, const DT_ADDRRNGLO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_AUDIT = 1879047932
pkg debug/elf, const DT_AUDIT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_AUXILIARY = 2147483645
pkg debug/elf, const DT_AUXILIARY DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_CHECKSUM = 1879047672
pkg debug/elf, const DT_CHECKSUM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_CONFIG = 1879047930
pkg debug/elf, const DT_CONFIG DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_DEPAUDIT = 1879047931
pkg debug/elf, const DT_DEPAUDIT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_FEATURE = 1879047676
pkg debug/elf, const DT_FEATURE DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_FILTER = 2147483647
pkg debug/elf, const DT_FILTER DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_FLAGS_1 = 1879048187
pkg debug/elf, const DT_FLAGS_1 DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_CONFLICT = 1879047928
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_CONFLICT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_CONFLICTSZ = 1879047670
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_CONFLICTSZ DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_HASH = 1879047925
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_HASH DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_LIBLIST = 1879047929
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_LIBLIST DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_LIBLISTSZ = 1879047671
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_LIBLISTSZ DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_PRELINKED = 1879047669
pkg debug/elf, const DT_GNU_PRELINKED DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_AUX_DYNAMIC = 1879048241
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_AUX_DYNAMIC DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_BASE_ADDRESS = 1879048198
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_BASE_ADDRESS DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_COMPACT_SIZE = 1879048239
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_COMPACT_SIZE DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_CONFLICT = 1879048200
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_CONFLICT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_CONFLICTNO = 1879048203
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_CONFLICTNO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_CXX_FLAGS = 1879048226
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_CXX_FLAGS DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASS = 1879048215
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASS DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASSSYM = 1879048224
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASSSYM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASSSYM_NO = 1879048225
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASSSYM_NO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASS_NO = 1879048216
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_CLASS_NO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_INSTANCE = 1879048217
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_INSTANCE DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_INSTANCE_NO = 1879048218
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_INSTANCE_NO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_RELOC = 1879048219
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_RELOC DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_RELOC_NO = 1879048220
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_RELOC_NO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_SYM = 1879048221
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_SYM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_SYM_NO = 1879048222
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DELTA_SYM_NO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DYNSTR_ALIGN = 1879048235
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_DYNSTR_ALIGN DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_FLAGS = 1879048197
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_FLAGS DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_GOTSYM = 1879048211
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_GOTSYM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_GP_VALUE = 1879048240
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_GP_VALUE DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_HIDDEN_GOTIDX = 1879048231
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_HIDDEN_GOTIDX DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_HIPAGENO = 1879048212
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_HIPAGENO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_ICHECKSUM = 1879048195
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_ICHECKSUM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_INTERFACE = 1879048234
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_INTERFACE DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_INTERFACE_SIZE = 1879048236
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_INTERFACE_SIZE DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_IVERSION = 1879048196
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_IVERSION DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LIBLIST = 1879048201
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LIBLIST DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LIBLISTNO = 1879048208
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LIBLISTNO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LOCALPAGE_GOTIDX = 1879048229
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LOCALPAGE_GOTIDX DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LOCAL_GOTIDX = 1879048230
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LOCAL_GOTIDX DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LOCAL_GOTNO = 1879048202
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_LOCAL_GOTNO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_MSYM = 1879048199
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_MSYM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_OPTIONS = 1879048233
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_OPTIONS DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PERF_SUFFIX = 1879048238
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PERF_SUFFIX DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PIXIE_INIT = 1879048227
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PIXIE_INIT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PLTGOT = 1879048242
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PLTGOT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PROTECTED_GOTIDX = 1879048232
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_PROTECTED_GOTIDX DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP = 1879048214
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP_REL = 1879048245
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP_REL DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_TEXT_RESOLVE_ADDR = 1879048237
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_TEXT_RESOLVE_ADDR DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_VERSION = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RLD_VERSION DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RWPLT = 1879048244
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_RWPLT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_SYMBOL_LIB = 1879048228
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_SYMBOL_LIB DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_SYMTABNO = 1879048209
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_SYMTABNO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_TIME_STAMP = 1879048194
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_TIME_STAMP DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_UNREFEXTNO = 1879048210
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MIPS_UNREFEXTNO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MOVEENT = 1879047674
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MOVEENT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MOVESZ = 1879047675
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MOVESZ DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MOVETAB = 1879047934
pkg debug/elf, const DT_MOVETAB DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PLTPAD = 1879047933
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PLTPAD DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PLTPADSZ = 1879047673
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PLTPADSZ DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_POSFLAG_1 = 1879047677
pkg debug/elf, const DT_POSFLAG_1 DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_GLINK = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_GLINK DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_OPD = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_OPD DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_OPDSZ = 1879048194
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_OPDSZ DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_OPT = 1879048195
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC64_OPT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC_GOT = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC_GOT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC_OPT = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const DT_PPC_OPT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_RELACOUNT = 1879048185
pkg debug/elf, const DT_RELACOUNT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_RELCOUNT = 1879048186
pkg debug/elf, const DT_RELCOUNT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SPARC_REGISTER = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SPARC_REGISTER DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMINENT = 1879047679
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMINENT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMINFO = 1879047935
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMINFO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMINSZ = 1879047678
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMINSZ DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMTAB_SHNDX = 34
pkg debug/elf, const DT_SYMTAB_SHNDX DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_TLSDESC_GOT = 1879047927
pkg debug/elf, const DT_TLSDESC_GOT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_TLSDESC_PLT = 1879047926
pkg debug/elf, const DT_TLSDESC_PLT DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_USED = 2147483646
pkg debug/elf, const DT_USED DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VALRNGHI = 1879047679
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VALRNGHI DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VALRNGLO = 1879047424
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VALRNGLO DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VERDEF = 1879048188
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VERDEF DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VERDEFNUM = 1879048189
pkg debug/elf, const DT_VERDEFNUM DynTag
pkg debug/elf, const PT_AARCH64_ARCHEXT = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const PT_AARCH64_ARCHEXT ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_AARCH64_UNWIND = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const PT_AARCH64_UNWIND ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_ARM_ARCHEXT = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const PT_ARM_ARCHEXT ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_ARM_EXIDX = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const PT_ARM_EXIDX ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_EH_FRAME = 1685382480
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_EH_FRAME ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_MBIND_HI = 1685386580
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_MBIND_HI ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_MBIND_LO = 1685382485
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_MBIND_LO ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_PROPERTY = 1685382483
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_PROPERTY ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_RELRO = 1685382482
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_RELRO ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_STACK = 1685382481
pkg debug/elf, const PT_GNU_STACK ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_ABIFLAGS = 1879048195
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_ABIFLAGS ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_OPTIONS = 1879048194
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_OPTIONS ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_REGINFO = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_REGINFO ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_RTPROC = 1879048193
pkg debug/elf, const PT_MIPS_RTPROC ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_OPENBSD_BOOTDATA = 1705253862
pkg debug/elf, const PT_OPENBSD_BOOTDATA ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_OPENBSD_RANDOMIZE = 1705237478
pkg debug/elf, const PT_OPENBSD_RANDOMIZE ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_OPENBSD_WXNEEDED = 1705237479
pkg debug/elf, const PT_OPENBSD_WXNEEDED ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_PAX_FLAGS = 1694766464
pkg debug/elf, const PT_PAX_FLAGS ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_S390_PGSTE = 1879048192
pkg debug/elf, const PT_S390_PGSTE ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_SUNWSTACK = 1879048187
pkg debug/elf, const PT_SUNWSTACK ProgType
pkg debug/elf, const PT_SUNW_EH_FRAME = 1685382480
pkg debug/elf, const PT_SUNW_EH_FRAME ProgType
pkg embed, method (FS) Open(string) (fs.File, error)
pkg embed, method (FS) ReadDir(string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
pkg embed, method (FS) ReadFile(string) ([]uint8, error)
pkg embed, type FS struct
pkg flag, func Func(string, string, func(string) error)
pkg flag, method (*FlagSet) Func(string, string, func(string) error)
pkg go/build, type Package struct, EmbedPatterns []string
pkg go/build, type Package struct, EmbedPatternPos map[string][]token.Position
pkg go/build, type Package struct, IgnoredOtherFiles []string
pkg go/build, type Package struct, TestEmbedPatterns []string
pkg go/build, type Package struct, TestEmbedPatternPos map[string][]token.Position
pkg go/build, type Package struct, XTestEmbedPatterns []string
pkg go/build, type Package struct, XTestEmbedPatternPos map[string][]token.Position
pkg go/build/constraint, func IsGoBuild(string) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, func IsPlusBuild(string) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, func Parse(string) (Expr, error)
pkg go/build/constraint, func PlusBuildLines(Expr) ([]string, error)
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*AndExpr) Eval(func(string) bool) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*AndExpr) String() string
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*NotExpr) Eval(func(string) bool) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*NotExpr) String() string
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*OrExpr) Eval(func(string) bool) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*OrExpr) String() string
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*SyntaxError) Error() string
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*TagExpr) Eval(func(string) bool) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, method (*TagExpr) String() string
pkg go/build/constraint, type AndExpr struct
pkg go/build/constraint, type AndExpr struct, X Expr
pkg go/build/constraint, type AndExpr struct, Y Expr
pkg go/build/constraint, type Expr interface, Eval(func(string) bool) bool
pkg go/build/constraint, type Expr interface, String() string
pkg go/build/constraint, type Expr interface, unexported methods
pkg go/build/constraint, type NotExpr struct
pkg go/build/constraint, type NotExpr struct, X Expr
pkg go/build/constraint, type OrExpr struct
pkg go/build/constraint, type OrExpr struct, X Expr
pkg go/build/constraint, type OrExpr struct, Y Expr
pkg go/build/constraint, type SyntaxError struct
pkg go/build/constraint, type SyntaxError struct, Err string
pkg go/build/constraint, type SyntaxError struct, Offset int
pkg go/build/constraint, type TagExpr struct
pkg go/build/constraint, type TagExpr struct, Tag string
pkg html/template, func ParseFS(fs.FS, ...string) (*Template, error)
pkg html/template, method (*Template) ParseFS(fs.FS, ...string) (*Template, error)
pkg io, func NopCloser(Reader) ReadCloser
pkg io, func ReadAll(Reader) ([]uint8, error)
pkg io, type ReadSeekCloser interface { Close, Read, Seek }
pkg io, type ReadSeekCloser interface, Close() error
pkg io, type ReadSeekCloser interface, Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg io, type ReadSeekCloser interface, Seek(int64, int) (int64, error)
pkg io, var Discard Writer
pkg io/fs, const ModeAppend = 1073741824
pkg io/fs, const ModeAppend FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeCharDevice = 2097152
pkg io/fs, const ModeCharDevice FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeDevice = 67108864
pkg io/fs, const ModeDevice FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeDir = 2147483648
pkg io/fs, const ModeDir FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeExclusive = 536870912
pkg io/fs, const ModeExclusive FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeIrregular = 524288
pkg io/fs, const ModeIrregular FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeNamedPipe = 33554432
pkg io/fs, const ModeNamedPipe FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModePerm = 511
pkg io/fs, const ModePerm FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeSetgid = 4194304
pkg io/fs, const ModeSetgid FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeSetuid = 8388608
pkg io/fs, const ModeSetuid FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeSocket = 16777216
pkg io/fs, const ModeSocket FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeSticky = 1048576
pkg io/fs, const ModeSticky FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeSymlink = 134217728
pkg io/fs, const ModeSymlink FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeTemporary = 268435456
pkg io/fs, const ModeTemporary FileMode
pkg io/fs, const ModeType = 2401763328
pkg io/fs, const ModeType FileMode
pkg io/fs, func Glob(FS, string) ([]string, error)
pkg io/fs, func ReadDir(FS, string) ([]DirEntry, error)
pkg io/fs, func ReadFile(FS, string) ([]uint8, error)
pkg io/fs, func Stat(FS, string) (FileInfo, error)
pkg io/fs, func Sub(FS, string) (FS, error)
pkg io/fs, func ValidPath(string) bool
pkg io/fs, func WalkDir(FS, string, WalkDirFunc) error
pkg io/fs, method (*PathError) Error() string
pkg io/fs, method (*PathError) Timeout() bool
pkg io/fs, method (*PathError) Unwrap() error
pkg io/fs, method (FileMode) IsDir() bool
pkg io/fs, method (FileMode) IsRegular() bool
pkg io/fs, method (FileMode) Perm() FileMode
pkg io/fs, method (FileMode) String() string
pkg io/fs, method (FileMode) Type() FileMode
pkg io/fs, type DirEntry interface { Info, IsDir, Name, Type }
pkg io/fs, type DirEntry interface, Info() (FileInfo, error)
pkg io/fs, type DirEntry interface, IsDir() bool
pkg io/fs, type DirEntry interface, Name() string
pkg io/fs, type DirEntry interface, Type() FileMode
pkg io/fs, type FS interface { Open }
pkg io/fs, type FS interface, Open(string) (File, error)
pkg io/fs, type File interface { Close, Read, Stat }
pkg io/fs, type File interface, Close() error
pkg io/fs, type File interface, Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg io/fs, type File interface, Stat() (FileInfo, error)
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface { IsDir, ModTime, Mode, Name, Size, Sys }
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface, IsDir() bool
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface, ModTime() time.Time
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface, Mode() FileMode
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface, Name() string
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface, Size() int64
pkg io/fs, type FileInfo interface, Sys() interface{}
pkg io/fs, type FileMode uint32
pkg io/fs, type GlobFS interface { Glob, Open }
pkg io/fs, type GlobFS interface, Glob(string) ([]string, error)
pkg io/fs, type GlobFS interface, Open(string) (File, error)
pkg io/fs, type PathError struct
pkg io/fs, type PathError struct, Err error
pkg io/fs, type PathError struct, Op string
pkg io/fs, type PathError struct, Path string
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFS interface { Open, ReadDir }
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFS interface, Open(string) (File, error)
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFS interface, ReadDir(string) ([]DirEntry, error)
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFile interface { Close, Read, ReadDir, Stat }
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFile interface, Close() error
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFile interface, Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFile interface, ReadDir(int) ([]DirEntry, error)
pkg io/fs, type ReadDirFile interface, Stat() (FileInfo, error)
pkg io/fs, type ReadFileFS interface { Open, ReadFile }
pkg io/fs, type ReadFileFS interface, Open(string) (File, error)
pkg io/fs, type ReadFileFS interface, ReadFile(string) ([]uint8, error)
pkg io/fs, type StatFS interface { Open, Stat }
pkg io/fs, type StatFS interface, Open(string) (File, error)
pkg io/fs, type StatFS interface, Stat(string) (FileInfo, error)
pkg io/fs, type SubFS interface { Open, Sub }
pkg io/fs, type SubFS interface, Open(string) (File, error)
pkg io/fs, type SubFS interface, Sub(string) (FS, error)
pkg io/fs, type WalkDirFunc func(string, DirEntry, error) error
pkg io/fs, var ErrClosed error
pkg io/fs, var ErrExist error
pkg io/fs, var ErrInvalid error
pkg io/fs, var ErrNotExist error
pkg io/fs, var ErrPermission error
pkg io/fs, var SkipDir error
pkg log, func Default() *Logger
pkg net, var ErrClosed error
pkg net/http, func FS(fs.FS) FileSystem
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, GetProxyConnectHeader func(context.Context, *url.URL, string) (Header, error)
pkg os, const ModeAppend fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeCharDevice fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeDevice fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeDir fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeExclusive fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeIrregular fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeNamedPipe fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModePerm fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSetgid fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSetuid fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSocket fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSticky fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeSymlink fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeTemporary fs.FileMode
pkg os, const ModeType fs.FileMode
pkg os, func Chmod(string, fs.FileMode) error
pkg os, func CreateTemp(string, string) (*File, error)
pkg os, func DirFS(string) fs.FS
pkg os, func Lstat(string) (fs.FileInfo, error)
pkg os, func Mkdir(string, fs.FileMode) error
pkg os, func MkdirAll(string, fs.FileMode) error
pkg os, func MkdirTemp(string, string) (string, error)
pkg os, func OpenFile(string, int, fs.FileMode) (*File, error)
pkg os, func ReadDir(string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
pkg os, func ReadFile(string) ([]uint8, error)
pkg os, func SameFile(fs.FileInfo, fs.FileInfo) bool
pkg os, func Stat(string) (fs.FileInfo, error)
pkg os, func WriteFile(string, []uint8, fs.FileMode) error
pkg os, method (*File) Chmod(fs.FileMode) error
pkg os, method (*File) ReadDir(int) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
pkg os, method (*File) Readdir(int) ([]fs.FileInfo, error)
pkg os, method (*File) Stat() (fs.FileInfo, error)
pkg os, type DirEntry = fs.DirEntry
pkg os, type FileInfo = fs.FileInfo
pkg os, type FileMode = fs.FileMode
pkg os, type PathError = fs.PathError
pkg os, var ErrProcessDone error
pkg os/signal, func NotifyContext(context.Context, ...os.Signal) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc)
pkg path/filepath, func WalkDir(string, fs.WalkDirFunc) error
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindBad = 0
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindBad ValueKind
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindFloat64 = 2
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindFloat64 ValueKind
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindFloat64Histogram = 3
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindFloat64Histogram ValueKind
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindUint64 = 1
pkg runtime/metrics, const KindUint64 ValueKind
pkg runtime/metrics, func All() []Description
pkg runtime/metrics, func Read([]Sample)
pkg runtime/metrics, method (Value) Float64() float64
pkg runtime/metrics, method (Value) Float64Histogram() *Float64Histogram
pkg runtime/metrics, method (Value) Kind() ValueKind
pkg runtime/metrics, method (Value) Uint64() uint64
pkg runtime/metrics, type Description struct
pkg runtime/metrics, type Description struct, Cumulative bool
pkg runtime/metrics, type Description struct, Description string
pkg runtime/metrics, type Description struct, Kind ValueKind
pkg runtime/metrics, type Description struct, Name string
pkg runtime/metrics, type Float64Histogram struct
pkg runtime/metrics, type Float64Histogram struct, Buckets []float64
pkg runtime/metrics, type Float64Histogram struct, Counts []uint64
pkg runtime/metrics, type Sample struct
pkg runtime/metrics, type Sample struct, Name string
pkg runtime/metrics, type Sample struct, Value Value
pkg runtime/metrics, type Value struct
pkg runtime/metrics, type ValueKind int
pkg syscall (linux-386), func AllThreadsSyscall(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-386), func AllThreadsSyscall6(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-386), func Setegid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-386), func Seteuid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), func AllThreadsSyscall(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), func AllThreadsSyscall6(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), func Setegid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), func Seteuid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), func AllThreadsSyscall(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), func AllThreadsSyscall6(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), func Setegid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), func Seteuid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), func AllThreadsSyscall(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), func AllThreadsSyscall6(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), func Setegid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), func Seteuid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-arm), func AllThreadsSyscall(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-arm), func AllThreadsSyscall6(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-arm), func Setegid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-arm), func Seteuid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), func AllThreadsSyscall(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), func AllThreadsSyscall6(uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr, uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), func Setegid(int) error
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), func Seteuid(int) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), method (*DLLError) Unwrap() error
pkg syscall (windows-386), type SysProcAttr struct, NoInheritHandles bool
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), method (*DLLError) Unwrap() error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, NoInheritHandles bool
pkg testing/fstest, func TestFS(fs.FS, ...string) error
pkg testing/fstest, method (MapFS) Glob(string) ([]string, error)
pkg testing/fstest, method (MapFS) Open(string) (fs.File, error)
pkg testing/fstest, method (MapFS) ReadDir(string) ([]fs.DirEntry, error)
pkg testing/fstest, method (MapFS) ReadFile(string) ([]uint8, error)
pkg testing/fstest, method (MapFS) Stat(string) (fs.FileInfo, error)
pkg testing/fstest, method (MapFS) Sub(string) (fs.FS, error)
pkg testing/fstest, type MapFS map[string]*MapFile
pkg testing/fstest, type MapFile struct
pkg testing/fstest, type MapFile struct, Data []uint8
pkg testing/fstest, type MapFile struct, ModTime time.Time
pkg testing/fstest, type MapFile struct, Mode fs.FileMode
pkg testing/fstest, type MapFile struct, Sys interface{}
pkg testing/iotest, func ErrReader(error) io.Reader
pkg testing/iotest, func TestReader(io.Reader, []uint8) error
pkg text/template, func ParseFS(fs.FS, ...string) (*Template, error)
pkg text/template, method (*Template) ParseFS(fs.FS, ...string) (*Template, error)
pkg text/template/parse, const NodeComment = 20
pkg text/template/parse, const NodeComment NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, const ParseComments = 1
pkg text/template/parse, const ParseComments Mode
pkg text/template/parse, method (*CommentNode) Copy() Node
pkg text/template/parse, method (*CommentNode) String() string
pkg text/template/parse, method (CommentNode) Position() Pos
pkg text/template/parse, method (CommentNode) Type() NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type CommentNode struct
pkg text/template/parse, type CommentNode struct, Text string
pkg text/template/parse, type CommentNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type CommentNode struct, embedded Pos
pkg text/template/parse, type Mode uint
pkg text/template/parse, type Tree struct, Mode Mode
pkg unicode, const Version = "13.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Chorasmian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Dives_Akuru *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khitan_Small_Script *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Yezidi *RangeTable

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@@ -1,276 +0,0 @@
pkg archive/zip, method (*File) OpenRaw() (io.Reader, error)
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) Copy(*File) error
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) CreateRaw(*FileHeader) (io.Writer, error)
pkg compress/lzw, method (*Reader) Close() error
pkg compress/lzw, method (*Reader) Read([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg compress/lzw, method (*Reader) Reset(io.Reader, Order, int)
pkg compress/lzw, method (*Writer) Close() error
pkg compress/lzw, method (*Writer) Reset(io.Writer, Order, int)
pkg compress/lzw, method (*Writer) Write([]uint8) (int, error)
pkg compress/lzw, type Reader struct
pkg compress/lzw, type Writer struct
pkg crypto/tls, method (*CertificateRequestInfo) Context() context.Context
pkg crypto/tls, method (*ClientHelloInfo) Context() context.Context
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Conn) HandshakeContext(context.Context) error
pkg database/sql, method (*NullByte) Scan(interface{}) error
pkg database/sql, method (*NullInt16) Scan(interface{}) error
pkg database/sql, method (NullByte) Value() (driver.Value, error)
pkg database/sql, method (NullInt16) Value() (driver.Value, error)
pkg database/sql, type NullByte struct
pkg database/sql, type NullByte struct, Byte uint8
pkg database/sql, type NullByte struct, Valid bool
pkg database/sql, type NullInt16 struct
pkg database/sql, type NullInt16 struct, Int16 int16
pkg database/sql, type NullInt16 struct, Valid bool
pkg debug/elf, const SHT_MIPS_ABIFLAGS = 1879048234
pkg debug/elf, const SHT_MIPS_ABIFLAGS SectionType
pkg encoding/csv, method (*Reader) FieldPos(int) (int, int)
pkg go/build, type Context struct, ToolTags []string
pkg go/parser, const SkipObjectResolution = 64
pkg go/parser, const SkipObjectResolution Mode
pkg image, method (*Alpha) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*Alpha) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*Alpha16) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*Alpha16) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*CMYK) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*CMYK) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*Gray) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*Gray) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*Gray16) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*Gray16) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*NRGBA) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*NRGBA) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*NRGBA64) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*NRGBA64) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*NYCbCrA) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*Paletted) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*Paletted) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*RGBA) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*RGBA) SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg image, method (*Uniform) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*YCbCr) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (Rectangle) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, type RGBA64Image interface { At, Bounds, ColorModel, RGBA64At }
pkg image, type RGBA64Image interface, At(int, int) color.Color
pkg image, type RGBA64Image interface, Bounds() Rectangle
pkg image, type RGBA64Image interface, ColorModel() color.Model
pkg image, type RGBA64Image interface, RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface { At, Bounds, ColorModel, RGBA64At, Set, SetRGBA64 }
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface, At(int, int) color.Color
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface, Bounds() image.Rectangle
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface, ColorModel() color.Model
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface, RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface, Set(int, int, color.Color)
pkg image/draw, type RGBA64Image interface, SetRGBA64(int, int, color.RGBA64)
pkg io/fs, func FileInfoToDirEntry(FileInfo) DirEntry
pkg math (darwin-amd64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (darwin-amd64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (darwin-amd64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (darwin-amd64-cgo), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (darwin-amd64-cgo), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (darwin-amd64-cgo), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (freebsd-386), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (freebsd-386), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (freebsd-386), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (freebsd-386-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (freebsd-386-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (freebsd-386-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (freebsd-amd64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (freebsd-amd64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (freebsd-amd64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (freebsd-arm), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (freebsd-arm), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (freebsd-arm), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (freebsd-arm-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (freebsd-arm-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (freebsd-arm-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (linux-386), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (linux-386), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (linux-386), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (linux-386-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (linux-386-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (linux-386-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (linux-amd64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (linux-amd64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (linux-amd64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (linux-amd64-cgo), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (linux-amd64-cgo), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (linux-amd64-cgo), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (linux-arm), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (linux-arm), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (linux-arm), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (linux-arm-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (linux-arm-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (linux-arm-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (netbsd-386), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (netbsd-386), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (netbsd-386), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (netbsd-386-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (netbsd-386-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (netbsd-386-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (netbsd-amd64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (netbsd-amd64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (netbsd-amd64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (netbsd-arm), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (netbsd-arm), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (netbsd-arm), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (netbsd-arm-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (netbsd-arm-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (netbsd-arm-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (netbsd-arm64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (netbsd-arm64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (netbsd-arm64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (openbsd-386), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (openbsd-386), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (openbsd-386), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (openbsd-386-cgo), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (openbsd-386-cgo), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (openbsd-386-cgo), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (openbsd-amd64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (openbsd-amd64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (openbsd-amd64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math (windows-386), const MaxInt = 2147483647
pkg math (windows-386), const MaxUint = 4294967295
pkg math (windows-386), const MinInt = -2147483648
pkg math (windows-amd64), const MaxInt = 9223372036854775807
pkg math (windows-amd64), const MaxUint = 18446744073709551615
pkg math (windows-amd64), const MinInt = -9223372036854775808
pkg math, const MaxFloat64 = 1.79769e+308 // 179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919299881250404026184124858368
pkg math, const MaxInt ideal-int
pkg math, const MaxUint ideal-int
pkg math, const MinInt ideal-int
pkg math, const SmallestNonzeroFloat32 = 1.4013e-45 // 1/713623846352979940529142984724747568191373312
pkg math, const SmallestNonzeroFloat64 = 4.94066e-324 // 1/202402253307310618352495346718917307049556649764142118356901358027430339567995346891960383701437124495187077864316811911389808737385793476867013399940738509921517424276566361364466907742093216341239767678472745068562007483424692698618103355649159556340810056512358769552333414615230502532186327508646006263307707741093494784
pkg net, method (*ParseError) Temporary() bool
pkg net, method (*ParseError) Timeout() bool
pkg net, method (IP) IsPrivate() bool
pkg net/http, func AllowQuerySemicolons(Handler) Handler
pkg net/url, method (Values) Has(string) bool
pkg reflect, func VisibleFields(Type) []StructField
pkg reflect, method (Method) IsExported() bool
pkg reflect, method (StructField) IsExported() bool
pkg reflect, method (Value) CanConvert(Type) bool
pkg runtime/cgo (darwin-amd64-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (darwin-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (darwin-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-386-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-386-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-386-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-386-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-amd64-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-arm-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-arm-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-arm-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-386-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-386-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-386-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-386-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-amd64-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-amd64-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-arm-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-arm-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-arm-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (linux-arm-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-386-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-386-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-386-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-386-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-amd64-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-amd64-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm64-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm64-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm64-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (netbsd-arm64-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-386-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-386-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-386-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-386-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-amd64-cgo), func NewHandle(interface{}) Handle
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Delete()
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-amd64-cgo), method (Handle) Value() interface{}
pkg runtime/cgo (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Handle uintptr
pkg strconv, func QuotedPrefix(string) (string, error)
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) CompareAndSwap(interface{}, interface{}) bool
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Swap(interface{}) interface{}
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-386), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-386-cgo), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 = 481
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const WEXITED = 32
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const WEXITED ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), type SysProcAttr struct, AdditionalInheritedHandles []Handle
pkg syscall (windows-386), type SysProcAttr struct, ParentProcess Handle
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, AdditionalInheritedHandles []Handle
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, ParentProcess Handle
pkg testing, method (*B) Setenv(string, string)
pkg testing, method (*T) Setenv(string, string)
pkg testing, type TB interface, Setenv(string, string)
pkg text/template/parse, const SkipFuncCheck = 2
pkg text/template/parse, const SkipFuncCheck Mode
pkg time, const Layout = "01/02 03:04:05PM '06 -0700"
pkg time, const Layout ideal-string
pkg time, func UnixMicro(int64) Time
pkg time, func UnixMilli(int64) Time
pkg time, method (Time) GoString() string
pkg time, method (Time) IsDST() bool
pkg time, method (Time) UnixMicro() int64
pkg time, method (Time) UnixMilli() int64

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@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
pkg bufio, method (*Writer) AvailableBuffer() []uint8
pkg bufio, method (ReadWriter) AvailableBuffer() []uint8
pkg bytes, func Cut([]uint8, []uint8) ([]uint8, []uint8, bool)
pkg crypto/tls, method (*Conn) NetConn() net.Conn
pkg debug/buildinfo, func Read(io.ReaderAt) (*debug.BuildInfo, error)
pkg debug/buildinfo, func ReadFile(string) (*debug.BuildInfo, error)
pkg debug/buildinfo, type BuildInfo = debug.BuildInfo
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_RELATIVE = 22
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_RELATIVE R_PPC64
pkg debug/dwarf, type BasicType struct, DataBitOffset int64
pkg debug/dwarf, type StructField struct, DataBitOffset int64
pkg debug/plan9obj, var ErrNoSymbols error
pkg go/ast, method (*IndexListExpr) End() token.Pos
pkg go/ast, method (*IndexListExpr) Pos() token.Pos
pkg go/ast, type FuncType struct, TypeParams *FieldList
pkg go/ast, type IndexListExpr struct
pkg go/ast, type IndexListExpr struct, Indices []Expr
pkg go/ast, type IndexListExpr struct, Lbrack token.Pos
pkg go/ast, type IndexListExpr struct, Rbrack token.Pos
pkg go/ast, type IndexListExpr struct, X Expr
pkg go/ast, type TypeSpec struct, TypeParams *FieldList
pkg go/constant, method (Kind) String() string
pkg go/token, const TILDE = 88
pkg go/token, const TILDE Token
pkg go/types, func Instantiate(*Context, Type, []Type, bool) (Type, error)
pkg go/types, func NewContext() *Context
pkg go/types, func NewSignatureType(*Var, []*TypeParam, []*TypeParam, *Tuple, *Tuple, bool) *Signature
pkg go/types, func NewTerm(bool, Type) *Term
pkg go/types, func NewTypeParam(*TypeName, Type) *TypeParam
pkg go/types, func NewUnion([]*Term) *Union
pkg go/types, method (*ArgumentError) Error() string
pkg go/types, method (*ArgumentError) Unwrap() error
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) IsComparable() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) IsImplicit() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) IsMethodSet() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Interface) MarkImplicit()
pkg go/types, method (*Named) Origin() *Named
pkg go/types, method (*Named) SetTypeParams([]*TypeParam)
pkg go/types, method (*Named) TypeArgs() *TypeList
pkg go/types, method (*Named) TypeParams() *TypeParamList
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) RecvTypeParams() *TypeParamList
pkg go/types, method (*Signature) TypeParams() *TypeParamList
pkg go/types, method (*Term) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Term) Tilde() bool
pkg go/types, method (*Term) Type() Type
pkg go/types, method (*TypeList) At(int) Type
pkg go/types, method (*TypeList) Len() int
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParam) Constraint() Type
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParam) Index() int
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParam) Obj() *TypeName
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParam) SetConstraint(Type)
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParam) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParam) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParamList) At(int) *TypeParam
pkg go/types, method (*TypeParamList) Len() int
pkg go/types, method (*Union) Len() int
pkg go/types, method (*Union) String() string
pkg go/types, method (*Union) Term(int) *Term
pkg go/types, method (*Union) Underlying() Type
pkg go/types, type ArgumentError struct
pkg go/types, type ArgumentError struct, Err error
pkg go/types, type ArgumentError struct, Index int
pkg go/types, type Config struct, Context *Context
pkg go/types, type Config struct, GoVersion string
pkg go/types, type Context struct
pkg go/types, type Info struct, Instances map[*ast.Ident]Instance
pkg go/types, type Instance struct
pkg go/types, type Instance struct, Type Type
pkg go/types, type Instance struct, TypeArgs *TypeList
pkg go/types, type Term struct
pkg go/types, type TypeList struct
pkg go/types, type TypeParam struct
pkg go/types, type TypeParamList struct
pkg go/types, type Union struct
pkg net, func TCPAddrFromAddrPort(netip.AddrPort) *TCPAddr
pkg net, func UDPAddrFromAddrPort(netip.AddrPort) *UDPAddr
pkg net, method (*Resolver) LookupNetIP(context.Context, string, string) ([]netip.Addr, error)
pkg net, method (*TCPAddr) AddrPort() netip.AddrPort
pkg net, method (*UDPAddr) AddrPort() netip.AddrPort
pkg net, method (*UDPConn) ReadFromUDPAddrPort([]uint8) (int, netip.AddrPort, error)
pkg net, method (*UDPConn) ReadMsgUDPAddrPort([]uint8, []uint8) (int, int, int, netip.AddrPort, error)
pkg net, method (*UDPConn) WriteMsgUDPAddrPort([]uint8, []uint8, netip.AddrPort) (int, int, error)
pkg net, method (*UDPConn) WriteToUDPAddrPort([]uint8, netip.AddrPort) (int, error)
pkg net/http, func MaxBytesHandler(Handler, int64) Handler
pkg net/http, method (*Cookie) Valid() error
pkg net/netip, func AddrFrom16([16]uint8) Addr
pkg net/netip, func AddrFrom4([4]uint8) Addr
pkg net/netip, func AddrFromSlice([]uint8) (Addr, bool)
pkg net/netip, func AddrPortFrom(Addr, uint16) AddrPort
pkg net/netip, func IPv4Unspecified() Addr
pkg net/netip, func IPv6LinkLocalAllNodes() Addr
pkg net/netip, func IPv6Unspecified() Addr
pkg net/netip, func MustParseAddr(string) Addr
pkg net/netip, func MustParseAddrPort(string) AddrPort
pkg net/netip, func MustParsePrefix(string) Prefix
pkg net/netip, func ParseAddr(string) (Addr, error)
pkg net/netip, func ParseAddrPort(string) (AddrPort, error)
pkg net/netip, func ParsePrefix(string) (Prefix, error)
pkg net/netip, func PrefixFrom(Addr, int) Prefix
pkg net/netip, method (*Addr) UnmarshalBinary([]uint8) error
pkg net/netip, method (*Addr) UnmarshalText([]uint8) error
pkg net/netip, method (*AddrPort) UnmarshalBinary([]uint8) error
pkg net/netip, method (*AddrPort) UnmarshalText([]uint8) error
pkg net/netip, method (*Prefix) UnmarshalBinary([]uint8) error
pkg net/netip, method (*Prefix) UnmarshalText([]uint8) error
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) AppendTo([]uint8) []uint8
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) As16() [16]uint8
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) As4() [4]uint8
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) AsSlice() []uint8
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) BitLen() int
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Compare(Addr) int
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Is4() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Is4In6() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Is6() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsGlobalUnicast() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsInterfaceLocalMulticast() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsLinkLocalMulticast() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsLinkLocalUnicast() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsLoopback() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsMulticast() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsPrivate() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsUnspecified() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) IsValid() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Less(Addr) bool
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) MarshalBinary() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) MarshalText() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Next() Addr
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Prefix(int) (Prefix, error)
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Prev() Addr
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) String() string
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) StringExpanded() string
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Unmap() Addr
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) WithZone(string) Addr
pkg net/netip, method (Addr) Zone() string
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) Addr() Addr
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) AppendTo([]uint8) []uint8
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) IsValid() bool
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) MarshalBinary() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) MarshalText() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) Port() uint16
pkg net/netip, method (AddrPort) String() string
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) Addr() Addr
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) AppendTo([]uint8) []uint8
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) Bits() int
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) Contains(Addr) bool
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) IsSingleIP() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) IsValid() bool
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) MarshalBinary() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) MarshalText() ([]uint8, error)
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) Masked() Prefix
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) Overlaps(Prefix) bool
pkg net/netip, method (Prefix) String() string
pkg net/netip, type Addr struct
pkg net/netip, type AddrPort struct
pkg net/netip, type Prefix struct
pkg reflect, const Pointer = 22
pkg reflect, const Pointer Kind
pkg reflect, func PointerTo(Type) Type
pkg reflect, method (*MapIter) Reset(Value)
pkg reflect, method (Value) CanComplex() bool
pkg reflect, method (Value) CanFloat() bool
pkg reflect, method (Value) CanInt() bool
pkg reflect, method (Value) CanUint() bool
pkg reflect, method (Value) FieldByIndexErr([]int) (Value, error)
pkg reflect, method (Value) SetIterKey(*MapIter)
pkg reflect, method (Value) SetIterValue(*MapIter)
pkg reflect, method (Value) UnsafePointer() unsafe.Pointer
pkg runtime/debug, func ParseBuildInfo(string) (*BuildInfo, error)
pkg runtime/debug, method (*BuildInfo) String() string
pkg runtime/debug, type BuildInfo struct, GoVersion string
pkg runtime/debug, type BuildInfo struct, Settings []BuildSetting
pkg runtime/debug, type BuildSetting struct
pkg runtime/debug, type BuildSetting struct, Key string
pkg runtime/debug, type BuildSetting struct, Value string
pkg strings, func Clone(string) string
pkg strings, func Cut(string, string) (string, string, bool)
pkg sync, method (*Mutex) TryLock() bool
pkg sync, method (*RWMutex) TryLock() bool
pkg sync, method (*RWMutex) TryRLock() bool
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), type SysProcAttr struct, Pdeathsig Signal
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pdeathsig Signal
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, Pdeathsig Signal
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pdeathsig Signal
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, Pdeathsig Signal
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, Pdeathsig Signal
pkg syscall (windows-386), func SyscallN(uintptr, ...uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func SyscallN(uintptr, ...uintptr) (uintptr, uintptr, Errno)
pkg testing, func MainStart(testDeps, []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalFuzzTarget, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, method (*F) Add(...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Cleanup(func())
pkg testing, method (*F) Error(...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Errorf(string, ...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Fail()
pkg testing, method (*F) FailNow()
pkg testing, method (*F) Failed() bool
pkg testing, method (*F) Fatal(...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Fatalf(string, ...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Fuzz(interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Helper()
pkg testing, method (*F) Log(...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Logf(string, ...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Name() string
pkg testing, method (*F) Setenv(string, string)
pkg testing, method (*F) Skip(...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) SkipNow()
pkg testing, method (*F) Skipf(string, ...interface{})
pkg testing, method (*F) Skipped() bool
pkg testing, method (*F) TempDir() string
pkg testing, type F struct
pkg testing, type InternalFuzzTarget struct
pkg testing, type InternalFuzzTarget struct, Fn func(*F)
pkg testing, type InternalFuzzTarget struct, Name string
pkg text/template/parse, const NodeBreak = 21
pkg text/template/parse, const NodeBreak NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, const NodeContinue = 22
pkg text/template/parse, const NodeContinue NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, method (*BreakNode) Copy() Node
pkg text/template/parse, method (*BreakNode) String() string
pkg text/template/parse, method (*ContinueNode) Copy() Node
pkg text/template/parse, method (*ContinueNode) String() string
pkg text/template/parse, method (BreakNode) Position() Pos
pkg text/template/parse, method (BreakNode) Type() NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, method (ContinueNode) Position() Pos
pkg text/template/parse, method (ContinueNode) Type() NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type BreakNode struct
pkg text/template/parse, type BreakNode struct, Line int
pkg text/template/parse, type BreakNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type BreakNode struct, embedded Pos
pkg text/template/parse, type ContinueNode struct
pkg text/template/parse, type ContinueNode struct, Line int
pkg text/template/parse, type ContinueNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type ContinueNode struct, embedded Pos
pkg unicode/utf8, func AppendRune([]uint8, int32) []uint8

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@@ -49,34 +49,7 @@ pkg image/png, type EncoderBufferPool interface, Put(*EncoderBuffer)
pkg math/big, method (*Int) IsInt64() bool
pkg math/big, method (*Int) IsUint64() bool
pkg math/big, type Word uint
pkg math/bits (darwin-amd64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (darwin-amd64-cgo), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (freebsd-386), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (freebsd-386-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (freebsd-amd64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (freebsd-arm), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (freebsd-arm-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (linux-386), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (linux-386-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (linux-amd64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (linux-amd64-cgo), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (linux-arm), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (linux-arm-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (netbsd-386), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (netbsd-386-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (netbsd-amd64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (netbsd-amd64-cgo), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (netbsd-arm), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (netbsd-arm-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (netbsd-arm64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (netbsd-arm64-cgo), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (openbsd-386), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (openbsd-386-cgo), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (openbsd-amd64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits (windows-386), const UintSize = 32
pkg math/bits (windows-amd64), const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits, const UintSize = 64
pkg math/bits, const UintSize ideal-int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros(uint) int
pkg math/bits, func LeadingZeros16(uint16) int

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@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
pkg net/http, type MaxBytesError struct #30715
pkg net/http, type MaxBytesError struct, Limit int64 #30715
pkg net/http, method (*MaxBytesError) Error() string #30715

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
pkg crypto/x509, method (*CertPool) Clone() *CertPool #35044

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg hash/maphash, func Bytes(Seed, []uint8) uint64 #42710
pkg hash/maphash, func String(Seed, string) uint64 #42710

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
pkg encoding/xml, method (*Decoder) InputPos() (int, int) #45628

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg flag, func TextVar(encoding.TextUnmarshaler, string, encoding.TextMarshaler, string) #45754
pkg flag, method (*FlagSet) TextVar(encoding.TextUnmarshaler, string, encoding.TextMarshaler, string) #45754

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
pkg crypto/x509, method (*CertPool) Equal(*CertPool) bool #46057

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg net/url, type URL struct, OmitHost bool #46059

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg html/template, method (*Template) Funcs(template.FuncMap) *Template #46121
pkg html/template, type FuncMap = template.FuncMap #46121

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@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
pkg debug/elf, const EM_LOONGARCH = 258 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const EM_LOONGARCH Machine #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_32 = 1 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_32 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_64 = 2 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_64 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD16 = 48 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD16 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD24 = 49 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD24 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD32 = 50 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD32 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD64 = 51 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD64 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD8 = 47 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_ADD8 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_COPY = 4 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_COPY R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_IRELATIVE = 12 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_IRELATIVE R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_JUMP_SLOT = 5 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_JUMP_SLOT R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_MARK_LA = 20 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_MARK_LA R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_MARK_PCREL = 21 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_MARK_PCREL R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_NONE = 0 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_NONE R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_RELATIVE = 3 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_RELATIVE R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_ADD = 35 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_ADD R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_AND = 36 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_AND R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_ASSERT = 30 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_ASSERT R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_IF_ELSE = 37 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_IF_ELSE R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_NOT = 31 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_NOT R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_0_10_10_16_S2 = 45 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_0_10_10_16_S2 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_0_5_10_16_S2 = 44 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_0_5_10_16_S2 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_12 = 40 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_12 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_16 = 41 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_16 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_16_S2 = 42 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_16_S2 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_5 = 38 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_10_5 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_5_20 = 43 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_S_5_20 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_U = 46 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_U R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_U_10_12 = 39 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_POP_32_U_10_12 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_ABSOLUTE = 23 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_ABSOLUTE R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_DUP = 24 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_DUP R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_GPREL = 25 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_GPREL R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_PCREL = 22 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_PCREL R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_PLT_PCREL = 29 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_PLT_PCREL R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_TLS_GD = 28 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_TLS_GD R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_TLS_GOT = 27 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_TLS_GOT R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_TLS_TPREL = 26 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_PUSH_TLS_TPREL R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_SL = 33 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_SL R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_SR = 34 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_SR R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_SUB = 32 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SOP_SUB R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB16 = 53 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB16 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB24 = 54 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB24 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB32 = 55 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB32 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB64 = 56 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB64 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB8 = 52 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_SUB8 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPMOD32 = 6 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPMOD32 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPMOD64 = 7 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPMOD64 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPREL32 = 8 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPREL32 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPREL64 = 9 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_DTPREL64 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_TPREL32 = 10 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_TPREL32 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_TPREL64 = 11 #46229
pkg debug/elf, const R_LARCH_TLS_TPREL64 R_LARCH #46229
pkg debug/elf, method (R_LARCH) GoString() string #46229
pkg debug/elf, method (R_LARCH) String() string #46229
pkg debug/elf, type R_LARCH int #46229

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg net/url, func JoinPath(string, ...string) (string, error) #47005
pkg net/url, method (*URL) JoinPath(...string) *URL #47005

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
pkg sort, func Find(int, func(int) int) (int, bool) #50340

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@@ -1 +0,0 @@
pkg os/exec, method (*Cmd) Environ() []string #50599

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@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
pkg encoding/binary, type AppendByteOrder interface { AppendUint16, AppendUint32, AppendUint64, String } #50601
pkg encoding/binary, type AppendByteOrder interface, AppendUint16([]uint8, uint16) []uint8 #50601
pkg encoding/binary, type AppendByteOrder interface, AppendUint32([]uint8, uint32) []uint8 #50601
pkg encoding/binary, type AppendByteOrder interface, AppendUint64([]uint8, uint64) []uint8 #50601
pkg encoding/binary, type AppendByteOrder interface, String() string #50601

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@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
pkg crypto/x509, func ParseRevocationList([]uint8) (*RevocationList, error) #50674
pkg crypto/x509, method (*RevocationList) CheckSignatureFrom(*Certificate) error #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, AuthorityKeyId []uint8 #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, Extensions []pkix.Extension #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, Issuer pkix.Name #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, Raw []uint8 #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, RawIssuer []uint8 #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, RawTBSRevocationList []uint8 #50674
pkg crypto/x509, type RevocationList struct, Signature []uint8 #50674

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@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
pkg go/doc, method (*Package) HTML(string) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc, method (*Package) Markdown(string) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc, method (*Package) Parser() *comment.Parser #51082
pkg go/doc, method (*Package) Printer() *comment.Printer #51082
pkg go/doc, method (*Package) Synopsis(string) string #51082
pkg go/doc, method (*Package) Text(string) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, func DefaultLookupPackage(string) (string, bool) #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*DocLink) DefaultURL(string) string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*Heading) DefaultID() string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*List) BlankBefore() bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*List) BlankBetween() bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*Parser) Parse(string) *Doc #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*Printer) Comment(*Doc) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*Printer) HTML(*Doc) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*Printer) Markdown(*Doc) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, method (*Printer) Text(*Doc) []uint8 #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Block interface, unexported methods #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Code struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Code struct, Text string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Doc struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Doc struct, Content []Block #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Doc struct, Links []*LinkDef #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type DocLink struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type DocLink struct, ImportPath string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type DocLink struct, Name string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type DocLink struct, Recv string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type DocLink struct, Text []Text #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Heading struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Heading struct, Text []Text #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Italic string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Link struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Link struct, Auto bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Link struct, Text []Text #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Link struct, URL string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type LinkDef struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type LinkDef struct, Text string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type LinkDef struct, URL string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type LinkDef struct, Used bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type List struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type List struct, ForceBlankBefore bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type List struct, ForceBlankBetween bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type List struct, Items []*ListItem #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type ListItem struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type ListItem struct, Content []Block #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type ListItem struct, Number string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Paragraph struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Paragraph struct, Text []Text #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Parser struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Parser struct, LookupPackage func(string) (string, bool) #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Parser struct, LookupSym func(string, string) bool #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Parser struct, Words map[string]string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Plain string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, DocLinkBaseURL string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, DocLinkURL func(*DocLink) string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, HeadingID func(*Heading) string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, HeadingLevel int #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, TextCodePrefix string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, TextPrefix string #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Printer struct, TextWidth int #51082
pkg go/doc/comment, type Text interface, unexported methods #51082

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pkg time, method (Duration) Abs() Duration #51414

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg encoding/binary, func AppendUvarint([]uint8, uint64) []uint8 #51644
pkg encoding/binary, func AppendVarint([]uint8, int64) []uint8 #51644

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@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
pkg regexp/syntax, const ErrNestingDepth = "expression nests too deeply" #51684
pkg regexp/syntax, const ErrNestingDepth ErrorCode #51684

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@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_ANY = 2 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_ANY ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_ASSOCIATIVE = 5 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_ASSOCIATIVE ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_EXACT_MATCH = 4 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_EXACT_MATCH ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_LARGEST = 6 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_LARGEST ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_NODUPLICATES = 1 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_NODUPLICATES ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_SAME_SIZE = 3 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_COMDAT_SELECT_SAME_SIZE ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_CNT_CODE = 32 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_CNT_CODE ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA = 64 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_CNT_UNINITIALIZED_DATA = 128 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_CNT_UNINITIALIZED_DATA ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_LNK_COMDAT = 4096 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_LNK_COMDAT ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_DISCARDABLE = 33554432 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_DISCARDABLE ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE = 536870912 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ = 1073741824 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE = 2147483648 #51686
pkg debug/pe, const IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE ideal-int #51686
pkg debug/pe, method (*File) COFFSymbolReadSectionDefAux(int) (*COFFSymbolAuxFormat5, error) #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct, Checksum uint32 #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct, NumLineNumbers uint16 #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct, NumRelocs uint16 #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct, SecNum uint16 #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct, Selection uint8 #51686
pkg debug/pe, type COFFSymbolAuxFormat5 struct, Size uint32 #51686

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branch: dev.boringcrypto
parent-branch: master

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<!--{
"title": "About the go command"
}-->
<p>The Go distribution includes a command, named
"<code><a href="/cmd/go/">go</a></code>", that
automates the downloading, building, installation, and testing of Go packages
and commands. This document talks about why we wrote a new command, what it
is, what it's not, and how to use it.</p>
<h2>Motivation</h2>
<p>You might have seen early Go talks in which Rob Pike jokes that the idea
for Go arose while waiting for a large Google server to compile. That
really was the motivation for Go: to build a language that worked well
for building the large software that Google writes and runs. It was
clear from the start that such a language must provide a way to
express dependencies between code libraries clearly, hence the package
grouping and the explicit import blocks. It was also clear from the
start that you might want arbitrary syntax for describing the code
being imported; this is why import paths are string literals.</p>
<p>An explicit goal for Go from the beginning was to be able to build Go
code using only the information found in the source itself, not
needing to write a makefile or one of the many modern replacements for
makefiles. If Go needed a configuration file to explain how to build
your program, then Go would have failed.</p>
<p>At first, there was no Go compiler, and the initial development
focused on building one and then building libraries for it. For
expedience, we postponed the automation of building Go code by using
make and writing makefiles. When compiling a single package involved
multiple invocations of the Go compiler, we even used a program to
write the makefiles for us. You can find it if you dig through the
repository history.</p>
<p>The purpose of the new go command is our return to this ideal, that Go
programs should compile without configuration or additional effort on
the part of the developer beyond writing the necessary import
statements.</p>
<h2>Configuration versus convention</h2>
<p>The way to achieve the simplicity of a configuration-free system is to
establish conventions. The system works only to the extent that those conventions
are followed. When we first launched Go, many people published packages that
had to be installed in certain places, under certain names, using certain build
tools, in order to be used. That's understandable: that's the way it works in
most other languages. Over the last few years we consistently reminded people
about the <code>goinstall</code> command
(now replaced by <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Download_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go get</code></a>)
and its conventions: first, that the import path is derived in a known way from
the URL of the source code; second, that the place to store the sources in
the local file system is derived in a known way from the import path; third,
that each directory in a source tree corresponds to a single package; and
fourth, that the package is built using only information in the source code.
Today, the vast majority of packages follow these conventions.
The Go ecosystem is simpler and more powerful as a result.</p>
<p>We received many requests to allow a makefile in a package directory to
provide just a little extra configuration beyond what's in the source code.
But that would have introduced new rules. Because we did not accede to such
requests, we were able to write the go command and eliminate our use of make
or any other build system.</p>
<p>It is important to understand that the go command is not a general
build tool. It cannot be configured and it does not attempt to build
anything but Go packages. These are important simplifying
assumptions: they simplify not only the implementation but also, more
important, the use of the tool itself.</p>
<h2>Go's conventions</h2>
<p>The <code>go</code> command requires that code adheres to a few key,
well-established conventions.</p>
<p>First, the import path is derived in an known way from the URL of the
source code. For Bitbucket, GitHub, Google Code, and Launchpad, the
root directory of the repository is identified by the repository's
main URL, without the <code>http://</code> prefix. Subdirectories are named by
adding to that path.
For example, the Go example programs are obtained by running</p>
<pre>
git clone https://github.com/golang/example
</pre>
<p>and thus the import path for the root directory of that repository is
"<code>github.com/golang/example</code>".
The <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/golang/example/stringutil">stringutil</a>
package is stored in a subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>github.com/golang/example/stringutil</code>".</p>
<p>These paths are on the long side, but in exchange we get an
automatically managed name space for import paths and the ability for
a tool like the go command to look at an unfamiliar import path and
deduce where to obtain the source code.</p>
<p>Second, the place to store sources in the local file system is derived
in a known way from the import path, specifically
<code>$GOPATH/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
If unset, <code>$GOPATH</code> defaults to a subdirectory
named <code>go</code> in the user's home directory.
If <code>$GOPATH</code> is set to a list of paths, the go command tries
<code>&lt;dir&gt;/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code> for each of the directories in
that list.
</p>
<p>Each of those trees contains, by convention, a top-level directory named
"<code>bin</code>", for holding compiled executables, and a top-level directory
named "<code>pkg</code>", for holding compiled packages that can be imported,
and the "<code>src</code>" directory, for holding package source files.
Imposing this structure lets us keep each of these directory trees
self-contained: the compiled form and the sources are always near each
other.</p>
<p>These naming conventions also let us work in the reverse direction,
from a directory name to its import path. This mapping is important
for many of the go command's subcommands, as we'll see below.</p>
<p>Third, each directory in a source tree corresponds to a single
package. By restricting a directory to a single package, we don't have
to create hybrid import paths that specify first the directory and
then the package within that directory. Also, most file management
tools and UIs work on directories as fundamental units. Tying the
fundamental Go unit&mdash;the package&mdash;to file system structure means
that file system tools become Go package tools. Copying, moving, or
deleting a package corresponds to copying, moving, or deleting a
directory.</p>
<p>Fourth, each package is built using only the information present in
the source files. This makes it much more likely that the tool will
be able to adapt to changing build environments and conditions. For
example, if we allowed extra configuration such as compiler flags or
command line recipes, then that configuration would need to be updated
each time the build tools changed; it would also be inherently tied
to the use of a specific toolchain.</p>
<h2>Getting started with the go command</h2>
<p>Finally, a quick tour of how to use the go command.
As mentioned above, the default <code>$GOPATH</code> on Unix is <code>$HOME/go</code>.
We'll store our programs there.
To use a different location, you can set <code>$GOPATH</code>;
see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for details.
<p>We first add some source code. Suppose we want to use
the indexing library from the codesearch project along with a left-leaning
red-black tree. We can install both with the "<code>go get</code>"
subcommand:</p>
<pre>
$ go get github.com/google/codesearch/index
$ go get github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb
$
</pre>
<p>Both of these projects are now downloaded and installed into <code>$HOME/go</code>,
which contains the two directories
<code>src/github.com/google/codesearch/index/</code> and
<code>src/github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb/</code>, along with the compiled
packages (in <code>pkg/</code>) for those libraries and their dependencies.</p>
<p>Because we used version control systems (Mercurial and Git) to check
out the sources, the source tree also contains the other files in the
corresponding repositories, such as related packages. The "<code>go list</code>"
subcommand lists the import paths corresponding to its arguments, and
the pattern "<code>./...</code>" means start in the current directory
("<code>./</code>") and find all packages below that directory
("<code>...</code>"):</p>
<pre>
$ cd $HOME/go/src
$ go list ./...
github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cgrep
github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cindex
github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/csearch
github.com/google/codesearch/index
github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
github.com/google/codesearch/sparse
github.com/petar/GoLLRB/example
github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb
$
</pre>
<p>We can also test those packages:</p>
<pre>
$ go test ./...
? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cgrep [no test files]
? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cindex [no test files]
? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/csearch [no test files]
ok github.com/google/codesearch/index 0.203s
ok github.com/google/codesearch/regexp 0.017s
? github.com/google/codesearch/sparse [no test files]
? github.com/petar/GoLLRB/example [no test files]
ok github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb 0.231s
$
</pre>
<p>If a go subcommand is invoked with no paths listed, it operates on the
current directory:</p>
<pre>
$ cd github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
$ go list
github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
$ go test -v
=== RUN TestNstateEnc
--- PASS: TestNstateEnc (0.00s)
=== RUN TestMatch
--- PASS: TestMatch (0.00s)
=== RUN TestGrep
--- PASS: TestGrep (0.00s)
PASS
ok github.com/google/codesearch/regexp 0.018s
$ go install
$
</pre>
<p>That "<code>go install</code>" subcommand installs the latest copy of the
package into the pkg directory. Because the go command can analyze the
dependency graph, "<code>go install</code>" also installs any packages that
this package imports but that are out of date, recursively.</p>
<p>Notice that "<code>go install</code>" was able to determine the name of the
import path for the package in the current directory, because of the convention
for directory naming. It would be a little more convenient if we could pick
the name of the directory where we kept source code, and we probably wouldn't
pick such a long name, but that ability would require additional configuration
and complexity in the tool. Typing an extra directory name or two is a small
price to pay for the increased simplicity and power.</p>
<h2>Limitations</h2>
<p>As mentioned above, the go command is not a general-purpose build
tool.
In particular, it does not have any facility for generating Go
source files <em>during</em> a build, although it does provide
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Generate_Go_files_by_processing_source"><code>go</code>
<code>generate</code></a>,
which can automate the creation of Go files <em>before</em> the build.
For more advanced build setups, you may need to write a
makefile (or a configuration file for the build tool of your choice)
to run whatever tool creates the Go files and then check those generated source files
into your repository. This is more work for you, the package author,
but it is significantly less work for your users, who can use
"<code>go get</code>" without needing to obtain and build
any additional tools.</p>
<h2>More information</h2>
<p>For more information, read <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a>
and see the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command documentation</a>.</p>

8
doc/articles/index.html Normal file
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<!--{
"Title": "/doc/articles/"
}-->
<p>
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> and the
<a href="/blog/index">Blog index</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Data Race Detector",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
Data races are among the most common and hardest to debug types of bugs in concurrent systems.
A data race occurs when two goroutines access the same variable concurrently and at least one of the accesses is a write.
See the <a href="/ref/mem/">The Go Memory Model</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
Here is an example of a data race that can lead to crashes and memory corruption:
</p>
<pre>
func main() {
c := make(chan bool)
m := make(map[string]string)
go func() {
m["1"] = "a" // First conflicting access.
c &lt;- true
}()
m["2"] = "b" // Second conflicting access.
&lt;-c
for k, v := range m {
fmt.Println(k, v)
}
}
</pre>
<h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>
<p>
To help diagnose such bugs, Go includes a built-in data race detector.
To use it, add the <code>-race</code> flag to the go command:
</p>
<pre>
$ go test -race mypkg // to test the package
$ go run -race mysrc.go // to run the source file
$ go build -race mycmd // to build the command
$ go install -race mypkg // to install the package
</pre>
<h2 id="Report_Format">Report Format</h2>
<p>
When the race detector finds a data race in the program, it prints a report.
The report contains stack traces for conflicting accesses, as well as stacks where the involved goroutines were created.
Here is an example:
</p>
<pre>
WARNING: DATA RACE
Read by goroutine 185:
net.(*pollServer).AddFD()
src/net/fd_unix.go:89 +0x398
net.(*pollServer).WaitWrite()
src/net/fd_unix.go:247 +0x45
net.(*netFD).Write()
src/net/fd_unix.go:540 +0x4d4
net.(*conn).Write()
src/net/net.go:129 +0x101
net.func·060()
src/net/timeout_test.go:603 +0xaf
Previous write by goroutine 184:
net.setWriteDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:135 +0xdf
net.setDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:144 +0x9c
net.(*conn).SetDeadline()
src/net/net.go:161 +0xe3
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:616 +0x3ed
Goroutine 185 (running) created at:
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:609 +0x288
Goroutine 184 (running) created at:
net.TestProlongTimeout()
src/net/timeout_test.go:618 +0x298
testing.tRunner()
src/testing/testing.go:301 +0xe8
</pre>
<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
<p>
The <code>GORACE</code> environment variable sets race detector options.
The format is:
</p>
<pre>
GORACE="option1=val1 option2=val2"
</pre>
<p>
The options are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>log_path</code> (default <code>stderr</code>): The race detector writes
its report to a file named <code>log_path.<em>pid</em></code>.
The special names <code>stdout</code>
and <code>stderr</code> cause reports to be written to standard output and
standard error, respectively.
</li>
<li>
<code>exitcode</code> (default <code>66</code>): The exit status to use when
exiting after a detected race.
</li>
<li>
<code>strip_path_prefix</code> (default <code>""</code>): Strip this prefix
from all reported file paths, to make reports more concise.
</li>
<li>
<code>history_size</code> (default <code>1</code>): The per-goroutine memory
access history is <code>32K * 2**history_size elements</code>.
Increasing this value can avoid a "failed to restore the stack" error in reports, at the
cost of increased memory usage.
</li>
<li>
<code>halt_on_error</code> (default <code>0</code>): Controls whether the program
exits after reporting first data race.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Example:
</p>
<pre>
$ GORACE="log_path=/tmp/race/report strip_path_prefix=/my/go/sources/" go test -race
</pre>
<h2 id="Excluding_Tests">Excluding Tests</h2>
<p>
When you build with <code>-race</code> flag, the <code>go</code> command defines additional
<a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">build tag</a> <code>race</code>.
You can use the tag to exclude some code and tests when running the race detector.
Some examples:
</p>
<pre>
// +build !race
package foo
// The test contains a data race. See issue 123.
func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
// The test fails under the race detector due to timeouts.
func TestBar(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
// The test takes too long under the race detector.
func TestBaz(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
</pre>
<h2 id="How_To_Use">How To Use</h2>
<p>
To start, run your tests using the race detector (<code>go test -race</code>).
The race detector only finds races that happen at runtime, so it can't find
races in code paths that are not executed.
If your tests have incomplete coverage,
you may find more races by running a binary built with <code>-race</code> under a realistic
workload.
</p>
<h2 id="Typical_Data_Races">Typical Data Races</h2>
<p>
Here are some typical data races. All of them can be detected with the race detector.
</p>
<h3 id="Race_on_loop_counter">Race on loop counter</h3>
<pre>
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(5)
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
go func() {
fmt.Println(i) // Not the 'i' you are looking for.
wg.Done()
}()
}
wg.Wait()
}
</pre>
<p>
The variable <code>i</code> in the function literal is the same variable used by the loop, so
the read in the goroutine races with the loop increment.
(This program typically prints 55555, not 01234.)
The program can be fixed by making a copy of the variable:
</p>
<pre>
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(5)
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
go func(j int) {
fmt.Println(j) // Good. Read local copy of the loop counter.
wg.Done()
}(i)
}
wg.Wait()
}
</pre>
<h3 id="Accidentally_shared_variable">Accidentally shared variable</h3>
<pre>
// ParallelWrite writes data to file1 and file2, returns the errors.
func ParallelWrite(data []byte) chan error {
res := make(chan error, 2)
f1, err := os.Create("file1")
if err != nil {
res &lt;- err
} else {
go func() {
// This err is shared with the main goroutine,
// so the write races with the write below.
_, err = f1.Write(data)
res &lt;- err
f1.Close()
}()
}
f2, err := os.Create("file2") // The second conflicting write to err.
if err != nil {
res &lt;- err
} else {
go func() {
_, err = f2.Write(data)
res &lt;- err
f2.Close()
}()
}
return res
}
</pre>
<p>
The fix is to introduce new variables in the goroutines (note the use of <code>:=</code>):
</p>
<pre>
...
_, err := f1.Write(data)
...
_, err := f2.Write(data)
...
</pre>
<h3 id="Unprotected_global_variable">Unprotected global variable</h3>
<p>
If the following code is called from several goroutines, it leads to races on the <code>service</code> map.
Concurrent reads and writes of the same map are not safe:
</p>
<pre>
var service map[string]net.Addr
func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
service[name] = addr
}
func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
return service[name]
}
</pre>
<p>
To make the code safe, protect the accesses with a mutex:
</p>
<pre>
var (
service map[string]net.Addr
serviceMu sync.Mutex
)
func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
serviceMu.Lock()
defer serviceMu.Unlock()
service[name] = addr
}
func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
serviceMu.Lock()
defer serviceMu.Unlock()
return service[name]
}
</pre>
<h3 id="Primitive_unprotected_variable">Primitive unprotected variable</h3>
<p>
Data races can happen on variables of primitive types as well (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>int64</code>, etc.),
as in this example:
</p>
<pre>
type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
w.last = time.Now().UnixNano() // First conflicting access.
}
func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
go func() {
for {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
// Second conflicting access.
if w.last < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
os.Exit(1)
}
}
}()
}
</pre>
<p>
Even such "innocent" data races can lead to hard-to-debug problems caused by
non-atomicity of the memory accesses,
interference with compiler optimizations,
or reordering issues accessing processor memory .
</p>
<p>
A typical fix for this race is to use a channel or a mutex.
To preserve the lock-free behavior, one can also use the
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package.
</p>
<pre>
type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
atomic.StoreInt64(&amp;w.last, time.Now().UnixNano())
}
func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
go func() {
for {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
if atomic.LoadInt64(&amp;w.last) < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
os.Exit(1)
}
}
}()
}
</pre>
<h2 id="Supported_Systems">Supported Systems</h2>
<p>
The race detector runs on
<code>linux/amd64</code>, <code>linux/ppc64le</code>,
<code>linux/arm64</code>, <code>freebsd/amd64</code>,
<code>netbsd/amd64</code>, <code>darwin/amd64</code>,
and <code>windows/amd64</code>.
</p>
<h2 id="Runtime_Overheads">Runtime Overhead</h2>
<p>
The cost of race detection varies by program, but for a typical program, memory
usage may increase by 5-10x and execution time by 2-20x.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
<h1>Editing {{.Title}}</h1>
<form action="/save/{{.Title}}" method="POST">
<div><textarea name="body" rows="20" cols="80">{{printf "%s" .Body}}</textarea></div>
<div><input type="submit" value="Save"></div>
</form>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"errors"
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title, err := getTitle(w, r)
if err != nil {
return
}
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
return
}
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title, err := getTitle(w, r)
if err != nil {
return
}
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title, err := getTitle(w, r)
if err != nil {
return
}
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err = p.save()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, err := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
err = t.Execute(w, p)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (string, error) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return "", errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
}
return m[2], nil // The title is the second subexpression.
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
t, _ := template.ParseFiles("edit.html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
t, _ := template.ParseFiles("view.html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
return
}
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err := p.save()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, err := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
err = t.Execute(w, p)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
}
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
p.save()
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
--- final.go 2017-08-31 13:19:00.422925489 -0700
+++ final-test.go 2017-08-31 13:23:43.381391659 -0700
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
+ "net"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
@@ -86,5 +87,15 @@
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
+ l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+ if err != nil {
+ log.Fatal(err)
+ }
+ err = ioutil.WriteFile("final-test-port.txt", []byte(l.Addr().String()), 0644)
+ if err != nil {
+ log.Fatal(err)
+ }
+ s := &http.Server{}
+ s.Serve(l)
+ return
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
return
}
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err := p.save()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
var templates = template.Must(template.ParseFiles("edit.html", "view.html"))
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
err := templates.ExecuteTemplate(w, tmpl+".html", p)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
}
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

63
doc/articles/wiki/get.go Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"flag"
"fmt"
"io"
"log"
"net"
"net/http"
"os"
"strings"
"time"
)
var (
post = flag.String("post", "", "urlencoded form data to POST")
addr = flag.Bool("addr", false, "find open address and print to stdout")
wait = flag.Duration("wait_for_port", 0, "if non-zero, the amount of time to wait for the address to become available")
)
func main() {
flag.Parse()
if *addr {
l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer l.Close()
fmt.Print(l.Addr())
return
}
url := flag.Arg(0)
if url == "" {
log.Fatal("no url supplied")
}
var r *http.Response
var err error
loopUntil := time.Now().Add(*wait)
for {
if *post != "" {
b := strings.NewReader(*post)
r, err = http.Post(url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", b)
} else {
r, err = http.Get(url)
}
if err == nil || *wait == 0 || time.Now().After(loopUntil) {
break
}
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer r.Body.Close()
_, err = io.Copy(os.Stdout, r.Body)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
package main
import (
"fmt"
"log"
"net/http"
)
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hi there, I love %s!", r.URL.Path[1:])
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Writing Web Applications",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
Covered in this tutorial:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Creating a data structure with load and save methods</li>
<li>Using the <code>net/http</code> package to build web applications
<li>Using the <code>html/template</code> package to process HTML templates</li>
<li>Using the <code>regexp</code> package to validate user input</li>
<li>Using closures</li>
</ul>
<p>
Assumed knowledge:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Programming experience</li>
<li>Understanding of basic web technologies (HTTP, HTML)</li>
<li>Some UNIX/DOS command-line knowledge</li>
</ul>
<h2>Getting Started</h2>
<p>
At present, you need to have a FreeBSD, Linux, OS X, or Windows machine to run Go.
We will use <code>$</code> to represent the command prompt.
</p>
<p>
Install Go (see the <a href="/doc/install">Installation Instructions</a>).
</p>
<p>
Make a new directory for this tutorial inside your <code>GOPATH</code> and cd to it:
</p>
<pre>
$ mkdir gowiki
$ cd gowiki
</pre>
<p>
Create a file named <code>wiki.go</code>, open it in your favorite editor, and
add the following lines:
</p>
<pre>
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
)
</pre>
<p>
We import the <code>fmt</code> and <code>ioutil</code> packages from the Go
standard library. Later, as we implement additional functionality, we will
add more packages to this <code>import</code> declaration.
</p>
<h2>Data Structures</h2>
<p>
Let's start by defining the data structures. A wiki consists of a series of
interconnected pages, each of which has a title and a body (the page content).
Here, we define <code>Page</code> as a struct with two fields representing
the title and body.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^type Page/` `/}/`}}
<p>
The type <code>[]byte</code> means "a <code>byte</code> slice".
(See <a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Slices: usage and
internals</a> for more on slices.)
The <code>Body</code> element is a <code>[]byte</code> rather than
<code>string</code> because that is the type expected by the <code>io</code>
libraries we will use, as you'll see below.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Page</code> struct describes how page data will be stored in memory.
But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
<code>save</code> method on <code>Page</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^func.*Page.*save/` `/}/`}}
<p>
This method's signature reads: "This is a method named <code>save</code> that
takes as its receiver <code>p</code>, a pointer to <code>Page</code> . It takes
no parameters, and returns a value of type <code>error</code>."
</p>
<p>
This method will save the <code>Page</code>'s <code>Body</code> to a text
file. For simplicity, we will use the <code>Title</code> as the file name.
</p>
<p>
The <code>save</code> method returns an <code>error</code> value because
that is the return type of <code>WriteFile</code> (a standard library function
that writes a byte slice to a file). The <code>save</code> method returns the
error value, to let the application handle it should anything go wrong while
writing the file. If all goes well, <code>Page.save()</code> will return
<code>nil</code> (the zero-value for pointers, interfaces, and some other
types).
</p>
<p>
The octal integer literal <code>0600</code>, passed as the third parameter to
<code>WriteFile</code>, indicates that the file should be created with
read-write permissions for the current user only. (See the Unix man page
<code>open(2)</code> for details.)
</p>
<p>
In addition to saving pages, we will want to load pages, too:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from the title
parameter, reads the file's contents into a new variable <code>body</code>, and
returns a pointer to a <code>Page</code> literal constructed with the proper
title and body values.
</p>
<p>
Functions can return multiple values. The standard library function
<code>io.ReadFile</code> returns <code>[]byte</code> and <code>error</code>.
In <code>loadPage</code>, error isn't being handled yet; the "blank identifier"
represented by the underscore (<code>_</code>) symbol is used to throw away the
error return value (in essence, assigning the value to nothing).
</p>
<p>
But what happens if <code>ReadFile</code> encounters an error? For example,
the file might not exist. We should not ignore such errors. Let's modify the
function to return <code>*Page</code> and <code>error</code>.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Callers of this function can now check the second parameter; if it is
<code>nil</code> then it has successfully loaded a Page. If not, it will be an
<code>error</code> that can be handled by the caller (see the
<a href="/ref/spec#Errors">language specification</a> for details).
</p>
<p>
At this point we have a simple data structure and the ability to save to and
load from a file. Let's write a <code>main</code> function to test what we've
written:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
After compiling and executing this code, a file named <code>TestPage.txt</code>
would be created, containing the contents of <code>p1</code>. The file would
then be read into the struct <code>p2</code>, and its <code>Body</code> element
printed to the screen.
</p>
<p>
You can compile and run the program like this:
</p>
<pre>
$ go build wiki.go
$ ./wiki
This is a sample Page.
</pre>
<p>
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
</p>
<p>
<a href="part1.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
</p>
<h2>Introducing the <code>net/http</code> package (an interlude)</h2>
<p>
Here's a full working example of a simple web server:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go"}}
<p>
The <code>main</code> function begins with a call to
<code>http.HandleFunc</code>, which tells the <code>http</code> package to
handle all requests to the web root (<code>"/"</code>) with
<code>handler</code>.
</p>
<p>
It then calls <code>http.ListenAndServe</code>, specifying that it should
listen on port 8080 on any interface (<code>":8080"</code>). (Don't
worry about its second parameter, <code>nil</code>, for now.)
This function will block until the program is terminated.
</p>
<p>
<code>ListenAndServe</code> always returns an error, since it only returns when an
unexpected error occurs.
In order to log that error we wrap the function call with <code>log.Fatal</code>.
</p>
<p>
The function <code>handler</code> is of the type <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>.
It takes an <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> and an <code>http.Request</code> as
its arguments.
</p>
<p>
An <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> value assembles the HTTP server's response; by writing
to it, we send data to the HTTP client.
</p>
<p>
An <code>http.Request</code> is a data structure that represents the client
HTTP request. <code>r.URL.Path</code> is the path component
of the request URL. The trailing <code>[1:]</code> means
"create a sub-slice of <code>Path</code> from the 1st character to the end."
This drops the leading "/" from the path name.
</p>
<p>
If you run this program and access the URL:
</p>
<pre>http://localhost:8080/monkeys</pre>
<p>
the program would present a page containing:
</p>
<pre>Hi there, I love monkeys!</pre>
<h2>Using <code>net/http</code> to serve wiki pages</h2>
<p>
To use the <code>net/http</code> package, it must be imported:
</p>
<pre>
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
<b>"net/http"</b>
)
</pre>
<p>
Let's create a handler, <code>viewHandler</code> that will allow users to
view a wiki page. It will handle URLs prefixed with "/view/".
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Again, note the use of <code>_</code> to ignore the <code>error</code>
return value from <code>loadPage</code>. This is done here for simplicity
and generally considered bad practice. We will attend to this later.
</p>
<p>
First, this function extracts the page title from <code>r.URL.Path</code>,
the path component of the request URL.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[len("/view/"):]</code> to drop
the leading <code>"/view/"</code> component of the request path.
This is because the path will invariably begin with <code>"/view/"</code>,
which is not part of the page's title.
</p>
<p>
The function then loads the page data, formats the page with a string of simple
HTML, and writes it to <code>w</code>, the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
</p>
<p>
To use this handler, we rewrite our <code>main</code> function to
initialize <code>http</code> using the <code>viewHandler</code> to handle
any requests under the path <code>/view/</code>.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
<a href="part2.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
</p>
<p>
Let's create some page data (as <code>test.txt</code>), compile our code, and
try serving a wiki page.
</p>
<p>
Open <code>test.txt</code> file in your editor, and save the string "Hello world" (without quotes)
in it.
</p>
<pre>
$ go build wiki.go
$ ./wiki
</pre>
<p>
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
</p>
<p>
With this web server running, a visit to <code><a
href="http://localhost:8080/view/test">http://localhost:8080/view/test</a></code>
should show a page titled "test" containing the words "Hello world".
</p>
<h2>Editing Pages</h2>
<p>
A wiki is not a wiki without the ability to edit pages. Let's create two new
handlers: one named <code>editHandler</code> to display an 'edit page' form,
and the other named <code>saveHandler</code> to save the data entered via the
form.
</p>
<p>
First, we add them to <code>main()</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>editHandler</code> loads the page
(or, if it doesn't exist, create an empty <code>Page</code> struct),
and displays an HTML form.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/notemplate.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
This function will work fine, but all that hard-coded HTML is ugly.
Of course, there is a better way.
</p>
<h2>The <code>html/template</code> package</h2>
<p>
The <code>html/template</code> package is part of the Go standard library.
We can use <code>html/template</code> to keep the HTML in a separate file,
allowing us to change the layout of our edit page without modifying the
underlying Go code.
</p>
<p>
First, we must add <code>html/template</code> to the list of imports. We
also won't be using <code>fmt</code> anymore, so we have to remove that.
</p>
<pre>
import (
<b>"html/template"</b>
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
)
</pre>
<p>
Let's create a template file containing the HTML form.
Open a new file named <code>edit.html</code>, and add the following lines:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/edit.html"}}
<p>
Modify <code>editHandler</code> to use the template, instead of the hard-coded
HTML:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>template.ParseFiles</code> will read the contents of
<code>edit.html</code> and return a <code>*template.Template</code>.
</p>
<p>
The method <code>t.Execute</code> executes the template, writing the
generated HTML to the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
The <code>.Title</code> and <code>.Body</code> dotted identifiers refer to
<code>p.Title</code> and <code>p.Body</code>.
</p>
<p>
Template directives are enclosed in double curly braces.
The <code>printf "%s" .Body</code> instruction is a function call
that outputs <code>.Body</code> as a string instead of a stream of bytes,
the same as a call to <code>fmt.Printf</code>.
The <code>html/template</code> package helps guarantee that only safe and
correct-looking HTML is generated by template actions. For instance, it
automatically escapes any greater than sign (<code>&gt;</code>), replacing it
with <code>&amp;gt;</code>, to make sure user data does not corrupt the form
HTML.
</p>
<p>
Since we're working with templates now, let's create a template for our
<code>viewHandler</code> called <code>view.html</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/view.html"}}
<p>
Modify <code>viewHandler</code> accordingly:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Notice that we've used almost exactly the same templating code in both
handlers. Let's remove this duplication by moving the templating code
to its own function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
And modify the handlers to use that function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
If we comment out the registration of our unimplemented save handler in
<code>main</code>, we can once again build and test our program.
<a href="part3.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
</p>
<h2>Handling non-existent pages</h2>
<p>
What if you visit <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/APageThatDoesntExist">
<code>/view/APageThatDoesntExist</code></a>? You'll see a page containing
HTML. This is because it ignores the error return value from
<code>loadPage</code> and continues to try and fill out the template
with no data. Instead, if the requested Page doesn't exist, it should
redirect the client to the edit Page so the content may be created:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The <code>http.Redirect</code> function adds an HTTP status code of
<code>http.StatusFound</code> (302) and a <code>Location</code>
header to the HTTP response.
</p>
<h2>Saving Pages</h2>
<p>
The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the submission of forms
located on the edit pages. After uncommenting the related line in
<code>main</code>, let's implement the handler:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The page title (provided in the URL) and the form's only field,
<code>Body</code>, are stored in a new <code>Page</code>.
The <code>save()</code> method is then called to write the data to a file,
and the client is redirected to the <code>/view/</code> page.
</p>
<p>
The value returned by <code>FormValue</code> is of type <code>string</code>.
We must convert that value to <code>[]byte</code> before it will fit into
the <code>Page</code> struct. We use <code>[]byte(body)</code> to perform
the conversion.
</p>
<h2>Error handling</h2>
<p>
There are several places in our program where errors are being ignored. This
is bad practice, not least because when an error does occur the program will
have unintended behavior. A better solution is to handle the errors and return
an error message to the user. That way if something does go wrong, the server
will function exactly how we want and the user can be notified.
</p>
<p>
First, let's handle the errors in <code>renderTemplate</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The <code>http.Error</code> function sends a specified HTTP response code
(in this case "Internal Server Error") and error message.
Already the decision to put this in a separate function is paying off.
</p>
<p>
Now let's fix up <code>saveHandler</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Any errors that occur during <code>p.save()</code> will be reported
to the user.
</p>
<h2>Template caching</h2>
<p>
There is an inefficiency in this code: <code>renderTemplate</code> calls
<code>ParseFiles</code> every time a page is rendered.
A better approach would be to call <code>ParseFiles</code> once at program
initialization, parsing all templates into a single <code>*Template</code>.
Then we can use the
<a href="/pkg/html/template/#Template.ExecuteTemplate"><code>ExecuteTemplate</code></a>
method to render a specific template.
</p>
<p>
First we create a global variable named <code>templates</code>, and initialize
it with <code>ParseFiles</code>.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/var templates/`}}
<p>
The function <code>template.Must</code> is a convenience wrapper that panics
when passed a non-nil <code>error</code> value, and otherwise returns the
<code>*Template</code> unaltered. A panic is appropriate here; if the templates
can't be loaded the only sensible thing to do is exit the program.
</p>
<p>
The <code>ParseFiles</code> function takes any number of string arguments that
identify our template files, and parses those files into templates that are
named after the base file name. If we were to add more templates to our
program, we would add their names to the <code>ParseFiles</code> call's
arguments.
</p>
<p>
We then modify the <code>renderTemplate</code> function to call the
<code>templates.ExecuteTemplate</code> method with the name of the appropriate
template:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Note that the template name is the template file name, so we must
append <code>".html"</code> to the <code>tmpl</code> argument.
</p>
<h2>Validation</h2>
<p>
As you may have observed, this program has a serious security flaw: a user
can supply an arbitrary path to be read/written on the server. To mitigate
this, we can write a function to validate the title with a regular expression.
</p>
<p>
First, add <code>"regexp"</code> to the <code>import</code> list.
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation
expression:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var validPath/`}}
<p>
The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
regular expression, and return a <code>regexp.Regexp</code>.
<code>MustCompile</code> is distinct from <code>Compile</code> in that it will
panic if the expression compilation fails, while <code>Compile</code> returns
an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
</p>
<p>
Now, let's write a function that uses the <code>validPath</code>
expression to validate path and extract the page title:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/func getTitle/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
If the title is valid, it will be returned along with a <code>nil</code>
error value. If the title is invalid, the function will write a
"404 Not Found" error to the HTTP connection, and return an error to the
handler. To create a new error, we have to import the <code>errors</code>
package.
</p>
<p>
Let's put a call to <code>getTitle</code> in each of the handlers:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<h2>Introducing Function Literals and Closures</h2>
<p>
Catching the error condition in each handler introduces a lot of repeated code.
What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
validation and error checking? Go's
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_literals">function
literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
that can help us here.
</p>
<p>
First, we re-write the function definition of each of the handlers to accept
a title string:
</p>
<pre>
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string)
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string)
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string)
</pre>
<p>
Now let's define a wrapper function that <i>takes a function of the above
type</i>, and returns a function of type <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>
(suitable to be passed to the function <code>http.HandleFunc</code>):
</p>
<pre>
func makeHandler(fn func (http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// Here we will extract the page title from the Request,
// and call the provided handler 'fn'
}
}
</pre>
<p>
The returned function is called a closure because it encloses values defined
outside of it. In this case, the variable <code>fn</code> (the single argument
to <code>makeHandler</code>) is enclosed by the closure. The variable
<code>fn</code> will be one of our save, edit, or view handlers.
</p>
<p>
Now we can take the code from <code>getTitle</code> and use it here
(with some minor modifications):
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/func makeHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The closure returned by <code>makeHandler</code> is a function that takes
an <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> and <code>http.Request</code> (in other
words, an <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
The closure extracts the <code>title</code> from the request path, and
validates it with the <code>TitleValidator</code> regexp. If the
<code>title</code> is invalid, an error will be written to the
<code>ResponseWriter</code> using the <code>http.NotFound</code> function.
If the <code>title</code> is valid, the enclosed handler function
<code>fn</code> will be called with the <code>ResponseWriter</code>,
<code>Request</code>, and <code>title</code> as arguments.
</p>
<p>
Now we can wrap the handler functions with <code>makeHandler</code> in
<code>main</code>, before they are registered with the <code>http</code>
package:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/func main/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Finally we remove the calls to <code>getTitle</code> from the handler functions,
making them much simpler:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<h2>Try it out!</h2>
<p>
<a href="final.go">Click here to view the final code listing.</a>
</p>
<p>
Recompile the code, and run the app:
</p>
<pre>
$ go build wiki.go
$ ./wiki
</pre>
<p>
Visiting <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage">http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage</a>
should present you with the page edit form. You should then be able to
enter some text, click 'Save', and be redirected to the newly created page.
</p>
<h2>Other tasks</h2>
<p>
Here are some simple tasks you might want to tackle on your own:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Store templates in <code>tmpl/</code> and page data in <code>data/</code>.
<li>Add a handler to make the web root redirect to
<code>/view/FrontPage</code>.</li>
<li>Spruce up the page templates by making them valid HTML and adding some
CSS rules.</li>
<li>Implement inter-page linking by converting instances of
<code>[PageName]</code> to <br>
<code>&lt;a href="/view/PageName"&gt;PageName&lt;/a&gt;</code>.
(hint: you could use <code>regexp.ReplaceAllFunc</code> to do this)
</li>
</ul>

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@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>Editing %s</h1>"+
"<form action=\"/save/%s\" method=\"POST\">"+
"<textarea name=\"body\">%s</textarea><br>"+
"<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\">"+
"</form>",
p.Title, p.Title, p.Body)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) *Page {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}
}
func main() {
p1 := &Page{Title: "TestPage", Body: []byte("This is a sample page.")}
p1.save()
p2 := loadPage("TestPage")
fmt.Println(string(p2.Body))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func main() {
p1 := &Page{Title: "TestPage", Body: []byte("This is a sample Page.")}
p1.save()
p2, _ := loadPage("TestPage")
fmt.Println(string(p2.Body))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
return
}
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err := p.save()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
//http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

58
doc/articles/wiki/test.bash Executable file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
set -e
if ! which patch > /dev/null; then
echo "Skipping test; patch command not found."
exit 0
fi
wiki_pid=
cleanup() {
kill $wiki_pid
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final-test.go final-test.bin final-test-port.txt a.out get.bin
}
trap cleanup 0 INT
rm -f get.bin final-test.bin a.out
# If called with -all, check that all code snippets compile.
if [ "$1" = "-all" ]; then
for fn in *.go; do
go build -o a.out $fn
done
fi
go build -o get.bin get.go
cp final.go final-test.go
patch final-test.go final-test.patch > /dev/null
go build -o final-test.bin final-test.go
./final-test.bin &
wiki_pid=$!
l=0
while [ ! -f ./final-test-port.txt ]
do
l=$(($l+1))
if [ "$l" -gt 5 ]
then
echo "port not available within 5 seconds"
exit 1
break
fi
sleep 1
done
addr=$(cat final-test-port.txt)
./get.bin http://$addr/edit/Test > test_edit.out
diff -u test_edit.out test_edit.good
./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test > test_save.out
diff -u test_save.out test_view.good # should be the same as viewing
diff -u Test.txt test_Test.txt.good
./get.bin http://$addr/view/Test > test_view.out
diff -u test_view.out test_view.good
echo PASS

View File

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
some content

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@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
<h1>Editing Test</h1>
<form action="/save/Test" method="POST">
<div><textarea name="body" rows="20" cols="80"></textarea></div>
<div><input type="submit" value="Save"></div>
</form>

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@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
<h1>Test</h1>
<p>[<a href="/edit/Test">edit</a>]</p>
<div>some content</div>

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@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
<h1>{{.Title}}</h1>
<p>[<a href="/edit/{{.Title}}">edit</a>]</p>
<div>{{printf "%s" .Body}}</div>

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@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ it is a distinct program, so there are some differences.
One is in constant evaluation.
Constant expressions in the assembler are parsed using Go's operator
precedence, not the C-like precedence of the original.
Thus <code>3&amp;1&lt;&lt;2</code> is 4, not 0—it parses as <code>(3&amp;1)&lt;&lt;2</code>
not <code>3&amp;(1&lt;&lt;2)</code>.
Thus <code>3&amp;1<<2</code> is 4, not 0—it parses as <code>(3&amp;1)<<2</code>
not <code>3&amp;(1<<2)</code>.
Also, constants are always evaluated as 64-bit unsigned integers.
Thus <code>-2</code> is not the integer value minus two,
but the unsigned 64-bit integer with the same bit pattern.
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ jumps and branches.
</li>
<li>
<code>SP</code>: Stack pointer: the highest address within the local stack frame.
<code>SP</code>: Stack pointer: top of stack.
</li>
</ul>
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ If a Go prototype does not name its result, the expected assembly name is <code>
The <code>SP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual stack pointer
used to refer to frame-local variables and the arguments being
prepared for function calls.
It points to the highest address within the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets
It points to the top of the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets
in the range [framesize, 0):
<code>x-8(SP)</code>, <code>y-4(SP)</code>, and so on.
</p>
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ The linker will choose one of the duplicates to use.
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't insert the preamble to check if the stack must be split.
The frame for the routine, plus anything it calls, must fit in the
spare space remaining in the current stack segment.
spare space at the top of the stack segment.
Used to protect routines such as the stack splitting code itself.
</li>
<li>
@@ -437,84 +437,8 @@ This is a wrapper function and should not count as disabling <code>recover</code
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
This function is a closure so it uses its incoming context register.
</li>
<li>
<code>LOCAL</code> = 128
<br>
This symbol is local to the dynamic shared object.
</li>
<li>
<code>TLSBSS</code> = 256
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
Put this data in thread local storage.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOFRAME</code> = 512
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Do not insert instructions to allocate a stack frame and save/restore the return
address, even if this is not a leaf function.
Only valid on functions that declare a frame size of 0.
</li>
<li>
<code>TOPFRAME</code> = 2048
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Function is the outermost frame of the call stack. Traceback should stop at this function.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="data-offsets">Interacting with Go types and constants</h3>
<p>
If a package has any .s files, then <code>go build</code> will direct
the compiler to emit a special header called <code>go_asm.h</code>,
which the .s files can then <code>#include</code>.
The file contains symbolic <code>#define</code> constants for the
offsets of Go struct fields, the sizes of Go struct types, and most
Go <code>const</code> declarations defined in the current package.
Go assembly should avoid making assumptions about the layout of Go
types and instead use these constants.
This improves the readability of assembly code, and keeps it robust to
changes in data layout either in the Go type definitions or in the
layout rules used by the Go compiler.
</p>
<p>
Constants are of the form <code>const_<i>name</i></code>.
For example, given the Go declaration <code>const bufSize =
1024</code>, assembly code can refer to the value of this constant
as <code>const_bufSize</code>.
</p>
<p>
Field offsets are of the form <code><i>type</i>_<i>field</i></code>.
Struct sizes are of the form <code><i>type</i>__size</code>.
For example, consider the following Go definition:
</p>
<pre>
type reader struct {
buf [bufSize]byte
r int
}
</pre>
<p>
Assembly can refer to the size of this struct
as <code>reader__size</code> and the offsets of the two fields
as <code>reader_buf</code> and <code>reader_r</code>.
Hence, if register <code>R1</code> contains a pointer to
a <code>reader</code>, assembly can reference the <code>r</code> field
as <code>reader_r(R1)</code>.
</p>
<p>
If any of these <code>#define</code> names are ambiguous (for example,
a struct with a <code>_size</code> field), <code>#include
"go_asm.h"</code> will fail with a "redefinition of macro" error.
</p>
<h3 id="runtime">Runtime Coordination</h3>
<p>
@@ -666,15 +590,21 @@ Here follow some descriptions of key Go-specific details for the supported archi
<p>
The runtime pointer to the <code>g</code> structure is maintained
through the value of an otherwise unused (as far as Go is concerned) register in the MMU.
In the runtime package, assembly code can include <code>go_tls.h</code>, which defines
an OS- and architecture-dependent macro <code>get_tls</code> for accessing this register.
The <code>get_tls</code> macro takes one argument, which is the register to load the
<code>g</code> pointer into.
An OS-dependent macro <code>get_tls</code> is defined for the assembler if the source is
in the <code>runtime</code> package and includes a special header, <code>go_tls.h</code>:
</p>
<pre>
#include "go_tls.h"
</pre>
<p>
For example, the sequence to load <code>g</code> and <code>m</code>
using <code>CX</code> looks like this:
Within the runtime, the <code>get_tls</code> macro loads its argument register
with a pointer to the <code>g</code> pointer, and the <code>g</code> struct
contains the <code>m</code> pointer.
There's another special header containing the offsets for each
element of <code>g</code>, called <code>go_asm.h</code>.
The sequence to load <code>g</code> and <code>m</code> using <code>CX</code> looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
@@ -687,7 +617,8 @@ MOVL g_m(AX), BX // Move g.m into BX.
</pre>
<p>
The <code>get_tls</code> macro is also defined on <a href="#amd64">amd64</a>.
Note: The code above works only in the <code>runtime</code> package, while <code>go_tls.h</code> also
applies to <a href="#arm">arm</a>, <a href="#amd64">amd64</a> and amd64p32, and <code>go_asm.h</code> applies to all architectures.
</p>
<p>
@@ -731,13 +662,6 @@ MOVQ g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVQ g_m(AX), BX // Move g.m into BX.
</pre>
<p>
Register <code>BP</code> is callee-save.
The assembler automatically inserts <code>BP</code> save/restore when frame size is larger than zero.
Using <code>BP</code> as a general purpose register is allowed,
however it can interfere with sampling-based profiling.
</p>
<h3 id="arm">ARM</h3>
<p>
@@ -827,6 +751,10 @@ The other codes are <code>-&gt;</code> (arithmetic right shift),
<h3 id="arm64">ARM64</h3>
<p>
The ARM64 port is in an experimental state.
</p>
<p>
<code>R18</code> is the "platform register", reserved on the Apple platform.
To prevent accidental misuse, the register is named <code>R18_PLATFORM</code>.
@@ -904,16 +832,29 @@ The other extensions include <code>SXTH</code> (16-bit), <code>SXTW</code> (32-b
Reference: <a href="/pkg/cmd/internal/obj/arm64">Go ARM64 Assembly Instructions Reference Manual</a>
</p>
<h3 id="ppc64">PPC64</h3>
<h3 id="ppc64">64-bit PowerPC, a.k.a. ppc64</h3>
<p>
This assembler is used by GOARCH values ppc64 and ppc64le.
The 64-bit PowerPC port is in an experimental state.
</p>
<p>
Reference: <a href="/pkg/cmd/internal/obj/ppc64">Go PPC64 Assembly Instructions Reference Manual</a>
Addressing modes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>(R5)(R6*1)</code>: The location at <code>R5</code> plus <code>R6</code>. It is a scaled
mode as on the x86, but the only scale allowed is <code>1</code>.
</li>
<li>
<code>(R5+R6)</code>: Alias for (R5)(R6*1)
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="s390x">IBM z/Architecture, a.k.a. s390x</h3>
<p>

101
doc/cmd.html Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Command Documentation",
"Path": "/doc/cmd"
}-->
<p>
There is a suite of programs to build and process Go source code.
Instead of being run directly, programs in the suite are usually invoked
by the <a href="/cmd/go/">go</a> program.
</p>
<p>
The most common way to run these programs is as a subcommand of the go program,
for instance as <code>go fmt</code>. Run like this, the command operates on
complete packages of Go source code, with the go program invoking the
underlying binary with arguments appropriate to package-level processing.
</p>
<p>
The programs can also be run as stand-alone binaries, with unmodified arguments,
using the go <code>tool</code> subcommand, such as <code>go tool cgo</code>.
For most commands this is mainly useful for debugging.
Some of the commands, such as <code>pprof</code>, are accessible only through
the go <code>tool</code> subcommand.
</p>
<p>
Finally the <code>fmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> commands are installed
as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> because
they are so often referenced.
</p>
<p>
Click on the links for more documentation, invocation methods, and usage details.
</p>
<table class="dir">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th>
<th>Synopsis</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">go</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>
The <code>go</code> program manages Go source code and runs the other
commands listed here.
See the command docs for usage
details.
<br><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cgo enables the creation of Go packages that call C code.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/cover/">cover</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cover is a program for creating and analyzing the coverage profiles
generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/fix/">fix</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fix finds Go programs that use old features of the language and libraries
and rewrites them to use newer ones.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/gofmt/">fmt</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fmt formats Go packages, it is also available as an independent <a href="/cmd/gofmt/">
gofmt</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Godoc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf
calls whose arguments do not align with the format string.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
This is an abridged list. See the <a href="/cmd/">full command reference</a>
for documentation of the compilers and more.
</p>

648
doc/code.html Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
<!--{
"Title": "How to Write Go Code"
}-->
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
This document demonstrates the development of a simple Go package and
introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go tool</a>, the standard way to fetch,
build, and install Go packages and commands.
</p>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool requires you to organize your code in a specific
way. Please read this document carefully.
It explains the simplest way to get up and running with your Go installation.
</p>
<p>
A similar explanation is available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="Organization">Code organization</h2>
<h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>
<ul>
<li>Go programmers typically keep all their Go code in a single <i>workspace</i>.</li>
<li>A workspace contains many version control <i>repositories</i>
(managed by Git, for example).</li>
<li>Each repository contains one or more <i>packages</i>.</li>
<li>Each package consists of one or more Go source files in a single directory.</li>
<li>The path to a package's directory determines its <i>import path</i>.</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that this differs from other programming environments in which every
project has a separate workspace and workspaces are closely tied to version
control repositories.
</p>
<h3 id="Workspaces">Workspaces</h3>
<p>
A workspace is a directory hierarchy with two directories at its root:
</p>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> contains Go source files, and
<li><code>bin</code> contains executable commands.
</ul>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool builds and installs binaries to the <code>bin</code> directory.
</p>
<p>
The <code>src</code> subdirectory typically contains multiple version control
repositories (such as for Git or Mercurial) that track the development of one
or more source packages.
</p>
<p>
To give you an idea of how a workspace looks in practice, here's an example:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
outyet # command executable
src/
<a href="https://github.com/golang/example/">github.com/golang/example/</a>
.git/ # Git repository metadata
hello/
hello.go # command source
outyet/
main.go # command source
main_test.go # test source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
<a href="https://golang.org/x/image/">golang.org/x/image/</a>
.git/ # Git repository metadata
bmp/
reader.go # package source
writer.go # package source
... (many more repositories and packages omitted) ...
</pre>
<p>
The tree above shows a workspace containing two repositories
(<code>example</code> and <code>image</code>).
The <code>example</code> repository contains two commands (<code>hello</code>
and <code>outyet</code>) and one library (<code>stringutil</code>).
The <code>image</code> repository contains the <code>bmp</code> package
and <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/image">several others</a>.
</p>
<p>
A typical workspace contains many source repositories containing many
packages and commands. Most Go programmers keep <i>all</i> their Go source code
and dependencies in a single workspace.
</p>
<p>
Note that symbolic links should <b>not</b> be used to link files or directories into your workspace.
</p>
<p>
Commands and libraries are built from different kinds of source packages.
We will discuss the distinction <a href="#PackageNames">later</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="GOPATH">The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</h3>
<p>
The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable specifies the location of your
workspace. It defaults to a directory named <code>go</code> inside your home directory,
so <code>$HOME/go</code> on Unix,
<code>$home/go</code> on Plan 9,
and <code>%USERPROFILE%\go</code> (usually <code>C:\Users\YourName\go</code>) on Windows.
</p>
<p>
If you would like to work in a different location, you will need to
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set <code>GOPATH</code></a>
to the path to that directory.
(Another common setup is to set <code>GOPATH=$HOME</code>.)
Note that <code>GOPATH</code> must <b>not</b> be the
same path as your Go installation.
</p>
<p>
The command <code>go</code> <code>env</code> <code>GOPATH</code>
prints the effective current <code>GOPATH</code>;
it prints the default location if the environment variable is unset.
</p>
<p>
For convenience, add the workspace's <code>bin</code> subdirectory
to your <code>PATH</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>export PATH=$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin</b>
</pre>
<p>
The scripts in the rest of this document use <code>$GOPATH</code>
instead of <code>$(go env GOPATH)</code> for brevity.
To make the scripts run as written
if you have not set GOPATH,
you can substitute $HOME/go in those commands
or else run:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>export GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH)</b>
</pre>
<p>
To learn more about the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable, see
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>'go help gopath'</code></a>.
</p>
<p>
To use a custom workspace location,
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="ImportPaths">Import paths</h3>
<p>
An <i>import path</i> is a string that uniquely identifies a package.
A package's import path corresponds to its location inside a workspace
or in a remote repository (explained below).
</p>
<p>
The packages from the standard library are given short import paths such as
<code>"fmt"</code> and <code>"net/http"</code>.
For your own packages, you must choose a base path that is unlikely to
collide with future additions to the standard library or other external
libraries.
</p>
<p>
If you keep your code in a source repository somewhere, then you should use the
root of that source repository as your base path.
For instance, if you have a <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> account at
<code>github.com/user</code>, that should be your base path.
</p>
<p>
Note that you don't need to publish your code to a remote repository before you
can build it. It's just a good habit to organize your code as if you will
publish it someday. In practice you can choose any arbitrary path name,
as long as it is unique to the standard library and greater Go ecosystem.
</p>
<p>
We'll use <code>github.com/user</code> as our base path. Create a directory
inside your workspace in which to keep source code:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/user</b>
</pre>
<h3 id="Command">Your first program</h3>
<p>
To compile and run a simple program, first choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/hello</code>) and create a corresponding package directory
inside your workspace:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>hello.go</code> inside that directory,
containing the following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
fmt.Println("Hello, world.")
}
</pre>
<p>
Now you can build and install that program with the <code>go</code> tool:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Note that you can run this command from anywhere on your system. The
<code>go</code> tool finds the source code by looking for the
<code>github.com/user/hello</code> package inside the workspace specified by
<code>GOPATH</code>.
</p>
<p>
You can also omit the package path if you run <code>go install</code> from the
package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>go install</b>
</pre>
<p>
This command builds the <code>hello</code> command, producing an executable
binary. It then installs that binary to the workspace's <code>bin</code>
directory as <code>hello</code> (or, under Windows, <code>hello.exe</code>).
In our example, that will be <code>$GOPATH/bin/hello</code>, which is
<code>$HOME/go/bin/hello</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool will only print output when an error occurs, so if
these commands produce no output they have executed successfully.
</p>
<p>
You can now run the program by typing its full path at the command line:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>
<p>
Or, as you have added <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>,
just type the binary name:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>
<p>
If you're using a source control system, now would be a good time to initialize
a repository, add the files, and commit your first change. Again, this step is
optional: you do not need to use source control to write Go code.
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>git init</b>
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/go/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
$ <b>git add hello.go</b>
$ <b>git commit -m "initial commit"</b>
[master (root-commit) 0b4507d] initial commit
1 file changed, 7 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 hello.go
</pre>
<p>
Pushing the code to a remote repository is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
<h3 id="Library">Your first library</h3>
<p>
Let's write a library and use it from the <code>hello</code> program.
</p>
<p>
Again, the first step is to choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/stringutil</code>) and create the package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>reverse.go</code> in that directory with the
following contents.
</p>
<pre>
// Package stringutil contains utility functions for working with strings.
package stringutil
// Reverse returns its argument string reversed rune-wise left to right.
func Reverse(s string) string {
r := []rune(s)
for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i &lt; len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
}
return string(r)
}
</pre>
<p>
Now, test that the package compiles with <code>go build</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>
<p>
Or, if you are working in the package's source directory, just:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build</b>
</pre>
<p>
This won't produce an output file.
Instead it saves the compiled package in the local build cache.
</p>
<p>
After confirming that the <code>stringutil</code> package builds,
modify your original <code>hello.go</code> (which is in
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</code>) to use it:
</p>
<pre>
package main
import (
"fmt"
<b>"github.com/user/stringutil"</b>
)
func main() {
fmt.Println(stringutil.Reverse("!oG ,olleH"))
}
</pre>
<p>
Install the <code>hello</code> program:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Running the new version of the program, you should see a new, reversed message:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, Go!
</pre>
<p>
After the steps above, your workspace should look like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
src/
github.com/user/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
</pre>
<h3 id="PackageNames">Package names</h3>
<p>
The first statement in a Go source file must be
</p>
<pre>
package <i>name</i>
</pre>
<p>
where <code><i>name</i></code> is the package's default name for imports.
(All files in a package must use the same <code><i>name</i></code>.)
</p>
<p>
Go's convention is that the package name is the last element of the
import path: the package imported as "<code>crypto/rot13</code>"
should be named <code>rot13</code>.
</p>
<p>
Executable commands must always use <code>package main</code>.
</p>
<p>
There is no requirement that package names be unique
across all packages linked into a single binary,
only that the import paths (their full file names) be unique.
</p>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#names">Effective Go</a> to learn more about
Go's naming conventions.
</p>
<h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2>
<p>
Go has a lightweight test framework composed of the <code>go test</code>
command and the <code>testing</code> package.
</p>
<p>
You write a test by creating a file with a name ending in <code>_test.go</code>
that contains functions named <code>TestXXX</code> with signature
<code>func (t *testing.T)</code>.
The test framework runs each such function;
if the function calls a failure function such as <code>t.Error</code> or
<code>t.Fail</code>, the test is considered to have failed.
</p>
<p>
Add a test to the <code>stringutil</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil/reverse_test.go</code> containing
the following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package stringutil
import "testing"
func TestReverse(t *testing.T) {
cases := []struct {
in, want string
}{
{"Hello, world", "dlrow ,olleH"},
{"Hello, 世界", "界世 ,olleH"},
{"", ""},
}
for _, c := range cases {
got := Reverse(c.in)
if got != c.want {
t.Errorf("Reverse(%q) == %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
}
}
}
</pre>
<p>
Then run the test with <code>go test</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test github.com/user/stringutil</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
As always, if you are running the <code>go</code> tool from the package
directory, you can omit the package path:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
<a href="/pkg/testing/">testing package documentation</a> for more detail.
</p>
<h2 id="remote">Remote packages</h2>
<p>
An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> tool uses
this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories.
For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a
Git repository hosted at GitHub
<code><a href="https://github.com/golang/example">github.com/golang/example</a></code>.
If you include the repository URL in the package's import path,
<code>go get</code> will fetch, build, and install it automatically:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go get github.com/golang/example/hello</b>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, Go examples!
</pre>
<p>
If the specified package is not present in a workspace, <code>go get</code>
will place it inside the first workspace specified by <code>GOPATH</code>.
(If the package does already exist, <code>go get</code> skips the remote
fetch and behaves the same as <code>go install</code>.)
</p>
<p>
After issuing the above <code>go get</code> command, the workspace directory
tree should now look like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
src/
github.com/golang/example/
.git/ # Git repository metadata
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
github.com/user/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
</pre>
<p>
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at GitHub depends on the
<code>stringutil</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the
<code>go get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent
package, too.
</p>
<pre>
import "github.com/golang/example/stringutil"
</pre>
<p>
This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for
others to use.
The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
and <a href="//godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
provide lists of external Go projects.
</p>
<p>
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> tool, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">go help importpath</a></code>.
</p>
<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>
<p>
Subscribe to the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
</p>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> for tips on writing
clear, idiomatic Go code.
</p>
<p>
Take <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
proper.
</p>
<p>
Visit the <a href="/doc/#articles">documentation page</a> for a set of in-depth
articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.
</p>
<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
<p>
For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
<a href="https://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
</p>
<p>
The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
</p>
<p>
Report bugs using the
<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>

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/*
Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#codewalk-main {
text-align: left;
width: 100%;
overflow: auto;
}
#code-display {
border: 0;
width: 100%;
}
.setting {
font-size: 8pt;
color: #888888;
padding: 5px;
}
.hotkey {
text-decoration: underline;
}
/* Style for Comments (the left-hand column) */
#comment-column {
margin: 0pt;
width: 30%;
}
#comment-column.right {
float: right;
}
#comment-column.left {
float: left;
}
#comment-area {
overflow-x: hidden;
overflow-y: auto;
}
.comment {
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 16px;
border: 2px solid #ba9836;
margin-bottom: 10px;
margin-right: 10px; /* yes, for both .left and .right */
}
.comment:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0px;
}
.right .comment {
margin-left: 10px;
}
.right .comment.first {
}
.right .comment.last {
}
.left .comment.first {
}
.left .comment.last {
}
.comment.selected {
border-color: #99b2cb;
}
.right .comment.selected {
border-left-width: 12px;
margin-left: 0px;
}
.left .comment.selected {
border-right-width: 12px;
margin-right: 0px;
}
.comment-link {
display: none;
}
.comment-title {
font-size: small;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #fffff0;
padding-right: 10px;
padding-left: 10px;
padding-top: 5px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
.right .comment-title {
}
.left .comment-title {
}
.comment.selected .comment-title {
background-color: #f8f8ff;
}
.comment-text {
overflow: auto;
padding-left: 10px;
padding-right: 10px;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
font-size: small;
line-height: 1.3em;
}
.comment-text p {
margin-top: 0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.comment-text p:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0em;
}
.file-name {
font-size: x-small;
padding-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
}
.hidden-filepaths .file-name {
display: none;
}
.path-dir {
color: #555;
}
.path-file {
color: #555;
}
/* Style for Code (the right-hand column) */
/* Wrapper for the code column to make widths get calculated correctly */
#code-column {
display: block;
position: relative;
margin: 0pt;
width: 70%;
}
#code-column.left {
float: left;
}
#code-column.right {
float: right;
}
#code-area {
background-color: #f8f8ff;
border: 2px solid #99b2cb;
padding: 5px;
}
.left #code-area {
margin-right: -1px;
}
.right #code-area {
margin-left: -1px;
}
#code-header {
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
#code {
background-color: white;
}
code {
font-size: 100%;
}
.codewalkhighlight {
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #f8f8ff;
}
#code-display {
margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px;
}
#sizer {
position: absolute;
cursor: col-resize;
left: 0px;
top: 0px;
width: 8px;
}
/* Style for options (bottom strip) */
#code-options {
display: none;
}
#code-options > span {
padding-right: 20px;
}
#code-options .selected {
border-bottom: 1px dotted;
}
#comment-options {
text-align: center;
}
div#content {
padding-bottom: 0em;
}

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// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
/**
* A class to hold information about the Codewalk Viewer.
* @param {jQuery} context The top element in whose context the viewer should
* operate. It will not touch any elements above this one.
* @constructor
*/
var CodewalkViewer = function(context) {
this.context = context;
/**
* The div that contains all of the comments and their controls.
*/
this.commentColumn = this.context.find('#comment-column');
/**
* The div that contains the comments proper.
*/
this.commentArea = this.context.find('#comment-area');
/**
* The div that wraps the iframe with the code, as well as the drop down menu
* listing the different files.
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.codeColumn = this.context.find('#code-column');
/**
* The div that contains the code but excludes the options strip.
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.codeArea = this.context.find('#code-area');
/**
* The iframe that holds the code (from Sourcerer).
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.codeDisplay = this.context.find('#code-display');
/**
* The overlaid div used as a grab handle for sizing the code/comment panes.
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.sizer = this.context.find('#sizer');
/**
* The full-screen overlay that ensures we don't lose track of the mouse
* while dragging.
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.overlay = this.context.find('#overlay');
/**
* The hidden input field that we use to hold the focus so that we can detect
* shortcut keypresses.
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.shortcutInput = this.context.find('#shortcut-input');
/**
* The last comment that was selected.
* @type {jQuery}
*/
this.lastSelected = null;
};
/**
* Minimum width of the comments or code pane, in pixels.
* @type {number}
*/
CodewalkViewer.MIN_PANE_WIDTH = 200;
/**
* Navigate the code iframe to the given url and update the code popout link.
* @param {string} url The target URL.
* @param {Object} opt_window Window dependency injection for testing only.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.navigateToCode = function(url, opt_window) {
if (!opt_window) opt_window = window;
// Each iframe is represented by two distinct objects in the DOM: an iframe
// object and a window object. These do not expose the same capabilities.
// Here we need to get the window representation to get the location member,
// so we access it directly through window[] since jQuery returns the iframe
// representation.
// We replace location rather than set so as not to create a history for code
// navigation.
opt_window['code-display'].location.replace(url);
var k = url.indexOf('&');
if (k != -1) url = url.slice(0, k);
k = url.indexOf('fileprint=');
if (k != -1) url = url.slice(k+10, url.length);
this.context.find('#code-popout-link').attr('href', url);
};
/**
* Selects the first comment from the list and forces a refresh of the code
* view.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.selectFirstComment = function() {
// TODO(rsc): handle case where there are no comments
var firstSourcererLink = this.context.find('.comment:first');
this.changeSelectedComment(firstSourcererLink);
};
/**
* Sets the target on all links nested inside comments to be _blank.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.targetCommentLinksAtBlank = function() {
this.context.find('.comment a[href], #description a[href]').each(function() {
if (!this.target) this.target = '_blank';
});
};
/**
* Installs event handlers for all the events we care about.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.installEventHandlers = function() {
var self = this;
this.context.find('.comment')
.click(function(event) {
if (jQuery(event.target).is('a[href]')) return true;
self.changeSelectedComment(jQuery(this));
return false;
});
this.context.find('#code-selector')
.change(function() {self.navigateToCode(jQuery(this).val());});
this.context.find('#description-table .quote-feet.setting')
.click(function() {self.toggleDescription(jQuery(this)); return false;});
this.sizer
.mousedown(function(ev) {self.startSizerDrag(ev); return false;});
this.overlay
.mouseup(function(ev) {self.endSizerDrag(ev); return false;})
.mousemove(function(ev) {self.handleSizerDrag(ev); return false;});
this.context.find('#prev-comment')
.click(function() {
self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.prev()); return false;
});
this.context.find('#next-comment')
.click(function() {
self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.next()); return false;
});
// Workaround for Firefox 2 and 3, which steal focus from the main document
// whenever the iframe content is (re)loaded. The input field is not shown,
// but is a way for us to bring focus back to a place where we can detect
// keypresses.
this.context.find('#code-display')
.load(function(ev) {self.shortcutInput.focus();});
jQuery(document).keypress(function(ev) {
switch(ev.which) {
case 110: // 'n'
self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.next());
return false;
case 112: // 'p'
self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.prev());
return false;
default: // ignore
}
});
window.onresize = function() {self.updateHeight();};
};
/**
* Starts dragging the pane sizer.
* @param {Object} ev The mousedown event that started us dragging.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.startSizerDrag = function(ev) {
this.initialCodeWidth = this.codeColumn.width();
this.initialCommentsWidth = this.commentColumn.width();
this.initialMouseX = ev.pageX;
this.overlay.show();
};
/**
* Handles dragging the pane sizer.
* @param {Object} ev The mousemove event updating dragging position.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.handleSizerDrag = function(ev) {
var delta = ev.pageX - this.initialMouseX;
if (this.codeColumn.is('.right')) delta = -delta;
var proposedCodeWidth = this.initialCodeWidth + delta;
var proposedCommentWidth = this.initialCommentsWidth - delta;
var mw = CodewalkViewer.MIN_PANE_WIDTH;
if (proposedCodeWidth < mw) delta = mw - this.initialCodeWidth;
if (proposedCommentWidth < mw) delta = this.initialCommentsWidth - mw;
proposedCodeWidth = this.initialCodeWidth + delta;
proposedCommentWidth = this.initialCommentsWidth - delta;
// If window is too small, don't even try to resize.
if (proposedCodeWidth < mw || proposedCommentWidth < mw) return;
this.codeColumn.width(proposedCodeWidth);
this.commentColumn.width(proposedCommentWidth);
this.options.codeWidth = parseInt(
this.codeColumn.width() /
(this.codeColumn.width() + this.commentColumn.width()) * 100);
this.context.find('#code-column-width').text(this.options.codeWidth + '%');
};
/**
* Ends dragging the pane sizer.
* @param {Object} ev The mouseup event that caused us to stop dragging.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.endSizerDrag = function(ev) {
this.overlay.hide();
this.updateHeight();
};
/**
* Toggles the Codewalk description between being shown and hidden.
* @param {jQuery} target The target that was clicked to trigger this function.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.toggleDescription = function(target) {
var description = this.context.find('#description');
description.toggle();
target.find('span').text(description.is(':hidden') ? 'show' : 'hide');
this.updateHeight();
};
/**
* Changes the side of the window on which the code is shown and saves the
* setting in a cookie.
* @param {string?} codeSide The side on which the code should be, either
* 'left' or 'right'.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.changeCodeSide = function(codeSide) {
var commentSide = codeSide == 'left' ? 'right' : 'left';
this.context.find('#set-code-' + codeSide).addClass('selected');
this.context.find('#set-code-' + commentSide).removeClass('selected');
// Remove previous side class and add new one.
this.codeColumn.addClass(codeSide).removeClass(commentSide);
this.commentColumn.addClass(commentSide).removeClass(codeSide);
this.sizer.css(codeSide, 'auto').css(commentSide, 0);
this.options.codeSide = codeSide;
};
/**
* Adds selected class to newly selected comment, removes selected style from
* previously selected comment, changes drop down options so that the correct
* file is selected, and updates the code popout link.
* @param {jQuery} target The target that was clicked to trigger this function.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.changeSelectedComment = function(target) {
var currentFile = target.find('.comment-link').attr('href');
if (!currentFile) return;
if (!(this.lastSelected && this.lastSelected.get(0) === target.get(0))) {
if (this.lastSelected) this.lastSelected.removeClass('selected');
target.addClass('selected');
this.lastSelected = target;
var targetTop = target.position().top;
var parentTop = target.parent().position().top;
if (targetTop + target.height() > parentTop + target.parent().height() ||
targetTop < parentTop) {
var delta = targetTop - parentTop;
target.parent().animate(
{'scrollTop': target.parent().scrollTop() + delta},
Math.max(delta / 2, 200), 'swing');
}
var fname = currentFile.match(/(?:select=|fileprint=)\/[^&]+/)[0];
fname = fname.slice(fname.indexOf('=')+2, fname.length);
this.context.find('#code-selector').val(fname);
this.context.find('#prev-comment').toggleClass(
'disabled', !target.prev().length);
this.context.find('#next-comment').toggleClass(
'disabled', !target.next().length);
}
// Force original file even if user hasn't changed comments since they may
// have navigated away from it within the iframe without us knowing.
this.navigateToCode(currentFile);
};
/**
* Updates the viewer by changing the height of the comments and code so that
* they fit within the height of the window. The function is typically called
* after the user changes the window size.
*/
CodewalkViewer.prototype.updateHeight = function() {
var windowHeight = jQuery(window).height() - 5 // GOK
var areaHeight = windowHeight - this.codeArea.offset().top
var footerHeight = this.context.find('#footer').outerHeight(true)
this.commentArea.height(areaHeight - footerHeight - this.context.find('#comment-options').outerHeight(true))
var codeHeight = areaHeight - footerHeight - 15 // GOK
this.codeArea.height(codeHeight)
this.codeDisplay.height(codeHeight - this.codeDisplay.offset().top + this.codeArea.offset().top);
this.sizer.height(codeHeight);
};
window.initFuncs.push(function() {
var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery('#codewalk-main'));
viewer.selectFirstComment();
viewer.targetCommentLinksAtBlank();
viewer.installEventHandlers();
viewer.updateHeight();
});

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<codewalk title="How to Write a Codewalk">
<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml">
A codewalk is a guided tour through a piece of code.
It consists of a sequence of steps, each typically explaining
a highlighted section of code.
<br/><br/>
The <a href="/cmd/godoc">godoc</a> web server translates
an XML file like the one in the main window pane into the HTML
page that you're viewing now.
<br/><br/>
The codewalk with URL path <code>/doc/codewalk/</code><i>name</i>
is loaded from the input file <code>$GOROOT/doc/codewalk/</code><i>name</i><code>.xml</code>.
<br/><br/>
This codewalk explains how to write a codewalk by examining
its own source code,
<code><a href="/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml">$GOROOT/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml</a></code>,
shown in the main window pane to the left.
</step>
<step title="Title" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title=/">
The codewalk input file is an XML file containing a single
<code>&lt;codewalk&gt;</code> element.
That element's <code>title</code> attribute gives the title
that is used both on the codewalk page and in the codewalk list.
</step>
<step title="Steps" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/&lt;step/,/step&gt;/">
Each step in the codewalk is a <code>&lt;step&gt;</code> element
nested inside the main <code>&lt;codewalk&gt;</code>.
The step element's <code>title</code> attribute gives the step's title,
which is shown in a shaded bar above the main step text.
The element's <code>src</code> attribute specifies the source
code to show in the main window pane and, optionally, a range of
lines to highlight.
<br/><br/>
The first step in this codewalk does not highlight any lines:
its <code>src</code> is just a file name.
</step>
<step title="Specifying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
The most complex part of the codewalk specification is
saying what lines to highlight.
Instead of ordinary line numbers,
the codewalk uses an address syntax that makes it possible
to describe the match by its content.
As the file gets edited, this descriptive address has a better
chance to continue to refer to the right section of the file.
<br/><br/>
To specify a source line, use a <code>src</code> attribute of the form
<i>filename</i><code>:</code><i>address</i>,
where <i>address</i> is an address in the syntax used by the text editors <i>sam</i> and <i>acme</i>.
<br/><br/>
The simplest address is a single regular expression.
The highlighted line in the main window pane shows that the
address for the &ldquo;Title&rdquo; step was <code>/title=/</code>,
which matches the first instance of that <a href="/pkg/regexp">regular expression</a> (<code>title=</code>) in the file.
</step>
<step title="Specifying a source range" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Steps"/'>
To highlight a range of source lines, the simplest address to use is
a pair of regular expressions
<code>/</code><i>regexp1</i><code>/,/</code><i>regexp2</i><code>/</code>.
The highlight begins with the line containing the first match for <i>regexp1</i>
and ends with the line containing the first match for <i>regexp2</i>
after the end of the match for <i>regexp1</i>.
Ignoring the HTML quoting,
The line containing the first match for <i>regexp1</i> will be the first one highlighted,
and the line containing the first match for <i>regexp2</i>.
<br/><br/>
The address <code>/&lt;step/,/step&gt;/</code> looks for the first instance of
<code>&lt;step</code> in the file, and then starting after that point,
looks for the first instance of <code>step&gt;</code>.
(Click on the &ldquo;Steps&rdquo; step above to see the highlight in action.)
Note that the <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&gt;</code> had to be written
using XML escapes in order to be valid XML.
</step>
<step title="Advanced addressing" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/Advanced/,/step&gt;/">
The <code>/</code><i>regexp</i><code>/</code>
and <code>/</code><i>regexp1</i><code>/,/</code><i>regexp2</i><code>/</code>
forms suffice for most highlighting.
<br/><br/>
The full address syntax is summarized in this table
(an excerpt of Table II from
<a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/sam/sam.html">The text editor <code>sam</code></a>):
<br/><br/>
<table>
<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Simple addresses</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>#</code><i>n</i></td>
<td>The empty string after character <i>n</i></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>n</i></td>
<td>Line <i>n</i></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>/</code><i>regexp</i><code>/</code></td>
<td>The first following match of the regular expression</td></tr>
<!-- not supported (yet?)
<tr><td><code>/</code><i>regexp</i><code>/</code></td>
<td>The first previous match of the regular expression</td></tr>
-->
<tr><td><code>$</code></td>
<td>The null string at the end of the file</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><b>Compound addresses</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>a1</i><code>+</code><i>a2</i></td>
<td>The address <i>a2</i> evaluated starting at the right of <i>a1</i></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>a1</i><code>-</code><i>a2</i></td>
<td>The address <i>a2</i> evaluated in the reverse direction starting at the left of <i>a1</i></td></tr>
<tr><td><i>a1</i><code>,</code><i>a2</i></td>
<td>From the left of <i>a1</i> to the right of <i>a2</i> (default <code>0,$</code>).</td></tr>
</table>
</step>
</codewalk>

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<codewalk title="First-Class Functions in Go">
<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go">
Go supports first class functions, higher-order functions, user-defined
function types, function literals, closures, and multiple return values.
<br/><br/>
This rich feature set supports a functional programming style in a strongly
typed language.
<br/><br/>
In this codewalk we will look at a simple program that simulates a dice game
called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_(dice)">Pig</a> and evaluates
basic strategies.
</step>
<step title="Game overview" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ A score/,/thisTurn int\n}/">
Pig is a two-player game played with a 6-sided die. Each turn, you may roll or stay.
<ul>
<li> If you roll a 1, you lose all points for your turn and play passes to
your opponent. Any other roll adds its value to your turn score. </li>
<li> If you stay, your turn score is added to your total score, and play passes
to your opponent. </li>
</ul>
The first person to reach 100 total points wins.
<br/><br/>
The <code>score</code> type stores the scores of the current and opposing
players, in addition to the points accumulated during the current turn.
</step>
<step title="User-defined function types" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ An action/,/bool\)/">
In Go, functions can be passed around just like any other value. A function's
type signature describes the types of its arguments and return values.
<br/><br/>
The <code>action</code> type is a function that takes a <code>score</code>
and returns the resulting <code>score</code> and whether the current turn is
over.
<br/><br/>
If the turn is over, the <code>player</code> and <code>opponent</code> fields
in the resulting <code>score</code> should be swapped, as it is now the other player's
turn.
</step>
<step title="Multiple return values" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ roll returns/,/true\n}/">
Go functions can return multiple values.
<br/><br/>
The functions <code>roll</code> and <code>stay</code> each return a pair of
values. They also match the <code>action</code> type signature. These
<code>action</code> functions define the rules of Pig.
</step>
<step title="Higher-order functions" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ A strategy/,/action\n/">
A function can use other functions as arguments and return values.
<br/><br/>
A <code>strategy</code> is a function that takes a <code>score</code> as input
and returns an <code>action</code> to perform. <br/>
(Remember, an <code>action</code> is itself a function.)
</step>
<step title="Function literals and closures" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/return func/,/return roll\n\t}/">
Anonymous functions can be declared in Go, as in this example. Function
literals are closures: they inherit the scope of the function in which they
are declared.
<br/><br/>
One basic strategy in Pig is to continue rolling until you have accumulated at
least k points in a turn, and then stay. The argument <code>k</code> is
enclosed by this function literal, which matches the <code>strategy</code> type
signature.
</step>
<step title="Simulating games" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ play/,/currentPlayer\n}/">
We simulate a game of Pig by calling an <code>action</code> to update the
<code>score</code> until one player reaches 100 points. Each
<code>action</code> is selected by calling the <code>strategy</code> function
associated with the current player.
</step>
<step title="Simulating a tournament" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ roundRobin/,/gamesPerStrategy\n}/">
The <code>roundRobin</code> function simulates a tournament and tallies wins.
Each strategy plays each other strategy <code>gamesPerSeries</code> times.
</step>
<step title="Variadic function declarations" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ ratioS/,/string {/">
Variadic functions like <code>ratioString</code> take a variable number of
arguments. These arguments are available as a slice inside the function.
</step>
<step title="Simulation results" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/func main/,/\n}/">
The <code>main</code> function defines 100 basic strategies, simulates a round
robin tournament, and then prints the win/loss record of each strategy.
<br/><br/>
Among these strategies, staying at 25 is best, but the <a
href="http://www.google.com/search?q=optimal+play+pig">optimal strategy for
Pig</a> is much more complex.
</step>
</codewalk>

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// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
/*
Generating random text: a Markov chain algorithm
Based on the program presented in the "Design and Implementation" chapter
of The Practice of Programming (Kernighan and Pike, Addison-Wesley 1999).
See also Computer Recreations, Scientific American 260, 122 - 125 (1989).
A Markov chain algorithm generates text by creating a statistical model of
potential textual suffixes for a given prefix. Consider this text:
I am not a number! I am a free man!
Our Markov chain algorithm would arrange this text into this set of prefixes
and suffixes, or "chain": (This table assumes a prefix length of two words.)
Prefix Suffix
"" "" I
"" I am
I am a
I am not
a free man!
am a free
am not a
a number! I
number! I am
not a number!
To generate text using this table we select an initial prefix ("I am", for
example), choose one of the suffixes associated with that prefix at random
with probability determined by the input statistics ("a"),
and then create a new prefix by removing the first word from the prefix
and appending the suffix (making the new prefix is "am a"). Repeat this process
until we can't find any suffixes for the current prefix or we exceed the word
limit. (The word limit is necessary as the chain table may contain cycles.)
Our version of this program reads text from standard input, parsing it into a
Markov chain, and writes generated text to standard output.
The prefix and output lengths can be specified using the -prefix and -words
flags on the command-line.
*/
package main
import (
"bufio"
"flag"
"fmt"
"io"
"math/rand"
"os"
"strings"
"time"
)
// Prefix is a Markov chain prefix of one or more words.
type Prefix []string
// String returns the Prefix as a string (for use as a map key).
func (p Prefix) String() string {
return strings.Join(p, " ")
}
// Shift removes the first word from the Prefix and appends the given word.
func (p Prefix) Shift(word string) {
copy(p, p[1:])
p[len(p)-1] = word
}
// Chain contains a map ("chain") of prefixes to a list of suffixes.
// A prefix is a string of prefixLen words joined with spaces.
// A suffix is a single word. A prefix can have multiple suffixes.
type Chain struct {
chain map[string][]string
prefixLen int
}
// NewChain returns a new Chain with prefixes of prefixLen words.
func NewChain(prefixLen int) *Chain {
return &Chain{make(map[string][]string), prefixLen}
}
// Build reads text from the provided Reader and
// parses it into prefixes and suffixes that are stored in Chain.
func (c *Chain) Build(r io.Reader) {
br := bufio.NewReader(r)
p := make(Prefix, c.prefixLen)
for {
var s string
if _, err := fmt.Fscan(br, &s); err != nil {
break
}
key := p.String()
c.chain[key] = append(c.chain[key], s)
p.Shift(s)
}
}
// Generate returns a string of at most n words generated from Chain.
func (c *Chain) Generate(n int) string {
p := make(Prefix, c.prefixLen)
var words []string
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
choices := c.chain[p.String()]
if len(choices) == 0 {
break
}
next := choices[rand.Intn(len(choices))]
words = append(words, next)
p.Shift(next)
}
return strings.Join(words, " ")
}
func main() {
// Register command-line flags.
numWords := flag.Int("words", 100, "maximum number of words to print")
prefixLen := flag.Int("prefix", 2, "prefix length in words")
flag.Parse() // Parse command-line flags.
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) // Seed the random number generator.
c := NewChain(*prefixLen) // Initialize a new Chain.
c.Build(os.Stdin) // Build chains from standard input.
text := c.Generate(*numWords) // Generate text.
fmt.Println(text) // Write text to standard output.
}

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<!--
Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-->
<codewalk title="Generating arbitrary text: a Markov chain algorithm">
<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/Generating/,/line\./">
This codewalk describes a program that generates random text using
a Markov chain algorithm. The package comment describes the algorithm
and the operation of the program. Please read it before continuing.
</step>
<step title="Modeling Markov chains" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/ chain/">
A chain consists of a prefix and a suffix. Each prefix is a set
number of words, while a suffix is a single word.
A prefix can have an arbitrary number of suffixes.
To model this data, we use a <code>map[string][]string</code>.
Each map key is a prefix (a <code>string</code>) and its values are
lists of suffixes (a slice of strings, <code>[]string</code>).
<br/><br/>
Here is the example table from the package comment
as modeled by this data structure:
<pre>
map[string][]string{
" ": {"I"},
" I": {"am"},
"I am": {"a", "not"},
"a free": {"man!"},
"am a": {"free"},
"am not": {"a"},
"a number!": {"I"},
"number! I": {"am"},
"not a": {"number!"},
}</pre>
While each prefix consists of multiple words, we
store prefixes in the map as a single <code>string</code>.
It would seem more natural to store the prefix as a
<code>[]string</code>, but we can't do this with a map because the
key type of a map must implement equality (and slices do not).
<br/><br/>
Therefore, in most of our code we will model prefixes as a
<code>[]string</code> and join the strings together with a space
to generate the map key:
<pre>
Prefix Map key
[]string{"", ""} " "
[]string{"", "I"} " I"
[]string{"I", "am"} "I am"
</pre>
</step>
<step title="The Chain struct" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/type Chain/,/}/">
The complete state of the chain table consists of the table itself and
the word length of the prefixes. The <code>Chain</code> struct stores
this data.
</step>
<step title="The NewChain constructor function" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func New/,/\n}/">
The <code>Chain</code> struct has two unexported fields (those that
do not begin with an upper case character), and so we write a
<code>NewChain</code> constructor function that initializes the
<code>chain</code> map with <code>make</code> and sets the
<code>prefixLen</code> field.
<br/><br/>
This is constructor function is not strictly necessary as this entire
program is within a single package (<code>main</code>) and therefore
there is little practical difference between exported and unexported
fields. We could just as easily write out the contents of this function
when we want to construct a new Chain.
But using these unexported fields is good practice; it clearly denotes
that only methods of Chain and its constructor function should access
those fields. Also, structuring <code>Chain</code> like this means we
could easily move it into its own package at some later date.
</step>
<step title="The Prefix type" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/type Prefix/">
Since we'll be working with prefixes often, we define a
<code>Prefix</code> type with the concrete type <code>[]string</code>.
Defining a named type clearly allows us to be explicit when we are
working with a prefix instead of just a <code>[]string</code>.
Also, in Go we can define methods on any named type (not just structs),
so we can add methods that operate on <code>Prefix</code> if we need to.
</step>
<step title="The String method" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+String/,/}/">
The first method we define on <code>Prefix</code> is
<code>String</code>. It returns a <code>string</code> representation
of a <code>Prefix</code> by joining the slice elements together with
spaces. We will use this method to generate keys when working with
the chain map.
</step>
<step title="Building the chain" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+Build/,/\n}/">
The <code>Build</code> method reads text from an <code>io.Reader</code>
and parses it into prefixes and suffixes that are stored in the
<code>Chain</code>.
<br/><br/>
The <code><a href="/pkg/io/#Reader">io.Reader</a></code> is an
interface type that is widely used by the standard library and
other Go code. Our code uses the
<code><a href="/pkg/fmt/#Fscan">fmt.Fscan</a></code> function, which
reads space-separated values from an <code>io.Reader</code>.
<br/><br/>
The <code>Build</code> method returns once the <code>Reader</code>'s
<code>Read</code> method returns <code>io.EOF</code> (end of file)
or some other read error occurs.
</step>
<step title="Buffering the input" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/bufio\.NewReader/">
This function does many small reads, which can be inefficient for some
<code>Readers</code>. For efficiency we wrap the provided
<code>io.Reader</code> with
<code><a href="/pkg/bufio/">bufio.NewReader</a></code> to create a
new <code>io.Reader</code> that provides buffering.
</step>
<step title="The Prefix variable" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/make\(Prefix/">
At the top of the function we make a <code>Prefix</code> slice
<code>p</code> using the <code>Chain</code>'s <code>prefixLen</code>
field as its length.
We'll use this variable to hold the current prefix and mutate it with
each new word we encounter.
</step>
<step title="Scanning words" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/var s string/,/\n }/">
In our loop we read words from the <code>Reader</code> into a
<code>string</code> variable <code>s</code> using
<code>fmt.Fscan</code>. Since <code>Fscan</code> uses space to
separate each input value, each call will yield just one word
(including punctuation), which is exactly what we need.
<br/><br/>
<code>Fscan</code> returns an error if it encounters a read error
(<code>io.EOF</code>, for example) or if it can't scan the requested
value (in our case, a single string). In either case we just want to
stop scanning, so we <code>break</code> out of the loop.
</step>
<step title="Adding a prefix and suffix to the chain" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/ key/,/key\], s\)">
The word stored in <code>s</code> is a new suffix. We add the new
prefix/suffix combination to the <code>chain</code> map by computing
the map key with <code>p.String</code> and appending the suffix
to the slice stored under that key.
<br/><br/>
The built-in <code>append</code> function appends elements to a slice
and allocates new storage when necessary. When the provided slice is
<code>nil</code>, <code>append</code> allocates a new slice.
This behavior conveniently ties in with the semantics of our map:
retrieving an unset key returns the zero value of the value type and
the zero value of <code>[]string</code> is <code>nil</code>.
When our program encounters a new prefix (yielding a <code>nil</code>
value in the map) <code>append</code> will allocate a new slice.
<br/><br/>
For more information about the <code>append</code> function and slices
in general see the
<a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Slices: usage and internals</a> article.
</step>
<step title="Pushing the suffix onto the prefix" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/p\.Shift/">
Before reading the next word our algorithm requires us to drop the
first word from the prefix and push the current suffix onto the prefix.
<br/><br/>
When in this state
<pre>
p == Prefix{"I", "am"}
s == "not" </pre>
the new value for <code>p</code> would be
<pre>
p == Prefix{"am", "not"}</pre>
This operation is also required during text generation so we put
the code to perform this mutation of the slice inside a method on
<code>Prefix</code> named <code>Shift</code>.
</step>
<step title="The Shift method" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+Shift/,/\n}/">
The <code>Shift</code> method uses the built-in <code>copy</code>
function to copy the last len(p)-1 elements of <code>p</code> to
the start of the slice, effectively moving the elements
one index to the left (if you consider zero as the leftmost index).
<pre>
p := Prefix{"I", "am"}
copy(p, p[1:])
// p == Prefix{"am", "am"}</pre>
We then assign the provided <code>word</code> to the last index
of the slice:
<pre>
// suffix == "not"
p[len(p)-1] = suffix
// p == Prefix{"am", "not"}</pre>
</step>
<step title="Generating text" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+Generate/,/\n}/">
The <code>Generate</code> method is similar to <code>Build</code>
except that instead of reading words from a <code>Reader</code>
and storing them in a map, it reads words from the map and
appends them to a slice (<code>words</code>).
<br/><br/>
<code>Generate</code> uses a conditional for loop to generate
up to <code>n</code> words.
</step>
<step title="Getting potential suffixes" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/choices/,/}\n/">
At each iteration of the loop we retrieve a list of potential suffixes
for the current prefix. We access the <code>chain</code> map at key
<code>p.String()</code> and assign its contents to <code>choices</code>.
<br/><br/>
If <code>len(choices)</code> is zero we break out of the loop as there
are no potential suffixes for that prefix.
This test also works if the key isn't present in the map at all:
in that case, <code>choices</code> will be <code>nil</code> and the
length of a <code>nil</code> slice is zero.
</step>
<step title="Choosing a suffix at random" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/next := choices/,/Shift/">
To choose a suffix we use the
<code><a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Intn">rand.Intn</a></code> function.
It returns a random integer up to (but not including) the provided
value. Passing in <code>len(choices)</code> gives us a random index
into the full length of the list.
<br/><br/>
We use that index to pick our new suffix, assign it to
<code>next</code> and append it to the <code>words</code> slice.
<br/><br/>
Next, we <code>Shift</code> the new suffix onto the prefix just as
we did in the <code>Build</code> method.
</step>
<step title="Returning the generated text" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/Join\(words/">
Before returning the generated text as a string, we use the
<code>strings.Join</code> function to join the elements of
the <code>words</code> slice together, separated by spaces.
</step>
<step title="Command-line flags" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/Register command-line flags/,/prefixLen/">
To make it easy to tweak the prefix and generated text lengths we
use the <code><a href="/pkg/flag/">flag</a></code> package to parse
command-line flags.
<br/><br/>
These calls to <code>flag.Int</code> register new flags with the
<code>flag</code> package. The arguments to <code>Int</code> are the
flag name, its default value, and a description. The <code>Int</code>
function returns a pointer to an integer that will contain the
user-supplied value (or the default value if the flag was omitted on
the command-line).
</step>
<step title="Program set up" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/flag.Parse/,/rand.Seed/">
The <code>main</code> function begins by parsing the command-line
flags with <code>flag.Parse</code> and seeding the <code>rand</code>
package's random number generator with the current time.
<br/><br/>
If the command-line flags provided by the user are invalid the
<code>flag.Parse</code> function will print an informative usage
message and terminate the program.
</step>
<step title="Creating and building a new Chain" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/c := NewChain/,/c\.Build/">
To create the new <code>Chain</code> we call <code>NewChain</code>
with the value of the <code>prefix</code> flag.
<br/><br/>
To build the chain we call <code>Build</code> with
<code>os.Stdin</code> (which implements <code>io.Reader</code>) so
that it will read its input from standard input.
</step>
<step title="Generating and printing text" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/c\.Generate/,/fmt.Println/">
Finally, to generate text we call <code>Generate</code> with
the value of the <code>words</code> flag and assigning the result
to the variable <code>text</code>.
<br/><br/>
Then we call <code>fmt.Println</code> to write the text to standard
output, followed by a carriage return.
</step>
<step title="Using this program" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go">
To use this program, first build it with the
<a href="/cmd/go/">go</a> command:
<pre>
$ go build markov.go</pre>
And then execute it while piping in some input text:
<pre>
$ echo "a man a plan a canal panama" \
| ./markov -prefix=1
a plan a man a plan a canal panama</pre>
Here's a transcript of generating some text using the Go distribution's
README file as source material:
<pre>
$ ./markov -words=10 &lt; $GOROOT/README
This is the source code repository for the Go source
$ ./markov -prefix=1 -words=10 &lt; $GOROOT/README
This is the go directory (the one containing this README).
$ ./markov -prefix=1 -words=10 &lt; $GOROOT/README
This is the variable if you have just untarred a</pre>
</step>
<step title="An exercise for the reader" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go">
The <code>Generate</code> function does a lot of allocations when it
builds the <code>words</code> slice. As an exercise, modify it to
take an <code>io.Writer</code> to which it incrementally writes the
generated text with <code>Fprint</code>.
Aside from being more efficient this makes <code>Generate</code>
more symmetrical to <code>Build</code>.
</step>
</codewalk>

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// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
)
const (
win = 100 // The winning score in a game of Pig
gamesPerSeries = 10 // The number of games per series to simulate
)
// A score includes scores accumulated in previous turns for each player,
// as well as the points scored by the current player in this turn.
type score struct {
player, opponent, thisTurn int
}
// An action transitions stochastically to a resulting score.
type action func(current score) (result score, turnIsOver bool)
// roll returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of simulating a die roll.
// If the roll value is 1, then thisTurn score is abandoned, and the players'
// roles swap. Otherwise, the roll value is added to thisTurn.
func roll(s score) (score, bool) {
outcome := rand.Intn(6) + 1 // A random int in [1, 6]
if outcome == 1 {
return score{s.opponent, s.player, 0}, true
}
return score{s.player, s.opponent, outcome + s.thisTurn}, false
}
// stay returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of staying.
// thisTurn score is added to the player's score, and the players' roles swap.
func stay(s score) (score, bool) {
return score{s.opponent, s.player + s.thisTurn, 0}, true
}
// A strategy chooses an action for any given score.
type strategy func(score) action
// stayAtK returns a strategy that rolls until thisTurn is at least k, then stays.
func stayAtK(k int) strategy {
return func(s score) action {
if s.thisTurn >= k {
return stay
}
return roll
}
}
// play simulates a Pig game and returns the winner (0 or 1).
func play(strategy0, strategy1 strategy) int {
strategies := []strategy{strategy0, strategy1}
var s score
var turnIsOver bool
currentPlayer := rand.Intn(2) // Randomly decide who plays first
for s.player+s.thisTurn < win {
action := strategies[currentPlayer](s)
s, turnIsOver = action(s)
if turnIsOver {
currentPlayer = (currentPlayer + 1) % 2
}
}
return currentPlayer
}
// roundRobin simulates a series of games between every pair of strategies.
func roundRobin(strategies []strategy) ([]int, int) {
wins := make([]int, len(strategies))
for i := 0; i < len(strategies); i++ {
for j := i + 1; j < len(strategies); j++ {
for k := 0; k < gamesPerSeries; k++ {
winner := play(strategies[i], strategies[j])
if winner == 0 {
wins[i]++
} else {
wins[j]++
}
}
}
}
gamesPerStrategy := gamesPerSeries * (len(strategies) - 1) // no self play
return wins, gamesPerStrategy
}
// ratioString takes a list of integer values and returns a string that lists
// each value and its percentage of the sum of all values.
// e.g., ratios(1, 2, 3) = "1/6 (16.7%), 2/6 (33.3%), 3/6 (50.0%)"
func ratioString(vals ...int) string {
total := 0
for _, val := range vals {
total += val
}
s := ""
for _, val := range vals {
if s != "" {
s += ", "
}
pct := 100 * float64(val) / float64(total)
s += fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d (%0.1f%%)", val, total, pct)
}
return s
}
func main() {
strategies := make([]strategy, win)
for k := range strategies {
strategies[k] = stayAtK(k + 1)
}
wins, games := roundRobin(strategies)
for k := range strategies {
fmt.Printf("Wins, losses staying at k =% 4d: %s\n",
k+1, ratioString(wins[k], games-wins[k]))
}
}

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#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
set -e
function fail {
echo FAIL: doc/codewalk/$1
exit 1
}
# markov.xml
echo foo | go run markov.go | grep foo > /dev/null || fail markov
# functions.xml
go run pig.go | grep 'Wins, losses staying at k = 100: 210/990 (21.2%), 780/990 (78.8%)' > /dev/null || fail pig
# sharemem.xml: only build the example, as it uses the network
go build urlpoll.go || fail urlpoll
rm -f urlpoll

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<codewalk title="Share Memory By Communicating">
<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
Go's approach to concurrency differs from the traditional use of
threads and shared memory. Philosophically, it can be summarized:
<br/><br/>
<i>Don't communicate by sharing memory; share memory by communicating.</i>
<br/><br/>
Channels allow you to pass references to data structures between goroutines.
If you consider this as passing around ownership of the data (the ability to
read and write it), they become a powerful and expressive synchronization
mechanism.
<br/><br/>
In this codewalk we will look at a simple program that polls a list of
URLs, checking their HTTP response codes and periodically printing their state.
</step>
<step title="State type" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/State/,/}/">
The State type represents the state of a URL.
<br/><br/>
The Pollers send State values to the StateMonitor,
which maintains a map of the current state of each URL.
</step>
<step title="Resource type" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Resource/,/}/">
A Resource represents the state of a URL to be polled: the URL itself
and the number of errors encountered since the last successful poll.
<br/><br/>
When the program starts, it allocates one Resource for each URL.
The main goroutine and the Poller goroutines send the Resources to
each other on channels.
</step>
<step title="Poller function" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/func Poller/,/\n}/">
Each Poller receives Resource pointers from an input channel.
In this program, the convention is that sending a Resource pointer on
a channel passes ownership of the underlying data from the sender
to the receiver. Because of this convention, we know that
no two goroutines will access this Resource at the same time.
This means we don't have to worry about locking to prevent concurrent
access to these data structures.
<br/><br/>
The Poller processes the Resource by calling its Poll method.
<br/><br/>
It sends a State value to the status channel, to inform the StateMonitor
of the result of the Poll.
<br/><br/>
Finally, it sends the Resource pointer to the out channel. This can be
interpreted as the Poller saying &quot;I'm done with this Resource&quot; and
returning ownership of it to the main goroutine.
<br/><br/>
Several goroutines run Pollers, processing Resources in parallel.
</step>
<step title="The Poll method" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Poll executes/,/\n}/">
The Poll method (of the Resource type) performs an HTTP HEAD request
for the Resource's URL and returns the HTTP response's status code.
If an error occurs, Poll logs the message to standard error and returns the
error string instead.
</step>
<step title="main function" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/func main/,/\n}/">
The main function starts the Poller and StateMonitor goroutines
and then loops passing completed Resources back to the pending
channel after appropriate delays.
</step>
<step title="Creating channels" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Create our/,/complete/">
First, main makes two channels of *Resource, pending and complete.
<br/><br/>
Inside main, a new goroutine sends one Resource per URL to pending
and the main goroutine receives completed Resources from complete.
<br/><br/>
The pending and complete channels are passed to each of the Poller
goroutines, within which they are known as in and out.
</step>
<step title="Initializing StateMonitor" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Launch the StateMonitor/,/statusInterval/">
StateMonitor will initialize and launch a goroutine that stores the state
of each Resource. We will look at this function in detail later.
<br/><br/>
For now, the important thing to note is that it returns a channel of State,
which is saved as status and passed to the Poller goroutines.
</step>
<step title="Launching Poller goroutines" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Launch some Poller/,/}/">
Now that it has the necessary channels, main launches a number of
Poller goroutines, passing the channels as arguments.
The channels provide the means of communication between the main, Poller, and
StateMonitor goroutines.
</step>
<step title="Send Resources to pending" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Send some Resources/,/}\(\)/">
To add the initial work to the system, main starts a new goroutine
that allocates and sends one Resource per URL to pending.
<br/><br/>
The new goroutine is necessary because unbuffered channel sends and
receives are synchronous. That means these channel sends will block until
the Pollers are ready to read from pending.
<br/><br/>
Were these sends performed in the main goroutine with fewer Pollers than
channel sends, the program would reach a deadlock situation, because
main would not yet be receiving from complete.
<br/><br/>
Exercise for the reader: modify this part of the program to read a list of
URLs from a file. (You may want to move this goroutine into its own
named function.)
</step>
<step title="Main Event Loop" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/range complete/,/\n }/">
When a Poller is done with a Resource, it sends it on the complete channel.
This loop receives those Resource pointers from complete.
For each received Resource, it starts a new goroutine calling
the Resource's Sleep method. Using a new goroutine for each
ensures that the sleeps can happen in parallel.
<br/><br/>
Note that any single Resource pointer may only be sent on either pending or
complete at any one time. This ensures that a Resource is either being
handled by a Poller goroutine or sleeping, but never both simultaneously.
In this way, we share our Resource data by communicating.
</step>
<step title="The Sleep method" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Sleep/,/\n}/">
Sleep calls time.Sleep to pause before sending the Resource to done.
The pause will either be of a fixed length (pollInterval) plus an
additional delay proportional to the number of sequential errors (r.errCount).
<br/><br/>
This is an example of a typical Go idiom: a function intended to run inside
a goroutine takes a channel, upon which it sends its return value
(or other indication of completed state).
</step>
<step title="StateMonitor" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/StateMonitor/,/\n}/">
The StateMonitor receives State values on a channel and periodically
outputs the state of all Resources being polled by the program.
</step>
<step title="The updates channel" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/updates :=/">
The variable updates is a channel of State, on which the Poller goroutines
send State values.
<br/><br/>
This channel is returned by the function.
</step>
<step title="The urlStatus map" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/urlStatus/">
The variable urlStatus is a map of URLs to their most recent status.
</step>
<step title="The Ticker object" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/ticker/">
A time.Ticker is an object that repeatedly sends a value on a channel at a
specified interval.
<br/><br/>
In this case, ticker triggers the printing of the current state to
standard output every updateInterval nanoseconds.
</step>
<step title="The StateMonitor goroutine" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/go func/,/}\(\)/">
StateMonitor will loop forever, selecting on two channels:
ticker.C and update. The select statement blocks until one of its
communications is ready to proceed.
<br/><br/>
When StateMonitor receives a tick from ticker.C, it calls logState to
print the current state. When it receives a State update from updates,
it records the new status in the urlStatus map.
<br/><br/>
Notice that this goroutine owns the urlStatus data structure,
ensuring that it can only be accessed sequentially.
This prevents memory corruption issues that might arise from parallel reads
and/or writes to a shared map.
</step>
<step title="Conclusion" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
In this codewalk we have explored a simple example of using Go's concurrency
primitives to share memory through communication.
<br/><br/>
This should provide a starting point from which to explore the ways in which
goroutines and channels can be used to write expressive and concise concurrent
programs.
</step>
</codewalk>

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// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
)
const (
numPollers = 2 // number of Poller goroutines to launch
pollInterval = 60 * time.Second // how often to poll each URL
statusInterval = 10 * time.Second // how often to log status to stdout
errTimeout = 10 * time.Second // back-off timeout on error
)
var urls = []string{
"http://www.google.com/",
"http://golang.org/",
"http://blog.golang.org/",
}
// State represents the last-known state of a URL.
type State struct {
url string
status string
}
// StateMonitor maintains a map that stores the state of the URLs being
// polled, and prints the current state every updateInterval nanoseconds.
// It returns a chan State to which resource state should be sent.
func StateMonitor(updateInterval time.Duration) chan<- State {
updates := make(chan State)
urlStatus := make(map[string]string)
ticker := time.NewTicker(updateInterval)
go func() {
for {
select {
case <-ticker.C:
logState(urlStatus)
case s := <-updates:
urlStatus[s.url] = s.status
}
}
}()
return updates
}
// logState prints a state map.
func logState(s map[string]string) {
log.Println("Current state:")
for k, v := range s {
log.Printf(" %s %s", k, v)
}
}
// Resource represents an HTTP URL to be polled by this program.
type Resource struct {
url string
errCount int
}
// Poll executes an HTTP HEAD request for url
// and returns the HTTP status string or an error string.
func (r *Resource) Poll() string {
resp, err := http.Head(r.url)
if err != nil {
log.Println("Error", r.url, err)
r.errCount++
return err.Error()
}
r.errCount = 0
return resp.Status
}
// Sleep sleeps for an appropriate interval (dependent on error state)
// before sending the Resource to done.
func (r *Resource) Sleep(done chan<- *Resource) {
time.Sleep(pollInterval + errTimeout*time.Duration(r.errCount))
done <- r
}
func Poller(in <-chan *Resource, out chan<- *Resource, status chan<- State) {
for r := range in {
s := r.Poll()
status <- State{r.url, s}
out <- r
}
}
func main() {
// Create our input and output channels.
pending, complete := make(chan *Resource), make(chan *Resource)
// Launch the StateMonitor.
status := StateMonitor(statusInterval)
// Launch some Poller goroutines.
for i := 0; i < numPollers; i++ {
go Poller(pending, complete, status)
}
// Send some Resources to the pending queue.
go func() {
for _, url := range urls {
pending <- &Resource{url: url}
}
}()
for r := range complete {
go r.Sleep(pending)
}
}

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<!--{
"Title": "Go Community Code of Conduct",
"Path": "/conduct",
"Template": true
}-->
<style>
ul {
max-width: 800px;
}
ul ul {
margin: 0 0 5px;
}
</style>
<h2 id="about">About</h2>
<p>
Online communities include people from many different backgrounds.
The Go contributors are committed to providing a friendly, safe and welcoming
environment for all, regardless of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation,
disabilities, neurodiversity, physical appearance, body size, ethnicity, nationality,
race, age, religion, or similar personal characteristics.
</p>
<p>
The first goal of the Code of Conduct is to specify a baseline standard
of behavior so that people with different social values and communication
styles can talk about Go effectively, productively, and respectfully.
</p>
<p>
The second goal is to provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts in the
community when they arise.
</p>
<p>
The third goal of the Code of Conduct is to make our community welcoming to
people from different backgrounds.
Diversity is critical to the project; for Go to be successful, it needs
contributors and users from all backgrounds.
(See <a href="https://blog.golang.org/open-source">Go, Open Source, Community</a>.)
</p>
<p>
We believe that healthy debate and disagreement are essential to a healthy project and community.
However, it is never ok to be disrespectful.
We value diverse opinions, but we value respectful behavior more.
</p>
<h2 id="values">Gopher values</h2>
<p>
These are the values to which people in the Go community (“Gophers”) should aspire.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Be friendly and welcoming
<li>Be patient
<ul>
<li>Remember that people have varying communication styles and that not
everyone is using their native language.
(Meaning and tone can be lost in translation.)
</ul>
<li>Be thoughtful
<ul>
<li>Productive communication requires effort.
Think about how your words will be interpreted.
<li>Remember that sometimes it is best to refrain entirely from commenting.
</ul>
<li>Be respectful
<ul>
<li>In particular, respect differences of opinion.
</ul>
<li>Be charitable
<ul>
<li>Interpret the arguments of others in good faith, do not seek to disagree.
<li>When we do disagree, try to understand why.
</ul>
<li>Avoid destructive behavior:
<ul>
<li>Derailing: stay on topic; if you want to talk about something else,
start a new conversation.
<li>Unconstructive criticism: don't merely decry the current state of affairs;
offer—or at least solicit—suggestions as to how things may be improved.
<li>Snarking (pithy, unproductive, sniping comments)
<li>Discussing potentially offensive or sensitive issues;
this all too often leads to unnecessary conflict.
<li>Microaggressions: brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral and
environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory or negative
slights and insults to a person or group.
</ul>
</ul>
<p>
People are complicated.
You should expect to be misunderstood and to misunderstand others;
when this inevitably occurs, resist the urge to be defensive or assign blame.
Try not to take offense where no offense was intended.
Give people the benefit of the doubt.
Even if the intent was to provoke, do not rise to it.
It is the responsibility of <i>all parties</i> to de-escalate conflict when it arises.
</p>
<h2 id="code">Code of Conduct</h2>
<h3 id="our-pledge">Our Pledge</h3>
<p>In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and
our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of
experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance,
race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.</p>
<h3 id="our-standards">Our Standards</h3>
<p>Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Using welcoming and inclusive language</li>
<li>Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences</li>
<li>Gracefully accepting constructive criticism</li>
<li>Focusing on what is best for the community</li>
<li>Showing empathy towards other community members</li>
</ul>
<p>Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:</p>
<ul>
<li>The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
advances</li>
<li>Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks</li>
<li>Public or private harassment</li>
<li>Publishing others&rsquo; private information, such as a physical or electronic
address, without explicit permission</li>
<li>Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
professional setting</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="our-responsibilities">Our Responsibilities</h3>
<p>Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.</p>
<p>Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any
contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening,
offensive, or harmful.</p>
<h3 id="scope">Scope</h3>
<p>This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of
representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail
address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be
further defined and clarified by project maintainers.</p>
<p>This Code of Conduct also applies outside the project spaces when the Project
Steward has a reasonable belief that an individual&rsquo;s behavior may have a
negative impact on the project or its community.</p>
<h3 id="conflict-resolution"></a>Conflict Resolution</h3>
<p>We do not believe that all conflict is bad; healthy debate and disagreement
often yield positive results. However, it is never okay to be disrespectful or
to engage in behavior that violates the projects code of conduct.</p>
<p>If you see someone violating the code of conduct, you are encouraged to address
the behavior directly with those involved. Many issues can be resolved quickly
and easily, and this gives people more control over the outcome of their
dispute. If you are unable to resolve the matter for any reason, or if the
behavior is threatening or harassing, report it. We are dedicated to providing
an environment where participants feel welcome and safe.</p>
<p id="reporting">Reports should be directed to Cassandra Salisbury, the
Go Project Steward, at <i>conduct@golang.org</i>.
It is the Project Stewards duty to
receive and address reported violations of the code of conduct. They will then
work with a committee consisting of representatives from the Open Source
Programs Office and the Google Open Source Strategy team. If for any reason you
are uncomfortable reaching out the Project Steward, please email
the Google Open Source Programs Office at <i>opensource@google.com</i>.</p>
<p>We will investigate every complaint, but you may not receive a direct response.
We will use our discretion in determining when and how to follow up on reported
incidents, which may range from not taking action to permanent expulsion from
the project and project-sponsored spaces. We will notify the accused of the
report and provide them an opportunity to discuss it before any action is taken.
The identity of the reporter will be omitted from the details of the report
supplied to the accused. In potentially harmful situations, such as ongoing
harassment or threats to anyone&rsquo;s safety, we may take action without notice.</p>
<h3 id="attribution">Attribution</h3>
<p>This Code of Conduct is adapted from the Contributor Covenant, version 1.4,
available at
<a href="https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html">https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html</a></p>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li>Treat everyone with respect and kindness.
<li>Be thoughtful in how you communicate.
<li>Dont be destructive or inflammatory.
<li>If you encounter an issue, please mail <a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.
</ul>

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<!--{
"Title": "The Go Project",
"Path": "/project/"
}-->
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/project.png" />
<div id="manual-nav"></div>
<p>
Go is an open source project developed by a team at
<a href="//google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="/CONTRIBUTORS">contributors</a> from the open source community.
</p>
<p>
Go is distributed under a <a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>
A low traffic mailing list for important announcements, such as new releases.
</p>
<p>
We encourage all Go users to subscribe to
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">Version history</h2>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A <a href="/doc/devel/release.html">summary</a> of the changes between Go releases. Notes for the major releases:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.13">Go 1.13</a> <small>(September 2019)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.12">Go 1.12</a> <small>(February 2019)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.11">Go 1.11</a> <small>(August 2018)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.10">Go 1.10</a> <small>(February 2018)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.9">Go 1.9</a> <small>(August 2017)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.8">Go 1.8</a> <small>(February 2017)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.7">Go 1.7</a> <small>(August 2016)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.6">Go 1.6</a> <small>(February 2016)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.5">Go 1.5</a> <small>(August 2015)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4</a> <small>(December 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3</a> <small>(June 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2</a> <small>(December 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1</a> <small>(May 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1">Go 1</a> <small>(March 2012)</small></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h2 id="resources">Developer Resources</h2>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://golang.org/change">Source Code</a></h3>
<p>Check out the Go source code.</p>
<h3 id="discuss"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Discussion Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>
A mailing list for general discussion of Go programming.
</p>
<p>
Questions about using Go or announcements relevant to other Go users should be sent to
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer</a> and
<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">Code Review Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing code changes to the Go project.
The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews</a>
mailing list is for actual reviewing of the code changes (CLs).</p>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>A mailing list that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.</p>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="//build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<p>View the status of Go builds across the supported operating
systems and architectures.</p>
<h2 id="howto">How you can help</h2>
<h3><a href="//golang.org/issue">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<p>
If you spot bugs, mistakes, or inconsistencies in the Go project's code or
documentation, please let us know by
<a href="//golang.org/issue/new">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.
(Of course, you should check it's not an existing issue before creating
a new one.)
</p>
<p>
We pride ourselves on being meticulous; no issue is too small.
</p>
<p>
Security-related issues should be reported to
<a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a>.<br>
See the <a href="/security">security policy</a> for more details.
</p>
<p>
Community-related issues should be reported to
<a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.<br>
See the <a href="/conduct">Code of Conduct</a> for more details.
</p>
<h3><a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing code</a></h3>
<p>
Go is an open source project and we welcome contributions from the community.
</p>
<p>
To get started, read these <a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribution
guidelines</a> for information on design, testing, and our code review process.
</p>
<p>
Check <a href="//golang.org/issue">the tracker</a> for
open issues that interest you. Those labeled
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22">help wanted</a>
are particularly in need of outside help.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Debugging Go Code with GDB",
"Path": "/doc/gdb"
}-->
<!--
NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
-->
<i>
<p>
The following instructions apply to the standard toolchain
(the <code>gc</code> Go compiler and tools).
Gccgo has native gdb support.
</p>
<p>
Note that
<a href="https://github.com/derekparker/delve">Delve</a> is a better
alternative to GDB when debugging Go programs built with the standard
toolchain. It understands the Go runtime, data structures, and
expressions better than GDB. Delve currently supports Linux, OSX,
and Windows on <code>amd64</code>.
For the most up-to-date list of supported platforms, please see
<a href="https://github.com/derekparker/delve/tree/master/Documentation/installation">
the Delve documentation</a>.
</p>
</i>
<p>
GDB does not understand Go programs well.
The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse
the debugger and cause incorrect results even when the program is
compiled with gccgo.
As a consequence, although GDB can be useful in some situations (e.g.,
debugging Cgo code, or debugging the runtime itself), it is not
a reliable debugger for Go programs, particularly heavily concurrent
ones. Moreover, it is not a priority for the Go project to address
these issues, which are difficult.
</p>
<p>
In short, the instructions below should be taken only as a guide to how
to use GDB when it works, not as a guarantee of success.
Besides this overview you might want to consult the
<a href="https://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/">GDB manual</a>.
</p>
<p>
</p>
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
When you compile and link your Go programs with the <code>gc</code> toolchain
on Linux, macOS, FreeBSD or NetBSD, the resulting binaries contain DWARFv4
debugging information that recent versions (&ge;7.5) of the GDB debugger can
use to inspect a live process or a core dump.
</p>
<p>
Pass the <code>'-w'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-ldflags=-w</code> <code>prog.go</code>).
</p>
<p>
The code generated by the <code>gc</code> compiler includes inlining of
function invocations and registerization of variables. These optimizations
can sometimes make debugging with <code>gdb</code> harder.
If you find that you need to disable these optimizations,
build your program using <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-gcflags=all="-N -l"</code>.
</p>
<p>
If you want to use gdb to inspect a core dump, you can trigger a dump
on a program crash, on systems that permit it, by setting
<code>GOTRACEBACK=crash</code> in the environment (see the
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#hdr-Environment_Variables"> runtime package
documentation</a> for more info).
</p>
<h3 id="Common_Operations">Common Operations</h3>
<ul>
<li>
Show file and line number for code, set breakpoints and disassemble:
<pre>(gdb) <b>list</b>
(gdb) <b>list <i>line</i></b>
(gdb) <b>list <i>file.go</i>:<i>line</i></b>
(gdb) <b>break <i>line</i></b>
(gdb) <b>break <i>file.go</i>:<i>line</i></b>
(gdb) <b>disas</b></pre>
</li>
<li>
Show backtraces and unwind stack frames:
<pre>(gdb) <b>bt</b>
(gdb) <b>frame <i>n</i></b></pre>
</li>
<li>
Show the name, type and location on the stack frame of local variables,
arguments and return values:
<pre>(gdb) <b>info locals</b>
(gdb) <b>info args</b>
(gdb) <b>p variable</b>
(gdb) <b>whatis variable</b></pre>
</li>
<li>
Show the name, type and location of global variables:
<pre>(gdb) <b>info variables <i>regexp</i></b></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Go_Extensions">Go Extensions</h3>
<p>
A recent extension mechanism to GDB allows it to load extension scripts for a
given binary. The toolchain uses this to extend GDB with a handful of
commands to inspect internals of the runtime code (such as goroutines) and to
pretty print the built-in map, slice and channel types.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Pretty printing a string, slice, map, channel or interface:
<pre>(gdb) <b>p <i>var</i></b></pre>
</li>
<li>
A $len() and $cap() function for strings, slices and maps:
<pre>(gdb) <b>p $len(<i>var</i>)</b></pre>
</li>
<li>
A function to cast interfaces to their dynamic types:
<pre>(gdb) <b>p $dtype(<i>var</i>)</b>
(gdb) <b>iface <i>var</i></b></pre>
<p class="detail"><b>Known issue:</b> GDB cant automatically find the dynamic
type of an interface value if its long name differs from its short name
(annoying when printing stacktraces, the pretty printer falls back to printing
the short type name and a pointer).</p>
</li>
<li>
Inspecting goroutines:
<pre>(gdb) <b>info goroutines</b>
(gdb) <b>goroutine <i>n</i> <i>cmd</i></b>
(gdb) <b>help goroutine</b></pre>
For example:
<pre>(gdb) <b>goroutine 12 bt</b></pre>
You can inspect all goroutines by passing <code>all</code> instead of a specific goroutine's ID.
For example:
<pre>(gdb) <b>goroutine all bt</b></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
If you'd like to see how this works, or want to extend it, take a look at <a
href="/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
the Go source distribution. It depends on some special magic types
(<code>hash&lt;T,U&gt;</code>) and variables (<code>runtime.m</code> and
<code>runtime.g</code>) that the linker
(<a href="/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go">src/cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go</a>) ensures are described in
the DWARF code.
</p>
<p>
If you're interested in what the debugging information looks like, run
<code>objdump</code> <code>-W</code> <code>a.out</code> and browse through the <code>.debug_*</code>
sections.
</p>
<h3 id="Known_Issues">Known Issues</h3>
<ol>
<li>String pretty printing only triggers for type string, not for types derived
from it.</li>
<li>Type information is missing for the C parts of the runtime library.</li>
<li>GDB does not understand Gos name qualifications and treats
<code>"fmt.Print"</code> as an unstructured literal with a <code>"."</code>
that needs to be quoted. It objects even more strongly to method names of
the form <code>pkg.(*MyType).Meth</code>.
<li>As of Go 1.11, debug information is compressed by default.
Older versions of gdb, such as the one available by default on MacOS,
do not understand the compression.
You can generate uncompressed debug information by using <code>go
build -ldflags=-compressdwarf=false</code>.
(For convenience you can put the <code>-ldflags</code> option in
the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Environment_variables"><code>GOFLAGS</code>
environment variable</a> so that you don't have to specify it each time.)
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="Tutorial">Tutorial</h2>
<p>
In this tutorial we will inspect the binary of the
<a href="/pkg/regexp/">regexp</a> package's unit tests. To build the binary,
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/regexp</code> and run <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-c</code>.
This should produce an executable file named <code>regexp.test</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="Getting_Started">Getting Started</h3>
<p>
Launch GDB, debugging <code>regexp.test</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>gdb regexp.test</b>
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.2-gg8
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv 3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html&gt;
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux".
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test...
done.
Loading Go Runtime support.
(gdb)
</pre>
<p>
The message "Loading Go Runtime support" means that GDB loaded the
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
</p>
<p>
To help GDB find the Go runtime sources and the accompanying support script,
pass your <code>$GOROOT</code> with the <code>'-d'</code> flag:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>gdb regexp.test -d $GOROOT</b>
</pre>
<p>
If for some reason GDB still can't find that directory or that script, you can load
it by hand by telling gdb (assuming you have the go sources in
<code>~/go/</code>):
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
Loading Go Runtime support.
</pre>
<h3 id="Inspecting_the_source">Inspecting the source</h3>
<p>
Use the <code>"l"</code> or <code>"list"</code> command to inspect source code.
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>l</b>
</pre>
<p>
List a specific part of the source parameterizing <code>"list"</code> with a
function name (it must be qualified with its package name).
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>l main.main</b>
</pre>
<p>
List a specific file and line number:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>l regexp.go:1</b>
(gdb) <i># Hit enter to repeat last command. Here, this lists next 10 lines.</i>
</pre>
<h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>
<p>
Variable and function names must be qualified with the name of the packages
they belong to. The <code>Compile</code> function from the <code>regexp</code>
package is known to GDB as <code>'regexp.Compile'</code>.
</p>
<p>
Methods must be qualified with the name of their receiver types. For example,
the <code>*Regexp</code> types <code>String</code> method is known as
<code>'regexp.(*Regexp).String'</code>.
</p>
<p>
Variables that shadow other variables are magically suffixed with a number in the debug info.
Variables referenced by closures will appear as pointers magically prefixed with '&amp;'.
</p>
<h3 id="Setting_breakpoints">Setting breakpoints</h3>
<p>
Set a breakpoint at the <code>TestFind</code> function:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>b 'regexp.TestFind'</b>
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
</pre>
<p>
Run the program:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>run</b>
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
148 func TestFind(t *testing.T) {
</pre>
<p>
Execution has paused at the breakpoint.
See which goroutines are running, and what they're doing:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>info goroutines</b>
1 waiting runtime.gosched
* 13 running runtime.goexit
</pre>
<p>
the one marked with the <code>*</code> is the current goroutine.
</p>
<h3 id="Inspecting_the_stack">Inspecting the stack</h3>
<p>
Look at the stack trace for where weve paused the program:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b> <i># backtrace</i>
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:242
#3 0x000000f8404a89c0 in ?? ()
#4 0x0000000000573720 in ?? ()
#5 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
</pre>
<p>
The other goroutine, number 1, is stuck in <code>runtime.gosched</code>, blocked on a channel receive:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>goroutine 1 bt</b>
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:873
#1 0x00000000004031c9 in runtime.chanrecv (c=void, ep=void, selected=void, received=void)
at /home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:423
#3 0x000000000043075b in testing.RunTests (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:201
#4 0x00000000004302b1 in testing.Main (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef80, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}, benchmarks= []testing.InternalBenchmark = {...})
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
#8 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
</pre>
<p>
The stack frame shows were currently executing the <code>regexp.TestFind</code> function, as expected.
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>info frame</b>
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7ffff7f9ff88:
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148);
saved rip 0x430233
called by frame at 0x7ffff7f9ffa8
source language minimal.
Arglist at 0x7ffff7f9ff78, args: t=0xf840688b60
Locals at 0x7ffff7f9ff78, Previous frame's sp is 0x7ffff7f9ff88
Saved registers:
rip at 0x7ffff7f9ff80
</pre>
<p>
The command <code>info</code> <code>locals</code> lists all variables local to the function and their values, but is a bit
dangerous to use, since it will also try to print uninitialized variables. Uninitialized slices may cause gdb to try
to print arbitrary large arrays.
</p>
<p>
The functions arguments:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>info args</b>
t = 0xf840688b60
</pre>
<p>
When printing the argument, notice that its a pointer to a
<code>Regexp</code> value. Note that GDB has incorrectly put the <code>*</code>
on the right-hand side of the type name and made up a 'struct' keyword, in traditional C style.
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>p re</b>
(gdb) p t
$1 = (struct testing.T *) 0xf840688b60
(gdb) p t
$1 = (struct testing.T *) 0xf840688b60
(gdb) p *t
$2 = {errors = "", failed = false, ch = 0xf8406f5690}
(gdb) p *t-&gt;ch
$3 = struct hchan&lt;*testing.T&gt;
</pre>
<p>
That <code>struct</code> <code>hchan&lt;*testing.T&gt;</code> is the
runtime-internal representation of a channel. It is currently empty,
or gdb would have pretty-printed its contents.
</p>
<p>
Stepping forward:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>n</b> <i># execute next line</i>
149 for _, test := range findTests {
(gdb) <i># enter is repeat</i>
150 re := MustCompile(test.pat)
(gdb) <b>p test.pat</b>
$4 = ""
(gdb) <b>p re</b>
$5 = (struct regexp.Regexp *) 0xf84068d070
(gdb) <b>p *re</b>
$6 = {expr = "", prog = 0xf840688b80, prefix = "", prefixBytes = []uint8, prefixComplete = true,
prefixRune = 0, cond = 0 '\000', numSubexp = 0, longest = false, mu = {state = 0, sema = 0},
machine = []*regexp.machine}
(gdb) <b>p *re->prog</b>
$7 = {Inst = []regexp/syntax.Inst = {{Op = 5 '\005', Out = 0, Arg = 0, Rune = []int}, {Op =
6 '\006', Out = 2, Arg = 0, Rune = []int}, {Op = 4 '\004', Out = 0, Arg = 0, Rune = []int}},
Start = 1, NumCap = 2}
</pre>
<p>
We can step into the <code>String</code>function call with <code>"s"</code>:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>s</b>
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
</pre>
<p>
Get a stack trace to see where we are:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b>
#0 regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
#1 0x0000000000425615 in regexp.TestFind (t=0xf840688b60)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:151
#2 0x0000000000430233 in testing.tRunner (t=0xf840688b60, test=0x5747b8)
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
....
</pre>
<p>
Look at the source code:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>l</b>
92 mu sync.Mutex
93 machine []*machine
94 }
95
96 // String returns the source text used to compile the regular expression.
97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
98 return re.expr
99 }
100
101 // Compile parses a regular expression and returns, if successful,
</pre>
<h3 id="Pretty_Printing">Pretty Printing</h3>
<p>
GDB's pretty printing mechanism is triggered by regexp matches on type names. An example for slices:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>p utf</b>
$22 = []uint8 = {0 '\000', 0 '\000', 0 '\000', 0 '\000'}
</pre>
<p>
Since slices, arrays and strings are not C pointers, GDB can't interpret the subscripting operation for you, but
you can look inside the runtime representation to do that (tab completion helps here):
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>p slc</b>
$11 = []int = {0, 0}
(gdb) <b>p slc-&gt;</b><i>&lt;TAB&gt;</i>
array slc len
(gdb) <b>p slc->array</b>
$12 = (int *) 0xf84057af00
(gdb) <b>p slc->array[1]</b>
$13 = 0</pre>
<p>
The extension functions $len and $cap work on strings, arrays and slices:
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>p $len(utf)</b>
$23 = 4
(gdb) <b>p $cap(utf)</b>
$24 = 4
</pre>
<p>
Channels and maps are 'reference' types, which gdb shows as pointers to C++-like types <code>hash&lt;int,string&gt;*</code>. Dereferencing will trigger prettyprinting
</p>
<p>
Interfaces are represented in the runtime as a pointer to a type descriptor and a pointer to a value. The Go GDB runtime extension decodes this and automatically triggers pretty printing for the runtime type. The extension function <code>$dtype</code> decodes the dynamic type for you (examples are taken from a breakpoint at <code>regexp.go</code> line 293.)
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>p i</b>
$4 = {str = "cbb"}
(gdb) <b>whatis i</b>
type = regexp.input
(gdb) <b>p $dtype(i)</b>
$26 = (struct regexp.inputBytes *) 0xf8400b4930
(gdb) <b>iface i</b>
regexp.input: struct regexp.inputBytes *
</pre>

455
doc/devel/pre_go1.html Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Pre-Go 1 Release History"
}-->
<p>
This page summarizes the changes between stable releases of Go prior to Go 1.
See the <a href="release.html">Release History</a> page for notes on recent releases.
</p>
<h2 id="r60">r60 (released 2011/09/07)</h2>
<p>
The r60 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly.2011-08-17</a></code>.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
An "else" block is now required to have braces except if the body of the "else"
is another "if". Since gofmt always puts those braces in anyway,
gofmt-formatted programs will not be affected.
To fix other programs, run gofmt.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a>'s URL parsing and query escaping code
(such as <code>ParseURL</code> and <code>URLEscape</code>) has been moved to
the new <a href="/pkg/url/">url package</a>, with several simplifications to
the names. Client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/">Package image</a> has had significant changes made to the
<code>Pix</code> field of struct types such as
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA">image.RGBA</a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#NRGBA">image.NRGBA</a>.
The <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">image.Image</a> interface type has not changed,
though, and you should not need to change your code if you don't explicitly
refer to <code>Pix</code> fields. For example, if you decode a number of images
using the <a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/">image/jpeg</a> package, compose them using
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a>, and then encode the result using
<a href="/pkg/img/png">image/png</a>, then your code should still work as
before.
If your code <i>does</i> refer to <code>Pix</code> fields see the
<a href="/doc/devel/weekly.html#2011-07-19">weekly.2011-07-19</a>
snapshot notes for how to update your code.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/template/">Package template</a> has been replaced with a new
templating package (formerly <code>exp/template</code>). The original template
package is still available as <a href="/pkg/old/template/">old/template</a>.
The <code>old/template</code> package is deprecated and will be removed.
The Go tree has been updated to use the new template package. We encourage
users of the old template package to switch to the new one. Code that uses
<code>template</code> or <code>exp/template</code> will need to change its
import lines to <code>"old/template"</code> or <code>"template"</code>,
respectively.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now uses a new tag selection scheme.
When downloading or updating, goinstall looks for a tag or branch with the
<code>"go."</code> prefix that corresponds to the local Go version. For Go
<code>release.r58</code> it looks for <code>go.r58</code>. For
<code>weekly.2011-06-03</code> it looks for <code>go.weekly.2011-06-03</code>.
If the specific <code>go.X</code> tag or branch is not found, it chooses the
closest earlier version. If an appropriate tag or branch is found, goinstall
uses that version of the code. Otherwise it uses the default version selected
by the version control system. Library authors are encouraged to use the
appropriate tag or branch names in their repositories to make their libraries
more accessible.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
r60.1 includes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/1824581bf62d">linker
fix</a>, a pair of
<a href="//golang.org/change/9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="//golang.org/change/d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
and a <code>json</code> package
<a href="//golang.org/change/d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
a new
<a href="//golang.org/change/4f0e6269213f">struct tag
option</a>.
</p>
<p>
r60.2
<a href="//golang.org/change/ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
a memory leak involving maps.
</p>
<p>
r60.3 fixes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="r59">r59 (released 2011/08/01)</h2>
<p>
The r59 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly.2011-07-07</a></code>.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release includes a language change that restricts the use of
<code>goto</code>. In essence, a <code>goto</code> statement outside a block
cannot jump to a label inside that block. Your code may require changes if it
uses <code>goto</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/dc6d3cf9279d">this
changeset</a> for how the new rule affected the Go tree.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http">Package http</a> has a new
<a href="/pkg/http/#FileSystem">FileSystem</a> interface that provides access
to files. The <a href="/pkg/http/#FileServer">FileServer</a> helper now takes a
<code>FileSystem</code> argument instead of an explicit file system root. By
implementing your own <code>FileSystem</code> you can use the
<code>FileServer</code> to serve arbitrary data.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>'s <code>ErrorString</code> type has been
hidden. Most uses of <code>os.ErrorString</code> can be replaced with
<a href="/pkg/os/#NewError">os.NewError</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> supports a new struct tag scheme
that enables sharing of struct tags between multiple packages.
In this scheme, the tags must be of the form:
</p>
<pre>
`key:"value" key2:"value2"`
</pre>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructField">StructField</a> type's Tag field now
has type <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag">StructTag</a>, which has a
<code>Get</code> method. Clients of <a href="/pkg/json">json</a> and
<a href="/pkg/xml">xml</a> will need to be updated. Code that says
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X int "name"
}
</pre>
<p>
should become
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X int `json:"name"` // or `xml:"name"`
}
</pre>
<p>
Use <a href="/cmd/govet/">govet</a> to identify struct tags that need to be
changed to use the new syntax.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/sort/">Package sort</a>'s <code>IntArray</code> type has been
renamed to <a href="/pkg/sort/#IntSlice">IntSlice</a>, and similarly for
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Float64Slice">Float64Slice</a> and
<a href="/pkg/sort/#StringSlice">StringSlice</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/strings/">Package strings</a>'s <code>Split</code> function has
itself been split into <a href="/pkg/strings/#Split">Split</a> and
<a href="/pkg/strings/#SplitN">SplitN</a>.
<code>SplitN</code> is the same as the old <code>Split</code>.
The new <code>Split</code> is equivalent to <code>SplitN</code> with a final
argument of -1.
</p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a>'s
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw">Draw</a> function now takes an additional
argument, a compositing operator.
If in doubt, use <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Op">draw.Over</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now installs packages and commands from
arbitrary remote repositories (not just Google Code, Github, and so on).
See the <a href="/cmd/goinstall/">goinstall documentation</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="r58">r58 (released 2011/06/29)</h2>
<p>
The r58 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly.2011-06-09</a></code>
with additional bug fixes.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> drops the <code>finalURL</code> return
value from the <a href="/pkg/http/#Client.Get">Client.Get</a> method. The value
is now available via the new <code>Request</code> field on <a
href="/pkg/http/#Response">http.Response</a>.
Most instances of the type map[string][]string in have been
replaced with the new <a href="/pkg/http/#Values">Values</a> type.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/exec/">Package exec</a> has been redesigned with a more
convenient and succinct API.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/strconv/">Package strconv</a>'s <a href="/pkg/strconv/#Quote">Quote</a>
function now escapes only those Unicode code points not classified as printable
by <a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsPrint">unicode.IsPrint</a>.
Previously Quote would escape all non-ASCII characters.
This also affects the <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package's <code>"%q"</code>
formatting directive. The previous quoting behavior is still available via
strconv's new <a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteToASCII">QuoteToASCII</a> function.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/signal/">Package os/signal</a>'s
<a href="/pkg/os/#Signal">Signal</a> and
<a href="/pkg/os/#UnixSignal">UnixSignal</a> types have been moved to the
<a href="/pkg/os/">os</a> package.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> is the new name for
<code>exp/draw</code>. The GUI-related code from <code>exp/draw</code> is now
located in the <a href="/pkg/exp/gui/">exp/gui</a> package.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now observes the GOPATH environment
variable to build and install your own code and external libraries outside of
the Go tree (and avoid writing Makefiles).
</p>
<h3 id="r58.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r58.1 adds
<a href="//golang.org/change/293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/change/bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
changes to make Go run on OS X 10.7 Lion.
</p>
<h2 id="r57">r57 (released 2011/05/03)</h2>
<p>
The r57 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly.2011-04-27</a></code>
with additional bug fixes.
This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<p>The new <a href="/cmd/gofix">gofix</a> tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
newer ones. After you update to a new Go release, gofix helps make the
necessary changes to your programs. Gofix will handle the http, os, and syscall
package changes described below, and we will update the program to keep up with
future changes to the libraries.
Gofix cant
handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
committing them.
See <a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
information.</p>
<h3 id="r57.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Receive_operator">Multiple assignment syntax</a> replaces the <code>closed</code> function.
The syntax for channel
receives allows an optional second assigned value, a boolean value
indicating whether the channel is closed. This code:
</p>
<pre>
v := &lt;-ch
if closed(ch) {
// channel is closed
}
</pre>
<p>should now be written as:</p>
<pre>
v, ok := &lt;-ch
if !ok {
// channel is closed
}
</pre>
<p><a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Label_scopes">Unused labels are now illegal</a>, just as unused local variables are.</p>
<h3 id="r57.pkg">Packages</h3>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/gob/">Package gob</a> will now encode and decode values of types that implement the
<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces. This allows types with unexported
fields to transmit self-consistent descriptions; examples include
<a href="/pkg/big/#Int.GobDecode">big.Int</a> and <a href="/pkg/big/#Rat.GobDecode">big.Rat</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> has been redesigned.
For clients, there are new
<a href="/pkg/http/#Client">Client</a> and <a href="/pkg/http/#Transport">Transport</a>
abstractions that give more control over HTTP details such as headers sent
and redirections followed. These abstractions make it easy to implement
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="//code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
For servers, <a href="/pkg/http/#ResponseWriter">ResponseWriter</a>
has dropped its non-essential methods.
The Hijack and Flush methods are no longer required;
code can test for them by checking whether a specific value implements
<a href="/pkg/http/#Hijacker">Hijacker</a> or <a href="/pkg/http/#Flusher">Flusher</a>.
The RemoteAddr and UsingTLS methods are replaced by <a href="/pkg/http/#Request">Request</a>'s
RemoteAddr and TLS fields.
The SetHeader method is replaced by a Header method;
its result, of type <a href="/pkg/http/#Header">Header</a>,
implements Set and other methods.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/net/">Package net</a>
drops the <code>laddr</code> argument from <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn.Dial">Dial</a>
and drops the <code>cname</code> return value
from <a href="/pkg/net/#LookupHost">LookupHost</a>.
The implementation now uses <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> to implement
network name lookups using the C library getaddrinfo(3)
function when possible. This ensures that Go and C programs
resolve names the same way and also avoids the OS X
application-level firewall.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>
introduces simplified <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Open">Open</a>
and <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Create">Create</a> functions.
The original Open is now available as <a href="/pkg/os/#File.OpenFile">OpenFile</a>.
The final three arguments to <a href="/pkg/os/#Process.StartProcess">StartProcess</a>
have been replaced by a pointer to a <a href="/pkg/os/#ProcAttr">ProcAttr</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> has been redesigned.
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> is now an interface that implements
all the possible type methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Type <code>t</code>, switch on <code>t.Kind()</code>.
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a> is now a struct value that
implements all the possible value methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Value <code>v</code>, switch on <code>v.Kind()</code>.
Typeof and NewValue are now called <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">TypeOf</a> and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.ValueOf">ValueOf</a>
To create a writable Value, use <code>New(t).Elem()</code> instead of <code>Zero(t)</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/843855f3c026">the change description</a>
for the full details.
The new API allows a more efficient implementation of Value
that avoids many of the allocations required by the previous API.
</p>
<p>
Remember that gofix will handle the bulk of the rewrites
necessary for these changes to package APIs.
</p>
<h3 id="r57.cmd">Tools</h3>
<p><a href="/cmd/gofix/">Gofix</a>, a new command, is described above.</p>
<p>
<a href="/cmd/gotest/">Gotest</a> is now a Go program instead of a shell script.
The new <code>-test.short</code> flag in combination with package testing's Short function
allows you to write tests that can be run in normal or &ldquo;short&rdquo; mode;
all.bash runs tests in short mode to reduce installation time.
The Makefiles know about the flag: use <code>make testshort</code>.
</p>
<p>
The run-time support now implements CPU and memory profiling.
Gotest's new
<a href="/cmd/gotest/"><code>-test.cpuprofile</code> and
<code>-test.memprofile</code> flags</a> make it easy to
profile tests.
To add profiling to your web server, see the <a href="/pkg/http/pprof/">http/pprof</a>
documentation.
For other uses, see the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a> documentation.
</p>
<h3 id="r57.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<h2 id="r56">r56 (released 2011/03/16)</h2>
<p>
The r56 release was the first stable release and corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-03-07">weekly.2011-03-07.1</a></code>.
The numbering starts at 56 because before this release,
what we now consider weekly snapshots were called releases.
</p>

714
doc/devel/release.html Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Release History"
}-->
<p>This page summarizes the changes between official stable releases of Go.
The <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> has the full details.</p>
<p>To update to a specific release, use:</p>
<pre>
git pull
git checkout <i>release-branch</i>
</pre>
<h2 id="policy">Release Policy</h2>
<p>
Each major Go release is supported until there are two newer major releases.
For example, Go 1.5 was supported until the Go 1.7 release, and Go 1.6 was
supported until the Go 1.8 release.
We fix critical problems, including <a href="/security">critical security problems</a>,
in supported releases as needed by issuing minor revisions
(for example, Go 1.6.1, Go 1.6.2, and so on).
</p>
<h2 id="go1.13">go1.13 (released 2019/09/03)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.13 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.13">Go 1.13 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.13.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.13.1 (released 2019/09/25) includes security fixes to the
<code>net/http</code> and <code>net/textproto</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.13.1">Go
1.13.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.13.2 (released 2019/10/17) includes security fixes to the
<code>crypto/dsa</code> package and the compiler.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.13.2">Go
1.13.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.12">go1.12 (released 2019/02/25)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.12 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.12">Go 1.12 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.12.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.12.1 (released 2019/03/14) includes fixes to cgo, the compiler, the go
command, and the <code>fmt</code>, <code>net/smtp</code>, <code>os</code>,
<code>path/filepath</code>, <code>sync</code>, and <code>text/template</code>
packages. See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.1">Go
1.12.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.2 (released 2019/04/05) includes fixes to the compiler, the go
command, the runtime, and the <code>doc</code>, <code>net</code>,
<code>net/http/httputil</code>, and <code>os</code> packages. See the
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.2">Go
1.12.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.3 (released 2019/04/08) was accidentally released without its
intended fix. It is identical to go1.12.2, except for its version
number. The intended fix is in go1.12.4.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.4 (released 2019/04/11) fixes an issue where using the prebuilt binary
releases on older versions of GNU/Linux
<a href="https://golang.org/issues/31293">led to failures</a>
when linking programs that used cgo.
Only Linux users who hit this issue need to update.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.5 (released 2019/05/06) includes fixes to the compiler, the linker,
the go command, the runtime, and the <code>os</code> package. See the
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.5">Go
1.12.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.6 (released 2019/06/11) includes fixes to the compiler, the linker,
the go command, and the <code>crypto/x509</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>os</code> packages. See the
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.6">Go
1.12.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.7 (released 2019/07/08) includes fixes to cgo, the compiler,
and the linker.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.7">Go
1.12.7 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.8 (released 2019/08/13) includes security fixes to the
<code>net/http</code> and <code>net/url</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.8">Go
1.12.8 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.9 (released 2019/08/15) includes fixes to the linker,
and the <code>os</code> and <code>math/big</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.9+label%3ACherryPickApproved">Go
1.12.9 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.10 (released 2019/09/25) includes security fixes to the
<code>net/http</code> and <code>net/textproto</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.10">Go
1.12.10 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.12.11 (released 2019/10/17) includes security fixes to the
<code>crypto/dsa</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.12.11">Go
1.12.11 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.11">go1.11 (released 2018/08/24)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.11 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.11">Go 1.11 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.11.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.11.1 (released 2018/10/01) includes fixes to the compiler, documentation, go
command, runtime, and the <code>crypto/x509</code>, <code>encoding/json</code>,
<code>go/types</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>reflect</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.1">Go
1.11.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.2 (released 2018/11/02) includes fixes to the compiler, linker,
documentation, go command, and the <code>database/sql</code> and
<code>go/types</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.2">Go
1.11.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.3 (released 2018/12/12) includes three security fixes to "go get" and
the <code>crypto/x509</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.3">Go
1.11.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.4 (released 2018/12/14) includes fixes to cgo, the compiler, linker,
runtime, documentation, go command, and the <code>net/http</code> and
<code>go/types</code> packages.
It includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.11.3 that broke <code>go</code>
<code>get</code> for import path patterns containing "<code>...</code>".
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.4+label%3ACherryPickApproved">Go
1.11.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.5 (released 2019/01/23) includes a security fix to the
<code>crypto/elliptic</code> package. See
the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.5">Go
1.11.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.6 (released 2019/03/14) includes fixes to cgo, the compiler, linker,
runtime, go command, and the <code>crypto/x509</code>, <code>encoding/json</code>,
<code>net</code>, and <code>net/url</code> packages. See the
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.6">Go
1.11.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.7 (released 2019/04/05) includes fixes to the runtime and the
<code>net</code> packages. See the
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.7">Go
1.11.7 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.8 (released 2019/04/08) was accidentally released without its
intended fix. It is identical to go1.11.7, except for its version
number. The intended fix is in go1.11.9.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.9 (released 2019/04/11) fixes an issue where using the prebuilt binary
releases on older versions of GNU/Linux
<a href="https://golang.org/issues/31293">led to failures</a>
when linking programs that used cgo.
Only Linux users who hit this issue need to update.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.10 (released 2019/05/06) includes fixes to the runtime and the linker.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.10">Go
1.11.10 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.11 (released 2019/06/11) includes a fix to the <code>crypto/x509</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.11">Go
1.11.11 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.12 (released 2019/07/08) includes fixes to the compiler and the linker.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.12">Go
1.11.12 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.11.13 (released 2019/08/13) includes security fixes to the
<code>net/http</code> and <code>net/url</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.13">Go
1.11.13 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.10">go1.10 (released 2018/02/16)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.10 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.10">Go 1.10 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.10.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.10.1 (released 2018/03/28) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime, and the
<code>archive/zip</code>, <code>crypto/tls</code>, <code>crypto/x509</code>,
<code>encoding/json</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>net/http/pprof</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.1">Go
1.10.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.2 (released 2018/05/01) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, and go
command.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.2">Go
1.10.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.3 (released 2018/06/05) includes fixes to the go command, and the
<code>crypto/tls</code>, <code>crypto/x509</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
In particular, it adds <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/d4e21288e444d3ffd30d1a0737f15ea3fc3b8ad9">
minimal support to the go command for the vgo transition</a>.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.3">Go
1.10.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.4 (released 2018/08/24) includes fixes to the go command, linker, and the
<code>net/http</code>, <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>ld/macho</code>,
<code>bytes</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.4">Go
1.10.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.5 (released 2018/11/02) includes fixes to the go command, linker, runtime
and the <code>database/sql</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.5">Go
1.10.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.6 (released 2018/12/12) includes three security fixes to "go get" and
the <code>crypto/x509</code> package.
It contains the same fixes as Go 1.11.3 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.6">Go
1.10.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.7 (released 2018/12/14) includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.10.6
that broke <code>go</code> <code>get</code> for import path patterns containing
"<code>...</code>".
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.7+label%3ACherryPickApproved">
Go 1.10.7 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.10.8 (released 2019/01/23) includes a security fix to the
<code>crypto/elliptic</code> package. See
the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.8">Go
1.10.8 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.9">go1.9 (released 2017/08/24)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.9 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.9">Go 1.9 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.9.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.9.1 (released 2017/10/04) includes two security fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.1">Go
1.9.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.9.2 (released 2017/10/25) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
documentation, <code>go</code> command,
and the <code>crypto/x509</code>, <code>database/sql</code>, <code>log</code>,
and <code>net/smtp</code> packages.
It includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.9.1 that broke <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
of non-Git repositories under certain conditions.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.2">Go
1.9.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.9.3 (released 2018/01/22) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
and the <code>database/sql</code>, <code>math/big</code>, <code>net/http</code>,
and <code>net/url</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.3">Go
1.9.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.9.4 (released 2018/02/07) includes a security fix to “go get”.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.4">Go
1.9.4</a> milestone on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.9.5 (released 2018/03/28) includes fixes to the compiler, go command, and
<code>net/http/pprof</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.5">Go
1.9.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.9.6 (released 2018/05/01) includes fixes to the compiler and go command.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.6">Go
1.9.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.9.7 (released 2018/06/05) includes fixes to the go command, and the
<code>crypto/x509</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
In particular, it adds <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/d4e21288e444d3ffd30d1a0737f15ea3fc3b8ad9">
minimal support to the go command for the vgo transition</a>.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.7">Go
1.9.7 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.8">go1.8 (released 2017/02/16)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.8 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.8">Go 1.8 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.8.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.8.1 (released 2017/04/07) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
documentation, <code>go</code> command and the <code>crypto/tls</code>,
<code>encoding/xml</code>, <code>image/png</code>, <code>net</code>,
<code>net/http</code>, <code>reflect</code>, <code>text/template</code>,
and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.1">Go
1.8.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.2 (released 2017/05/23) includes a security fix to the
<code>crypto/elliptic</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.2">Go
1.8.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.3 (released 2017/05/24) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
documentation, and the <code>database/sql</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.3">Go
1.8.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.4 (released 2017/10/04) includes two security fixes.
It contains the same fixes as Go 1.9.1 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.4">Go
1.8.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.5 (released 2017/10/25) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
documentation, <code>go</code> command,
and the <code>crypto/x509</code> and <code>net/smtp</code> packages.
It includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.8.4 that broke <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
of non-Git repositories under certain conditions.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.5">Go
1.8.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.6 (released 2018/01/22) includes the same fix in <code>math/big</code>
as Go 1.9.3 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.6">Go
1.8.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.8.7 (released 2018/02/07) includes a security fix to “go get”.
It contains the same fix as Go 1.9.4 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.7">Go
1.8.7</a> milestone on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.7">go1.7 (released 2016/08/15)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.7 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.7">Go 1.7 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.7.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.7.1 (released 2016/09/07) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
documentation, and the <code>compress/flate</code>, <code>hash/crc32</code>,
<code>io</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>,
<code>path/filepath</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>syscall</code>
packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.1">Go
1.7.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.2 should not be used. It was tagged but not fully released.
The release was deferred due to a last minute bug report.
Use go1.7.3 instead, and refer to the summary of changes below.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.3 (released 2016/10/19) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
and the <code>crypto/cipher</code>, <code>crypto/tls</code>,
<code>net/http</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.3">Go
1.7.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.4 (released 2016/12/01) includes two security fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.4">Go
1.7.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.5 (released 2017/01/26) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
and the <code>crypto/x509</code> and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.5">Go
1.7.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.7.6 (released 2017/05/23) includes the same security fix as Go 1.8.2 and
was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.2">Go
1.8.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.6">go1.6 (released 2016/02/17)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.6 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.6">Go 1.6 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.6.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.6.1 (released 2016/04/12) includes two security fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.1">Go
1.6.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.6.2 (released 2016/04/20) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime, tools,
documentation, and the <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>sort</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.2">Go
1.6.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.6.3 (released 2016/07/17) includes security fixes to the
<code>net/http/cgi</code> package and <code>net/http</code> package when used in
a CGI environment.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.3">Go
1.6.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.6.4 (released 2016/12/01) includes two security fixes.
It contains the same fixes as Go 1.7.4 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.4">Go
1.7.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.5">go1.5 (released 2015/08/19)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.5 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.5">Go 1.5 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.5.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.5.1 (released 2015/09/08) includes bug fixes to the compiler, assembler, and
the <code>fmt</code>, <code>net/textproto</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
<code>runtime</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.5.1">Go
1.5.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.5.2 (released 2015/12/02) includes bug fixes to the compiler, linker, and
the <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>runtime</code>
packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.5.2">Go
1.5.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.5.3 (released 2016/01/13) includes a security fix to the <code>math/big</code> package
affecting the <code>crypto/tls</code> package.
See the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go153announce">release announcement</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.5.4 (released 2016/04/12) includes two security fixes.
It contains the same fixes as Go 1.6.1 and was released at the same time.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.1">Go
1.6.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.4">go1.4 (released 2014/12/10)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.4 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.4.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.4.1 (released 2015/01/15) includes bug fixes to the linker and the <code>log</code>, <code>syscall</code>, and <code>runtime</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.1">Go 1.4.1 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.4.2 (released 2015/02/17) includes bug fixes to the <code>go</code> command, the compiler and linker, and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>syscall</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>math/big</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.2">Go 1.4.2 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.4.3 (released 2015/09/22) includes security fixes to the <code>net/http</code> package and bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code> package.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.3">Go 1.4.3 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.3">go1.3 (released 2014/06/18)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.3 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.3.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.3.1 (released 2014/08/13) includes bug fixes to the compiler and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>crypto/rsa</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.1">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.2 (released 2014/09/25) includes bug fixes to cgo and the crypto/tls packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.2">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.3 (released 2014/09/30) includes further bug fixes to cgo, the runtime package, and the nacl port.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.3">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.2">go1.2 (released 2013/12/01)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.2 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.2.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.2.1 (released 2014/03/02) includes bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>database/sql</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.2.1">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.2.2 (released 2014/05/05) includes a
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.2.2">security fix</a>
that affects the tour binary included in the binary distributions (thanks to Guillaume T).
</p>
<h2 id="go1.1">go1.1 (released 2013/05/13)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.1 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.1.1 (released 2013/06/13) includes several compiler and runtime bug fixes.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.1.1">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.1.2 (released 2013/08/13) includes fixes to the <code>gc</code> compiler
and <code>cgo</code>, and the <code>bufio</code>, <code>runtime</code>,
<code>syscall</code>, and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.1.2">change history</a> for details.
If you use package syscall's <code>Getrlimit</code> and <code>Setrlimit</code>
functions under Linux on the ARM or 386 architectures, please note change
<a href="//golang.org/cl/11803043">11803043</a>
that fixes <a href="//golang.org/issue/5949">issue 5949</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">go1 (released 2012/03/28)</h2>
<p>
Go 1 is a major release of Go that will be stable in the long term.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<p>
It is intended that programs written for Go 1 will continue to compile and run
correctly, unchanged, under future versions of Go 1.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 compatibility document</a> for more
about the future of Go 1.
</p>
<p>
The go1 release corresponds to
<code><a href="weekly.html#2012-03-27">weekly.2012-03-27</a></code>.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.0.1 (released 2012/04/25) was issued to
<a href="//golang.org/cl/6061043">fix</a> an
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3545">escape analysis bug</a>
that can lead to memory corruption.
It also includes several minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
go1.0.2 (released 2012/06/13) was issued to fix two bugs in the implementation
of maps using struct or array keys:
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3695">issue 3695</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3573">issue 3573</a>.
It also includes many minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
go1.0.3 (released 2012/09/21) includes minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
</p>
<h2 id="pre.go1">Older releases</h2>
<p>
See the <a href="pre_go1.html">Pre-Go 1 Release History</a> page for notes
on earlier releases.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Diagnostics",
"Template": true
}-->
<!--
NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
The Go ecosystem provides a large suite of APIs and tools to
diagnose logic and performance problems in Go programs. This page
summarizes the available tools and helps Go users pick the right one
for their specific problem.
</p>
<p>
Diagnostics solutions can be categorized into the following groups:
</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Profiling</strong>: Profiling tools analyze the complexity and costs of a
Go program such as its memory usage and frequently called
functions to identify the expensive sections of a Go program.</li>
<li><strong>Tracing</strong>: Tracing is a way to instrument code to analyze latency
throughout the lifecycle of a call or user request. Traces provide an
overview of how much latency each component contributes to the overall
latency in a system. Traces can span multiple Go processes.</li>
<li><strong>Debugging</strong>: Debugging allows us to pause a Go program and examine
its execution. Program state and flow can be verified with debugging.</li>
<li><strong>Runtime statistics and events</strong>: Collection and analysis of runtime stats and events
provides a high-level overview of the health of Go programs. Spikes/dips of metrics
helps us to identify changes in throughput, utilization, and performance.</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note: Some diagnostics tools may interfere with each other. For example, precise
memory profiling skews CPU profiles and goroutine blocking profiling affects scheduler
trace. Use tools in isolation to get more precise info.
</p>
<h2 id="profiling">Profiling</h2>
<p>
Profiling is useful for identifying expensive or frequently called sections
of code. The Go runtime provides <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/pprof/">
profiling data</a> in the format expected by the
<a href="https://github.com/google/pprof/blob/master/doc/README.md">pprof visualization tool</a>.
The profiling data can be collected during testing
via <code>go</code> <code>test</code> or endpoints made available from the <a href="/pkg/net/http/pprof/">
net/http/pprof</a> package. Users need to collect the profiling data and use pprof tools to filter
and visualize the top code paths.
</p>
<p>Predefined profiles provided by the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof">runtime/pprof</a> package:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<strong>cpu</strong>: CPU profile determines where a program spends
its time while actively consuming CPU cycles (as opposed to while sleeping or waiting for I/O).
</li>
<li>
<strong>heap</strong>: Heap profile reports memory allocation samples;
used to monitor current and historical memory usage, and to check for memory leaks.
</li>
<li>
<strong>threadcreate</strong>: Thread creation profile reports the sections
of the program that lead the creation of new OS threads.
</li>
<li>
<strong>goroutine</strong>: Goroutine profile reports the stack traces of all current goroutines.
</li>
<li>
<strong>block</strong>: Block profile shows where goroutines block waiting on synchronization
primitives (including timer channels). Block profile is not enabled by default;
use <code>runtime.SetBlockProfileRate</code> to enable it.
</li>
<li>
<strong>mutex</strong>: Mutex profile reports the lock contentions. When you think your
CPU is not fully utilized due to a mutex contention, use this profile. Mutex profile
is not enabled by default, see <code>runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction</code> to enable it.
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What other profilers can I use to profile Go programs?</strong></p>
<p>
On Linux, <a href="https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Tutorial">perf tools</a>
can be used for profiling Go programs. Perf can profile
and unwind cgo/SWIG code and kernel, so it can be useful to get insights into
native/kernel performance bottlenecks. On macOS,
<a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/InstrumentsUserGuide/">Instruments</a>
suite can be used profile Go programs.
</p>
<p><strong>Can I profile my production services?</strong></p>
<p>Yes. It is safe to profile programs in production, but enabling
some profiles (e.g. the CPU profile) adds cost. You should expect to
see performance downgrade. The performance penalty can be estimated
by measuring the overhead of the profiler before turning it on in
production.
</p>
<p>
You may want to periodically profile your production services.
Especially in a system with many replicas of a single process, selecting
a random replica periodically is a safe option.
Select a production process, profile it for
X seconds for every Y seconds and save the results for visualization and
analysis; then repeat periodically. Results may be manually and/or automatically
reviewed to find problems.
Collection of profiles can interfere with each other,
so it is recommended to collect only a single profile at a time.
</p>
<p>
<strong>What are the best ways to visualize the profiling data?</strong>
</p>
<p>
The Go tools provide text, graph, and <a href="http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/cl-manual.html">callgrind</a>
visualization of the profile data using
<code><a href="https://github.com/google/pprof/blob/master/doc/README.md">go tool pprof</a></code>.
Read <a href="https://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go programs</a>
to see them in action.
</p>
<p>
<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/pprof-text.png">
<br>
<small>Listing of the most expensive calls as text.</small>
</p>
<p>
<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/pprof-dot.png">
<br>
<small>Visualization of the most expensive calls as a graph.</small>
</p>
<p>Weblist view displays the expensive parts of the source line by line in
an HTML page. In the following example, 530ms is spent in the
<code>runtime.concatstrings</code> and cost of each line is presented
in the listing.</p>
<p>
<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/pprof-weblist.png">
<br>
<small>Visualization of the most expensive calls as weblist.</small>
</p>
<p>
Another way to visualize profile data is a <a href="http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html">flame graph</a>.
Flame graphs allow you to move in a specific ancestry path, so you can zoom
in/out of specific sections of code.
The <a href="https://github.com/google/pprof">upstream pprof</a>
has support for flame graphs.
</p>
<p>
<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/flame.png">
<br>
<small>Flame graphs offers visualization to spot the most expensive code-paths.</small>
</p>
<p><strong>Am I restricted to the built-in profiles?</strong></p>
<p>
Additionally to what is provided by the runtime, Go users can create
their custom profiles via <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/#Profile">pprof.Profile</a>
and use the existing tools to examine them.
</p>
<p><strong>Can I serve the profiler handlers (/debug/pprof/...) on a different path and port?</strong></p>
<p>
Yes. The <code>net/http/pprof</code> package registers its handlers to the default
mux by default, but you can also register them yourself by using the handlers
exported from the package.
</p>
<p>
For example, the following example will serve the pprof.Profile
handler on :7777 at /custom_debug_path/profile:
</p>
<p>
<pre>
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"net/http/pprof"
)
func main() {
mux := http.NewServeMux()
mux.HandleFunc("/custom_debug_path/profile", pprof.Profile)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":7777", mux))
}
</pre>
</p>
<h2 id="tracing">Tracing</h2>
<p>
Tracing is a way to instrument code to analyze latency throughout the
lifecycle of a chain of calls. Go provides
<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/trace">golang.org/x/net/trace</a>
package as a minimal tracing backend per Go node and provides a minimal
instrumentation library with a simple dashboard. Go also provides
an execution tracer to trace the runtime events within an interval.
</p>
<p>Tracing enables us to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Instrument and analyze application latency in a Go process.</li>
<li>Measure the cost of specific calls in a long chain of calls.</li>
<li>Figure out the utilization and performance improvements.
Bottlenecks are not always obvious without tracing data.</li>
</ul>
<p>
In monolithic systems, it's relatively easy to collect diagnostic data
from the building blocks of a program. All modules live within one
process and share common resources to report logs, errors, and other
diagnostic information. Once your system grows beyond a single process and
starts to become distributed, it becomes harder to follow a call starting
from the front-end web server to all of its back-ends until a response is
returned back to the user. This is where distributed tracing plays a big
role to instrument and analyze your production systems.
</p>
<p>
Distributed tracing is a way to instrument code to analyze latency throughout
the lifecycle of a user request. When a system is distributed and when
conventional profiling and debugging tools dont scale, you might want
to use distributed tracing tools to analyze the performance of your user
requests and RPCs.
</p>
<p>Distributed tracing enables us to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Instrument and profile application latency in a large system.</li>
<li>Track all RPCs within the lifecycle of a user request and see integration issues
that are only visible in production.</li>
<li>Figure out performance improvements that can be applied to our systems.
Many bottlenecks are not obvious before the collection of tracing data.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Go ecosystem provides various distributed tracing libraries per tracing system
and backend-agnostic ones.</p>
<p><strong>Is there a way to automatically intercept each function call and create traces?</strong></p>
<p>
Go doesnt provide a way to automatically intercept every function call and create
trace spans. You need to manually instrument your code to create, end, and annotate spans.
</p>
<p><strong>How should I propagate trace headers in Go libraries?</strong></p>
<p>
You can propagate trace identifiers and tags in the
<a href="/pkg/context#Context"><code>context.Context</code></a>.
There is no canonical trace key or common representation of trace headers
in the industry yet. Each tracing provider is responsible for providing propagation
utilities in their Go libraries.
</p>
<p>
<strong>What other low-level events from the standard library or
runtime can be included in a trace?</strong>
</p>
<p>
The standard library and runtime are trying to expose several additional APIs
to notify on low level internal events. For example,
<a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace#ClientTrace"><code>httptrace.ClientTrace</code></a>
provides APIs to follow low-level events in the life cycle of an outgoing request.
There is an ongoing effort to retrieve low-level runtime events from
the runtime execution tracer and allow users to define and record their user events.
</p>
<h2 id="debugging">Debugging</h2>
<p>
Debugging is the process of identifying why a program misbehaves.
Debuggers allow us to understand a programs execution flow and current state.
There are several styles of debugging; this section will only focus on attaching
a debugger to a program and core dump debugging.
</p>
<p>Go users mostly use the following debuggers:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/derekparker/delve">Delve</a>:
Delve is a debugger for the Go programming language. It has
support for Gos runtime concepts and built-in types. Delve is
trying to be a fully featured reliable debugger for Go programs.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://golang.org/doc/gdb">GDB</a>:
Go provides GDB support via the standard Go compiler and Gccgo.
The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse the
debugger, even when the program is compiled with gccgo. Even though
GDB can be used to debug Go programs, it is not ideal and may
create confusion.
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>How well do debuggers work with Go programs?</strong></p>
<p>
The <code>gc</code> compiler performs optimizations such as
function inlining and variable registerization. These optimizations
sometimes make debugging with debuggers harder. There is an ongoing
effort to improve the quality of the DWARF information generated for
optimized binaries. Until those improvements are available, we recommend
disabling optimizations when building the code being debugged. The following
command builds a package with no compiler optimizations:
<p>
<pre>
$ go build -gcflags=all="-N -l"
</pre>
</p>
As part of the improvement effort, Go 1.10 introduced a new compiler
flag <code>-dwarflocationlists</code>. The flag causes the compiler to
add location lists that helps debuggers work with optimized binaries.
The following command builds a package with optimizations but with
the DWARF location lists:
<p>
<pre>
$ go build -gcflags="-dwarflocationlists=true"
</pre>
</p>
<p><strong>Whats the recommended debugger user interface?</strong></p>
<p>
Even though both delve and gdb provides CLIs, most editor integrations
and IDEs provides debugging-specific user interfaces.
</p>
<p><strong>Is it possible to do postmortem debugging with Go programs?</strong></p>
<p>
A core dump file is a file that contains the memory dump of a running
process and its process status. It is primarily used for post-mortem
debugging of a program and to understand its state
while it is still running. These two cases make debugging of core
dumps a good diagnostic aid to postmortem and analyze production
services. It is possible to obtain core files from Go programs and
use delve or gdb to debug, see the
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/CoreDumpDebugging">core dump debugging</a>
page for a step-by-step guide.
</p>
<h2 id="runtime">Runtime statistics and events</h2>
<p>
The runtime provides stats and reporting of internal events for
users to diagnose performance and utilization problems at the
runtime level.
</p>
<p>
Users can monitor these stats to better understand the overall
health and performance of Go programs.
Some frequently monitored stats and states:
</p>
<ul>
<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats">runtime.ReadMemStats</a></code>
reports the metrics related to heap
allocation and garbage collection. Memory stats are useful for
monitoring how much memory resources a process is consuming,
whether the process can utilize memory well, and to catch
memory leaks.</li>
<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#ReadGCStats">debug.ReadGCStats</a></code>
reads statistics about garbage collection.
It is useful to see how much of the resources are spent on GC pauses.
It also reports a timeline of garbage collector pauses and pause time percentiles.</li>
<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#Stack">debug.Stack</a></code>
returns the current stack trace. Stack trace
is useful to see how many goroutines are currently running,
what they are doing, and whether they are blocked or not.</li>
<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#WriteHeapDump">debug.WriteHeapDump</a></code>
suspends the execution of all goroutines
and allows you to dump the heap to a file. A heap dump is a
snapshot of a Go process' memory at a given time. It contains all
allocated objects as well as goroutines, finalizers, and more.</li>
<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime#NumGoroutine">runtime.NumGoroutine</a></code>
returns the number of current goroutines.
The value can be monitored to see whether enough goroutines are
utilized, or to detect goroutine leaks.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="execution-tracer">Execution tracer</h3>
<p>Go comes with a runtime execution tracer to capture a wide range
of runtime events. Scheduling, syscall, garbage collections,
heap size, and other events are collected by runtime and available
for visualization by the go tool trace. Execution tracer is a tool
to detect latency and utilization problems. You can examine how well
the CPU is utilized, and when networking or syscalls are a cause of
preemption for the goroutines.</p>
<p>Tracer is useful to:</p>
<ul>
<li>Understand how your goroutines execute.</li>
<li>Understand some of the core runtime events such as GC runs.</li>
<li>Identify poorly parallelized execution.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, it is not great for identifying hot spots such as
analyzing the cause of excessive memory or CPU usage.
Use profiling tools instead first to address them.</p>
<p>
<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/tracer-lock.png">
</p>
<p>Above, the go tool trace visualization shows the execution started
fine, and then it became serialized. It suggests that there might
be lock contention for a shared resource that creates a bottleneck.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/trace/"><code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>trace</code></a>
to collect and analyze runtime traces.
</p>
<h3 id="godebug">GODEBUG</h3>
<p>Runtime also emits events and information if
<a href="https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/#hdr-Environment_Variables">GODEBUG</a>
environmental variable is set accordingly.</p>
<ul>
<li>GODEBUG=gctrace=1 prints garbage collector events at
each collection, summarizing the amount of memory collected
and the length of the pause.</li>
<li>GODEBUG=schedtrace=X prints scheduling events every X milliseconds.</li>
</ul>
<p>The GODEBUG environmental variable can be used to disable use of
instruction set extensions in the standard library and runtime.</p>
<ul>
<li>GODEBUG=cpu.all=off disables the use of all optional
instruction set extensions.</li>
<li>GODEBUG=cpu.<em>extension</em>=off disables use of instructions from the
specified instruction set extension.<br>
<em>extension</em> is the lower case name for the instruction set extension
such as <em>sse41</em> or <em>avx</em>.</li>
</ul>

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<!--{
"Title": "Documentation",
"Path": "/doc/",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The Go programming language is an open source project to make programmers more
productive.
</p>
<p>
Go is expressive, concise, clean, and efficient. Its concurrency
mechanisms make it easy to write programs that get the most out of multicore
and networked machines, while its novel type system enables flexible and
modular program construction. Go compiles quickly to machine code yet has the
convenience of garbage collection and the power of run-time reflection. It's a
fast, statically typed, compiled language that feels like a dynamically typed,
interpreted language.
</p>
<div id="manual-nav"></div>
<h2>Installing Go</h2>
<h3><a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a></h3>
<p>
Instructions for downloading and installing the Go compilers, tools, and
libraries.
</p>
<h2 id="learning">Learning Go</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/doc.png"/>
<h3 id="go_tour">
{{if $.GoogleCN}}
A Tour of Go
{{else}}
<a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a>
{{end}}
</h3>
<p>
An interactive introduction to Go in three sections.
The first section covers basic syntax and data structures; the second discusses
methods and interfaces; and the third introduces Go's concurrency primitives.
Each section concludes with a few exercises so you can practice what you've
learned. You can {{if not $.GoogleCN}}<a href="//tour.golang.org/">take the tour
online</a> or{{end}} install it locally with:
</p>
<pre>
$ go get golang.org/x/tour
</pre>
<p>
This will place the <code>tour</code> binary in your workspace's <code>bin</code> directory.
</p>
<h3 id="code"><a href="code.html">How to write Go code</a></h3>
<p>
{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
Also available as a <a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>, this
{{else}}
This
{{end}}
doc explains how to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a>
to fetch, build, and install packages, commands, and run tests.
</p>
<h3 id="editors"><a href="editors.html">Editor plugins and IDEs</a></h3>
<p>
A document that summarizes commonly used editor plugins and IDEs with
Go support.
</p>
<h3 id="effective_go"><a href="effective_go.html">Effective Go</a></h3>
<p>
A document that gives tips for writing clear, idiomatic Go code.
A must read for any new Go programmer. It augments the tour and
the language specification, both of which should be read first.
</p>
<h3 id="diagnostics"><a href="/doc/diagnostics.html">Diagnostics</a></h3>
<p>
Summarizes tools and methodologies to diagnose problems in Go programs.
</p>
<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<p>
Answers to common questions about Go.
</p>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
<h4 id="learn_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Learn">Learn</a> page at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a>
for more Go learning resources.
</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<h3 id="pkg"><a href="/pkg/">Package Documentation</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go standard library.
</p>
<h3 id="cmd"><a href="/doc/cmd">Command Documentation</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go tools.
</p>
<h3 id="spec"><a href="/ref/spec">Language Specification</a></h3>
<p>
The official Go Language specification.
</p>
<h3 id="go_mem"><a href="/ref/mem">The Go Memory Model</a></h3>
<p>
A document that specifies the conditions under which reads of a variable in
one goroutine can be guaranteed to observe values produced by writes to the
same variable in a different goroutine.
</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h2 id="articles">Articles</h2>
{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
<h3 id="blog"><a href="//blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>
{{end}}
<h4>Codewalks</h4>
<p>
Guided tours of Go programs.
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/codewalk/functions">First-Class Functions in Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/codewalk/markov">Generating arbitrary text: a Markov chain algorithm</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem">Share Memory by Communicating</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/wiki/">Writing Web Applications</a> - building a simple web application.</li>
</ul>
{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
<h4>Language</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gos-declaration-syntax">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/defer-panic-and-recover">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/error-handling-and-go">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/organizing-go-code">Organizing Go code</a></li>
</ul>
<h4>Packages</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-and-go">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/gobs-of-data">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/laws-of-reflection">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-image-package">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-imagedraw-package">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
</ul>
{{end}}
<h4>Tools</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/go_command.html">About the Go command</a> - why we wrote it, what it is, what it's not, and how to use it.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/gdb">Debugging Go Code with GDB</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">Data Race Detector</a> - a manual for the data race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/asm">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</a> - an introduction to the assembler used by Go.</li>
{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
<li><a href="/blog/c-go-cgo">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/race-detector">Introducing the Go Race Detector</a> - an introduction to the race detector.</li>
{{end}}
</ul>
<h4 id="articles_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Articles">Articles page</a> at the
<a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for more Go articles.
</p>
{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
<h2 id="talks">Talks</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/talks.png"/>
<h3 id="video_tour_of_go"><a href="https://research.swtch.com/gotour">A Video Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
Three things that make Go fast, fun, and productive:
interfaces, reflection, and concurrency. Builds a toy web crawler to
demonstrate these.
</p>
<h3 id="go_code_that_grows"><a href="//vimeo.com/53221560">Code that grows with grace</a></h3>
<p>
One of Go's key design goals is code adaptability; that it should be easy to take a simple design and build upon it in a clean and natural way. In this talk Andrew Gerrand describes a simple "chat roulette" server that matches pairs of incoming TCP connections, and then use Go's concurrency mechanisms, interfaces, and standard library to extend it with a web interface and other features. While the function of the program changes dramatically, Go's flexibility preserves the original design as it grows.
</p>
<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<p>
Concurrency is the key to designing high performance network services. Go's concurrency primitives (goroutines and channels) provide a simple and efficient means of expressing concurrent execution. In this talk we see how tricky concurrency problems can be solved gracefully with simple Go code.
</p>
<h3 id="advanced_go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw">Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<p>
This talk expands on the <i>Go Concurrency Patterns</i> talk to dive deeper into Go's concurrency primitives.
</p>
<h4 id="talks_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/talks">Go Talks site</a> and <a href="/wiki/GoTalks">wiki page</a> for more Go talks.
</p>
{{end}}
<h2 id="nonenglish">Non-English Documentation</h2>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for localized
documentation.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Editor plugins and IDEs",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
This document lists commonly used editor plugins and IDEs from the Go ecosystem
that make Go development more productive and seamless.
A comprehensive list of editor support and IDEs for Go development is available at
<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">the wiki</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="options">Options</h2>
<p>
The Go ecosystem provides a variety of editor plugins and IDEs to enhance your day-to-day
editing, navigation, testing, and debugging experience.
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/fatih/vim-go">vim</a>: vim-go plugin provides Go programming language support</li>
<li><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=lukehoban.Go">Visual Studio Code</a>:
Go extension provides support for the Go programming language</li>
<li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go">GoLand</a>: GoLand is distributed either as a standalone IDE
or as a plugin for IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate</li>
<li><a href="https://atom.io/packages/go-plus">Atom</a>: Go-Plus is an Atom package that provides enhanced Go support</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that these are only a few top solutions; a more comprehensive
community-maintained list of
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">IDEs and text editor plugins</a>
is available at the Wiki.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Contributing to the gccgo frontend"
}-->
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
These are some notes on contributing to the gccgo frontend for GCC.
For information on contributing to parts of Go other than gccgo,
see <a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing to the Go project</a>. For
information on building gccgo for yourself,
see <a href="/doc/gccgo_install.html">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
For more of the gritty details on the process of doing development
with the gccgo frontend,
see <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/gofrontend/+/master/HACKING">the
file HACKING</a> in the gofrontend repository.
</p>
<h2>Legal Prerequisites</h2>
<p>
You must follow the <a href="/doc/contribute.html#copyright">Go copyright
rules</a> for all changes to the gccgo frontend and the associated
libgo library. Code that is part of GCC rather than gccgo must follow
the general <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html">GCC
contribution rules</a>.
</p>
<h2>Code</h2>
<p>
The master sources for the gccgo frontend may be found at
<a href="https://go.googlesource.com/gofrontend">https://go.googlesource.com/gofrontend</a>.
They are mirrored
at <a href="https://github.com/golang/gofrontend">https://github.com/golang/gofrontend</a>.
The master sources are not buildable by themselves, but only in
conjunction with GCC (in the future, other compilers may be
supported). Changes made to the gccgo frontend are also applied to
the GCC source code repository hosted at <code>gcc.gnu.org</code>. In
the <code>gofrontend</code> repository, the <code>go</code> directory
is mirrored to the <code>gcc/go/gofrontend</code> directory in the GCC
repository, and the <code>gofrontend</code> <code>libgo</code>
directory is mirrored to the GCC <code>libgo</code> directory. In
addition, the <code>test</code> directory
from <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>
is mirrored to the <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/test</code> directory
in the GCC repository.
</p>
<p>
Changes to these directories always flow from the master sources to
the GCC repository. The files should never be changed in the GCC
repository except by changing them in the master sources and mirroring
them.
</p>
<p>
The gccgo frontend is written in C++.
It follows the GNU and GCC coding standards for C++.
In writing code for the frontend, follow the formatting of the
surrounding code.
Almost all GCC-specific code is not in the frontend proper and is
instead in the GCC sources in the <code>gcc/go</code> directory.
</p>
<p>
The run-time library for gccgo is mostly the same as the library
in <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>.
The library code in the Go repository is periodically merged into
the <code>libgo/go</code> directory of the <code>gofrontend</code> and
then the GCC repositories, using the shell
script <code>libgo/merge.sh</code>. Accordingly, most library changes
should be made in the main Go repository. The files outside
of <code>libgo/go</code> are gccgo-specific; that said, some of the
files in <code>libgo/runtime</code> are based on files
in <code>src/runtime</code> in the main Go repository.
</p>
<h2>Testing</h2>
<p>
All patches must be tested. A patch that introduces new failures is
not acceptable.
</p>
<p>
To run the gccgo test suite, run <code>make check-go</code> in your
build directory. This will run various tests
under <code>gcc/testsuite/go.*</code> and will also run
the <code>libgo</code> testsuite. This copy of the tests from the
main Go repository is run using the DejaGNU script found
in <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/go-test.exp</code>.
</p>
<p>
Most new tests should be submitted to the main Go repository for later
mirroring into the GCC repository. If there is a need for specific
tests for gccgo, they should go in
the <code>gcc/testsuite/go.go-torture</code>
or <code>gcc/testsuite/go.dg</code> directories in the GCC repository.
</p>
<h2>Submitting Changes</h2>
<p>
Changes to the Go frontend should follow the same process as for the
main Go repository, only for the <code>gofrontend</code> project and
the <code>gofrontend-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list
rather than the <code>go</code> project and the
<code>golang-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list. Those changes
will then be merged into the GCC sources.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Setting up and using gccgo",
"Path": "/doc/install/gccgo"
}-->
<p>
This document explains how to use gccgo, a compiler for
the Go language. The gccgo compiler is a new frontend
for GCC, the widely used GNU compiler. Although the
frontend itself is under a BSD-style license, gccgo is
normally used as part of GCC and is then covered by
the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public
License</a> (the license covers gccgo itself as part of GCC; it
does not cover code generated by gccgo).
</p>
<p>
Note that gccgo is not the <code>gc</code> compiler; see
the <a href="/doc/install.html">Installing Go</a> instructions for that
compiler.
</p>
<h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2>
<p>
The simplest way to install gccgo is to install a GCC binary release
built to include Go support. GCC binary releases are available from
<a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/install/binaries.html">various
websites</a> and are typically included as part of GNU/Linux
distributions. We expect that most people who build these binaries
will include Go support.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 4.7.1 release and all later 4.7 releases include a complete
<a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1</a> compiler and libraries.
</p>
<p>
Due to timing, the GCC 4.8.0 and 4.8.1 releases are close to but not
identical to Go 1.1. The GCC 4.8.2 release includes a complete Go
1.1.2 implementation.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 4.9 releases include a complete Go 1.2 implementation.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 5 releases include a complete implementation of the Go 1.4
user libraries. The Go 1.4 runtime is not fully merged, but that
should not be visible to Go programs.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 6 releases include a complete implementation of the Go 1.6.1
user libraries. The Go 1.6 runtime is not fully merged, but that
should not be visible to Go programs.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 7 releases include a complete implementation of the Go 1.8.1
user libraries. As with earlier releases, the Go 1.8 runtime is not
fully merged, but that should not be visible to Go programs.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 8 releases are expected to include a complete implementation
of the Go 1.10 release, depending on release timing. The Go 1.10
runtime has now been fully merged into the GCC development sources,
and concurrent garbage collection is expected to be fully supported in
GCC 8.
</p>
<h2 id="Source_code">Source code</h2>
<p>
If you cannot use a release, or prefer to build gccgo for
yourself,
the gccgo source code is accessible via Subversion. The
GCC web site
has <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html">instructions for getting the
GCC source code</a>. The gccgo source code is included. As a
convenience, a stable version of the Go support is available in
a branch of the main GCC code
repository: <code>svn://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/branches/gccgo</code>.
This branch is periodically updated with stable Go compiler sources.
</p>
<p>
Note that although <code>gcc.gnu.org</code> is the most convenient way
to get the source code for the Go frontend, it is not where the master
sources live. If you want to contribute changes to the Go frontend
compiler, see <a href="/doc/gccgo_contribute.html">Contributing to
gccgo</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="Building">Building</h2>
<p>
Building gccgo is just like building GCC
with one or two additional options. See
the <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/install/">instructions on the gcc web
site</a>. When you run <code>configure</code>, add the
option <code>--enable-languages=c,c++,go</code> (along with other
languages you may want to build). If you are targeting a 32-bit x86,
then you will want to build gccgo to default to
supporting locked compare and exchange instructions; do this by also
using the <code>configure</code> option <code>--with-arch=i586</code>
(or a newer architecture, depending on where you need your programs to
run). If you are targeting a 64-bit x86, but sometimes want to use
the <code>-m32</code> option, then use the <code>configure</code>
option <code>--with-arch-32=i586</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="Gold">Gold</h3>
<p>
On x86 GNU/Linux systems the gccgo compiler is able to
use a small discontiguous stack for goroutines. This permits programs
to run many more goroutines, since each goroutine can use a relatively
small stack. Doing this requires using the gold linker version 2.22
or later. You can either install GNU binutils 2.22 or later, or you
can build gold yourself.
</p>
<p>
To build gold yourself, build the GNU binutils,
using <code>--enable-gold=default</code> when you run
the <code>configure</code> script. Before building, you must install
the flex and bison packages. A typical sequence would look like
this (you can replace <code>/opt/gold</code> with any directory to
which you have write access):
</p>
<pre>
cvs -z 9 -d :pserver:anoncvs@sourceware.org:/cvs/src login
[password is "anoncvs"]
[The next command will create a directory named src, not binutils]
cvs -z 9 -d :pserver:anoncvs@sourceware.org:/cvs/src co binutils
mkdir binutils-objdir
cd binutils-objdir
../src/configure --enable-gold=default --prefix=/opt/gold
make
make install
</pre>
<p>
However you install gold, when you configure gccgo, use the
option <code>--with-ld=<var>GOLD_BINARY</var></code>.
</p>
<h3 id="Prerequisites">Prerequisites</h3>
<p>
A number of prerequisites are required to build GCC, as
described on
the <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html">gcc web
site</a>. It is important to install all the prerequisites before
running the gcc <code>configure</code> script.
The prerequisite libraries can be conveniently downloaded using the
script <code>contrib/download_prerequisites</code> in the GCC sources.
<h3 id="Build_commands">Build commands</h3>
<p>
Once all the prerequisites are installed, then a typical build and
install sequence would look like this (only use
the <code>--with-ld</code> option if you are using the gold linker as
described above):
</p>
<pre>
svn checkout svn://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/branches/gccgo gccgo
mkdir objdir
cd objdir
../gccgo/configure --prefix=/opt/gccgo --enable-languages=c,c++,go --with-ld=/opt/gold/bin/ld
make
make install
</pre>
<h2 id="Using_gccgo">Using gccgo</h2>
<p>
The gccgo compiler works like other gcc frontends. As of GCC 5 the gccgo
installation also includes a version of the <code>go</code> command,
which may be used to build Go programs as described at
<a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go">https://golang.org/cmd/go</a>.
</p>
<p>
To compile a file without using the <code>go</code> command:
</p>
<pre>
gccgo -c file.go
</pre>
<p>
That produces <code>file.o</code>. To link files together to form an
executable:
</p>
<pre>
gccgo -o file file.o
</pre>
<p>
To run the resulting file, you will need to tell the program where to
find the compiled Go packages. There are a few ways to do this:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
Set the <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code> environment variable:
</p>
<pre>
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${prefix}/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
[or]
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${prefix}/lib64/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
</pre>
<p>
Here <code>${prefix}</code> is the <code>--prefix</code> option used
when building gccgo. For a binary install this is
normally <code>/usr</code>. Whether to use <code>lib</code>
or <code>lib64</code> depends on the target.
Typically <code>lib64</code> is correct for x86_64 systems,
and <code>lib</code> is correct for other systems. The idea is to
name the directory where <code>libgo.so</code> is found.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Passing a <code>-Wl,-R</code> option when you link (replace lib with
lib64 if appropriate for your system):
</p>
<pre>
go build -gccgoflags -Wl,-R,${prefix}/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
[or]
gccgo -o file file.o -Wl,-R,${prefix}/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
</pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use the <code>-static-libgo</code> option to link statically against
the compiled packages.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use the <code>-static</code> option to do a fully static link (the
default for the <code>gc</code> compiler).
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
<p>
The gccgo compiler supports all GCC options
that are language independent, notably the <code>-O</code>
and <code>-g</code> options.
</p>
<p>
The <code>-fgo-pkgpath=PKGPATH</code> option may be used to set a
unique prefix for the package being compiled.
This option is automatically used by the go command, but you may want
to use it if you invoke gccgo directly.
This option is intended for use with large
programs that contain many packages, in order to allow multiple
packages to use the same identifier as the package name.
The <code>PKGPATH</code> may be any string; a good choice for the
string is the path used to import the package.
</p>
<p>
The <code>-I</code> and <code>-L</code> options, which are synonyms
for the compiler, may be used to set the search path for finding
imports.
These options are not needed if you build with the go command.
</p>
<h2 id="Imports">Imports</h2>
<p>
When you compile a file that exports something, the export
information will be stored directly in the object file.
If you build with gccgo directly, rather than with the go command,
then when you import a package, you must tell gccgo how to find the
file.
</p>
<p>
When you import the package <var>FILE</var> with gccgo,
it will look for the import data in the following files, and use the
first one that it finds.
<ul>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.gox</code>
<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.so</code>
<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.a</code>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.o</code>
</ul>
<p>
<code><var>FILE</var>.gox</code>, when used, will typically contain
nothing but export data. This can be generated from
<code><var>FILE</var>.o</code> via
</p>
<pre>
objcopy -j .go_export FILE.o FILE.gox
</pre>
<p>
The gccgo compiler will look in the current
directory for import files. In more complex scenarios you
may pass the <code>-I</code> or <code>-L</code> option to
gccgo. Both options take directories to search. The
<code>-L</code> option is also passed to the linker.
</p>
<p>
The gccgo compiler does not currently (2015-06-15) record
the file name of imported packages in the object file. You must
arrange for the imported data to be linked into the program.
Again, this is not necessary when building with the go command.
</p>
<pre>
gccgo -c mypackage.go # Exports mypackage
gccgo -c main.go # Imports mypackage
gccgo -o main main.o mypackage.o # Explicitly links with mypackage.o
</pre>
<h2 id="Debugging">Debugging</h2>
<p>
If you use the <code>-g</code> option when you compile, you can run
<code>gdb</code> on your executable. The debugger has only limited
knowledge about Go. You can set breakpoints, single-step,
etc. You can print variables, but they will be printed as though they
had C/C++ types. For numeric types this doesn't matter. Go strings
and interfaces will show up as two-element structures. Go
maps and channels are always represented as C pointers to run-time
structures.
</p>
<h2 id="C_Interoperability">C Interoperability</h2>
<p>
When using gccgo there is limited interoperability with C,
or with C++ code compiled using <code>extern "C"</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="Types">Types</h3>
<p>
Basic types map directly: an <code>int32</code> in Go is
an <code>int32_t</code> in C, an <code>int64</code> is
an <code>int64_t</code>, etc.
The Go type <code>int</code> is an integer that is the same size as a
pointer, and as such corresponds to the C type <code>intptr_t</code>.
Go <code>byte</code> is equivalent to C <code>unsigned char</code>.
Pointers in Go are pointers in C.
A Go <code>struct</code> is the same as C <code>struct</code> with the
same fields and types.
</p>
<p>
The Go <code>string</code> type is currently defined as a two-element
structure (this is <b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>):
</p>
<pre>
struct __go_string {
const unsigned char *__data;
intptr_t __length;
};
</pre>
<p>
You can't pass arrays between C and Go. However, a pointer to an
array in Go is equivalent to a C pointer to the
equivalent of the element type.
For example, Go <code>*[10]int</code> is equivalent to C <code>int*</code>,
assuming that the C pointer does point to 10 elements.
</p>
<p>
A slice in Go is a structure. The current definition is
(this is <b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>):
</p>
<pre>
struct __go_slice {
void *__values;
intptr_t __count;
intptr_t __capacity;
};
</pre>
<p>
The type of a Go function is a pointer to a struct (this is
<b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>). The first field in the
struct points to the code of the function, which will be equivalent to
a pointer to a C function whose parameter types are equivalent, with
an additional trailing parameter. The trailing parameter is the
closure, and the argument to pass is a pointer to the Go function
struct.
When a Go function returns more than one value, the C function returns
a struct. For example, these functions are roughly equivalent:
</p>
<pre>
func GoFunction(int) (int, float64)
struct { int i; float64 f; } CFunction(int, void*)
</pre>
<p>
Go <code>interface</code>, <code>channel</code>, and <code>map</code>
types have no corresponding C type (<code>interface</code> is a
two-element struct and <code>channel</code> and <code>map</code> are
pointers to structs in C, but the structs are deliberately undocumented). C
<code>enum</code> types correspond to some integer type, but precisely
which one is difficult to predict in general; use a cast. C <code>union</code>
types have no corresponding Go type. C <code>struct</code> types containing
bitfields have no corresponding Go type. C++ <code>class</code> types have
no corresponding Go type.
</p>
<p>
Memory allocation is completely different between C and Go, as Go uses
garbage collection. The exact guidelines in this area are undetermined,
but it is likely that it will be permitted to pass a pointer to allocated
memory from C to Go. The responsibility of eventually freeing the pointer
will remain with C side, and of course if the C side frees the pointer
while the Go side still has a copy the program will fail. When passing a
pointer from Go to C, the Go function must retain a visible copy of it in
some Go variable. Otherwise the Go garbage collector may delete the
pointer while the C function is still using it.
</p>
<h3 id="Function_names">Function names</h3>
<p>
Go code can call C functions directly using a Go extension implemented
in gccgo: a function declaration may be preceded by
<code>//extern NAME</code>. For example, here is how the C function
<code>open</code> can be declared in Go:
</p>
<pre>
//extern open
func c_open(name *byte, mode int, perm int) int
</pre>
<p>
The C function naturally expects a NUL-terminated string, which in
Go is equivalent to a pointer to an array (not a slice!) of
<code>byte</code> with a terminating zero byte. So a sample call
from Go would look like (after importing the <code>syscall</code> package):
</p>
<pre>
var name = [4]byte{'f', 'o', 'o', 0};
i := c_open(&amp;name[0], syscall.O_RDONLY, 0);
</pre>
<p>
(this serves as an example only, to open a file in Go please use Go's
<code>os.Open</code> function instead).
</p>
<p>
Note that if the C function can block, such as in a call
to <code>read</code>, calling the C function may block the Go program.
Unless you have a clear understanding of what you are doing, all calls
between C and Go should be implemented through cgo or SWIG, as for
the <code>gc</code> compiler.
</p>
<p>
The name of Go functions accessed from C is subject to change. At present
the name of a Go function that does not have a receiver is
<code>prefix.package.Functionname</code>. The prefix is set by
the <code>-fgo-prefix</code> option used when the package is compiled;
if the option is not used, the default is <code>go</code>.
To call the function from C you must set the name using
a GCC extension.
</p>
<pre>
extern int go_function(int) __asm__ ("myprefix.mypackage.Function");
</pre>
<h3 id="Automatic_generation_of_Go_declarations_from_C_source_code">
Automatic generation of Go declarations from C source code</h3>
<p>
The Go version of GCC supports automatically generating
Go declarations from C code. The facility is rather awkward, and most
users should use the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo</a> program with
the <code>-gccgo</code> option instead.
</p>
<p>
Compile your C code as usual, and add the option
<code>-fdump-go-spec=<var>FILENAME</var></code>. This will create the
file <code><var>FILENAME</var></code> as a side effect of the
compilation. This file will contain Go declarations for the types,
variables and functions declared in the C code. C types that can not
be represented in Go will be recorded as comments in the Go code. The
generated file will not have a <code>package</code> declaration, but
can otherwise be compiled directly by gccgo.
</p>
<p>
This procedure is full of unstated caveats and restrictions and we make no
guarantee that it will not change in the future. It is more useful as a
starting point for real Go code than as a regular procedure.
</p>

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