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Author SHA1 Message Date
Andrew Gerrand
30be9b4313 [release-branch.go1] syscall: use exported StringToUTF16 in windows test
R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6551056
2012-09-21 17:10:44 -05:00
Alex Brainman
2e0e7637c5 net/http: disable TestServeFileFromCWD test on windows
This is an attempt to fix windows build. Will restore
once we know what the problem is.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6461046
2012-08-07 13:19:49 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
3f03b6f83a [release-branch.go1] update VERSION to go1.0.3 2012-09-22 05:55:21 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
6f727ec2a8 [release-branch.go1] remove src/pkg/exp 2012-09-22 05:55:20 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
c2de7b2cd6 [release-branch.go1] net/http: add missing hasToken function 2012-09-22 05:55:20 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
6ab2bfa952 [release-branch.go1] doc: document go1.0.3
««« backport 671c5b05dc40
doc: document go1.0.3

R=rsc, r
CC=gobot, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6532049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:19 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
03b13534a6 [release-branch.go1] doc/talks: remove talks, refer to talks.golang.org instead
««« backport e3b986984e53
doc/talks: remove talks, refer to talks.golang.org instead

These talks have been moved to the go.talks sub-repository:
        https://code.google.com/p/go.talks

R=rsc, r
CC=gobot, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6529052

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:19 +10:00
Adam Langley
074f8ae030 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Add Andrew Harding (Individual CLA)
««« backport f041c9b94d6a
A+C: Add Andrew Harding  (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6544044

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:18 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
1a2a921f0a [release-branch.go1] encoding/gob: fix comment
««« backport ee8276dbea49
encoding/gob: fix comment

Fixes #4100.

R=adg, r, dave
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6535055

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:18 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
32d59a576a [release-branch.go1] src/all.bat: fix banner
««« backport 2f7827571b44
src/all.bat: fix banner
we need to restore %PATH% before calling "dist banner", so that
it could suggest the user to add %GOROOT%/bin to %PATH% if necessary.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6525049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:17 +10:00
Anthony Eufemio
1a18d27e43 [release-branch.go1] builtin: Changed documentation for rune type.
««« backport 6cfab3a0935e
builtin: Changed documentation for rune type.
Fixes #4093.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6536047

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:17 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
86f6236205 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Add Anthony Eufemio (Individual CLA)
««« backport 773a05fbc002
A+C: Add Anthony Eufemio (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6524045

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:16 +10:00
Oling Cat
b15e848a2d [release-branch.go1] doc/effective_go: Closed some tags; removed extra spaces.
««« backport 04608c28273f
doc/effective_go: Closed some tags; removed extra spaces.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6488122

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:16 +10:00
Nigel Tao
bff99b63f4 [release-branch.go1] image/jpeg: ignore an incorrect but harmless trailing restart marker.
««« backport 7af3dbecf445
image/jpeg: ignore an incorrect but harmless trailing restart marker.

Fixes #4084.

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6526043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:15 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
4ecd79f337 [release-branch.go1] doc: document OS X tarballs
««« backport 195e4fc09b2d
doc: document OS X tarballs

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6506129

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:15 +10:00
Eric Roshan-Eisner
c4a12429a7 [release-branch.go1] A+C: update Eric Roshan-Eisner
««« backport b7ce1e467a60
A+C: update Eric Roshan-Eisner

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492135

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:14 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
e65172afbe [release-branch.go1] run.bash: fix a typo (fix build)
««« backport 11cdfc399090
run.bash: fix a typo (fix build)

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6506121

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:14 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
c01c6c672d [release-branch.go1] run.bash: set appropriate ulimits
««« backport a97b81d2600f
run.bash: set appropriate ulimits
    mainly for NetBSD/OpenBSD.

R=bradfitz, r, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6453154

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:13 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
a0adc48823 [release-branch.go1] runtime: fix SI_USER for FreeBSD
««« backport 283f6087807b
runtime: fix SI_USER for FreeBSD
Ref: http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/head/sys/sys/signal.h?revision=HEAD&view=markup

R=golang-dev, devon.odell, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6490118

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:13 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
4ba17d5097 [release-branch.go1] os/exec: don't crash when out of fds
««« backport 00e1feaa9218
os/exec: don't crash when out of fds

Command.Start could crash before if no fds were available
because a nil *os.File of /dev/null was added to the cleanup
list, which crashed before returning the proper error.

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6514043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:12 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
92125eecb5 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Xing Xing (individual CLA)
««« backport 449c9a4af2f1
A+C: add Xing Xing (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6493121

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:12 +10:00
Rob Pike
b7f91ba06f [release-branch.go1] effective_go: use html/template instead of text/template
««« backport e3fce06291ec
effective_go: use html/template instead of text/template
Should have done this a long time ago.
Fixes #3811.

R=golang-dev, adg, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6488120

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:11 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
fc8f4af6b9 [release-branch.go1] build: print go banner before restoring windows PATH
««« backport 452fc24c7ed3
build: print go banner before restoring windows PATH

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492117

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:11 +10:00
Russ Cox
717f1d6a6c [release-branch.go1] html/template: fix URL doc
««« backport fead9e11a489
html/template: fix URL doc

This is the easy part of issue 3528.
(What to do about "noescape" is the hard part, left open.)

Update #3528.

R=mikesamuel, r, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6493113

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:10 +10:00
Russ Cox
ed4d4cb231 [release-branch.go1] net/rpc/jsonrpc: fix test error message
««« backport cbce1b576493
net/rpc/jsonrpc: fix test error message

Fixes #4041.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6495121

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:10 +10:00
Russ Cox
ec783af29c [release-branch.go1] cmd/dist: emit \r in env -w output
««« backport 108165c03c70
cmd/dist: emit \r in env -w output

go tool dist env -w is supposed to print a Windows batch file.
Normally Windows will execute batch files without \r before \n,
but issue 3060 reports that if the file ends up containing paths
written in Chinese, Windows 7 cannot execute it without the \r.
So add the \r.

Fixes #3060.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6498120

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:09 +10:00
Ian Lance Taylor
4dfecf3675 [release-branch.go1] C: Add Andreas Jellinghaus (Google CLA)
««« backport 993e67dd76c4
C: Add Andreas Jellinghaus (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6494121

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:09 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
e4fca6366b [release-branch.go1] C: add Francesc Campoy (Google CLA)
««« backport 3796fdf0d0b8
C: add Francesc Campoy (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, campoy
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6490102

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:08 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
353788a830 [release-branch.go1] C: spell Brian's name correctly
««« backport 50457a54c26c
C: spell Brian's name correctly

R=iant, nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492102

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:08 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
a3874a5873 [release-branch.go1] C: add Brian Slesinsky (Google CLA)
««« backport bfa71d733e8f
C: add Brian Slesinsky (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6496103

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:07 +10:00
David Symonds
75b71e8cae [release-branch.go1] doc: Don't imply incorrect guarantees about data races.
««« backport dbcfb4459ab8
doc: Don't imply incorrect guarantees about data races.

A race between
        a = "hello, world"
and
        print(a)
is not guaranteed to print either "hello, world" or "".
Its behaviour is undefined.

Fixes #4039.

R=rsc
CC=dvyukov, gobot, golang-dev, r
https://golang.org/cl/6489075

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:07 +10:00
Adam Langley
bc5b14d00a [release-branch.go1] crypto/rand: typo fix from a69e30463bf4
««« backport 7047e253f1cd
crypto/rand: typo fix from a69e30463bf4

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6497106

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:06 +10:00
Adam Langley
a580f888eb [release-branch.go1] crypto/rand: zero length reads shouldn't crash on Windows.
««« backport a69e30463bf4
crypto/rand: zero length reads shouldn't crash on Windows.

R=golang-dev, dave
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6496099

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:05 +10:00
Rob Pike
0dabae4a85 [release-branch.go1] faq: go does not have duck typing
««« backport d3d3e0825dd2
faq: go does not have duck typing

R=golang-dev, 0xjnml, iant, adonovan, aram
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6500092

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:05 +10:00
Rob Pike
261565842d [release-branch.go1] faq: mercurial vs. git
««« backport 4a9c3b3e39c6
faq: mercurial vs. git
Fixes #4052.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, iant, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6490092

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:04 +10:00
Lucio De Re
915635ed41 [release-branch.go1] net,mime: Minor corrections to documentation comments.
««« backport 3da1d25fd216
net,mime: Minor corrections to documentation comments.

R=r
CC=dsymonds, gobot, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6495085

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:04 +10:00
Rob Pike
0809931b2f [release-branch.go1] faq: another way to solve the closure/variable/range complaint
««« backport 3bca7b333e00
faq: another way to solve the closure/variable/range complaint
It's easier just to declare a new variable.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6501103

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:04 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
3e9c29d50f [release-branch.go1] C: add Manu Garg (Google CLA)
««« backport f06edb3fcffe
C: add Manu Garg (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6493087

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:03 +10:00
Nigel Tao
56c58e4e5b [release-branch.go1] image/jpeg: fix quantization tables to be in zig-zag order, not natural
««« backport 292816148e44
image/jpeg: fix quantization tables to be in zig-zag order, not natural
order.

JPEG images generated prior to this CL are still valid JPEGs, as the
quantization tables used are encoded in the wire format. Such JPEGs just
don't use the recommended quantization tables.

R=r, dsymonds, raph, adg
CC=golang-dev, tuom.larsen
https://golang.org/cl/6497083

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:03 +10:00
Oling Cat
5db7b7524d [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix a typo
««« backport 5bf4d4da76e9
doc/go_spec: fix a typo

R=nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6499075

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:02 +10:00
Nigel Tao
023fbb810d [release-branch.go1] A+C: Oling Cat (individual CLA)
««« backport 4c0b47f8b8f7
A+C: Oling Cat (individual CLA)

R=dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6503070

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:02 +10:00
Sébastien Paolacci
0d1bbdf52e [release-branch.go1] net: fix {FileConn, FileListener, FilePacketConn} fd leak to child process.
««« backport d694b1866058
net: fix {FileConn, FileListener, FilePacketConn} fd leak to child process.

All of them call `newFileFD' which must properly restore close-on-exec on
duplicated fds.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, mikioh.mikioh
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6445081

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:01 +10:00
Alan Donovan
c57119f04c [release-branch.go1] runtime/pprof: emit end-of-log marker at end of CPU profile.
««« backport 92e962e13197
runtime/pprof: emit end-of-log marker at end of CPU profile.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6489065

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:00 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
e2ce5a37b1 [release-branch.go1] doc: fix typo in Concurrency Patterns article
««« backport 29990fa0951c
doc: fix typo in Concurrency Patterns article

Fixes #3178.

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6506064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:55:00 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
b4724ad7ed [release-branch.go1] doc: link to references from docs page
««« backport bbf84838fd24
doc: link to references from docs page

Fixes #3667.

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492078

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:59 +10:00
Patrick Crosby
7da9e79fb3 [release-branch.go1] net/http/pprof: updated documentation (run an http server)
««« backport 4965beed4492
net/http/pprof: updated documentation (run an http server)

Added instructions for starting an http server
to the godoc header for this package.  With the old
instructions, the example "go tool pprof..." commands
wouldn't work unless you happen to be running an http
server on port 6060 in your application.

R=golang-dev, minux.ma, adg, giacomo.tartari
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6483049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:59 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
7f2163954d [release-branch.go1] runtime: increase stack frame during cgo call on windows/amd64 2012-09-22 05:54:59 +10:00
Russ Cox
e26dc4a8d8 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix PkgPath of byte, rune types
««« backport 272e1dd72156
cmd/gc: fix PkgPath of byte, rune types

Fixes #3853.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492071

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:58 +10:00
Russ Cox
e302bba792 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Uriel Mangado (individual CLA)
««« backport 42966db90999
A+C: add Uriel Mangado (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492070

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:58 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
75d33bc540 [release-branch.go1] cmd/ld: support zero-filled section for Mach-O files
««« backport b4b475a9a3c8
cmd/ld: support zero-filled section for Mach-O files

R=golang-dev, r, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492069

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:57 +10:00
Daniel Morsing
5b7e9adfc3 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: Suggest *T in error for x.(T) if it would work.
««« backport 33a62d86ca2f
cmd/gc: Suggest *T in error for x.(T) if it would work.

Accomplished by synchronizing the formatting of conversion errors between typecheck.c and subr.c

Fixes #3984.

R=golang-dev, remyoudompheng, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6500064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:57 +10:00
Russ Cox
e09cf61b64 [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: be clear that import loops are bad
««« backport f697709b5082
cmd/go: be clear that import loops are bad

There was mail on golang-nuts a few weeks ago
from someone who understood the message perfectly
and knew he had a cyclic dependency but assumed
that Go, like Python or Java, was supposed to handle it.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, dave
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6488069

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:56 +10:00
Russ Cox
42b1754775 [release-branch.go1] A+C: 0/2 on spelling email addresses correctly
««« backport 30d7ee9da51d
A+C: 0/2 on spelling email addresses correctly

TBR=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6497067

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:56 +10:00
Russ Cox
d6b260855d [release-branch.go1] A+C: Patrick Higgins, Shawn Smith (individual CLA)
««« backport f8b14fa18a7f
A+C: Patrick Higgins, Shawn Smith (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6492067

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:55 +10:00
Ivan Krasin
8731f80e9f [release-branch.go1] runtime: add vdso support for linux/amd64. Fixes issue 1933.
««« backport 56ea40aac72b
runtime: add vdso support for linux/amd64. Fixes issue 1933.

R=iant, imkrasin, krasin, iant, minux.ma, rsc, nigeltao, r, fullung
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6454046

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:55 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
dfd413bda1 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix escape analysis bug with variable capture in loops. 2012-09-22 05:54:55 +10:00
Russ Cox
7ed136f121 [release-branch.go1] runtime/pprof: restore articles in type doc comments
««« backport b57b5be5a32c
runtime/pprof: restore articles in type doc comments

Reverts part of CL 6460082.

If a doc comment describes a type by explaining the
meaning of one instance of the type, a leading article
is fine and makes the text less awkward.

Compare:
// A dog is a kind of animal.
// Dog is a kind of animal.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, dvyukov, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6494066

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:54 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
e412389169 [release-branch.go1] A+C: added Alan Donovan (Google corporate license)
««« backport e6da0262840c
A+C: added Alan Donovan (Google corporate license)

R=adg, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6490063

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:53 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
ef83c54490 [release-branch.go1] go/scanner: don't print garbage if there's no error
««« backport 9415be2ba652
go/scanner: don't print garbage if there's no error

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6489059

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:53 +10:00
Rob Pike
9d7ca4b0e6 [release-branch.go1] path: improve documentation for Dir
««« backport 735963d94dad
path: improve documentation for Dir

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6495059

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:52 +10:00
Dmitriy Vyukov
94403eb5d3 [release-branch.go1] net/rpc: protect serviceMap with RWMutex
««« backport fa3b2ef0129d
net/rpc: protect serviceMap with RWMutex

R=r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6494044

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:52 +10:00
Rob Pike
d340f52100 [release-branch.go1] go_spec.html: clarify rune and string literals
««« backport 8afe25accb81
go_spec.html: clarify rune and string literals
No changes to the meaning, just clearer language and more
examples, including illegal rune and string literals.
In particular, "character literal" and "character constant"
are now called "rune literal" and "rune constant" and the
word "character" always refers to the source text, not
program values.

R=golang-dev, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448137

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:51 +10:00
Andrew Balholm
fac6d765df [release-branch.go1] cmd/yacc/units.txt: fix exchange rates
««« backport 008d345d81e0
cmd/yacc/units.txt: fix exchange rates
        In the example "units" program for goyacc, the exchange rates were
        reciprocals of the correct amounts. Turn them right-side-up
        and update them to current figures.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6495053

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:51 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
7b3dffcfdd [release-branch.go1] cmd/ld: handle a special case of scattered relocation 2/1 on Darwin/386 2012-09-22 05:54:51 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
238c3afd6e [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Patrick Crosby (individual contributor)
««« backport 3181682928c9
A+C: add Patrick Crosby (individual contributor)

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6489049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:50 +10:00
Dave Cheney
aec9af0acb [release-branch.go1] net/http/httputil: fix race in DumpRequestOut
««« backport 3b78b41a4b50
net/http/httputil: fix race in DumpRequestOut

Fixes #3892.

Swapping the order of the writers inside the MultiWriter ensures
the request will be written to buf before http.ReadRequest completes.

The fencedBuffer is not required to make the test pass on
any machine that I have access too, but as the buf is shared
across goroutines, I think it is necessary for correctness.

R=bradfitz, fullung, franciscossouza
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6483061

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:50 +10:00
Mikio Hara
8851c49989 [release-branch.go1] net: delete unused socket-level option helpers
««« backport 66bdff5b0b29
net: delete unused socket-level option helpers

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6499043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:49 +10:00
Tobias Columbus
b0f42aa17c [release-branch.go1] misc/vim: fix for autocompletion
««« backport 7fb0e868dc39
misc/vim: fix for autocompletion

    Vim autocompletion respects the $GOPATH variable and does not
    ignore dashes ('-'), dots ('.') and underscores ('_') like found
    in many remote packages.
    Environment variable $GOROOT is determined by calling
    'go env GOROOT' instead of relying on the user's environment
    variables.

    Fixes #3876
    Fixes #3882

R=golang-dev, franciscossouza, dsymonds, minux.ma
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6443151

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:49 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
c9e6f1c069 [release-branch.go1] C: add Tobias Columbus's email used in Rietveld
««« backport a95c69098e45
C: add Tobias Columbus's email used in Rietveld

R=golang-dev, tobias.columbus, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6483058

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:48 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
3093d88aa6 [release-branch.go1] net/http: send an explicit zero Content-Length when Handler never Writes 2012-09-22 05:54:48 +10:00
Julien Schmidt
7102f123cf [release-branch.go1] database/sql: stop reuse of bad connections
««« backport b397807815a6
database/sql: stop reuse of bad connections

The second parameter for sql.putConn() (err) is always nil. As a result bad
connections are reused, even if the driver returns an driver.ErrBadConn.
Unsing a pointer to err instead achievs the desired behavior.
See http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3777 for more details.
Fixes #3777.

R=golang-dev, dave, bradfitz, jameshuachow, BlakeSGentry
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6348069

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:47 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
69d7a560e9 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Add Julien Schmidt (Individual CLA)
««« backport d80f2c4b0445
A+C: Add Julien Schmidt (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6459050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:47 +10:00
David Symonds
b19b12b536 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Tobias Columbus (individual CLA)
««« backport 29671078c8aa
A+C: Tobias Columbus (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6480058

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:46 +10:00
Adam Langley
a3ab361b9c [release-branch.go1] crypto/tls: return better error message in the case of an SSLv2 handshake.
««« backport 8048fe8f6f4b
crypto/tls: return better error message in the case of an SSLv2 handshake.

Update #3930
Return a better error message in this situation.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6474055

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:46 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
7feabb4b94 [release-branch.go1] cmd/6g: fix float32/64->uint64 conversion
««« backport 5972fe3f4418
cmd/6g: fix float32/64->uint64 conversion
    CVTSS2SQ's rounding mode is controlled by the RC field of MXCSR;
as we specifically need truncate semantic, we should use CVTTSS2SQ.

    Fixes #3804.

R=rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6352079

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:45 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
f35d7ff932 [release-branch.go1] cmd/ld: set ELF header flags for our Linux/ARM binary
««« backport 1f9e023245d4
cmd/ld: set ELF header flags for our Linux/ARM binary
To make it more compliant.
This won't affect the behavior of running on OABI-only kernels.

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6475044

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:45 +10:00
Rob Pike
81d2ac7c5d [release-branch.go1] C+A: add Carlos Castillo cookieo9@gmail.com (individual CLA)
««« backport 341a5be3052f
C+A: add Carlos Castillo cookieo9@gmail.com (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6479045

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:44 +10:00
Rob Pike
01b381f337 [release-branch.go1] time: avoid data race in abs
««« backport b2855a1654b6
time: avoid data race in abs
Fixes #3967.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6460115

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:44 +10:00
Dave Borowitz
2d514df3b3 [release-branch.go1] net/http: Set TLSClientConfig.ServerName on every HTTP request.
««« backport 8d39afcd18b1
net/http: Set TLSClientConfig.ServerName on every HTTP request.

This makes SNI "just work" for callers using the standard http.Client.

Since we now have a test that depends on the httptest.Server cert, change
the cert to be a CA (keeping all other fields the same).

R=bradfitz
CC=agl, dsymonds, gobot, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448154

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:43 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
3b332b704b [release-branch.go1] CONTRIBUTORS: Add Dave Borowitz (Google CLA)
««« backport 52a0395d0e81
CONTRIBUTORS: Add Dave Borowitz (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6484046

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:43 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
2725f37244 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Joakim Sernbrant
««« backport dd0a97869e4d
A+C: add Joakim Sernbrant

R=golang-dev, nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6476043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:42 +10:00
Dave Cheney
e4c8a2841c [release-branch.go1] net/http: fix misplaced defer and example
««« backport 989f373141cc
net/http: fix misplaced defer and example

Moves the defer (again).

Also, correct the example documentation to match.

R=r, robert.hencke, iant, dsymonds, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6458158

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:42 +10:00
Dave Cheney
686eac5fdd [release-branch.go1] os: fix data race on Process.done
««« backport 4fc1c61c3c2c
os: fix data race on Process.done

Fixes #3969.

R=dvyukov, r, alex.brainman, minux.ma
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6462081

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:41 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
e31957cddb [release-branch.go1] doc/install: we only need command line tools for Xcode on OS X
««« backport 975bfb6bbac4
doc/install: we only need command line tools for Xcode on OS X
     Fixes #3973.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6464078

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:41 +10:00
Volker Dobler
76d42fbd80 [release-branch.go1] strconv: consistent parameter names for ParseUint
««« backport 52813bdd69bb
strconv: consistent parameter names for ParseUint

If ParseUint is like ParseInt it should have the same parameter
names, thus rename b to to base as in ParseInt's documentation.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6453152

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:40 +10:00
Dmitriy Vyukov
17fed3c6b4 [release-branch.go1] net/http: reduce mutex contention
««« backport 43568ec5cf55
net/http: reduce mutex contention
benchmark                           old ns/op    new ns/op    delta
BenchmarkClientServerParallel          155909       154454   -0.93%
BenchmarkClientServerParallel-2         86012        82986   -3.52%
BenchmarkClientServerParallel-4         70211        55168  -21.43%
BenchmarkClientServerParallel-8         80755        47862  -40.73%
BenchmarkClientServerParallel-12        77753        51478  -33.79%
BenchmarkClientServerParallel-16        77920        50278  -35.47%
The benchmark is https://golang.org/cl/6441134
The machine is 2 x 4 HT cores (16 HW threads total).
Fixes #3946.
Now contention moves to net.pollServer.AddFD().

R=bradfitz
CC=bradfitz, dave, dsymonds, gobot, golang-dev, remyoudompheng
https://golang.org/cl/6454142

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:40 +10:00
Alex Brainman
bf68e33053 [release-branch.go1] pprof: make it work on windows again
««« backport 7c5f4dad8fae
pprof: make it work on windows again

- pprof is a perl script, so go command should invoke
  perl instead of trying to run pprof directly;
- pprof should use "go tool nm" unconditionally on windows,
  no one else can extract symbols from Go program;
- pprof should use "go tool nm" instead of "6nm".

Fixes #3879.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6445082

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:39 +10:00
Rob Pike
41f42120a5 [release-branch.go1] all: move defers to after error check to avoid nil indirection
««« backport 8f0c8f604ee0
all: move defers to after error check to avoid nil indirection
Only affects some tests and none seem likely to be problematic, but let's fix them.
Fixes #3971.

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6463060

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:39 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
21bf9e9561 [release-branch.go1] go_spec: unary + and - are also defined for complex types
««« backport 1546a1ef0102
go_spec: unary + and - are also defined for complex types

R=r, rsc, iant, ken, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6450150

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:38 +10:00
Alex Brainman
5d5b9ef640 [release-branch.go1] test: change run.go to ignore \r in compiler output (fixes windows build)
««« backport b86e4ec1dd66
test: change run.go to ignore \r in compiler output (fixes windows build)

R=golang-dev, dave, minux.ma, remyoudompheng
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6460093

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:38 +10:00
Daniel Morsing
c7c975809b [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: Don't claim type assertion would help when it wont.
««« backport b76339cc168a
cmd/gc: Don't claim type assertion would help when it wont.

Fixes #3465.

R=golang-dev, rsc, remyoudompheng, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448097

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:37 +10:00
Ian Lance Taylor
dde4af3655 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Andrew Lutomirski (individual CLA)
««« backport 8714f560df67
A+C: Andrew Lutomirski (individual CLA)

Wrote code that was the basis for
https://golang.org/cl/6454046/

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6450142

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:37 +10:00
Dmitriy Vyukov
c8ba0a40b4 [release-branch.go1] runtime/pprof: fix comments
««« backport e7e49c318134
runtime/pprof: fix comments

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6460082

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:36 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
d3f4ba0c71 [release-branch.go1] text/template/parse: fix bug handling /*/ 2012-09-22 05:54:36 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
43bf5e8ec8 [release-branch.go1] runtime: use sched_getaffinity for runtime.NumCPU() on Linux
««« backport 3532ab6bf5be
runtime: use sched_getaffinity for runtime.NumCPU() on Linux
        Fixes #3921.

R=iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448132

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:36 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
be1207e735 [release-branch.go1] go/build: correct shouldBuild bug reading whole contents of file.
««« backport 307fafbc2d6f
go/build: correct shouldBuild bug reading whole contents of file.

It was caused by bytes.TrimSpace being able to return a nil
slice.

Fixes #3914.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6458091

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:35 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
ab4821d468 [release-branch.go1] spec: clarify evaluation order
««« backport 6beada1bf6c2
spec: clarify evaluation order

Fixes #3852.

R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6441102

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:35 +10:00
Charles L. Dorian
b14a4bf211 [release-branch.go1] math: update definition of NaN in assembly language files
««« backport f26c1758e269
math: update definition of NaN in assembly language files

R=rsc, minux.ma, golang-dev, nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6461047

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:34 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
630451ab83 [release-branch.go1] doc: add 'Get Started with Go' video, remove some older videos
««« backport 77b1cdceb2b2
doc: add 'Get Started with Go' video, remove some older videos

(I also updated the wiki's GoTalks page with all the latest videos.)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6441113

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:34 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
a7a74e2011 [release-branch.go1] io: amend ReaderFrom doc as per r's comment
««« backport 5d3aaf0b717e
io: amend ReaderFrom doc as per r's comment

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6458097

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:33 +10:00
Yves Junqueira
a7f34e69cd [release-branch.go1] crypto/rand: Example for Read.
««« backport 4738fd47e7a9
crypto/rand: Example for Read.

R=adg, remyoudompheng, rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6457085

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:33 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
9810cb4cad [release-branch.go1] godoc: make id attributes unique
««« backport b5dd89dce002
godoc: make id attributes unique

Some browsers (e.g. IE9) ignore the case of 'id' attributes
which can lead to conflicts. Prefix non-generated 'id's with
"pkg-" to make them different from any generated attribute.

Also: Added missing entry for "Other packages" to top-level
index.

Fixes #3851.

R=adg, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6449105

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:32 +10:00
Nigel Tao
da6a2756c8 [release-branch.go1] image/jpeg: send a correct Start Of Scan (SOS) header.
««« backport 4a67b1f1e771
image/jpeg: send a correct Start Of Scan (SOS) header.

Section B.2.3 of http://www.w3.org/Graphics/JPEG/itu-t81.pdf discusses
the End of spectral selection (Se) byte.

Apparently many JPEG decoders ignore the Se byte (or let it through
with a warning), but some configurations reject them. For example,
http://download.blender.org/source/chest/blender_2.03_tree/jpeg/jcmaster.c
has these lines:

if (Ss != 0 || Se != DCTSIZE2-1 || Ah != 0 || Al != 0)
  ERREXIT1(cinfo, JERR_BAD_PROG_SCRIPT, scanno);

Fixes #3916.

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6459052

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:32 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
602c922095 [release-branch.go1] io: document ReaderFrom and WriterTo
««« backport 4e3a1967af09
io: document ReaderFrom and WriterTo

Fixes #3711

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6445083

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:31 +10:00
Yves Junqueira
625dea7cba [release-branch.go1] text/template: fix range example.
««« backport c37d3a28f6b0
text/template: fix range example.

R=r
CC=adg, gobot, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6449096

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:31 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
e8e3cc97d0 [release-branch.go1] doc: fix some HTML syntax errors
««« backport 4adee56240ac
doc: fix some HTML syntax errors

R=adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6458043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:30 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
ccc55fc069 [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: remove $WORK paths in generated binaries
««« backport c1ce95068533
cmd/go: remove $WORK paths in generated binaries
        Fixes #3748.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6357064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:30 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
39a2841980 [release-branch.go1] math, runtime: use a NaN that matches gcc's
««« backport 1f62df249175
math, runtime: use a NaN that matches gcc's
        our old choice is not working properly at least on VFPv2 in
ARM1136JF-S (it's not preserved across float64->float32 conversions).

        Fixes #3745.

R=dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6344078

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:29 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
c469cb7c5d [release-branch.go1] runtime: remove unnecessary ROUND in alg.c
««« backport 4bd268b3c88a
runtime: remove unnecessary ROUND in alg.c
        Introduced in CL 6452046.

R=golang-dev, nigeltao, dave
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6459051

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:29 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
c645541691 [release-branch.go1] syscall: fix plan9 build broken by CL 6458050 2012-09-22 05:54:29 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
1a07fca27d [release-branch.go1] net: fix TCPListener file leak to child processes
««« backport 75a21418ac8f
net: fix TCPListener file leak to child processes

Hold ForkLock during dup of fd + cloexec in the net pkg,
per the locking policy documented in syscall/exec_unix.go.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6457080

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:28 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
b1de53a1f0 [release-branch.go1] syscall: return EINVAL when string arguments have NUL characters 2012-09-22 05:54:28 +10:00
Benny Siegert
1fe72f034f [release-branch.go1] syscall: add some new syscall numbers from NetBSD-current
««« backport 98c1ecd82cb5
syscall: add some new syscall numbers from NetBSD-current

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6454100

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:27 +10:00
Russ Cox
a0e780b7ec [release-branch.go1] bufio: discourage use of ReadLine
««« backport 9e2011d9ed4b
bufio: discourage use of ReadLine

Too many people use it without reading what it does.
Those people want ReadBytes or ReadString.

Fixes #3906.

R=golang-dev, iant, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6442087

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:27 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
64a3b18387 [release-branch.go1] cmd/8g: fix miscompilation due to BADWIDTH.
««« backport f6a6fe780649
cmd/8g: fix miscompilation due to BADWIDTH.

Fixes #3899.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6453084

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:26 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
ab91d4fe2a [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: accept switches on comparable arrays.
««« backport d68605d10a6b
cmd/gc: accept switches on comparable arrays.

The compiler is incorrectly rejecting switches on arrays of
comparable types. It also doesn't catch incomparable structs
when typechecking the switch, leading to unreadable errors
during typechecking of the generated code.

Fixes #3894.

R=rsc
CC=gobot, golang-dev, r, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6442074

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:26 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
35b989ed7b [release-branch.go1] go/build: tiny cleanup
««« backport 30dfc01b473c
go/build: tiny cleanup

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6453083

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:25 +10:00
Alex Brainman
524bb8d755 [release-branch.go1] os: test that IsExist and IsNotExist handle PathError and LinkError
««« backport 32eb6dac3ff4
os: test that IsExist and IsNotExist handle PathError and LinkError

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6442080

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:25 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
40e77b01f5 [release-branch.go1] go/scanner: fix minor typo
««« backport c74762fb2e1d
go/scanner: fix minor typo

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6442076

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:24 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
dda61d68c8 [release-branch.go1] go/ast: ast.Print must not crash with unexported fields
««« backport d134e30c4d29
go/ast: ast.Print must not crash with unexported fields

Don't print unexported struct fields; their values are
not accessible via reflection.

Fixes #3898.

Also:
- added support for arrays
- print empty maps, arrays, slices, structs on one line
  for a denser output
- added respective test cases

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6454089

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:24 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
6425aa28f2 [release-branch.go1] runtime: round return value address in runtime.equal
««« backport a7752d169d2e
runtime: round return value address in runtime.equal
     Fixes #3866.

R=rsc, r, nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6452046

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:23 +10:00
Alex Brainman
6410538c72 [release-branch.go1] os: Rename error to fit IsExist
««« backport 104eb57df01b
os: Rename error to fit IsExist

Fixes #3828.

R=golang-dev, iant, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6420056

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:23 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
bedafd2ddb [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix inlining bug with receive operator.
««« backport d872ed20fccb
cmd/gc: fix inlining bug with receive operator.

The receive operator was given incorrect precedence
resulting in incorrect deletion of parentheses.

Fixes #3843.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6442049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:22 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
82de010886 [release-branch.go1] cmd/cgo: use 1 as last entry for __cgodebug_data
««« backport aeaab9df5600
cmd/cgo: use 1 as last entry for __cgodebug_data
        LLVM-based gcc will place all-zero data in a zero-filled
        section, but our debug/macho can't handle that.
        Fixes #3821.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6444049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:22 +10:00
Rob Pike
ed3e546000 [release-branch.go1] regexp: fix glitch in doc for FindReaderIndex
««« backport 6f790a92b3d2
regexp: fix glitch in doc for FindReaderIndex
Fixes #3878.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6457054

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:21 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
31f6401799 [release-branch.go1] doc: remove mention of weekly tag from source install doc
««« backport 8c4b1b7ce761
doc: remove mention of weekly tag from source install doc

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6442062

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:21 +10:00
Russ Cox
19e7a721ba [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: show $GOPATH in 'go env' output
««« backport d6d7de5aa8ed
cmd/go: show $GOPATH in 'go env' output

Also, sort output.

R=golang-dev, patrick, dave, iant
CC=golang-dev, patrick
https://golang.org/cl/6446064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:20 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
706832a088 [release-branch.go1] net/http: don't allow zero byte in FileServer paths
««« backport 2307a931664e
net/http: don't allow zero byte in FileServer paths

Should probably be fixed in the syscall package, either
additional or instead of this CL.

Fixes #3842

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6442061

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:20 +10:00
Daniel Morsing
5f07ee41ea [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: point "no new variables" error at right line number.
««« backport 98788e8973f2
cmd/gc: point "no new variables" error at right line number.

Fixes #3856.

R=dsymonds, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6455056

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:19 +10:00
Russ Cox
2ab2bfaf2f [release-branch.go1] syscall: apply comment from Mikioh
««« backport d191515c80fb
syscall: apply comment from Mikioh

This comment was suggested in CL 6456045
but never got applied.

R=mikioh, mikioh.mikioh
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6447056

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:19 +10:00
Alexey Borzenkov
56d3f951d1 [release-branch.go1] syscall: workaround accept() bug on Darwin
««« backport 0eae95b0307a
syscall: workaround accept() bug on Darwin

Darwin kernels have a bug in accept() where error result from
an internal call is not checked and socket is accepted instead
of ECONNABORTED error. However, such sockets have no sockaddr,
which results in EAFNOSUPPORT error from anyToSockaddr, making
Go http servers running on Mac OS X easily susceptible to
denial of service from simple port scans with nmap.
Fixes #3849.

R=golang-dev, adg, mikioh.mikioh
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6456045

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:18 +10:00
Benny Siegert
5efc4b03b4 [release-branch.go1] runtime/cgo: fix netbsd build
««« backport 601878acd597
runtime/cgo: fix netbsd build

Copy over freebsd.c to netbsd.c.

Fixes #3823.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6398045

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:18 +10:00
David Symonds
1489fd1a3e [release-branch.go1] misc/vim: fix :Import insertion heuristic.
««« backport 9bf2225c38eb
misc/vim: fix :Import insertion heuristic.

If a factored import group has a blank line, assume it is dividing
separate groups of imports (e.g. standard library vs. site-specific).
        import (
                "bytes"
                "io"

                "mycorp/package"
        )

The most common case is inserting new standard library imports,
which are usually (stylistically) the first group, so we should drop
"net" in the above example immediately after "io".

Since this logic is getting non-trivial, add a test.

R=golang-dev, minux.ma, franciscossouza
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6445043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:17 +10:00
Rob Pike
37401b00bf [release-branch.go1] flag: fix bug in handling of booleans on error
««« backport a36c0344826a
flag: fix bug in handling of booleans on error
Fixes #3869.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448072

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:17 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
9ff8d11c31 [release-branch.go1] log/syslog: don't append \n if there is one
««« backport 6556a8d85dd6
log/syslog: don't append \n if there is one
   pkg log already appends a linefeed to the log message,
so log/syslog doesn't need to append another.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6441048

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:16 +10:00
Alex Brainman
6601acb041 [release-branch.go1] os: move epipecheck from file_posix.go and into file_unix.go to fix windows build
««« backport d127749038e8
os: move epipecheck from file_posix.go and into file_unix.go to fix windows build

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6450058

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:16 +10:00
Dmitriy Vyukov
53299c4326 [release-branch.go1] os: fix data race in epipecheck()
««« backport 8b3bf65c620c
os: fix data race in epipecheck()
Fixes #3860.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6443051

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:15 +10:00
Ian Lance Taylor
8f41e7cd81 [release-branch.go1] runtime: ignore signal 33 == SIGSETXID on GNU/Linux
««« backport bfa4e1f1027f
runtime: ignore signal 33 == SIGSETXID on GNU/Linux

When a cgo program calls setuid, setgid, etc., the GNU/Linux
pthread library sends signal SIGSETXID to each thread to tell
it to update its UID info.  If Go is permitted to intercept
the default SIGSETXID signal handler, the program will hang.

This patch tells the runtime package to not try to intercept
SIGSETXID on GNU/Linux.  This will be odd if a Go program
wants to try to use that signal, but it means that cgo
programs that call setuid, etc., won't hang.

Fixes #3871.

R=rsc, r, minux.ma, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6455050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:14 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
0db8f6814b [release-branch.go1] go/printer: don't crash if ast.FuncType.Params is nil
««« backport 7f6a0510d3c9
go/printer: don't crash if ast.FuncType.Params is nil

The go/ast comment for FuncType.Params says that the field may be nil.
Make sure the printer accepts such a value. The go/parser always sets
the field (to provide parenthesis position information), but a program
creating a Go AST from scatch may not.

Added corresponding test case.

Fixes #3870.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6448060

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:14 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
c9cf888cd2 [release-branch.go1] A+C: added Andrew Wilkins (individual contributor)
««« backport b22edea8aed4
A+C: added Andrew Wilkins (individual contributor)

R=rsc, minux.ma, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6447050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:13 +10:00
Ian Lance Taylor
b222c9e39b [release-branch.go1] cgo: fix declarations in _cgo_export.c
««« backport 6751a0e1a6a4
cgo: fix declarations in _cgo_export.c

Declare crosscall2.  Declare the functions passed to it as
returning void, rather than relying on implicit return type.

R=golang-dev, minux.ma
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6432060

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:13 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
a351c67593 [release-branch.go1] testing: allow concurrent use of T and B
««« backport 7a67d277c7e8
testing: allow concurrent use of T and B

Notably, allow concurrent logging and failing.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6453045

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:12 +10:00
Mikio Hara
6701fa60b6 [release-branch.go1] net: fix comment
««« backport 5a0aafb7fd8d
net: fix comment

RemoteAddr returns not only UDPAddr but IPAddr.

R=golang-dev, dave
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6401054

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:12 +10:00
Rob Pike
402d6b1f5f [release-branch.go1] text/template: fix bug in map indexing
««« backport 0748cd92ed76
text/template: fix bug in map indexing
If the key is not present, return value of the type of the element
not the type of the key. Also fix a test that should have caught this case.

Fixes #3850.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6405078

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:11 +10:00
Rob Pike
74282e400c [release-branch.go1] encoding/gob: revert 6348067, which broke compatibility
««« backport 3357d8d34ab8
encoding/gob: revert 6348067, which broke compatibility
Add commentary to explain better what's going on, but the
code change is a simple one-line reversal to the previous
form.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6428072

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:11 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
d9c11a7164 [release-branch.go1] doc: add two I/O talks to "Talks" section
««« backport ddaabb722563
doc: add two I/O talks to "Talks" section

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6422056

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:10 +10:00
Patrick Mylund Nielsen
e40fdffc13 [release-branch.go1] encoding/binary: fix typo: ReadVarint returns an int64, not a uint64.
««« backport 2f39e6389d55
encoding/binary: fix typo: ReadVarint returns an int64, not a uint64.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6432062

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:10 +10:00
Mikio Hara
071933faef [release-branch.go1] net: fix file descriptor leak on FileListener, FileConn and FilePacketConn
««« backport aee5a494a65c
net: fix file descriptor leak on FileListener, FileConn and FilePacketConn

R=golang-dev, dave, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6430062

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:10 +10:00
Ian Lance Taylor
20ce5bfb6a [release-branch.go1] cgo: add -gccgopkgpath option to match gccgo -fgo-pkgpath
««« backport 06e3a4c30dfb
cgo: add -gccgopkgpath option to match gccgo -fgo-pkgpath

R=golang-dev, r, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6416056

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:09 +10:00
Mikio Hara
9a0e2e63a3 [release-branch.go1] net: fix typo
««« backport 3019a3e15027
net: fix typo

R=golang-dev, bsiegert, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6428050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:09 +10:00
Rob Pike
5c47098ec8 [release-branch.go1] sync: mention that WaitGroup.Add panics
««« backport 05f9fa32500a
sync: mention that WaitGroup.Add panics
Fixes #3839.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6428053

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:08 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
d88fcebcd8 [release-branch.go1] testing: fix memory blowup when formatting many lines.
««« backport 5e7fd762f356
testing: fix memory blowup when formatting many lines.

Fixes #3830.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6373047

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:08 +10:00
Rob Pike
4d5ce93cb9 [release-branch.go1] faq: add status section
««« backport 2819b5a4f07d
faq: add status section
Fixes #3822.

R=golang-dev, r, dsymonds, minux.ma, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6395043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:07 +10:00
Adam Langley
920cc5211e [release-branch.go1] A+C: Peter Armitage (individual CLA)
««« backport 0423072b54f2
A+C: Peter Armitage (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6392065

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:07 +10:00
Nigel Tao
d74aea6fdc [release-branch.go1] compress/flate: fix panic when nlit is out of bounds.
««« backport ecd688de20fb
compress/flate: fix panic when nlit is out of bounds.

Fixes #3815.

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6352109

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:06 +10:00
Benny Siegert
34be79e078 [release-branch.go1] os: add missing full stop in comment
««« backport c61c67c7b924
os: add missing full stop in comment

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6399047

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:06 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
aa3ca5f6d7 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: reject use of ... with multiple-valued expressions.
««« backport 6d5faedd95bc
cmd/gc: reject use of ... with multiple-valued expressions.

Fixes #3334.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6350103

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:05 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
705534bd30 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: avoid an internal error on invalid type switch.
««« backport 254232c99b3e
cmd/gc: avoid an internal error on invalid type switch.

The error was caused by a call to implements() even when
the type switch variable was not an interface.

Fixes #3786.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6354102

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:05 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
ca64251832 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix error message for type errors involving conversions.
««« backport a281d4bd1ba6
cmd/gc: fix error message for type errors involving conversions.

Fixes #3818.

R=golang-dev, rsc, r
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6352106

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:04 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
939e2b572d [release-branch.go1] encoding/gob: fix check for short input in slice decode 2012-09-22 05:54:04 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
9a1209a215 [release-branch.go1] spec: correct typo in string conversion examples.
««« backport 65de4b905541
spec: correct typo in string conversion examples.

R=golang-dev, dave, r
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6378046

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:03 +10:00
Adam Langley
9dec2eb42a [release-branch.go1] crypto/rsa: left-pad PKCS#1 v1.5 outputs.
««« backport 46ca86e70e96
crypto/rsa: left-pad PKCS#1 v1.5 outputs.

OpenSSL requires that RSA signatures be exactly the same byte-length
as the modulus. Currently it'll reject ~1/256 of our signatures: those
that end up a byte shorter.

Fixes #3796.

R=golang-dev, edsrzf, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6352093

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:03 +10:00
Dave Cheney
530d9535c8 [release-branch.go1] website: various html fixes
««« backport 744f0397f41a
website: various html fixes

Fixes #3424.

R=fullung, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6343088

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:02 +10:00
Adam Langley
d251529231 [release-branch.go1] crypto/x509: exempt broken Entrust certificate from checks.
««« backport 8241ffc8686e
crypto/x509: exempt broken Entrust certificate from checks.

Entrust have issued a root certificate that's not marked as valid for
signing certificates.

This results in Go programs failing to validate certificates that
chain up to this root (i.e. gateway.push.apple.com:2195).

Although this is clearly a mistake on Entrust's part, it seems that we
will have to bodge around it.

R=golang-dev, dave, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6346064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:02 +10:00
David G. Andersen
0a128f203e [release-branch.go1] pkg: Removing duplicated words ("of of", etc.), mostly from comments.
««« backport ce3a981ad1ef
pkg: Removing duplicated words ("of of", etc.), mostly from comments.

Ran 'double.pl' on the pkg tree to identify doubled words.
One change to an error string return in x509;  the rest are in comments.
Thanks to Matt Jibson for the idea.

R=golang-dev, bsiegert
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6344089

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:01 +10:00
Matt Jibson
ba2a1df948 [release-branch.go1] A+C: correct Matt Jibson
««« backport 63dae3ba6a6d
A+C: correct Matt Jibson

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6344088

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:01 +10:00
Matthew William Jibson
e2541bf319 [release-branch.go1] doc: various "the the" and other typos
««« backport 74c5c02910de
doc: various "the the" and other typos

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6355076

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:01 +10:00
David Symonds
4662a76477 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Matthew Jibson (individual CLA).
««« backport 9349fc3302f5
A+C: Matthew Jibson (individual CLA).

R=golang-dev, alex.brainman
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6349082

»»»
2012-09-22 05:54:00 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
171e72bf28 [release-branch.go1] misc/chrome/gophertool: fix manifest
««« backport 100ddb84c85d
misc/chrome/gophertool: fix manifest
according to http://code.google.com/chrome/extensions/browserAction.html,
it should use "default_popup" instead of "popup".

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6349077

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:59 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
40b5d5481a [release-branch.go1] reflect: reflect.Zero results are neither addressable nor settable
««« backport 21130d62eeb0
reflect: reflect.Zero results are neither addressable nor settable

This could be deduced from "The Laws of Reflection" but it seems
worthwhile highlighting it.

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6350073

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:59 +10:00
Rob Pike
ecd62d606a [release-branch.go1] encoding/gob: fix bug in Register
««« backport c89f17a9ff4f
encoding/gob: fix bug in Register
The old code added a star but did not indirect the reflect.Type.

R=bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6348067

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:58 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
7d1ddf2b28 [release-branch.go1] doc/debugging_with_gdb: mention how to disable gc optimization
««« backport be7e338a8960
doc/debugging_with_gdb: mention how to disable gc optimization

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6353055

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:58 +10:00
David G. Andersen
4b3a35b979 [release-branch.go1] math/big: Remove unnecessary test from nat.go multiplication
««« backport c533f48701cb
math/big: Remove unnecessary test from nat.go multiplication
The switch at the beginning of the function already ensures n > 1,
so testing for n < 2 is redundant.

R=golang-dev, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6350051

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:57 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
759c410691 [release-branch.go1] image: fix doc typo
««« backport 042bac4d6b6e
image: fix doc typo
     Fixes #3789.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6357058

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:57 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
f98661e77e [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: add missing case for OCOM in defaultlit()
««« backport b5c4f411a852
cmd/gc: add missing case for OCOM in defaultlit()
        Fixes #3765.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6349064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:56 +10:00
Amir Mohammad Saied
731bbfef3b [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: httpGet function does not use global variable httpClient
««« backport 650544a058e9
cmd/go: httpGet function does not use global variable httpClient

No change, just for consistency.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6346048

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:56 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
9786db83e9 [release-branch.go1] net/http: ignore malicious or dumb Range requests
««« backport d32138d8d05f
net/http: ignore malicious or dumb Range requests

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6356050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:56 +10:00
Pieter Droogendijk
df2bb18fae [release-branch.go1] cmd/dist: Make windows.c's fatal() print to stderr
««« backport 3f7501fdb220
cmd/dist: Make windows.c's fatal() print to stderr

Generating env.bat using dist env -wp > env.bat failed silently
if case of an error, because the message was redirected to env.bat.
Verbose messages still go to stdout, causing problems, but that's
a seperate change.
Made errprintf() identical to xprintf(), except for the output handle.
Yes, it's duplicate code, but most of the function is unpacking
the argument list and preparing it for WriteFile(), which has to be
done anyway.

R=golang-dev, alex.brainman
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6343047

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:55 +10:00
Jean-Marc Eurin
e1092f2746 [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: Fix the gofmt patching when the TMPDIR is not the default.
««« backport c5f564efc620
misc/emacs: Fix the gofmt patching when the TMPDIR is not the default.

The previous code assumed the gofmt output referred to /tmp but
that's not true if TMPDIR points somewhere else (like on Macs).
Fixes #3782.

R=sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6346050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:55 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
118f2163bc [release-branch.go1] net/http: support multiple byte ranges in ServeContent
««« backport 070604630d24
net/http: support multiple byte ranges in ServeContent

Fixes #3784

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6351052

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:54 +10:00
Andrey Mirtchovski
e3bc1e4206 [release-branch.go1] net/http: Fix a verb-tense mismatch and a typo in documentation.
««« backport f8a77e2b7d0b
net/http: Fix a verb-tense mismatch and a typo in documentation.

R=bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6357049

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:54 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
6263484de5 [release-branch.go1] go spec: clean up section on selectors
««« backport eb24cee7f21b
go spec: clean up section on selectors

- point out difference between selectors and qualified identifiers
- differentiate between illegal selectors and run-time panics
- use "indirect" as opposed to "dereference" consistently
- add extra links

Fixes #3779.

R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6326059

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:53 +10:00
Joe Poirier
f7a20edf47 [release-branch.go1] syscall: add missing argument type
««« backport 3909e0071e70
syscall: add missing argument type

And update implementation location comment.

R=golang-dev, alex.brainman
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6352046

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:53 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
5c990db214 [release-branch.go1] go spec: clean up use of QualifiedIdent production.
««« backport d8bd45866999
go spec: clean up use of QualifiedIdent production.

Fixes #3763.

R=r, rsc, iant, ken
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6333066

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:52 +10:00
Russ Cox
7cf931beb0 [release-branch.go1] A+C: L Campbell (individual CLA)
««« backport c88692a626e9
A+C: L Campbell (individual CLA)

Guess I was wrong about being done for the day.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, unpantsu
https://golang.org/cl/6325060

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:52 +10:00
Rob Pike
ba76560a34 [release-branch.go1] fmt: set p.field before nil check
««« backport 5f13e0662e38
fmt: set p.field before nil check
Fixes #3752.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6331062

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:51 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
025324f030 [release-branch.go1] doc: drop video title from homepage
««« backport 9da3902443ca
doc: drop video title from homepage

It's just stutter.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6334053

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:51 +10:00
Russ Cox
9c094065d2 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Jonathan Gold (individual CLA)
««« backport ee62927ec779
A+C: Jonathan Gold (individual CLA)

This is my last one for today, I hope!

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6339052

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:50 +10:00
Russ Cox
a2c35039af [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Michael Stapelberg (individual CLA)
««« backport 04f61caa80cd
A+C: add Michael Stapelberg (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6325058

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:50 +10:00
Pieter Droogendijk
2f34673073 [release-branch.go1] go/build: fix doc typo
««« backport e12419d09635
go/build: fix doc typo

go/build section "Build Constraints", first paragraph said:
  "... they must be appear near the top of the file ..."
fixed to:
  "... they must appear near the top of the file ..."

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6329060

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:49 +10:00
Amir Mohammad Saied
81c423a763 [release-branch.go1] misc/chrome/gophertool: Support for manifest version 1 is being phased out.
««« backport 0f017230e6b4
misc/chrome/gophertool: Support for manifest version 1 is being phased out.

Manifest version 1 was deprecated in Chrome 18, and support will be phased
out according to the schedule available at:
http://code.google.com/chrome/extensions/manifestVersion.html

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6332053

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:49 +10:00
Russ Cox
270db92140 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Amir Mohammad Saied, Thomas Alan Copeland (both individual CLA)
««« backport 565770878659
A+C: Amir Mohammad Saied, Thomas Alan Copeland (both individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6330059

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:48 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
ef54d5cff0 [release-branch.go1] spec: clarify receive operator
««« backport c72ac7873261
spec: clarify receive operator

- receiving from a closed channel returns immediately
- in the ,ok form, the 2nd result is of type bool, not
  just boolean (gc and ggcgo agree).

Per dsymonds' suggestion.

R=r, rsc, ken, iant, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6333057

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:48 +10:00
Russ Cox
3b81bac147 [release-branch.go1] runtime: detect hash map collision problems
««« backport f99b9475b914
runtime: detect hash map collision problems

This can only happen if the hash function we're using is getting
far more than it's fair share of collisions, but that has happened
to us repeatedly as we've expanded the allowed use cases for
hash tables (issue 1544, issue 2609, issue 2630, issue 2883, issue 3695).
Maybe this will help the next time we try something new.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6306083

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:47 +10:00
Han-Wen Nienhuys
fd70e5dd66 [release-branch.go1] os: make POSIX StartProcess work with chroot again.
««« backport 2aaa88600d48
os: make POSIX StartProcess work with chroot again.

Skip directory check in startProcess in the presence of
SysProcAttr.

Fixes #3649.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6297083

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:47 +10:00
Russ Cox
e409b76bb8 [release-branch.go1] CONTRIBUTORS: add Han-Wen Nienhuys (Google CLA)
««« backport d4b91c10aa5e
CONTRIBUTORS: add Han-Wen Nienhuys (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6327054

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:46 +10:00
Dave Cheney
de4d684429 [release-branch.go1] runtime: avoid r9/r10 during memmove
««« backport 5ca8acc84025
runtime: avoid r9/r10 during memmove

Fixes #3718.

Requires CL 6300043.

R=rsc, minux.ma, extraterrestrial.neighbour
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6305100

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:46 +10:00
Dave Cheney
ad8ecb7d82 [release-branch.go1] runtime: avoid r9/r10 during memset
««« backport 572efb136b1a
runtime: avoid r9/r10 during memset

Partially fixes issue 3718.

R=golang-dev, rsc, minux.ma
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6300043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:45 +10:00
David Symonds
5ba3b575bb [release-branch.go1] flag: fix indexing doc.
««« backport 6ca4825bc867
flag: fix indexing doc.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6341046

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:45 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
a1bfd04394 [release-branch.go1] net/http: fix doc inaccuracy and typo; tighten test
««« backport 60041e23de38
net/http: fix doc inaccuracy and typo; tighten test

Note url.Error wrapping, and s/issue/issuing/.

Fixes #3724

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6294093

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:45 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
4aaf800fd7 [release-branch.go1] runtime: fix struct Sigaction for Linux/386
««« backport 645947213cac
runtime: fix struct Sigaction for Linux/386
        We need to use kernel headers to generate defs_linux_$GOARCH.h

R=golang-dev, dave, alex.brainman, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6296091

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:44 +10:00
David G. Andersen
133727bd0c [release-branch.go1] net/rpc: fix typo in documentation, clarify semantics of error return
««« backport ef713d7587f2
net/rpc: fix typo in documentation, clarify semantics of error return

Several of my students were confused by trying to use both the error
return and a reply return, so I figured it was worth explicitly clarifying
that returning an error overrides the reply.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6327051

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:44 +10:00
David G. Andersen
e67e930344 [release-branch.go1] encoding/json: fix minor typo in documentation for Marshal
««« backport 093dcfc4d307
encoding/json: fix minor typo in documentation for Marshal

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6325053

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:43 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
4cc0efc468 [release-branch.go1] doc: put A Tour of Go video on the front page
««« backport a95bedca6dae
doc: put A Tour of Go video on the front page

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6337047

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:43 +10:00
Mats Lidell
e84e197cca [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: Replace replace-{string|regexp} for XEmacs compatible code
««« backport d730d2e4733d
misc/emacs: Replace replace-{string|regexp} for XEmacs compatible code

Use code to be used in lisp programs as suggested in the doc strings for
replace-{string|regexp}. Bonus: This code works for XEmacs.

R=golang-dev, sameer, jmeurin
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6296073

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:42 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
fbf580a3bc [release-branch.go1] doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals: fix typo
««« backport 5b56c2c0597f
doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals: fix typo
        Fixes #3753.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6304097

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:42 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
c8e6fca26b [release-branch.go1] runtime: fix struct Sigaction for Linux/ARM
««« backport 6eefce99091e
runtime: fix struct Sigaction for Linux/ARM
        if we were to use sizeof(sa.sa_mask) instead of 8 as the last argument
        to rt_sigaction, we would have already fixed this bug, so also updated
        Linux/386 and Linux/amd64 files to use that; also test the return value
        of rt_sigaction.

R=dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6297087

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:41 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
34141f7c1b [release-branch.go1] net/http: clarify client return values in docs
««« backport f7839a55036e
net/http: clarify client return values in docs

Also, fixes one violation found during testing where both
response and error could be non-nil when a CheckRedirect test
failed.  This is arguably a minor API (behavior, not
signature) change, but it wasn't documented either way and was
inconsistent & non-Go like.  Any code depending on the old
behavior was wrong anyway.

R=adg, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6307088

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:41 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
3046fc9754 [release-branch.go1] go/ast: multiple "blank" imports are permitted
««« backport 2033e1b11a20
go/ast: multiple "blank" imports are permitted

R=rsc, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6303099

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:40 +10:00
Marcel van Lohuizen
002a3b4722 [release-branch.go1] bytes: fixed typo.
««« backport a3c2d3c41c45
bytes: fixed typo.

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6301096

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:40 +10:00
Adam Langley
2eb00d042e [release-branch.go1] A+C: Christine Hansmann (individual CLA)
««« backport 4086a221c497
A+C: Christine Hansmann (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6312045

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:39 +10:00
Robert Griesemer
0352cdb054 [release-branch.go1] go/ast: Walk: do not walk comment list
««« backport 5e3661048f2e
go/ast: Walk: do not walk comment list

A comment to that effect was introduced
with rev d332f4b9cef5 but the respective
code wasn't deleted.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6304086

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:39 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
53538d8ad3 [release-branch.go1] doc: delete Mercurial Queues doc
««« backport 47e7c99fbe87
doc: delete Mercurial Queues doc
        Fixes #3716.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6310044

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:39 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
69a3887662 [release-branch.go1] crypto/elliptic: fix doc typo
««« backport 9f9c0363f0ed
crypto/elliptic: fix doc typo
        Fixes #3735.

R=golang-dev, agl
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6301083

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:38 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
5557e72b70 [release-branch.go1] net/http: use index.html modtime (not directory) for If-Modified-Since
««« backport c536f328c34b
net/http: use index.html modtime (not directory) for If-Modified-Since

Thanks to Håvid Falch for finding the problem.

Fixes #3414

R=r, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6300081

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:38 +10:00
Russ Cox
63608ff3be [release-branch.go1] runtime: replace runtime·rnd function with ROUND macro
««« backport 722bb90ae3ee
runtime: replace runtime·rnd function with ROUND macro

It's sad to introduce a new macro, but rnd shows up consistently
in profiles, and the function call overwhelms the two arithmetic
instructions it performs.

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6260051

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:37 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
1f107b58f7 [release-branch.go1] net/http: fix response Connection: close, close client connections
««« backport 4c333000f50b
net/http: fix response Connection: close, close client connections

Fixes #3663
Updates #3540 (fixes it more)
Updates #1967 (fixes it more, re-enables a test)

R=golang-dev, n13m3y3r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6213064

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:37 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
299e7d20a3 [release-branch.go1] net/http: fix regression and mute known test failure for now
««« backport c3cbd6798cc7
net/http: fix regression and mute known test failure for now

Two tests added in 820ffde8c are expected to fail until the fix
for Issue 3540 goes back in (pending Windows net fixes), so
make those tests just Logf for now, with a TODO to re-enable.

Add a new client test.

Rearrange the transport code to be more readable, and fix the
bug from 820ffde8c where the persistConn was being closed before
the body was fully ready.

Fixes #3644
Updates #1967 (not yet fixed, but should be after Issue 3540)

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6211069

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:36 +10:00
James Gray
4900af0839 [release-branch.go1] net/http: non-keepalive connections close successfully
««« backport 820ffde8c396
net/http: non-keepalive connections close successfully

Connections did not close if Request.Close or Response.Close was true. This meant that if the user wanted the connection to close, or if the server requested it via "Connection: close", the connection would not be closed.

Fixes #1967.

R=golang-dev, rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6201044

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:36 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
6e3205f519 [release-branch.go1] net/http: ignore paths on CONNECT requests in ServeMux
««« backport 8eae6e390d20
net/http: ignore paths on CONNECT requests in ServeMux

Fixes #3538

R=golang-dev, adg, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6117058

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:35 +10:00
Anthony Martin
59db4e26d2 [release-branch.go1] os: avoid panic when testing errors on Plan 9
««« backport 99b8351bfb9e
os: avoid panic when testing errors on Plan 9

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, akumar
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6017043

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:35 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
2898687794 [release-branch.go1] 5c, 6c, 8c: take GOROOT_FINAL into consideration
««« backport 016c4fefed77
5c, 6c, 8c: take GOROOT_FINAL into consideration

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5936050

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:34 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
cb71577d10 [release-branch.go1] 5a, 6a, 8a: take GOROOT_FINAL into consideration
««« backport a608a03df703
5a, 6a, 8a: take GOROOT_FINAL into consideration

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5940052

»»»
2012-09-22 05:53:32 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
cb6c6570b7 [release-branch.go1] syscall: fix windows build
««« CL 6303061 / 17432a753e50
syscall: fix windows build

TBR=bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6303061
»»»

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6295080
2012-06-14 12:50:42 +10:00
Russ Cox
d0eabe2bbf [release-branch.go1] syscall: fix GetCurrentProcessId symbol name on Windows 2012-06-13 22:06:57 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
75fff72d44 [release-branch.go1] doc: document go1.0.2
««« CL 6298079 / a19665fe6f33
doc: document go1.0.2

R=golang-dev, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6298079
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6302076
2012-06-14 11:50:00 +10:00
Russ Cox
5d333a6de5 [release-branch.go1] update VERSION to go1.0.2 2012-06-13 16:25:02 -04:00
Russ Cox
596e6f390b [release-branch.go1] syscall: unexport GetCurrentProcessId on Windows 2012-06-13 16:25:01 -04:00
Jan Ziak
96ab6e4a84 [release-branch.go1] runtime: improved continuity in hash computation
««« backport c8d163b7930e
runtime: improved continuity in hash computation

Fixes #3695.

R=r, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6304062

»»»
2012-06-13 16:25:00 -04:00
Jean-Marc Eurin
4a0549ffc6 [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: Fix a failure when /tmp/<file>.go exists.
««« backport 903a3cdd92cf
misc/emacs: Fix a failure when /tmp/<file>.go exists.

R=sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6296060

»»»
2012-06-13 16:25:00 -04:00
Jean-Marc Eurin
95c8f44f3a [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: Fix the automatic gofmt when creating a new file.
««« backport 5b4920fe3605
misc/emacs: Fix the automatic gofmt when creating a new file.

Patching the buffer with the output from gofmt -d only works if
the file already exists. If it doesn't, replace the content with
the output of gofmt.

R=sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6302063

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:59 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
687e047b14 [release-branch.go1] encoding/gob: fix doc typo
««« backport d34766b79c5e
encoding/gob: fix doc typo

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6300078

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:58 -04:00
Russ Cox
2117541627 [release-branch.go1] syscall: revert API changes in Windows Win32finddata fix.
««« backport 7a7a91c3da32
syscall: revert API changes in Windows Win32finddata fix.

Preserve old API by using correct struct in system call
and then copying the results, as we did for SetsockoptLinger.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6307065

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:57 -04:00
Russ Cox
1ddbfeedae [release-branch.go1] cmd/api: handle empty API file, ignore -next in release
««« backport 8e7ad2db0833
cmd/api: handle empty API file, ignore -next in release

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6298063

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:56 -04:00
Russ Cox
e819613d08 [release-branch.go1] regexp/syntax: unexport ErrUnexpectedParen
««« backport b4cdcec897fb
regexp/syntax: unexport ErrUnexpectedParen

This new error is the only API change in the current draft of
Go 1.0.2 CLs. I'd like to include the CL that introduced it,
because it replaces a mysterious 'internal error' with a
useful error message, but I don't want any API changes,
so unexport the error constant for now. It can be
re-exported for Go 1.1.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6294055

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:55 -04:00
Dave Cheney
ef902f8c8e [release-branch.go1] cmd/5c, cmd/5g, cmd/5l: fix cross compilation failure on darwin
««« backport 432f2b7f5458
cmd/5c, cmd/5g, cmd/5l: fix cross compilation failure on darwin

Fixes #3708.

The fix to allow 5{c,g,l} to compile under clang 3.1 broke cross
compilation on darwin using the Apple default compiler on 10.7.3.

This failure was introduced in 9b455eb64690.

This has been tested by cross compiling on darwin/amd64 to linux/arm using

* gcc version 4.2.1 (Based on Apple Inc. build 5658) (LLVM build 2336.1.00)
* clang version 3.1 (branches/release_31)

As well as on linux/arm using

* gcc version 4.6.3 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5)
* Ubuntu clang version 3.0-6ubuntu3 (tags/RELEASE_30/final) (based on LLVM 3.0)
* Debian clang version 3.1-4 (branches/release_31) (based on LLVM 3.1)

R=consalus, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6307058

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:54 -04:00
Russ Cox
2c396a8f4a [release-branch.go1] cmd/cgo: make Go code order deterministic
««« backport 319a9f3330d0
cmd/cgo: make Go code order deterministic

The type declarations were being generated using
a range over a map, which meant that successive
runs produced different orders. This will make sure
successive runs produce the same files.

Fixes #3707.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6300062

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:54 -04:00
Russ Cox
5169191e96 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: limit data disassembly to -SS
««« backport 14ce24bcd818
cmd/gc: limit data disassembly to -SS

This makes -S useful again.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6302054

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:53 -04:00
Russ Cox
a2f13c8cf2 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix LEAQ $0, SI bug
««« backport c4a344d25b87
cmd/gc: fix LEAQ $0, SI bug

Cannot take effective address of constant.

Fixes #3670.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6299055

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:52 -04:00
Russ Cox
0d5061ac95 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix type checking loop
««« backport e69400ace361
cmd/gc: fix type checking loop

CL 4313064 fixed its test case but did not address a
general enough problem:

type T1 struct { F *T2 }
type T2 T1
type T3 T2

could still end up copying the definition of T1 for T2
before T1 was done being evaluated, or T3 before T2
was done.

In order to propagate the updates correctly,
record a copy of an incomplete type for re-execution
once the type is completed. Roll back CL 4313064.

Fixes #3709.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev, lstoakes
https://golang.org/cl/6301059

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:51 -04:00
Russ Cox
61364c1b97 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: delete dead code
««« backport 721d528a4e91
cmd/gc: delete dead code

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6307050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:50 -04:00
Russ Cox
a56e41d518 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: do not crash on struct with _ field
««« backport af07f1cd12dc
cmd/gc: do not crash on struct with _ field

Fixes #3607.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6296052

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:49 -04:00
Russ Cox
4bc9ddf82f [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: preserve side effects during inlining of function with _ argument
««« backport 0ba8e27c7b87
cmd/gc: preserve side effects during inlining of function with _ argument

Fixes #3593.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev, lvd
https://golang.org/cl/6305061

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:49 -04:00
Russ Cox
dc0f7d6fde [release-branch.go1] encoding/json: fix panic unmarshaling into non-nil interface value
««« backport bee83c1509a3
encoding/json: fix panic unmarshaling into non-nil interface value

Fixes #3614.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6306051

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:48 -04:00
Russ Cox
cec2715018 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: mark output of typename as type-checked
««« backport d39a44280dd3
cmd/gc: mark output of typename as type-checked

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6302051

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:47 -04:00
Daniel Morsing
24ee3e4eef [release-branch.go1] fmt: fix doc typo
««« backport 76f136192aac
fmt: fix doc typo

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6308046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:46 -04:00
Russ Cox
0db7bc2ed8 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Daniel Morsing (individual CLA)
««« backport a47632179cb7
A+C: Daniel Morsing (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6307048

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:45 -04:00
Russ Cox
2ed8b2011d [release-branch.go1] A+C: Markus Sonderegger (individual CLA)
««« backport a6e2b17a16d7
A+C: Markus Sonderegger (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6303047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:44 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
d261dc39aa [release-branch.go1] build: restore PATH before "dist banner"
««« backport 2787cca7ac8f
build: restore PATH before "dist banner"
        Fixes #3699.

R=golang-dev, r, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6272048

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:44 -04:00
Dave Cheney
d4a15ab8ca [release-branch.go1] cmd/5c, cmd/5g, cmd/5l: fix array indexing warning under Clang 3.1
««« backport 9b455eb64690
cmd/5c, cmd/5g, cmd/5l: fix array indexing warning under Clang 3.1

This should be the last of them.

R=golang-dev, minux.ma, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6297043

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:43 -04:00
Rémy Oudompheng
3a9bd603ed [release-branch.go1] cmd/[568]g: correct freeing of allocated Regs.
««« backport f1028a23b059
cmd/[568]g: correct freeing of allocated Regs.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6281050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:42 -04:00
Robert Griesemer
9f0345c4ec [release-branch.go1] go spec: clarify promotion rules for methods/fields of anonymous fields
««« backport ae0301294b9b
go spec: clarify promotion rules for methods/fields of anonymous fields

Fixes #3635.

R=rsc, r, iant, kevlar, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6217045

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:41 -04:00
Russ Cox
0508326926 [release-branch.go1] doc/install: we don't print 'The compiler is 6g' anymore
««« backport 008b163fb38a
doc/install: we don't print 'The compiler is 6g' anymore

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6273050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:40 -04:00
Ryan Barrett
1ba00e32da [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: make compilation-mode's next-error understand test failure output.
««« backport f469c9d212c4
misc/emacs: make compilation-mode's next-error understand test failure output.

specifically, adds a go-test element to compilation-error-regexp-alist[-alist].
Fixes #3629.

R=golang-dev, rsc, sameer
CC=golang-dev, jba
https://golang.org/cl/6197091

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:40 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
4c35c0b498 [release-branch.go1] api: add Linux/ARM to go1 API
««« backport 5538444d6f32
api: add Linux/ARM to go1 API
It's very unfortunate that the type of Data field of struct
RawSockaddr is [14]uint8 on Linux/ARM instead of [14]int8
on all the others.
btw, it should be [14]int8 according to my header files.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6275050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:39 -04:00
Mikio Hara
0a6b1d66f6 [release-branch.go1] path/filepath: fix test
««« backport 912fdfb20cc6
path/filepath: fix test

Make it possible to run test over symlinked GOROOT.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6268046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:38 -04:00
Alex Brainman
f384564778 [release-branch.go1] syscall: correct Win32finddata definition
««« backport 45d1063d8520
syscall: correct Win32finddata definition

Fixes #3685.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6261053

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:37 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
47c317c50b [release-branch.go1] syscall: fix 32-bit uid calls
««« backport 31e36672e3df
syscall: fix 32-bit uid calls
        16-bit uid calls are not always supported in newer kernels.

R=dave, rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6279047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:36 -04:00
Jan Mercl
c30e746666 [release-branch.go1] path/filepath: implement documented SkipDir behavior
««« backport 4ef88bab4b0d
path/filepath: implement documented SkipDir behavior

Currently walk() doesn't check for err == SkipDir when iterating
a directory list, but such promise is made in the docs for WalkFunc.

Fixes #3486.

R=rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6257059

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:35 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
01faffd009 [release-branch.go1] api: add FreeBSD to go1 API
««« backport d8e47164f8dd
api: add FreeBSD to go1 API

Now that gri has made go/parser 15% faster, I offer this
change to slow back down cmd/api ~proportionately, adding
FreeBSD to the go1-checked set of platforms.

Really we should have done this earlier. This will prevent us
from breaking FreeBSD compatibility accidentally in the
future.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6279044

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:34 -04:00
Ryan Barrett
8da546a3cf [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: stop go-mode from spuriously marking the buffer modified when it loads
««« backport f0fc2ba71361
misc/emacs: stop go-mode from spuriously marking the buffer modified when it loads

R=golang-dev, sameer, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev, jba
https://golang.org/cl/6213056

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:34 -04:00
Sameer Ajmani
95cffc1227 [release-branch.go1] CONTRIBUTORS: Add Ryan Barrett (Google CLA)
««« backport d7030ef36339
CONTRIBUTORS: Add Ryan Barrett (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6244071

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:33 -04:00
Rob Pike
c558dc787d [release-branch.go1] regexp: fix a couple of bugs in the documentation
««« backport 97295af6ee9b
regexp: fix a couple of bugs in the documentation
Byte slices are not strings.

Fixes #3687.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6257074

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:32 -04:00
Ivan Krasin
5fc093e3c0 [release-branch.go1] compress/flate: fix overflow on 2GB input. Reset hashOffset every 16 MB.
««« backport 00a1ca1ea3bd
compress/flate: fix overflow on 2GB input. Reset hashOffset every 16 MB.

This bug has been introduced in the following revision:

changeset:   11404:26dceba5c610
user:        Ivan Krasin <krasin@golang.org>
date:        Mon Jan 23 09:19:39 2012 -0500
summary:     compress/flate: reduce memory pressure at cost of additional arithmetic operation.

This is the review page for that CL: https://golang.org/cl/5555070/

R=rsc, imkrasin
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6249067

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:31 -04:00
Mats Lidell
19af0b28c5 [release-branch.go1] go-mode: Works for both GNU-Emacs and XEmacs-21.5
««« backport 83f7ee1fa792
go-mode: Works for both GNU-Emacs and XEmacs-21.5

Fixes some portability issues between the Emacsen.

R=golang-dev, sameer, bradfitz, ryanb
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206043

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:30 -04:00
Sameer Ajmani
56ef99d910 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Mats Lidell. He signed the agreement with the Sweden email
««« backport 700728feacc8
A+C: add Mats Lidell.  He signed the agreement with the Sweden email
address, but his changelist is under the Gmail address.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6248069

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:30 -04:00
Jean-Marc Eurin
39c6f00c9a [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: Use patch output of gofmt instead of replacing the buffer.
««« backport 6c2e9ed1f714
misc/emacs: Use patch output of gofmt instead of replacing the buffer.

This uses the patch output of gofmt (-d option) and applies each
chunk to the buffer, instead of replacing the whole buffer.  The
main advantage is that the undo history is kept across gofmt'ings,
so it can really be used as a before-save-hook.

R=sameer, sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6198047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:29 -04:00
Rémy Oudompheng
f12183ff6a [release-branch.go1] runtime: do not unset the special bit after finalization.
««« backport 4a10c887bb3e
runtime: do not unset the special bit after finalization.

A block with finalizer might also be profiled. The special bit
is needed to unregister the block from the profile. It will be
unset only when the block is freed.

Fixes #3668.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6249066

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:28 -04:00
Peter Kleiweg
c8ba37cf37 [release-branch.go1] Emacs go-mode: don't indent the inside of strings.
««« backport 8888febbe757
Emacs go-mode: don't indent the inside of strings.

Two fixes for indentation problems:

1. Properly recognize multi-line strings. These start with `, not ".

2. Don't indent a line if the beginning of the line is the end of a multi-line string. This happened for instance when inserting a closing bracket after a multi-line string.

R=sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6157044

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:27 -04:00
Dmitriy Vyukov
d0176e77e7 [release-branch.go1] time: fix deadlock in Sleep(0)
««« backport 085b20e6e0aa
time: fix deadlock in Sleep(0)
See time/sleep_test.go for repro.

R=golang-dev, r, rsc
CC=golang-dev, patrick.allen.higgins
https://golang.org/cl/6250072

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:26 -04:00
Mikio Hara
35a1aa0420 [release-branch.go1] net: fix comment on FileListener
««« backport 3dfcac5f8254
net: fix comment on FileListener

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6242067

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:26 -04:00
Peter Kleiweg
4fcdfe1eb6 [release-branch.go1] Emacs go-mode: fix Emacs freeze-up when copy/pasting from string or comment.
««« backport 798239220647
Emacs go-mode: fix Emacs freeze-up when copy/pasting from string or comment.

Fixes #3509.
Fixes #2767.

R=golang-dev, sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6139066

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:25 -04:00
Sameer Ajmani
90f1a852dc [release-branch.go1] A+C: Peter Kleiweg (individual CLA)
««« backport 771b60b029d4
A+C: Peter Kleiweg (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6260049

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:24 -04:00
Alexey Borzenkov
71b3ca0817 [release-branch.go1] net/http: reuse http proxy connections for different http requests
««« backport d0bc02d414c7
net/http: reuse http proxy connections for different http requests

Comment on cache keys above connectMethod says "http to proxy, http
anywhere after that", however in reality target address was always
included, which prevented http requests to different target
addresses to reuse the same http proxy connection.

R=golang-dev, r, rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5901064

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:23 -04:00
Alex Brainman
6835ec91dd [release-branch.go1] syscall: simplify text returned by Errno.Error() when FormatMessage fails
««« backport ac7250065a04
syscall: simplify text returned by Errno.Error() when FormatMessage fails

Fixes #3623.

R=golang-dev, bsiegert, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6218072

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:22 -04:00
Russ Cox
920ebab03c [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix parallel assignment in range
««« backport 2252777854d2
cmd/gc: fix parallel assignment in range

for expr1, expr2 = range slice
was assigning to expr1 and expr2 in sequence
instead of in parallel.  Now it assigns in parallel,
as it should.  This matters for things like
for i, x[i] = range slice.

Fixes #3464.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6252048

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:21 -04:00
Russ Cox
dfb11495b5 [release-branch.go1] runtime: handle and test large map values
««« backport 98488e2e38ee
runtime: handle and test large map values

This is from CL 5451105 but was dropped from that CL.
See also CL 6137051.

The only change compared to 5451105 is to check for
h != nil in reflect·mapiterinit; allowing use of nil maps
must have happened after that original CL.

Fixes #3573.

R=golang-dev, dave, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6215078

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:21 -04:00
Robert Griesemer
73052c1d6c [release-branch.go1] strconv: better documentation for FormatInt, FormatUint.
««« backport e2e4e44b1804
strconv: better documentation for FormatInt, FormatUint.

Fixes #3580.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6252047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:20 -04:00
Bill Thiede
c8e2ccdc9c [release-branch.go1] net/mail: more liberal parsing of Date headers.
««« backport e995a1bfe589
net/mail: more liberal parsing of Date headers.
Fixes #3639.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6243045

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:19 -04:00
David Symonds
ce85383682 [release-branch.go1] C: Bill Thiede (Google CLA)
««« backport 2088c4af2ff8
C: Bill Thiede (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6257050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:18 -04:00
Rob Pike
f5ef888ce9 [release-branch.go1] runtime: fix docs for Caller and Callers
««« backport 443c7a2dabe9
runtime: fix docs for Caller and Callers
The previous attempt to explain this got it backwards (all the more reason to be
sad we couldn't make the two functions behave the same).

Fixes #3669.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6249051

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:17 -04:00
Russ Cox
84d3dc5a93 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix small integer bounds check bug
««« backport 967ae8baf398
cmd/gc: fix small integer bounds check bug

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6254046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:17 -04:00
Robert Griesemer
ea2a0ad508 [release-branch.go1] spec: clarify evaluation order of "i, x[i] = range ..."
««« backport 1c4d1ba268ca
spec: clarify evaluation order of "i, x[i] = range ..."

Part of fix for issue 3464.

R=golang-dev, rsc, mirtchovski, iant, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6246045

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:16 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
b260999d4c [release-branch.go1] cmd/cc: fix uint right shift in constant evaluation
««« backport aa2d2fa1e5a9
cmd/cc: fix uint right shift in constant evaluation
        Fixes #3664.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6249048

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:15 -04:00
David Symonds
536be05e32 [release-branch.go1] flag: include flag name in redefinition panic.
««« backport 64a249c65d51
flag: include flag name in redefinition panic.

R=golang-dev, rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6250043

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:14 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
7de2fc41a2 [release-branch.go1] encoding/json: documentation fix
««« backport 258d7ab64d9a
encoding/json: documentation fix

Fixes #3650

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6238046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:13 -04:00
Robert Griesemer
0d814d213e [release-branch.go1] go/parser: resolve all parameter types
««« backport 0a76445053e5
go/parser: resolve all parameter types

Fixes #3655.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6213065

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:12 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
88c11420a3 [release-branch.go1] cmd/api: add flag to specify contexts
««« backport 287685288ce1
cmd/api: add flag to specify contexts

I needed this to explore per-GOOS/GOARCH differences in pkg
syscall for a recent CL.  Others may find it useful too.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6236046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:12 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
3c10f29757 [release-branch.go1] net/http: clarify ErrBodyNotAllowed error message
««« backport fe8549b7050a
net/http: clarify ErrBodyNotAllowed error message

It's usually due to writing on HEAD requests.

R=golang-dev, rsc, r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206106

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:11 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
40960a55c3 [release-branch.go1] cmd/api: add api/next.txt
««« backport 1098c239b9ad
cmd/api: add api/next.txt

This quiets all.bash noise for upcoming features we know about.

The all.bash warnings will now only print for things not in next.txt
(or in next.txt but not in the API).

Once an API is frozen, we rename next.txt to a new frozen file
(like go1.txt)

Fixes #3651

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6218069

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:10 -04:00
Ugorji Nwoke
cee42ca53b [release-branch.go1] text/template: exec should accept interface value as valid.
««« backport 4c05c319570b
text/template: exec should accept interface value as valid.

Currently, if you pass some data to a template as an interface (e.g. interface{})
and extract that value that value as a parameter for a function, it fails, saying
wrong type.

This is because it is only looking at the interface type, not the interface content.

This CL uses the underlying content as the parameter to the func.

Fixes #3642.

R=golang-dev, r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6218052

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:09 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
adb732b5fd [release-branch.go1] runtime: support conditional execution in ARM softfloat
««« backport 87ef5e0baaf5
runtime: support conditional execution in ARM softfloat
        Fixes #3638.

R=golang-dev, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6213057

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:08 -04:00
Russ Cox
b503008c9d [release-branch.go1] unicode: fix comment about variable types
««« backport 40104e4c312d
unicode: fix comment about variable types

In both the web and command line tool,
the comment is shown after the declaration.
But in the code the comment is obviously before.
Make the text not refer to a specific order.

R=r, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206094

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:08 -04:00
Robert Griesemer
03fab00ed0 [release-branch.go1] go/ast: document CommentGroup.Text and add test case.
««« backport 3446429f1ec4
go/ast: document CommentGroup.Text and add test case.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206096

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:07 -04:00
Robert Griesemer
b7250b205a [release-branch.go1] go/parser: fix comment grouping (day 1 bug)
««« backport afbf8db1baf4
go/parser: fix comment grouping (day 1 bug)

Comment groups must end at the end of a line (or the
next non-comment token) if the group started on a line
with non-comment tokens.

This is important for correct computation of "lead"
and "line" comments (Doc and Comment fields in AST nodes).

Without this fix, the "line" comment for F1 in the
following example:

type T struct {
     F1 int // comment1
     // comment2
     F2 int
}

is "// comment1// comment2" rather than just "// comment1".

This bug was present from Day 1 but only visible when
looking at export-filtered ASTs where only comments
associated with AST nodes are printed, and only in rare
cases (e.g, in the case above, if F2 where not exported,
godoc would show "// comment2" anyway because it was
considered part of the "line" comment for F1).

The bug fix is very small (parser.go). The bulk of the
changes are additional test cases (parser_test.go).

The fix exposed a caching bug in go/printer via one of the
existing tests, hence the changes to printer.go.

As an aside, the fix removes the the need for empty lines
before an "// Output" comment for some special cases of
code examples (e.g.: src/pkg/strings/example_test.go, Count
example).

No impact on gofmt formatting of src, misc.

Fixes #3139.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6209080

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:06 -04:00
Alexey Borzenkov
603ace6f8a [release-branch.go1] net/url: better parsing of urls with @ symbol in authority
««« backport 89a9ef95c8db
net/url: better parsing of urls with @ symbol in authority

Fixes #3439

R=r, rsc, dsymonds, n13m3y3r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206090

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:05 -04:00
Adam Langley
aea18fe74b [release-branch.go1] crypto/ecdsa: fix case where p != 0 mod 8 and the hash length < p.
««« backport 465e0f78dbfe
crypto/ecdsa: fix case where p != 0 mod 8 and the hash length < p.

I made a typo which breaks P-521.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6219057

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:04 -04:00
Russ Cox
eae44968e3 [release-branch.go1] crypto/rsa: add SHA-224 hash prefix
««« backport c6213d8a9118
crypto/rsa: add SHA-224 hash prefix

http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2125:

NOTE: A new OID has been defined for the combination
of the v1.5 signature scheme and the SHA-224 hash function:
        sha224WithRSAEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
Like the other sha*WithRSAEncryption OIDs in PKCS #1 v2.1,
this OID has NULL parameters.
The DigestInfo encoding for SHA-224 (see Section 9.2, Note 1) is:
        (0x)30 2d 30 0d 06 09 60 86 48 01 65 03 04 02 04 05 00 04 1c || H

R=golang-dev, agl
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6208076

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:03 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
f5a5f17847 [release-branch.go1] net/http: fix duplicate status code in Response.Write
««« backport aad801637707
net/http: fix duplicate status code in Response.Write

Fixes #3636

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6203094

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:03 -04:00
Volker Dobler
6a87464709 [release-branch.go1] net/http: add cookies from jar to POST request.
««« backport 05fc2ee43b46
net/http: add cookies from jar to POST request.

The main content of this CL is a test case checking the reported
issue 3511 and a tiny fix for it.  A subsequent CL will refactor
the fix as proposed issue 3511.

Fixes #3511.

R=golang-dev, steven.hartland, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6013049

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:02 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
ed3ffb7013 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add James Gray (Individual CLA)
««« backport e7ed6a89a78e
A+C: add James Gray (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6213055

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:01 -04:00
Adam Langley
3d8275cc3a [release-branch.go1] A+C: b@b3k.us
««« backport f0a9aa408d21
A+C: b@b3k.us

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6220050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:24:00 -04:00
Maxim Pimenov
8516b743a8 [release-branch.go1] go/build: fix some comments
««« backport 85e153815747
go/build: fix some comments

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6217044

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:59 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
c7b02ba811 [release-branch.go1] api: undo go1.txt additions made by 27d0a516b7eb
««« backport d263b323e582
api: undo go1.txt additions made by 27d0a516b7eb

We don't change go1.txt.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206080

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:58 -04:00
Russ Cox
31ccae9af8 [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: fix typo
««« backport 9942561a3fe2
cmd/go: fix typo

Fixes #3619.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6211055

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:58 -04:00
Benny Siegert
dcd49f5eaf [release-branch.go1] log: fix typo in comment
««« backport 847b8d48b873
log: fix typo in comment

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6195096

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:56 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
2f89bfbf8e [release-branch.go1] doc/install: document minimum system requirements
««« backport 46a117d22ce2
doc/install: document minimum system requirements
        Partly copied from CL 5685076.

R=golang-dev, adg, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112064

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:56 -04:00
Russ Cox
0c2ee38a0a [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: invoke godoc with import path when possible
««« backport 5b1e024a5e89
cmd/go: invoke godoc with import path when possible
Also add -n -x flags to doc, fmt, vet.
Also shorten unknown command error.

Fixes #3612.
Fixes #3613.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6211053

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:54 -04:00
Russ Cox
9fdd043517 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: make append(nil, x) error more precise
««« backport 4732bf6f874f
cmd/gc: make append(nil, x) error more precise

Before:
./x.go:6: first argument to append must be slice; have nil

After:
./x.go:6: first argument to append must be typed slice; have untyped nil

Fixes #3616.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6209067

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:54 -04:00
Jan Ziak
fd2dfebd88 [release-branch.go1] runtime: fix counting of free objects
««« backport 393bec50494e
runtime: fix counting of free objects

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6206056

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:53 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
bd0227bbec [release-branch.go1] mime/multipart: fix handling of empty parts without CRLF before next part
««« backport 32a8b0e41031
mime/multipart: fix handling of empty parts without CRLF before next part

Empty parts can be either of the form:

a) "--separator\r\n", header (w/ trailing 2xCRLF), \r\n "--separator"...
or
b) "--separator\r\n", header (w/ trailing 2xCRLF), "--separator"...

We never handled case b).  In fact the RFC seems kinda vague about
it, but browsers seem to do a), and App Engine's synthetic POST
bodies after blob uploads is of form b).

So handle them both, and add a bunch of tests.

(I can't promise these are the last fixes to multipart, especially
considering its history, but I'm growing increasingly confident at
least, and I've never submitted a multipart CL with known bugs
outstanding, including this time.)

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6212046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:52 -04:00
Jan Mercl
ff5f88f214 [release-branch.go1] regexp/syntax: replace internal error on unexpected ) w/ ErrUnexpectedParen
««« backport 27d0a516b7eb
regexp/syntax: replace internal error on unexpected ) w/ ErrUnexpectedParen

Unbalanced extra right parenthesis produced an internal error instead of
a more descriptive one.

Fixes #3406.

R=r, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6201063

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:51 -04:00
Michael Gehring
dc2889c57e [release-branch.go1] crypto/tls: fix decoding of certLen in certificateMsg.unmarshal
««« backport bcfa9fc88361
crypto/tls: fix decoding of certLen in certificateMsg.unmarshal

certLen was decoded incorrectly if length > 2^16-1.

R=golang-dev, agl
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6197077

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:50 -04:00
Adam Langley
237b087af6 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Michael Gehring (individual CLA)
««« backport 086b6525aea6
A+C: add Michael Gehring (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6188076

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:49 -04:00
David Symonds
aceb23ef83 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Jan Ziak (individual CLA)
««« backport c6edd5218579
A+C: Jan Ziak (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6120047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:48 -04:00
Francisco Souza
52b822298e [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: fix remote help reference to "go help packages"
««« backport adc987ffdd99
cmd/go: fix remote help reference to "go help packages"

go help remote used to reference "go help importpath", which has
changed to "go help packages".

Fixes #3598.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6201065

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:48 -04:00
Nigel Tao
a53a74c204 [release-branch.go1] go: fix the import path "./..." not matching ".".
««« backport cdd1fa20bb08
go: fix the import path "./..." not matching ".".

Tested manually.

Fixes #3554.

Before:
$ cd $GOROOT/src/pkg
$ go list io
io
$ go list io/...
io
io/ioutil
$ cd $GOROOT/src/pkg/io
$ go list .
io
$ go list ./...
io/ioutil

After:
$ cd $GOROOT/src/pkg
$ go list io
io
$ go list io/...
io
io/ioutil
$ cd $GOROOT/src/pkg/io
$ go list .
io
$ go list ./...
io
io/ioutil
$ go list ././...
io
io/ioutil
$ go list ././.././io/...
io
io/ioutil
$ go list ../image
image
$ go list ../image/...
image
image/color
image/draw
image/gif
image/jpeg
image/png
$ go list ../.../template
html/template
text/template
$ cd $GOROOT/src/pkg
$ go list ./io
io
$ go list ./io/...
io
io/ioutil
$ go list ./.../pprof
net/http/pprof
runtime/pprof
$ go list ./compress
can't load package: package compress: no Go source files in /home/nigeltao/go/src/pkg/compress
$ go list ./compress/...
compress/bzip2
compress/flate
compress/gzip
compress/lzw
compress/zlib
$ cd $GOROOT/src/pkg/code.google.com
$ go list ./p/leveldb-go/...
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb/crc
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb/db
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb/memdb
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb/memfs
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb/record
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/leveldb/table
code.google.com/p/leveldb-go/manualtest/filelock
$ go list ./p/.../truetype
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/example/truetype
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/freetype/truetype
$ go list ./p/.../example
warning: "./p/.../example" matched no packages
$ go list ./p/.../example/...
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/example/freetype
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/example/gamma
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/example/raster
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/example/round
code.google.com/p/freetype-go/example/truetype
code.google.com/p/x-go-binding/example/imgview
code.google.com/p/x-go-binding/example/xgb

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6194056

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:47 -04:00
Russ Cox
87372e839e [release-branch.go1] crypto/aes: fix comment
««« backport d4f7f7438d1f
crypto/aes: fix comment

Fixes #3589.

R=golang-dev, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6190044

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:46 -04:00
Jean-Marc Eurin
a340c2a131 [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: Restore the window position after a successful gofmt.
««« backport 9d6693456f93
misc/emacs: Restore the window position after a successful gofmt.

This adds restoring the window position so that the buffer doesn't jump around after the erase/copy.

R=sameer
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5981055

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:45 -04:00
Sameer Ajmani
1927afba99 [release-branch.go1] C: correct entry: jmeurin, not jme.
««« backport 726c57a92c5d
C: correct entry: jmeurin, not jme.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev, jme, jmeurin
https://golang.org/cl/6192057

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:44 -04:00
Sameer Ajmani
cc52fe30c1 [release-branch.go1] C: Jeremy Ellington (Google CLA)
««« backport 448f98d1af28
C: Jeremy Ellington (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev, jme
https://golang.org/cl/6197058

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:43 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
c60564f59b [release-branch.go1] runtime: fix c compiler warning
««« backport e388ce51be75
runtime: fix c compiler warning

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6185047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:43 -04:00
Rémy Oudompheng
778529bd58 [release-branch.go1] math/big: fix superpolynomial complexity in Karatsuba algorithm.
««« backport 7873186d5774
math/big: fix superpolynomial complexity in Karatsuba algorithm.

benchmark                     old ns/op    new ns/op    delta
BenchmarkExp3Power0x10              732          734   +0.27%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x40              834          836   +0.24%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x100            1600         1579   -1.31%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x400            3478         3417   -1.75%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x1000          19388        19229   -0.82%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x4000         160274       156881   -2.12%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x10000       1552050      1372058  -11.60%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x40000      27328710     15216920  -44.32%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x100000    612349000    131407100  -78.54%
BenchmarkExp3Power0x400000  44073524000   1122195000  -97.45%

R=golang-dev, mtj, gri, rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6176043

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:42 -04:00
Michael Chaten
3cbadbd631 [release-branch.go1] encoding/json: Fix panic when trying to unmarshal the empty string into an integer
««« backport 7ee60b35f644
encoding/json: Fix panic when trying to unmarshal the empty string into an integer

Fixes #3450.

R=rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6035050

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:41 -04:00
Adam Langley
5ccc50c8d6 [release-branch.go1] crypto/x509: fix panic when using unavailable hash function.
««« backport d8d358ddc6e0
crypto/x509: fix panic when using unavailable hash function.

crypto.Hash.New() changed to panicking when the hash function isn't
linked in, but crypto/x509 still expects it to return nil.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6175047

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:40 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
fcfedc0117 [release-branch.go1] cmd/dist: remove stray src/pkg/runtime/z* when cleaning
««« backport 26fc3f8aa53e
cmd/dist: remove stray src/pkg/runtime/z* when cleaning

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, dave, rsc, lstoakes, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6180044

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:39 -04:00
Ian Lance Taylor
c08ef1339e [release-branch.go1] cgo: rename C names for Go types to avoid conflicting with package
««« backport d063a7844d48
cgo: rename C names for Go types to avoid conflicting with package

Fixes #3371.

R=rsc, bsiegert, r, mtj, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6131060

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:38 -04:00
Robert Hencke
db26f2a473 [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: do not ignore DepsErrors in 'go run'
««« backport 1d4d8324085b
cmd/go: do not ignore DepsErrors in 'go run'

Fixes #3490.

R=golang-dev, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6040046

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:38 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
7a4e18dbe6 [release-branch.go1] encoding/base64: don't ignore underlying souce read error in decode
««« backport 69c9477136d3
encoding/base64: don't ignore underlying souce read error in decode

Fixes #3577

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6137054

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:37 -04:00
Brian Dellisanti
43f2be4f4b [release-branch.go1] os/exec: close all internal descriptors when Cmd.Start() fails.
««« backport 9d046474e95a
os/exec: close all internal descriptors when Cmd.Start() fails.

This closes any internal descriptors (pipes, etc) that Cmd.Start() had
opened before it failed.

Fixes #3468.

R=golang-dev, iant, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5986044

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:36 -04:00
Ian Lance Taylor
2555bbfdd8 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Brian Dellisanti (individual CLA)
««« backport f63da4c9c6d7
A+C: add Brian Dellisanti (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bsiegert, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6127056

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:35 -04:00
Anthony Martin
0b4c5d7946 [release-branch.go1] path/filepath: fix typo
««« backport 6c742b3b04d1
path/filepath: fix typo

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6117063

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:33 -04:00
Dave Cheney
3a3d8826b4 [release-branch.go1] lib9: fix warning under clang 3.1
««« backport 73a10f76098b
lib9: fix warning under clang 3.1

Fixes #3534.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6035054

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:32 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
ec1cbabbac [release-branch.go1] syscall: support Getpid() on Windows
««« backport 6436d0889d29
syscall: support Getpid() on Windows
        Fixes #3379.

R=golang-dev, alex.brainman, rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5909043

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:31 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
fd30163bdb [release-branch.go1] cmd/api: allow addition of API
««« backport d7ef356b8c17
cmd/api: allow addition of API

R=bradfitz, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5991081

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:31 -04:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
8ac275bb01 [release-branch.go1] debug/gosym: in test, use temp binary name in /tmp, and clean up.
««« backport 5e1544310d03
debug/gosym: in test, use temp binary name in /tmp, and clean up.

This fixes all.bash on shared machines.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5992078

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:29 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
763858faca [release-branch.go1] build: run.bash no longer accepts --no-banner
««« backport bc79188b0281
build: run.bash no longer accepts --no-banner

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5986063

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:28 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
e983ddae2f [release-branch.go1] build: unset GOROOT_FINAL before tests
««« backport 4ee28b87fb90
build: unset GOROOT_FINAL before tests
        Fix the builders.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5976068

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:28 -04:00
Sameer Ajmani
2cdf371346 [release-branch.go1] misc/emacs: fix go-mode syntax table and whitespace handling.
««« backport d3896e6fb40e
misc/emacs: fix go-mode syntax table and whitespace handling.
- flag * and / as comment characters
- mark newline as a comment-ender
- include newline in go-mode-whitespace-p

Thanks Jonathan Amsterdam and Steve Yegge for the patch!

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev, jba, stevey
https://golang.org/cl/5938056

»»»
2012-06-13 16:23:24 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
2a9009f417 [release-branch.go1] undo CL 6118059 / 79503f11634a
Accidentally applied to release branch.

««« original CL description
misc/dist: drop repetition in filenames, default to release tag

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6118059
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6120056
2012-04-26 13:32:05 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
50be632ee4 misc/dist: drop repetition in filenames, default to release tag
R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6118059
2012-04-26 13:05:10 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
2fffba7fe1 go1.0.1
R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6121054
2012-04-26 12:50:14 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
1c15a46489 [release-branch.go1] doc: go1.0.1 release notes
««« CL 6123055 / fdfe4968b115
doc: go1.0.1 release notes

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6123055
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6109062
2012-04-26 12:29:08 -07:00
Shenghou Ma
318b29d661 [release-branch.go1] cmd/godoc: update App Engine README and script for Go 1
««« CL 5849053 / f68d1d478a97
cmd/godoc: update App Engine README and script for Go 1

R=adg, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5849053
»»»

Also applied !appengine build constrain to main.go from CL 5969063
so that the godoc app at release-branch.go1 will build and work properly.

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112063
2012-04-27 03:13:15 +08:00
Andrew Gerrand
c7a1baf1f0 [release-branch.go1] time: doc fix.
««« CL 6127050 / 6d5417240a0c
time: doc fix.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6127050
»»»

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6118057
2012-04-26 11:45:54 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
19b11c49a9 [release-branch.go1] doc: simplify the image_draw article example for converting an image to
««« CL 6119054 / a7183646b353
doc: simplify the image_draw article example for converting an image to
RGBA.

R=adg, r, bsiegert
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119054
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119056
2012-04-26 11:39:33 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
6b8d891e4e [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: new tag selection logic
««« CL 6112060 / bcd5635a53b0
cmd/go: new tag selection logic

The new logic is "use go1 if it's there, otherwise no tag."
Nothing needs to say "I require go1.0.1", and I want to
preserve some flexibility in defining what tags mean.

Right now (before go1.0.1) there is only one possible tag,
"go1", and I'd like to keep it that way.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112060
»»»

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6116059
2012-04-26 11:36:07 -07:00
Andrew Gerrand
cbffaffa6d [release-branch.go1] doc: update wiki article to use html/template properly.
««« CL 6116055 / d282c379aad7
doc: update wiki article to use html/template properly.

Fixes #3569.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6116055
»»»

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119055
2012-04-26 11:34:54 -07:00
Russ Cox
8f2d48993a [release-branch.go1] mime: make ParseMediaType return zero results on error
««« CL 6119051 / 1384d7510575
mime: make ParseMediaType return zero results on error

Fixes #3562

R=golang-dev, adg, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6119051
»»»

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6127045
2012-04-25 15:44:30 -04:00
Russ Cox
a8cea4cda0 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Akshat Kumar (individual CLA)
««« backport ca2868ad4611
A+C: Akshat Kumar (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6004043
»»»
2012-04-10 15:14:04 -04:00
Bobby Powers
342f4bf288 [release-branch.go1] encoding/json: allow punctuation in tag names
««« backport 233ff5d46b3d
encoding/json: allow punctuation in tag names

everything except backslash and the quote chars is fair game.

Fixes #3546.

R=rsc, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6048047

»»»
2012-04-25 14:33:33 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
b4ea696b49 [release-branch.go1] mime/multipart: report io.EOF correctly on part ending without newlines
««« backport 4ecca118488b
mime/multipart: report io.EOF correctly on part ending without newlines

If a part ends with "--boundary--", without a final "\r\n",
that's also a graceful EOF, and we should return io.EOF instead
of the fmt-wrapped io.EOF from bufio.Reader.ReadSlice.

I found this bug parsing an image attachment from gmail.
Minimal test case stripped down from the original
gmail-generated attachment included.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6118043
»»»
2012-04-23 22:26:48 -07:00
Rob Pike
c619931610 [release-branch.go1] path: document that Clean deletes trailing slashes.
««« backport ab273014412e
path: document that Clean deletes trailing slashes.

Fixes #3492.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6112044
»»»
2012-04-24 13:17:05 +10:00
Rémy Oudompheng
bff1a8a3b1 [release-branch.go1] net: fix typo in Listener.File() documentation
««« backport 0739e30d5df7
net: fix typo in Listener.File() documentation

R=golang-dev, dave, rsc
CC=golang-dev, remy
https://golang.org/cl/6097044
»»»
2012-04-24 01:27:19 +02:00
Luuk van Dijk
cb6f9ce4c7 [release-branch.go1] cmd/gc: fix addresses escaping through closures called in-place.
««« backport a890477d3dfb
cmd/gc: fix addresses escaping through closures called in-place.

Fixes #3545.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6061043

»»»
2012-04-23 15:39:01 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
01dce10cbf [release-branch.go1] doc: sync playground.js
««« backport 953b30b83997
doc: sync playground.js

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5956043
»»»
2012-04-03 08:10:21 +10:00
Rob Pike
86990145a6 [release-branch.go1] reflect: document and test TypeOf(nil)
««« backport 82aaf0925029
reflect: document and test TypeOf(nil)
Fixes #3549.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6107047
»»»
2012-04-23 12:07:02 +10:00
Dave Cheney
8b5350b8e4 [release-branch.go1] net: fix race between Close and Read
««« backport 5f24ff99b5f1
net: fix race between Close and Read

Fixes #3507.

Applied the suggested fix from rsc. If the connection
is in closing state then errClosing will bubble up to
the caller.

The fix has been applied to udp, ip and unix as well as
their code path include nil'ing c.fd on close. Func
tests are available in the linked issue that verified
the bug existed there as well.

R=rsc, fullung, alex.brainman, mikioh.mikioh
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6002053
»»»
2012-04-21 10:01:32 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
802ac98ffc [release-branch.go1] doc: don't wrap package names in directory listing
««« backport f4f63fb397c6
doc: don't wrap package names in directory listing

Fixes #3522.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6063054
»»»
2012-04-20 10:04:13 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
554316495f [release-branch.go1] net/http: add example for FileServer to mention StripPrefix
««« backport 362b760ecfc7
net/http: add example for FileServer to mention StripPrefix
        Fixes #3530.

R=golang-dev, rsc, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6032052
»»»
2012-04-20 00:41:10 +08:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
69a8369b87 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Bjorn Tillenius (Individual CLA)
««« backport b93d51d8ac36
A+C: add Bjorn Tillenius (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, kevlar
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6075045
»»»
2012-04-19 09:23:48 -07:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
56612a5dc8 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Add Michael Chaten (Individual CLA)
««« backport a08a6e660bf0
A+C: Add Michael Chaten (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, kevlar
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6075044
»»»
2012-04-19 09:18:49 -07:00
Benny Siegert
78bf569018 [release-branch.go1] doc/articles/image_draw.html: Change ColorImage to Uniform
««« backport a224d214002e
doc/articles/image_draw.html: Change ColorImage to Uniform

Fixes #3474.

R=nigeltao
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6048050

»»»
2012-04-19 11:04:42 +10:00
Adam Langley
5fe252d191 [release-branch.go1] encoding/asn1: allow lengths up to the maximum int value.
««« backport d088bc4e2e64
encoding/asn1: allow lengths up to the maximum int value.

Previously we capped lengths at 2**24 rather than 2**31.

R=golang-dev, r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6050050
»»»
2012-04-18 13:41:11 -04:00
David Symonds
dd58503eaf [release-branch.go1] flag: update style.
««« backport 059ba0d0dc6a
flag: update style.

R=golang-dev, r, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6051044
»»»
2012-04-17 16:37:35 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
5c69520377 [release-branch.go1] CONTRIBUTORS: add Colby Ranger (Google CLA)
««« backport 4875dfefc730
CONTRIBUTORS: add Colby Ranger (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6037052
»»»
2012-04-16 10:25:20 -07:00
Shenghou Ma
85a2bbe135 [release-branch.go1] doc/code: mention $GOBIN
««« backport 543047268d1a
doc/code: mention $GOBIN

R=golang-dev, adg
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5989045

»»»
2012-04-17 02:41:27 +10:00
Robert Hencke
65904a75bc [release-branch.go1] time: parse fractional second with single digit
««« backport 99292bad0d6d
time: parse fractional second with single digit

Fixes #3487.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6011050

»»»
2012-04-16 11:56:37 +10:00
Adam Langley
ad0c81b124 [release-branch.go1] crypto/tls: don't always use the default private key.
««« backport 6a2ea47583df
crypto/tls: don't always use the default private key.

When SNI based certificate selection is enabled, we previously used
the default private key even if we selected a non-default certificate.

Fixes #3367.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5987058
»»»
2012-04-12 12:35:21 -04:00
Andrew Gerrand
30f431fe2e [release-branch.go1] doc: update Mercurial installation instructions
««« backport f6e1ee2d8cd1
doc: update Mercurial installation instructions

R=r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6031046
»»»
2012-04-14 13:27:11 +10:00
Jongmin Kim
e4806c2a18 [release-branch.go1] doc/effective_go.html: fixed the Request channel parameter
««« backport 29acc3fb59c3
doc/effective_go.html: fixed the Request channel parameter

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev, gri
https://golang.org/cl/6010051

»»»
2012-04-13 15:22:40 +10:00
Gustavo Niemeyer
cd73d696d0 [release-branch.go1] time: panic if UnixNano is out of range
««« backport 4ed98a6b6fe5
time: panic if UnixNano is out of range

R=golang-dev, remyoudompheng, dsymonds, gustavo, dchest, r, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5985059
»»»
2012-04-12 22:16:31 -03:00
Rob Pike
18a71beb07 [release-branch.go1] fmt: fix crash of %b on huge negative int64
««« backport 344d5c33331a
fmt: fix crash of %b on huge negative int64
The buffer had 64 bytes but needs one more for the sign.

Fixes #3510.

R=golang-dev, dave, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6011057
»»»
2012-04-13 09:28:37 +10:00
Adam Langley
bde649ca89 [release-branch.go1] encoding/pem: ignore spaces and tabs at the end of header lines.
««« backport 5eadbc72f1d2
encoding/pem: ignore spaces and tabs at the end of header lines.

Fixes #3502.

R=bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6011046
»»»
2012-04-12 12:33:52 -04:00
Nigel Tao
ec0b7b7de4 [release-branch.go1] html, exp/html: escape ' and " as &#39; and &#34;, since IE8 and
««« backport a70135896879
html, exp/html: escape ' and " as &#39; and &#34;, since IE8 and
below do not support &apos;.

This makes package html consistent with package text/template's
HTMLEscape function.

Fixes #3489.

R=rsc, mikesamuel, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5992071
»»»
2012-04-12 09:35:43 +10:00
Dave Cheney
a200931cae [release-branch.go1] doc: fix minor typo in Go 1 release notes
««« backport 75c94686a4d7
doc: fix minor typo in Go 1 release notes

Fixes #3478.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5986074

»»»
2012-04-11 10:59:03 +10:00
Alex Brainman
01479df5b6 [release-branch.go1] os: fix IsPermission on windows
««« backport 1b2b113a2d66
os: fix IsPermission on windows

Fixes #3482.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5987070
»»»
2012-04-10 10:07:29 +10:00
Rob Pike
610fc6598b [release-branch.go1] runtime.Callers: make documentation match code
««« backport a7db811befb8
runtime.Callers: make documentation match code
It is a bug that Caller and Callers disagree about the offset of the skip
parameter. Document the bug.

R=rsc, dsymonds, r, iant
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5976064
»»»
2012-04-10 09:47:57 +10:00
Shenghou Ma
8f72d82b63 [release-branch.go1] doc/code: update newmath.Sqrt test case to make sure test succeed
««« backport aa9954952235
doc/code: update newmath.Sqrt test case to make sure test succeed
        Fixes #3445.

R=golang-dev, rsc, mtj
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5975061
»»»
2012-04-10 01:55:51 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
4df8143754 [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix a typo
««« backport 1c42d454d4dd
doc/go_spec: fix a typo

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5989065
»»»
2012-04-10 01:50:46 +08:00
Stéphane Travostino
70e139f3bc [release-branch.go1] net/url: Correctly escape URL as per RFC 3986
««« backport 6b46fb967ca4
net/url: Correctly escape URL as per RFC 3986

The shouldEscape function did not correctly escape the reserved characters listed in RFC 3986 §2.2, breaking some strict web servers.
Fixes #3433.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970050

»»»
2012-04-05 13:23:08 -04:00
Russ Cox
9b1d0910e1 [release-branch.go1] A+C: Stéphane Travostino (individual CLA)
««« backport 6c0fd8ec2c77
A+C: Stéphane Travostino (individual CLA)

R=golang-dev
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5991048
»»»
2012-04-05 13:13:34 -04:00
Hong Ruiqi
54fc7ef5ad [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix typo
««« backport d10b521f63d1
doc/go_spec: fix typo

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5990043

»»»
2012-04-05 22:37:07 +10:00
Andrew Gerrand
41848f960c [release-branch.go1] doc: shorten project dashboard link
««« backport 4e6ea52ad147
doc: shorten project dashboard link

Fixes #3420.
(which was already fixed)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5987043
»»»
2012-04-05 11:17:18 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
c3882041a9 [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: in go get, don't try to perform discovery on non-hosts
««« backport 2a52a9484c10
cmd/go: in go get, don't try to perform discovery on non-hosts

Before, "go get -v foo/bar" was assuming "foo" was a hostname
and trying to perform discovery on it. Now, require a dot in
the first path component (the hostname).

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5981057
»»»
2012-04-04 07:24:13 -07:00
Dmitry Chestnykh
d98b9dac03 [release-branch.go1] encoding/ascii85: fix panic caused by special case
««« backport b127df6df1ab
encoding/ascii85: fix panic caused by special case

Special case for encoding 4 zeros as 'z' didn't
update source slice, causing 'index out of bounds'
panic in destination slice.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970078

»»»
2012-04-04 09:52:42 -04:00
Michael Lewis
ca246227a8 [release-branch.go1] sql: Propagate error from subsetTypeArgs in Exec
««« backport dd8f13acda2e
sql: Propagate error from subsetTypeArgs in Exec

Fixes #3449

R=golang-dev
CC=bradfitz, golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970076

»»»
2012-04-03 15:36:48 -07:00
Rob Pike
02c38a83b9 [release-branch.go1] time.RFC822: make the string standard-compliant
««« backport fda7b4c9978d
time.RFC822: make the string standard-compliant
For mysterious reasons, the existing string was just wrong: it was missing a colon.
There is no apparent reason for this discrepancy.

This should be safe to fix because existing uses would not be RFC822-compliant;
people cannot be depending on it to generate correct mail headers.

Fixes #3444.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, iant, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5969072
»»»
2012-04-04 06:54:39 +10:00
Brad Fitzpatrick
6b68716f85 [release-branch.go1] A+C: add Michael Lewis (Individual CLA)
««« backport 3ee4c6bdf311
A+C: add Michael Lewis (Individual CLA)

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5970077
»»»
2012-04-03 13:38:57 -07:00
Dave Cheney
eacdcccb9e [release-branch.go1] encoding/base64: fix panic when input len is not a multiple of 4
««« backport 95e67cc5fa08
encoding/base64: fix panic when input len is not a multiple of 4

Fixes #3442.

R=for.go.yong, dsymonds, sougou, minux.ma, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5975052

»»»
2012-04-03 12:14:02 +10:00
Rob Pike
efcd0d5bd8 [release-branch.go1] text/template: pipelined arg was not typechecked
««« backport c007925a75c6
text/template: pipelined arg was not typechecked
Without this fix, an erroneous template causes a panic; should be caught safely.
The bug did not affect correct templates.

Fixes #3267.

R=golang-dev, dsymonds, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5900065
»»»
2012-04-03 11:44:52 +10:00
Alex Brainman
7510885c4d [release-branch.go1] time: fix handling of locations with no dst on windows
««« backport 701af83040ac
time: fix handling of locations with no dst on windows

Fixes #3437.

R=rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5967063
»»»
2012-04-03 11:39:38 +10:00
Peter Weinberger
b4f17bdf98 [release-branch.go1] doc/code.html: change 'affect' to 'effect'.
««« backport 0dc51d66e03d
doc/code.html: change 'affect' to 'effect'.
Fixes #3429.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5966047
»»»
2012-04-02 13:05:09 -04:00
Russ Cox
879f5d9007 [release-branch.go1] C: add Peter Weinberger (Google CLA)
««« backport b9b0c8d8b5ff
C: add Peter Weinberger (Google CLA)

R=golang-dev, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5976059
»»»
2012-04-02 12:59:02 -04:00
Shenghou Ma
c50da29f00 [release-branch.go1] cmd/dist, sudo.bash: don't mention sudo.bash if cov or prof is not present
««« backport e757e2af45ec
cmd/dist, sudo.bash: don't mention sudo.bash if cov or prof is not present
        Fixes #3422.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5967057
»»»
2012-04-02 22:33:38 +08:00
Aaron Kemp
465aef6f86 [release-branch.go1] doc/effective_go.html: Add missing '...' for fmt.Sprintf()
««« backport 8434de733c20
doc/effective_go.html: Add missing '...' for fmt.Sprintf()

The '...' was missing on a call to fmt.Sprintf() which would result in
the slice being printed instead of the correct result.

R=golang-dev, gri
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5967051

»»»
2012-03-30 17:51:24 -07:00
Robert Griesemer
d9b3c09097 [release-branch.go1] A+C: added Aaron Kemp (Corporate CLA)
««« backport 347d126983f7
A+C: added Aaron Kemp (Corporate CLA)

R=golang-dev, dsymonds
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5966054
»»»
2012-03-30 17:51:07 -07:00
Shenghou Ma
931e05acde [release-branch.go1] doc/codewalk/markov: fix syntax and broken link
««« backport fd037b466111
doc/codewalk/markov: fix syntax and broken link
        Part of issue 3424.

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5955050
»»»
2012-03-30 15:00:23 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
78b1980875 [release-branch.go1] doc/code.html: fix broken dashboard link
««« backport feb586ac4860
doc/code.html: fix broken dashboard link
        Fixes #3420.
        Part of issue 3424.

R=golang-dev, cldorian, adg, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5958046
»»»
2012-03-30 14:07:40 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
8af4ac6444 [release-branch.go1] doc/go1: minor fixes
««« backport b8f8e3b892dc
doc/go1: minor fixes
        Fixes #3427.
        Part of issue 3424.

R=golang-dev, bradfitz, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5959045
»»»
2012-03-30 14:06:12 +08:00
Shenghou Ma
0c34a28d85 [release-branch.go1] doc/go_spec: fix broken link
««« backport 719d3065511a
doc/go_spec: fix broken link
        Part of issue 3424

R=golang-dev, r
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5955049
»»»
2012-03-30 14:04:03 +08:00
Rob Pike
6d62c5c99a [release-branch.go1] cmd/go: update docs about tags for get command
««« backport 79e6b4602f26
cmd/go: update docs about tags for get command
"go1" dominates. Delete the text about weekly and release.
We can revisit this once the situation changes.

R=golang-dev, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/5969043
»»»
2012-03-30 13:07:10 +11:00
Andrew Gerrand
6174b5e21e go1 2012-03-28 23:41:59 +11:00
Andrew Gerrand
4081aa1277 remove non-go1 commands and packages 2012-03-28 23:41:38 +11:00
5185 changed files with 452320 additions and 784801 deletions

10
.gitattributes vendored
View File

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
# Treat all files in the Go repo as binary, with no git magic updating
# line endings. Windows users contributing to Go will need to use a
# modern version of git and editors capable of LF line endings.
#
# We'll prevent accidental CRLF line endings from entering the repo
# via the git-review gofmt checks.
#
# See golang.org/issue/9281
* -text

52
.gitignore vendored
View File

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
.DS_Store
*.[5689ao]
*.a[5689o]
*.so
*.pyc
._*
.nfs.*
[5689a].out
*~
*.orig
*.rej
*.exe
.*.swp
core
*.cgo*.go
*.cgo*.c
_cgo_*
_obj
_test
_testmain.go
build.out
test.out
doc/articles/wiki/*.bin
include/plan9/libc_plan9.h
misc/cgo/life/run.out
misc/cgo/stdio/run.out
misc/cgo/testso/main
misc/dashboard/builder/builder
src/liblink/anames?.c
src/cmd/*/y.output
src/cmd/cgo/zdefaultcc.go
src/cmd/dist/dist.dSYM
src/cmd/gc/mkbuiltin1
src/cmd/gc/opnames.h
src/cmd/go/zdefaultcc.go
src/cmd/internal/obj/zbootstrap.go
src/go/doc/headscan
src/runtime/mkversion
src/runtime/zaexperiment.h
src/runtime/zversion.go
src/unicode/maketables
src/*.*/
test/pass.out
test/run.out
test/times.out
test/garbage/*.out
goinstall.log
last-change
VERSION.cache
bin/
pkg/

65
.hgignore Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
syntax:glob
.DS_Store
.git
.gitignore
*.[568ao]
*.a[568o]
*.so
*.pyc
._*
.nfs.*
[568a].out
*~
*.orig
*.rej
*.exe
.*.swp
core
*.cgo*.go
*.cgo*.c
_cgo_*
_obj
_test
_testmain.go
build.out
test.out
doc/tmpltohtml
doc/articles/wiki/*.bin
misc/cgo/life/run.out
misc/cgo/stdio/run.out
misc/cgo/testso/main
misc/dashboard/builder/builder
misc/goplay/goplay
misc/osx/*.pkg
misc/osx/*.dmg
src/cmd/6a/6a
src/cmd/?a/y.output
src/cmd/?l/enam.c
src/cmd/cc/y.output
src/cmd/dist/dist.dSYM
src/cmd/gc/mkbuiltin1
src/cmd/gc/opnames.h
src/cmd/gc/y.output
src/pkg/exp/norm/maketables
src/pkg/exp/norm/maketesttables
src/pkg/exp/norm/normregtest
src/pkg/exp/ebnflint/ebnflint
src/pkg/go/doc/headscan
src/pkg/runtime/goc2c
src/pkg/runtime/mkversion
src/pkg/runtime/z*
src/pkg/unicode/maketables
src/pkg/*.*/
test/pass.out
test/run.out
test/times.out
test/garbage/*.out
goinstall.log
last-change
VERSION.cache
syntax:regexp
^bin/
^pkg/
^src/cmd/(.*)/6?\1$
^.*/core.[0-9]*$

110
.hgtags Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
1f0a01c93d305f1ab636c68b67346659c5b957f7 weekly.2009-11-06
64e703cb307da550861fe740ff70a482a2c14819 weekly.2009-11-10
b51fd2d6c16034480f26c96ba32a11c598e4638e weekly.2009-11-10.1
cb140bac9ab0fd9f734ee443cea9ebadc9c99737 weekly.2009-11-12
d1b75410b793309532352a6fb6b44453f052f3f4 weekly.2009-11-17
e205103b02e7393d4719df5faac2dac808234d3f weekly.2009-12-07
3a47d2e3882bb12129de05382a2c131bb0c00964 weekly.2009-12-09
a6fcf4303b0a92cce4011556b1c96044252d93af weekly.2009-12-22
3887d4d81bca78b63d620985d93f1cc06c063871 weekly.2010-01-05
40dd722155f6d0c83fa572c1a5abf7c6ff35049f weekly.2010-01-13
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223
AUTHORS
View File

@@ -8,195 +8,102 @@
# Please keep the list sorted.
Aaron France <aaron.l.france@gmail.com>
Abhinav Gupta <abhinav.g90@gmail.com>
Adrian Nos <nos.adrian@gmail.com>
Adrian O'Grady <elpollouk@gmail.com>
Adrien Bustany <adrien-xx-google@bustany.org>
Ahmed Waheed Moanes <oneofone@gmail.com>
Akshat Kumar <seed@mail.nanosouffle.net>
Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
Albert Strasheim <fullung@gmail.com>
Alberto Donizetti <alb.donizetti@gmail.com>
Alberto García Hierro <alberto@garciahierro.com> <alberto.garcia.hierro@gmail.com>
Aleksandar Dezelin <dezelin@gmail.com>
Alex A Skinner <alex@lx.lc>
Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
Alex Jin <toalexjin@gmail.com>
Alexander Larsson <alexander.larsson@gmail.com>
Alexander Orlov <alexander.orlov@loxal.net>
Alexander Reece <awreece@gmail.com>
Alexander Surma <surma@surmair.de>
Alexander Zhavnerchik <alex.vizor@gmail.com>
Alexandre Normand <alexandre.normand@gmail.com>
Alexei Sholik <alcosholik@gmail.com>
Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
Alexey Palazhchenko <alexey.palazhchenko@gmail.com>
Amir Mohammad Saied <amir@gluegadget.com>
Amrut Joshi <amrut.joshi@gmail.com>
Andrei Vieru <euvieru@gmail.com>
Andrew Balholm <andybalholm@gmail.com>
Andrew Bonventre <andybons@chromium.org>
Andrew Bursavich <abursavich@gmail.com>
Andrew Harding <andrew@spacemonkey.com>
Andrew Lutomirski <andy@luto.us>
Andrew Pritchard <awpritchard@gmail.com>
Andrew Radev <andrey.radev@gmail.com>
Andrew Skiba <skibaa@gmail.com>
Andrew Szeto <andrew@jabagawee.com>
Andrew Wilkins <axwalk@gmail.com>
Andrey Mirtchovski <mirtchovski@gmail.com>
Andriy Lytvynov <lytvynov.a.v@gmail.com>
Andy Davis <andy@bigandian.com>
Anfernee Yongkun Gui <anfernee.gui@gmail.com>
Anh Hai Trinh <anh.hai.trinh@gmail.com>
Anschel Schaffer-Cohen <anschelsc@gmail.com>
Anthony Eufemio <anthony.eufemio@gmail.com>
Anthony Martin <ality@pbrane.org>
Anthony Starks <ajstarks@gmail.com>
Apisak Darakananda <pongad@gmail.com>
Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
Arnaud Ysmal <arnaud.ysmal@gmail.com>
Arne Hormann <arnehormann@gmail.com>
Aron Nopanen <aron.nopanen@gmail.com>
Arvindh Rajesh Tamilmani <art@a-30.net>
Ato Araki <ato.araki@gmail.com>
Aulus Egnatius Varialus <varialus@gmail.com>
Ben Olive <sionide21@gmail.com>
Benjamin Black <b@b3k.us>
Benny Siegert <bsiegert@gmail.com>
Benoit Sigoure <tsunanet@gmail.com>
Berengar Lehr <berengar.lehr@gmx.de>
Billie Harold Cleek <bhcleek@gmail.com>
Brian Dellisanti <briandellisanti@gmail.com>
Bjorn Tillenius <bjorn@tillenius.me>
Bjorn Tipling <bjorn.tipling@gmail.com>
Blake Mizerany <blake.mizerany@gmail.com>
Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Brendan Daniel Tracey <tracey.brendan@gmail.com>
Brian Dellisanti <briandellisanti@gmail.com>
Brian G. Merrell <bgmerrell@gmail.com>
Brian Gitonga Marete <marete@toshnix.com>
Brian Ketelsen <bketelsen@gmail.com>
Caine Tighe <arctanofyourface@gmail.com>
Caleb Spare <cespare@gmail.com>
Carl Chatfield <carlchatfield@gmail.com>
Carlos Castillo <cookieo9@gmail.com>
Case Nelson <case.nelson@gmail.com>
Casey Marshall <casey.marshall@gmail.com>
Cezar Sá Espinola <cezarsa@gmail.com>
ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
Charles L. Dorian <cldorian@gmail.com>
Charles Lee <zombie.fml@gmail.com>
Chris Dollin <ehog.hedge@gmail.com>
Chris Farmiloe <chrisfarms@gmail.com>
Chris Howey <howeyc@gmail.com>
Chris Jones <chris@cjones.org>
Chris Lennert <calennert@gmail.com>
Chris McGee <sirnewton_01@yahoo.ca> <newton688@gmail.com>
Christian Himpel <chressie@googlemail.com>
Christine Hansmann <chhansmann@gmail.com>
Christoffer Buchholz <christoffer.buchholz@gmail.com>
Christoph Hack <christoph@tux21b.org>
Christopher Cahoon <chris.cahoon@gmail.com>
Christopher Nielsen <m4dh4tt3r@gmail.com>
Christopher Redden <christopher.redden@gmail.com>
Christopher Wedgwood <cw@f00f.org>
Clement Skau <clementskau@gmail.com>
Conrad Meyer <cemeyer@cs.washington.edu>
Corey Thomasson <cthom.lists@gmail.com>
Cristian Staretu <unclejacksons@gmail.com>
Damian Gryski <dgryski@gmail.com>
Dan Callahan <dan.callahan@gmail.com>
Dan Peterson <dpiddy@gmail.com>
Dan Sinclair <dan.sinclair@gmail.com>
Daniel Fleischman <danielfleischman@gmail.com>
Daniel Krech <eikeon@eikeon.com>
Daniel Lidén <daniel.liden.87@gmail.com>
Daniel Morsing <daniel.morsing@gmail.com>
Daniel Theophanes <kardianos@gmail.com>
Darren Elwood <darren@textnode.com>
Dave Cheney <dave@cheney.net>
David Bürgin <676c7473@gmail.com>
David Calavera <david.calavera@gmail.com>
David du Colombier <0intro@gmail.com>
David Forsythe <dforsythe@gmail.com>
David G. Andersen <dave.andersen@gmail.com>
David Jakob Fritz <david.jakob.fritz@gmail.com>
David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
David Thomas <davidthomas426@gmail.com>
David Titarenco <david.titarenco@gmail.com>
Dean Prichard <dean.prichard@gmail.com>
Denis Brandolini <denis.brandolini@gmail.com>
Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
Devon H. O'Dell <devon.odell@gmail.com>
Dhiru Kholia <dhiru.kholia@gmail.com>
Dimitri Tcaciuc <dtcaciuc@gmail.com>
Dmitri Shuralyov <shurcooL@gmail.com>
Dmitriy Shelenin <deemok@googlemail.com> <deemok@gmail.com>
Dmitry Chestnykh <dchest@gmail.com>
Dominik Honnef <dominik.honnef@gmail.com>
Donovan Hide <donovanhide@gmail.com>
Dropbox, Inc.
Duncan Holm <mail@frou.org>
Dustin Sallings <dsallings@gmail.com>
Dustin Shields-Cloues <dcloues@gmail.com>
Eden Li <eden.li@gmail.com>
Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
Ehren Kret <ehren.kret@gmail.com>
Eivind Uggedal <eivind@uggedal.com>
Elias Naur <elias.naur@gmail.com>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com> <emil@hessman.se>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com>
Eoghan Sherry <ejsherry@gmail.com>
Eric Clark <zerohp@gmail.com>
Eric Milliken <emilliken@gmail.com>
Eric Roshan-Eisner <eric.d.eisner@gmail.com>
Erik St. Martin <alakriti@gmail.com>
Erik Westrup <erik.westrup@gmail.com>
Esko Luontola <esko.luontola@gmail.com>
Evan Shaw <chickencha@gmail.com>
Ewan Chou <coocood@gmail.com>
Fabrizio Milo <mistobaan@gmail.com>
Fan Hongjian <fan.howard@gmail.com>
Fastly, Inc.
Fatih Arslan <fatih@arslan.io>
Fazlul Shahriar <fshahriar@gmail.com>
Felix Geisendörfer <haimuiba@gmail.com>
Firmansyah Adiputra <frm.adiputra@gmail.com>
Florian Uekermann <florian@uekermann-online.de>
Florian Weimer <fw@deneb.enyo.de>
Francisco Souza <franciscossouza@gmail.com>
Frederick Kelly Mayle III <frederickmayle@gmail.com>
Fredrik Enestad <fredrik.enestad@soundtrackyourbrand.com>
Frithjof Schulze <schulze@math.uni-hannover.de> <sfrithjof@gmail.com>
Gabriel Aszalos <gabriel.aszalos@gmail.com>
Gary Burd <gary@beagledreams.com>
Gautham Thambidorai <gautham.dorai@gmail.com>
Georg Reinke <guelfey@gmail.com>
Gerasimos Dimitriadis <gedimitr@gmail.com>
Gideon Jan-Wessel Redelinghuys <gjredelinghuys@gmail.com>
Giles Lean <giles.lean@pobox.com>
Google Inc.
Gordon Klaus <gordon.klaus@gmail.com>
Graham King <graham4king@gmail.com>
Graham Miller <graham.miller@gmail.com>
Greg Ward <greg@gerg.ca>
Guillaume J. Charmes <guillaume@charmes.net>
Gustav Paul <gustav.paul@gmail.com>
Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net>
Gwenael Treguier <gwenn.kahz@gmail.com>
Harley Laue <losinggeneration@gmail.com>
Hector Chu <hectorchu@gmail.com>
Hector Martin Cantero <hector@marcansoft.com>
Henning Schmiedehausen <henning@schmiedehausen.org>
Henrik Edwards <henrik.edwards@gmail.com>
Herbert Georg Fischer <herbert.fischer@gmail.com>
Hong Ruiqi <hongruiqi@gmail.com>
Icarus Sparry <golang@icarus.freeuk.com>
Ingo Oeser <nightlyone@googlemail.com>
Isaac Wagner <ibw@isaacwagner.me>
Jakob Borg <jakob@nym.se>
Jakub Ryszard Czarnowicz <j.czarnowicz@gmail.com>
James David Chalfant <james.chalfant@gmail.com>
James Fysh <james.fysh@gmail.com>
James Gray <james@james4k.com>
James Meneghello <rawrz0r@gmail.com>
@@ -204,255 +111,133 @@ James P. Cooper <jamespcooper@gmail.com>
James Toy <nil@opensesame.st>
James Whitehead <jnwhiteh@gmail.com>
Jan H. Hosang <jan.hosang@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <0xjnml@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <befelemepeseveze@gmail.com>
Jan Newmarch <jan.newmarch@gmail.com>
Jan Ziak <0xe2.0x9a.0x9b@gmail.com>
Jani Monoses <jani.monoses@ubuntu.com>
Jaroslavas Počepko <jp@webmaster.ms>
Jason Del Ponte <delpontej@gmail.com>
Jason Travis <infomaniac7@gmail.com>
Jay Weisskopf <jay@jayschwa.net>
Jeff Hodges <jeff@somethingsimilar.com>
Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org>
Jeff Sickel <jas@corpus-callosum.com>
Jeff Wendling <jeff@spacemonkey.com>
Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
Jeremy Jackins <jeremyjackins@gmail.com>
Jim McGrath <jimmc2@gmail.com>
Jimmy Zelinskie <jimmyzelinskie@gmail.com>
Jingcheng Zhang <diogin@gmail.com>
Joakim Sernbrant <serbaut@gmail.com>
Joe Poirier <jdpoirier@gmail.com>
Joe Shaw <joe@joeshaw.org>
Joel Stemmer <stemmertech@gmail.com>
John Asmuth <jasmuth@gmail.com>
John C Barstow <jbowtie@amathaine.com>
John Graham-Cumming <jgc@jgc.org> <jgrahamc@gmail.com>
John Howard Palevich <jack.palevich@gmail.com>
John Shahid <jvshahid@gmail.com>
John Tuley <john@tuley.org>
Jonathan Gold <jgold.bg@gmail.com>
Jonathan Mark <jhmark@xenops.com>
Jonathan Rudenberg <jonathan@titanous.com>
Jonathan Wills <runningwild@gmail.com>
Jongmin Kim <atomaths@gmail.com>
Jose Luis Vázquez González <josvazg@gmail.com>
Joseph Holsten <joseph@josephholsten.com>
Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Josh Goebel <dreamer3@gmail.com>
Josh Holland <jrh@joshh.co.uk>
Joshua Chase <jcjoshuachase@gmail.com>
JT Olds <jtolds@xnet5.com>
Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen <karatepekka@gmail.com>
Julian Phillips <julian@quantumfyre.co.uk>
Julien Schmidt <google@julienschmidt.com>
Kai Backman <kaib@golang.org>
Kamil Kisiel <kamil@kamilkisiel.net> <kamil.kisiel@gmail.com>
Katrina Owen <katrina.owen@gmail.com>
Kei Son <hey.calmdown@gmail.com>
Keith Rarick <kr@xph.us>
Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
Kelvin Foo Chuan Lyi <vmirage@gmail.com>
Ken Friedenbach <kenliz@cruzio.com>
Ken Rockot <ken@oz.gs>
Kevin Ballard <kevin@sb.org>
Kyle Consalus <consalus@gmail.com>
Kyle Isom <kyle@gokyle.net>
Kyle Lemons <kyle@kylelemons.net>
L Campbell <unpantsu@gmail.com>
Lai Jiangshan <eag0628@gmail.com>
Linaro Limited
Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Luca Greco <luca.greco@alcacoop.it>
Lucio De Re <lucio.dere@gmail.com>
Luit van Drongelen <luitvd@gmail.com>
Luka Zakrajšek <tr00.g33k@gmail.com>
Luke Curley <qpingu@gmail.com>
Manuel Mendez <mmendez534@gmail.com>
Marc Weistroff <marc@weistroff.net>
Marco Hennings <marco.hennings@freiheit.com>
Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
Marko Juhani Silokunnas <marko.silokunnas@gmail.com>
Marko Tiikkaja <marko@joh.to>
Markover Inc. DBA Poptip
Markus Duft <markus.duft@salomon.at>
Markus Sonderegger <marraison@gmail.com>
Markus Zimmermann <zimmski@gmail.com>
Martin Neubauer <m.ne@gmx.net>
Martin Olsson <martin@minimum.se>
Mateusz Czapliński <czapkofan@gmail.com>
Mathieu Lonjaret <mathieu.lonjaret@gmail.com>
Mats Lidell <mats.lidell@cag.se>
Matt Aimonetti <mattaimonetti@gmail.com>
Matt Jibson <matt.jibson@gmail.com>
Matt Joiner <anacrolix@gmail.com>
Matt Reiferson <mreiferson@gmail.com>
Matthew Cottingham <mattcottingham@gmail.com>
Matthew Horsnell <matthew.horsnell@gmail.com>
Maxim Khitrov <max@mxcrypt.com>
Micah Stetson <micah.stetson@gmail.com>
Michael Chaten <mchaten@gmail.com>
Michael Elkins <michael.elkins@gmail.com>
Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org> <gnirheg.leahcim@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org>
Michael Hoisie <hoisie@gmail.com>
Michael Lewis <mikelikespie@gmail.com>
Michael MacInnis <Michael.P.MacInnis@gmail.com>
Michael Pearson <mipearson@gmail.com>
Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Michael Teichgräber <mteichgraeber@gmx.de>
Michał Derkacz <ziutek@lnet.pl>
Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl>
Mihai Borobocea <MihaiBorobocea@gmail.com>
Mikael Tillenius <mikti42@gmail.com>
Mike Andrews <mra@xoba.com>
Mike Rosset <mike.rosset@gmail.com>
Mikhail Panchenko <m@mihasya.com>
Miki Tebeka <miki.tebeka@gmail.com>
Mikio Hara <mikioh.mikioh@gmail.com>
Mikkel Krautz <mikkel@krautz.dk>
Miquel Sabaté Solà <mikisabate@gmail.com>
Moov Corporation
Moriyoshi Koizumi <mozo@mozo.jp>
Môshe van der Sterre <moshevds@gmail.com>
Nan Deng <monnand@gmail.com>
Nathan John Youngman <nj@nathany.com>
Nathan P Finch <nate.finch@gmail.com>
ngmoco, LLC
Nicholas Katsaros <nick@nickkatsaros.com>
Nicholas Presta <nick@nickpresta.ca> <nick1presta@gmail.com>
Nicholas Sullivan <nicholas.sullivan@gmail.com>
Nicholas Waples <nwaples@gmail.com>
Nick Craig-Wood <nick@craig-wood.com> <nickcw@gmail.com>
Nicolas Kaiser <nikai@nikai.net>
Nicolas Owens <mischief@offblast.org>
Nigel Kerr <nigel.kerr@gmail.com>
Noah Campbell <noahcampbell@gmail.com>
Oling Cat <olingcat@gmail.com>
Oliver Hookins <ohookins@gmail.com>
Olivier Antoine <olivier.antoine@gmail.com>
Olivier Duperray <duperray.olivier@gmail.com>
Olivier Saingre <osaingre@gmail.com>
Padraig Kitterick <padraigkitterick@gmail.com>
Paolo Giarrusso <p.giarrusso@gmail.com>
Pascal S. de Kloe <pascal@quies.net>
Patrick Crosby <patrick@stathat.com>
Patrick Gavlin <pgavlin@gmail.com>
Patrick Higgins <patrick.allen.higgins@gmail.com>
Patrick Mézard <patrick@mezard.eu>
Patrick Mylund Nielsen <patrick@patrickmn.com>
Patrick Smith <pat42smith@gmail.com>
Paul A Querna <paul.querna@gmail.com>
Paul Hammond <paul@paulhammond.org>
Paul Lalonde <paul.a.lalonde@gmail.com>
Paul Sbarra <Sbarra.Paul@gmail.com>
Paul van Brouwershaven <paul@vanbrouwershaven.com>
Pavel Zinovkin <pavel.zinovkin@gmail.com>
Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
Petar Maymounkov <petarm@gmail.com>
Peter Armitage <peter.armitage@gmail.com>
Peter Froehlich <peter.hans.froehlich@gmail.com>
Peter Kleiweg <pkleiweg@xs4all.nl>
Peter Mundy <go.peter.90@gmail.com>
Péter Surányi <speter.go1@gmail.com>
Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>
Peter Waller <peter.waller@gmail.com>
Peter Williams <pwil3058@gmail.com>
Philip K. Warren <pkwarren@gmail.com>
Pieter Droogendijk <pieter@binky.org.uk>
Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
Preetam Jinka <pj@preet.am>
Quan Yong Zhai <qyzhai@gmail.com>
Raif S. Naffah <go@naffah-raif.name>
Red Hat, Inc.
Rémy Oudompheng <oudomphe@phare.normalesup.org>
Richard Crowley <r@rcrowley.org>
Richard Eric Gavaletz <gavaletz@gmail.com>
Richard Musiol <mail@richard-musiol.de>
Rick Arnold <rickarnoldjr@gmail.com>
Risto Jaakko Saarelma <rsaarelm@gmail.com>
Robert Daniel Kortschak <dan.kortschak@adelaide.edu.au>
Robert Dinu <r@varp.se>
Robert Figueiredo <robfig@gmail.com>
Robert Hencke <robert.hencke@gmail.com>
Robert Obryk <robryk@gmail.com>
Robin Eklind <r.eklind.87@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira <rodrigo.moraes@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Rafael Monti Kochenburger <divoxx@gmail.com>
Roger Pau Monné <royger@gmail.com>
Roger Peppe <rogpeppe@gmail.com>
Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
Ron Minnich <rminnich@gmail.com>
Ross Light <rlight2@gmail.com>
Rowan Worth <sqweek@gmail.com>
Ryan Hitchman <hitchmanr@gmail.com>
Ryan Slade <ryanslade@gmail.com>
S.Çağlar Onur <caglar@10ur.org>
Sanjay Menakuru <balasanjay@gmail.com>
Scott Ferguson <scottwferg@gmail.com>
Scott Lawrence <bytbox@gmail.com>
Sebastien Binet <seb.binet@gmail.com>
Sébastien Paolacci <sebastien.paolacci@gmail.com>
Sergei Skorobogatov <skorobo@rambler.ru>
Sergey 'SnakE' Gromov <snake.scaly@gmail.com>
Sergio Luis O. B. Correia <sergio@correia.cc>
Shane Hansen <shanemhansen@gmail.com>
Sergio Luis O. B. Correia <sergio@larces.uece.br>
Shawn Smith <shawn.p.smith@gmail.com>
Shenghou Ma <minux.ma@gmail.com>
Shivakumar GN <shivakumar.gn@gmail.com>
Simon Whitehead <chemnova@gmail.com>
Sokolov Yura <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
Spring Mc <heresy.mc@gmail.com>
StalkR <stalkr@stalkr.net>
Stefan Nilsson <snilsson@nada.kth.se> <trolleriprofessorn@gmail.com>
Stéphane Travostino <stephane.travostino@gmail.com>
Stephen McQuay <stephen@mcquay.me>
Stephen Weinberg <stephen@q5comm.com>
Steve McCoy <mccoyst@gmail.com>
Steven Elliot Harris <seharris@gmail.com>
Steven Hartland <steven.hartland@multiplay.co.uk>
Sven Almgren <sven@tras.se>
Szabolcs Nagy <nsz@port70.net>
Tad Glines <tad.glines@gmail.com>
Taj Khattra <taj.khattra@gmail.com>
Tarmigan Casebolt <tarmigan@gmail.com>
Taru Karttunen <taruti@taruti.net>
Tetsuo Kiso <tetsuokiso9@gmail.com>
Thiago Fransosi Farina <thiago.farina@gmail.com>
Thomas Alan Copeland <talan.copeland@gmail.com>
Thomas Kappler <tkappler@gmail.com>
Timo Savola <timo.savola@gmail.com>
Timo Truyts <alkaloid.btx@gmail.com>
Tobias Columbus <tobias.columbus@gmail.com>
Tom Linford <tomlinford@gmail.com>
Tor Andersson <tor.andersson@gmail.com>
Travis Cline <travis.cline@gmail.com>
Tudor Golubenco <tudor.g@gmail.com>
Tw <tw19881113@gmail.com>
Tyler Bunnell <tylerbunnell@gmail.com>
Ugorji Nwoke <ugorji@gmail.com>
Ulf Holm Nielsen <doktor@dyregod.dk>
Uriel Mangado <uriel@berlinblue.org>
Vadim Vygonets <unixdj@gmail.com>
Vincent Ambo <tazjin@googlemail.com>
Vincent Vanackere <vincent.vanackere@gmail.com>
Vinu Rajashekhar <vinutheraj@gmail.com>
Vladimir Nikishenko <vova616@gmail.com>
Volker Dobler <dr.volker.dobler@gmail.com>
Wei Guangjing <vcc.163@gmail.com>
Willem van der Schyff <willemvds@gmail.com>
William Josephson <wjosephson@gmail.com>
William Orr <will@worrbase.com> <ay1244@gmail.com>
Xia Bin <snyh@snyh.org>
Xing Xing <mikespook@gmail.com>
Yasuhiro Matsumoto <mattn.jp@gmail.com>
Yissakhar Z. Beck <yissakhar.beck@gmail.com>
Yongjian Xu <i3dmaster@gmail.com>
Yoshiyuki Kanno <nekotaroh@gmail.com> <yoshiyuki.kanno@stoic.co.jp>
Yusuke Kagiwada <block.rxckin.beats@gmail.com>
Yuusei Kuwana <kuwana@kumama.org>
Yuval Pavel Zholkover <paulzhol@gmail.com>
Ziad Hatahet <hatahet@gmail.com>
Zorion Arrizabalaga <zorionk@gmail.com>
申习之 <bronze1man@gmail.com>

View File

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
# Contributing to Go
Go is an open source project.
It is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
## Filing issues
When filing an issue, make sure to answer these five questions:
1. What version of Go are you using (`go version`)?
2. What operating system and processor architecture are you using?
3. What did you do?
4. What did you expect to see?
5. What did you see instead?
General questions should go to the [golang-nuts mailing list](https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts) instead of the issue tracker.
The gophers there will answer or ask you to file an issue if you've tripped over a bug.
## Contributing code
Please read the [Contribution Guidelines](https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html)
before sending patches.
**We do not accept GitHub pull requests**
(we use [Gerrit](https://code.google.com/p/gerrit/) instead for code review).
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed under
the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.

View File

@@ -31,72 +31,41 @@
# Please keep the list sorted.
Aaron France <aaron.l.france@gmail.com>
Aaron Kemp <kemp.aaron@gmail.com>
Abhinav Gupta <abhinav.g90@gmail.com>
Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
Adrian Nos <nos.adrian@gmail.com>
Adrian O'Grady <elpollouk@gmail.com>
Adrien Bustany <adrien-xx-google@bustany.org>
Ahmed Waheed Moanes <oneofone@gmail.com>
Akshat Kumar <seed@mail.nanosouffle.net>
Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>
Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
Albert Strasheim <fullung@gmail.com>
Alberto Donizetti <alb.donizetti@gmail.com>
Alberto García Hierro <alberto@garciahierro.com> <alberto.garcia.hierro@gmail.com>
Aleksandar Dezelin <dezelin@gmail.com>
Alex A Skinner <alex@lx.lc>
Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
Alex Bramley <abramley@google.com>
Alex Jin <toalexjin@gmail.com>
Alexander Larsson <alexander.larsson@gmail.com>
Alexander Orlov <alexander.orlov@loxal.net>
Alexander Reece <awreece@gmail.com>
Alexander Surma <surma@surmair.de>
Alexander Zhavnerchik <alex.vizor@gmail.com>
Alexandre Normand <alexandre.normand@gmail.com>
Alexandru Moșoi <brtzsnr@gmail.com>
Alexei Sholik <alcosholik@gmail.com>
Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
Alexey Palazhchenko <alexey.palazhchenko@gmail.com>
Alexis Imperial-Legrand <ail@google.com>
Amir Mohammad Saied <amir@gluegadget.com>
Amrut Joshi <amrut.joshi@gmail.com>
Andrea Spadaccini <spadaccio@google.com>
Andreas Jellinghaus <andreas@ionisiert.de> <anj@google.com>
Andrei Vieru <euvieru@gmail.com>
Andres Erbsen <andreser@google.com>
Andrew Balholm <andybalholm@gmail.com>
Andrew Bonventre <andybons@chromium.org>
Andrew Bursavich <abursavich@gmail.com>
Andrew Gerrand <adg@golang.org>
Andrew Harding <andrew@spacemonkey.com>
Andrew Lutomirski <andy@luto.us>
Andrew Pritchard <awpritchard@gmail.com>
Andrew Radev <andrey.radev@gmail.com>
Andrew Skiba <skibaa@gmail.com>
Andrew Szeto <andrew@jabagawee.com>
Andrew Wilkins <axwalk@gmail.com>
Andrey Mirtchovski <mirtchovski@gmail.com>
Andriy Lytvynov <lytvynov.a.v@gmail.com>
Andy Davis <andy@bigandian.com>
Anfernee Yongkun Gui <anfernee.gui@gmail.com>
Anh Hai Trinh <anh.hai.trinh@gmail.com>
Anschel Schaffer-Cohen <anschelsc@gmail.com>
Anthony Eufemio <anthony.eufemio@gmail.com>
Anthony Martin <ality@pbrane.org>
Anthony Starks <ajstarks@gmail.com>
Apisak Darakananda <pongad@gmail.com>
Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
Arnaud Ysmal <arnaud.ysmal@gmail.com>
Arne Hormann <arnehormann@gmail.com>
Aron Nopanen <aron.nopanen@gmail.com>
Arvindh Rajesh Tamilmani <art@a-30.net>
Asim Shankar <asimshankar@gmail.com>
Ato Araki <ato.araki@gmail.com>
Aulus Egnatius Varialus <varialus@gmail.com>
Austin Clements <austin@google.com> <aclements@csail.mit.edu>
Austin Clements <aclements@csail.mit.edu>
Balazs Lecz <leczb@google.com>
Ben Eitzen <eitzenb@golang.org>
Ben Fried <ben.fried@gmail.com>
@@ -104,271 +73,140 @@ Ben Lynn <benlynn@gmail.com>
Ben Olive <sionide21@gmail.com>
Benjamin Black <b@b3k.us>
Benny Siegert <bsiegert@gmail.com>
Benoit Sigoure <tsunanet@gmail.com>
Berengar Lehr <Berengar.Lehr@gmx.de>
Bill Neubauer <wcn@golang.org> <wcn@google.com> <bill.neubauer@gmail.com>
Bill Neubauer <wcn@golang.org> <wcn@google.com>
Bill Thiede <couchmoney@gmail.com>
Billie Harold Cleek <bhcleek@gmail.com>
Bjorn Tillenius <bjorn@tillenius.me>
Bjorn Tipling <bjorn.tipling@gmail.com>
Blake Mizerany <blake.mizerany@gmail.com>
Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org> <bradfitz@gmail.com>
Brad Garcia <bgarcia@golang.org>
Brendan Daniel Tracey <tracey.brendan@gmail.com>
Brendan O'Dea <bod@golang.org>
Brian Dellisanti <briandellisanti@gmail.com>
Brian G. Merrell <bgmerrell@gmail.com>
Brian Gitonga Marete <marete@toshnix.com>
Brian Ketelsen <bketelsen@gmail.com>
Brian Slesinsky <skybrian@google.com>
Burcu Dogan <jbd@google.com>
Brendan O'Dea <bod@golang.org>
Caine Tighe <arctanofyourface@gmail.com>
Caleb Spare <cespare@gmail.com>
Carl Chatfield <carlchatfield@gmail.com>
Carl Mastrangelo <notcarl@google.com>
Carl Shapiro <cshapiro@google.com> <cshapiro@golang.org>
Carlos Castillo <cookieo9@gmail.com>
Cary Hull <chull@google.com>
Case Nelson <case.nelson@gmail.com>
Casey Marshall <casey.marshall@gmail.com>
Catalin Patulea <catalinp@google.com>
Cezar Sá Espinola <cezarsa@gmail.com>
ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
Charles L. Dorian <cldorian@gmail.com>
Charles Lee <zombie.fml@gmail.com>
Chris Dollin <ehog.hedge@gmail.com>
Chris Farmiloe <chrisfarms@gmail.com>
Chris Howey <howeyc@gmail.com>
Chris Hundt <hundt@google.com>
Chris Jones <chris@cjones.org> <chris.jones.yar@gmail.com>
Chris Lennert <calennert@gmail.com>
Chris Manghane <cmang@golang.org>
Chris McGee <sirnewton_01@yahoo.ca> <newton688@gmail.com>
Christian Himpel <chressie@googlemail.com> <chressie@gmail.com>
Christine Hansmann <chhansmann@gmail.com>
Christoffer Buchholz <christoffer.buchholz@gmail.com>
Christoph Hack <christoph@tux21b.org>
Christopher Cahoon <chris.cahoon@gmail.com>
Christopher Nielsen <m4dh4tt3r@gmail.com>
Christopher Redden <christopher.redden@gmail.com>
Christopher Swenson <cswenson@google.com>
Christopher Wedgwood <cw@f00f.org>
Clement Skau <clementskau@gmail.com>
Colby Ranger <cranger@google.com>
Conrad Meyer <cemeyer@cs.washington.edu>
Corey Thomasson <cthom.lists@gmail.com>
Cosmos Nicolaou <cnicolaou@google.com>
Cristian Staretu <unclejacksons@gmail.com>
Damian Gryski <dgryski@gmail.com>
Damien Neil <dneil@google.com>
Dan Callahan <dan.callahan@gmail.com>
Dan Peterson <dpiddy@gmail.com>
Dan Sinclair <dan.sinclair@gmail.com>
Daniel Fleischman <danielfleischman@gmail.com>
Daniel Krech <eikeon@eikeon.com>
Daniel Lidén <daniel.liden.87@gmail.com>
Daniel Morsing <daniel.morsing@gmail.com>
Daniel Nadasi <dnadasi@google.com>
Daniel Theophanes <kardianos@gmail.com>
Darren Elwood <darren@textnode.com>
Dave Borowitz <dborowitz@google.com>
Dave Cheney <dave@cheney.net>
Dave Day <djd@golang.org>
Dave Grijalva <dgrijalva@ngmoco.com>
David Anderson <danderson@google.com>
David Barnett <dbarnett@google.com>
David Bürgin <676c7473@gmail.com>
David Calavera <david.calavera@gmail.com>
David Covert <davidhcovert@gmail.com>
David Crawshaw <david.crawshaw@zentus.com> <crawshaw@google.com> <crawshaw@golang.org>
David Crawshaw <david.crawshaw@zentus.com> <crawshaw@google.com>
David du Colombier <0intro@gmail.com>
David Forsythe <dforsythe@gmail.com>
David G. Andersen <dave.andersen@gmail.com>
David Jakob Fritz <david.jakob.fritz@gmail.com>
David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
David McLeish <davemc@google.com>
David Presotto <presotto@gmail.com>
David Symonds <dsymonds@golang.org>
David Thomas <davidthomas426@gmail.com>
David Titarenco <david.titarenco@gmail.com>
Dean Prichard <dean.prichard@gmail.com>
Denis Brandolini <denis.brandolini@gmail.com>
Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
Devon H. O'Dell <devon.odell@gmail.com>
Dhiru Kholia <dhiru.kholia@gmail.com>
Dimitri Tcaciuc <dtcaciuc@gmail.com>
Dmitri Shuralyov <shurcooL@gmail.com>
Dmitriy Shelenin <deemok@googlemail.com> <deemok@gmail.com>
Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Dmitry Chestnykh <dchest@gmail.com>
Dominik Honnef <dominik.honnef@gmail.com>
Donovan Hide <donovanhide@gmail.com>
Drew Hintz <adhintz@google.com>
Duncan Holm <mail@frou.org>
Dustin Long <dustmop@gmail.com>
Dustin Sallings <dsallings@gmail.com>
Dustin Shields-Cloues <dcloues@gmail.com>
Eden Li <eden.li@gmail.com>
Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
Ehren Kret <ehren.kret@gmail.com>
Eivind Uggedal <eivind@uggedal.com>
Elias Naur <elias.naur@gmail.com>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com> <emil@hessman.se>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com>
Eoghan Sherry <ejsherry@gmail.com>
Eric Clark <zerohp@gmail.com>
Eric Milliken <emilliken@gmail.com>
Eric Roshan-Eisner <eric.d.eisner@gmail.com>
Erik St. Martin <alakriti@gmail.com>
Erik Westrup <erik.westrup@gmail.com>
Esko Luontola <esko.luontola@gmail.com>
Evan Kroske <evankroske@google.com>
Evan Martin <evan.martin@gmail.com>
Evan Shaw <chickencha@gmail.com>
Ewan Chou <coocood@gmail.com>
Fabrizio Milo <mistobaan@gmail.com>
Fan Hongjian <fan.howard@gmail.com>
Fatih Arslan <fatih@arslan.io>
Fazlul Shahriar <fshahriar@gmail.com>
Felix Geisendörfer <haimuiba@gmail.com>
Firmansyah Adiputra <frm.adiputra@gmail.com>
Florian Uekermann <florian@uekermann-online.de> <f1@uekermann-online.de>
Florian Weimer <fw@deneb.enyo.de>
Folke Behrens <folke@google.com>
Francesc Campoy <campoy@golang.org>
Francisco Souza <franciscossouza@gmail.com>
Frederick Kelly Mayle III <frederickmayle@gmail.com>
Fredrik Enestad <fredrik.enestad@soundtrackyourbrand.com>
Frithjof Schulze <schulze@math.uni-hannover.de> <sfrithjof@gmail.com>
Fumitoshi Ukai <ukai@google.com>
Gaal Yahas <gaal@google.com>
Gabriel Aszalos <gabriel.aszalos@gmail.com>
Gary Burd <gary@beagledreams.com> <gary.burd@gmail.com>
Gautham Thambidorai <gautham.dorai@gmail.com>
Georg Reinke <guelfey@gmail.com>
Gerasimos Dimitriadis <gedimitr@gmail.com>
Gideon Jan-Wessel Redelinghuys <gjredelinghuys@gmail.com>
Giles Lean <giles.lean@pobox.com>
Glenn Lewis <gmlewis@google.com>
Gordon Klaus <gordon.klaus@gmail.com>
Graham King <graham4king@gmail.com>
Graham Miller <graham.miller@gmail.com>
Greg Ward <greg@gerg.ca>
Guillaume J. Charmes <guillaume@charmes.net>
Gustav Paul <gustav.paul@gmail.com>
Gustavo Franco <gustavorfranco@gmail.com>
Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net> <n13m3y3r@gmail.com>
Gwenael Treguier <gwenn.kahz@gmail.com>
Hana Kim <hyangah@gmail.com>
Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Harley Laue <losinggeneration@gmail.com>
Hector Chu <hectorchu@gmail.com>
Hector Martin Cantero <hector@marcansoft.com>
Henning Schmiedehausen <henning@schmiedehausen.org>
Henrik Edwards <henrik.edwards@gmail.com>
Herbert Georg Fischer <herbert.fischer@gmail.com>
Hong Ruiqi <hongruiqi@gmail.com>
Hossein Sheikh Attar <hattar@google.com>
Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Icarus Sparry <golang@icarus.freeuk.com>
Ingo Oeser <nightlyone@googlemail.com> <nightlyone@gmail.com>
Isaac Wagner <ibw@isaacwagner.me>
Ivan Krasin <krasin@golang.org>
Jacob Baskin <jbaskin@google.com>
Jakob Borg <jakob@nym.se>
Jakub Ryszard Czarnowicz <j.czarnowicz@gmail.com>
James Aguilar <jaguilar@google.com>
James David Chalfant <james.chalfant@gmail.com>
James Fysh <james.fysh@gmail.com>
James Gray <james@james4k.com>
James Meneghello <rawrz0r@gmail.com>
James P. Cooper <jamespcooper@gmail.com>
James Robinson <jamesr@google.com> <jamesr.gatech@gmail.com>
James Toy <nil@opensesame.st>
James Tucker <raggi@google.com>
James Whitehead <jnwhiteh@gmail.com>
Jamie Gennis <jgennis@google.com> <jgennis@gmail.com>
Jamie Turner <jamwt@dropbox.com>
Jamie Wilkinson <jaq@spacepants.org>
Jan H. Hosang <jan.hosang@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <0xjnml@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <befelemepeseveze@gmail.com>
Jan Newmarch <jan.newmarch@gmail.com>
Jan Ziak <0xe2.0x9a.0x9b@gmail.com>
Jani Monoses <jani.monoses@ubuntu.com> <jani.monoses@gmail.com>
Jaroslavas Počepko <jp@webmaster.ms>
Jason Del Ponte <delpontej@gmail.com>
Jason Travis <infomaniac7@gmail.com>
Jay Weisskopf <jay@jayschwa.net>
Jean-Marc Eurin <jmeurin@google.com>
Jed Denlea <jed@fastly.com>
Jeff Hodges <jeff@somethingsimilar.com>
Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org> <jeff.allen@gmail.com>
Jeff Sickel <jas@corpus-callosum.com>
Jeff Wendling <jeff@spacemonkey.com>
Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
Jeremiah Harmsen <jeremiah@google.com>
Jeremy Jackins <jeremyjackins@gmail.com>
Jeremy Schlatter <jeremy.schlatter@gmail.com>
Jim McGrath <jimmc2@gmail.com>
Jimmy Zelinskie <jimmyzelinskie@gmail.com>
Jingcheng Zhang <diogin@gmail.com>
Joakim Sernbrant <serbaut@gmail.com>
Joe Poirier <jdpoirier@gmail.com>
Joe Shaw <joe@joeshaw.org>
Joel Sing <jsing@google.com>
Joel Stemmer <stemmertech@gmail.com>
Johan Euphrosine <proppy@google.com>
John Asmuth <jasmuth@gmail.com>
John Beisley <huin@google.com>
John C Barstow <jbowtie@amathaine.com>
John DeNero <denero@google.com>
John Graham-Cumming <jgc@jgc.org> <jgrahamc@gmail.com>
John Howard Palevich <jack.palevich@gmail.com>
John Newlin <jnewlin@google.com>
John Shahid <jvshahid@gmail.com>
John Tuley <john@tuley.org>
Jonathan Allie <jonallie@google.com>
Jonathan Feinberg <feinberg@google.com>
Jonathan Gold <jgold.bg@gmail.com>
Jonathan Hseu <jhseu@google.com>
Jonathan Mark <jhmark@xenops.com> <jhmark000@gmail.com>
Jonathan Nieder <jrn@google.com>
Jonathan Pittman <jmpittman@google.com> <jonathan.mark.pittman@gmail.com>
Jonathan Rudenberg <jonathan@titanous.com>
Jonathan Wills <runningwild@gmail.com>
Jongmin Kim <atomaths@gmail.com>
Jos Visser <josv@google.com>
Jose Luis Vázquez González <josvazg@gmail.com>
Joseph Bonneau <jcb@google.com>
Joseph Holsten <joseph@josephholsten.com>
Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Josh Goebel <dreamer3@gmail.com>
Josh Hoak <jhoak@google.com>
Josh Holland <jrh@joshh.co.uk>
Joshua Chase <jcjoshuachase@gmail.com>
JP Sugarbroad <jpsugar@google.com>
JT Olds <jtolds@xnet5.com>
Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen <karatepekka@gmail.com>
Julian Phillips <julian@quantumfyre.co.uk>
Julien Schmidt <google@julienschmidt.com>
Kai Backman <kaib@golang.org>
Kamil Kisiel <kamil@kamilkisiel.net> <kamil.kisiel@gmail.com>
Katrina Owen <katrina.owen@gmail.com>
Kay Zhu <kayzhu@google.com>
Kei Son <hey.calmdown@gmail.com>
Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Keith Rarick <kr@xph.us>
Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
Kelvin Foo Chuan Lyi <vmirage@gmail.com>
Ken Friedenbach <kenliz@cruzio.com>
Ken Rockot <ken@oz.gs> <ken.rockot@gmail.com>
Ken Thompson <ken@golang.org>
Kevin Ballard <kevin@sb.org>
Kevin Klues <klueska@gmail.com> <klueska@google.com>
Kirklin McDonald <kirklin.mcdonald@gmail.com>
Kyle Consalus <consalus@gmail.com>
Kyle Isom <kyle@gokyle.net>
Kyle Lemons <kyle@kylelemons.net> <kevlar@google.com>
L Campbell <unpantsu@gmail.com>
Lai Jiangshan <eag0628@gmail.com>
@@ -378,247 +216,129 @@ Louis Kruger <louisk@google.com>
Luca Greco <luca.greco@alcacoop.it>
Lucio De Re <lucio.dere@gmail.com>
Luit van Drongelen <luitvd@gmail.com>
Luka Zakrajšek <tr00.g33k@gmail.com>
Luke Curley <qpingu@gmail.com>
Luuk van Dijk <lvd@golang.org> <lvd@google.com>
Manoj Dayaram <platform-dev@moovweb.com> <manoj.dayaram@moovweb.com>
Manu Garg <manugarg@google.com>
Manuel Mendez <mmendez534@gmail.com>
Marc Weistroff <marc@weistroff.net>
Marcel van Lohuizen <mpvl@golang.org>
Marco Hennings <marco.hennings@freiheit.com>
Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
Mark Zavislak <zavislak@google.com>
Marko Juhani Silokunnas <marko.silokunnas@gmail.com>
Marko Mikulicic <mkm@google.com>
Marko Tiikkaja <marko@joh.to>
Markus Duft <markus.duft@salomon.at>
Markus Sonderegger <marraison@gmail.com>
Markus Zimmermann <zimmski@gmail.com>
Martin Neubauer <m.ne@gmx.net>
Martin Olsson <martin@minimum.se>
Mateusz Czapliński <czapkofan@gmail.com>
Mathieu Lonjaret <mathieu.lonjaret@gmail.com>
Mats Lidell <mats.lidell@cag.se> <mats.lidell@gmail.com>
Matt Aimonetti <mattaimonetti@gmail.com>
Matt Brown <mdbrown@google.com>
Matt Jibson <matt.jibson@gmail.com>
Matt Joiner <anacrolix@gmail.com>
Matt Jones <mrjones@google.com>
Matt Reiferson <mreiferson@gmail.com>
Matthew Cottingham <mattcottingham@gmail.com>
Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Matt Jibson <matt.jibson@gmail.com>
Matthew Horsnell <matthew.horsnell@gmail.com>
Maxim Khitrov <max@mxcrypt.com>
Maxim Pimenov <mpimenov@google.com>
Maxim Ushakov <ushakov@google.com>
Micah Stetson <micah.stetson@gmail.com>
Michael Chaten <mchaten@gmail.com>
Michael Elkins <michael.elkins@gmail.com>
Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org> <gnirheg.leahcim@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org>
Michael Hoisie <hoisie@gmail.com>
Michael Hudson-Doyle <michael.hudson@linaro.org>
Michael Kelly <mjk@google.com>
Michael Lewis <mikelikespie@gmail.com>
Michael MacInnis <Michael.P.MacInnis@gmail.com>
Michael Matloob <matloob@google.com>
Michael Pearson <mipearson@gmail.com>
Michael Piatek <piatek@google.com>
Michael Shields <mshields@google.com>
Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de> <mstplbrg@googlemail.com>
Michael T. Jones <mtj@google.com> <michael.jones@gmail.com>
Michael Teichgräber <mteichgraeber@gmx.de> <mt4swm@googlemail.com>
Michał Derkacz <ziutek@lnet.pl>
Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl> <remigius.gieben@gmail.com>
Mihai Borobocea <MihaiBorobocea@gmail.com>
Mikael Tillenius <mikti42@gmail.com>
Mike Andrews <mra@xoba.com>
Mike Rosset <mike.rosset@gmail.com>
Mike Samuel <mikesamuel@gmail.com>
Mike Solomon <msolo@gmail.com>
Mikhail Panchenko <m@mihasya.com>
Miki Tebeka <miki.tebeka@gmail.com>
Mikio Hara <mikioh.mikioh@gmail.com>
Mikkel Krautz <mikkel@krautz.dk> <krautz@gmail.com>
Miquel Sabaté Solà <mikisabate@gmail.com>
Moriyoshi Koizumi <mozo@mozo.jp>
Môshe van der Sterre <moshevds@gmail.com>
Mrunal Patel <mrunalp@gmail.com>
Nan Deng <monnand@gmail.com>
Nathan John Youngman <nj@nathany.com>
Nathan P Finch <nate.finch@gmail.com>
Nicholas Katsaros <nick@nickkatsaros.com>
Nicholas Presta <nick@nickpresta.ca> <nick1presta@gmail.com>
Nicholas Sullivan <nicholas.sullivan@gmail.com>
Nicholas Waples <nwaples@gmail.com>
Nick Cooper <nmvc@google.com>
Nick Craig-Wood <nick@craig-wood.com> <nickcw@gmail.com>
Nicolas Kaiser <nikai@nikai.net>
Nicolas Owens <mischief@offblast.org>
Nigel Kerr <nigel.kerr@gmail.com>
Nigel Tao <nigeltao@golang.org>
Noah Campbell <noahcampbell@gmail.com>
Oling Cat <olingcat@gmail.com>
Oliver Hookins <ohookins@gmail.com>
Olivier Antoine <olivier.antoine@gmail.com>
Olivier Duperray <duperray.olivier@gmail.com>
Olivier Saingre <osaingre@gmail.com>
Padraig Kitterick <padraigkitterick@gmail.com>
Paolo Giarrusso <p.giarrusso@gmail.com>
Pascal S. de Kloe <pascal@quies.net>
Patrick Crosby <patrick@stathat.com>
Patrick Gavlin <pgavlin@gmail.com>
Patrick Higgins <patrick.allen.higgins@gmail.com>
Patrick Mézard <patrick@mezard.eu>
Patrick Mylund Nielsen <patrick@patrickmn.com>
Patrick Riley <pfr@google.com>
Patrick Smith <pat42smith@gmail.com>
Paul A Querna <paul.querna@gmail.com>
Paul Borman <borman@google.com>
Paul Chang <paulchang@google.com>
Paul Hammond <paul@paulhammond.org>
Paul Lalonde <paul.a.lalonde@gmail.com>
Paul Nasrat <pnasrat@google.com>
Paul Sbarra <Sbarra.Paul@gmail.com>
Paul van Brouwershaven <paul@vanbrouwershaven.com>
Pavel Zinovkin <pavel.zinovkin@gmail.com>
Pawel Szczur <filemon@google.com>
Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
Petar Maymounkov <petarm@gmail.com>
Peter Armitage <peter.armitage@gmail.com>
Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com>
Peter Froehlich <peter.hans.froehlich@gmail.com>
Peter Kleiweg <pkleiweg@xs4all.nl>
Peter McKenzie <petermck@google.com>
Peter Mundy <go.peter.90@gmail.com>
Péter Surányi <speter.go1@gmail.com>
Péter Szabó <pts@google.com>
Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>
Peter Waller <peter.waller@gmail.com>
Peter Weinberger <pjw@golang.org>
Peter Williams <pwil3058@gmail.com>
Phil Pennock <pdp@golang.org>
Philip K. Warren <pkwarren@gmail.com>
Pieter Droogendijk <pieter@binky.org.uk>
Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
Preetam Jinka <pj@preet.am>
Quan Yong Zhai <qyzhai@gmail.com>
Raif S. Naffah <go@naffah-raif.name>
Raph Levien <raph@google.com>
Raul Silvera <rsilvera@google.com>
Rémy Oudompheng <oudomphe@phare.normalesup.org> <remyoudompheng@gmail.com>
Richard Crowley <r@rcrowley.org>
Richard Eric Gavaletz <gavaletz@gmail.com>
Richard Musiol <mail@richard-musiol.de> <neelance@gmail.com>
Rick Arnold <rickarnoldjr@gmail.com>
Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Risto Jaakko Saarelma <rsaarelm@gmail.com>
Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Robert Daniel Kortschak <dan.kortschak@adelaide.edu.au>
Robert Dinu <r@varp.se>
Robert Figueiredo <robfig@gmail.com>
Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Robert Hencke <robert.hencke@gmail.com>
Robert Obryk <robryk@gmail.com>
Robert Sesek <rsesek@google.com>
Robert Snedegar <roberts@google.com>
Robin Eklind <r.eklind.87@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira <rodrigo.moraes@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Rafael Monti Kochenburger <divoxx@gmail.com>
Roger Pau Monné <royger@gmail.com>
Roger Peppe <rogpeppe@gmail.com>
Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
Ron Minnich <rminnich@gmail.com>
Ross Light <rlight2@gmail.com>
Rowan Worth <sqweek@gmail.com>
Rui Ueyama <ruiu@google.com>
Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Ryan Barrett <ryanb@google.com>
Ryan Hitchman <hitchmanr@gmail.com>
Ryan Slade <ryanslade@gmail.com>
S.Çağlar Onur <caglar@10ur.org>
Sam Thorogood <thorogood@google.com> <sam.thorogood@gmail.com>
Sameer Ajmani <sameer@golang.org> <ajmani@gmail.com>
Sanjay Menakuru <balasanjay@gmail.com>
Scott Ferguson <scottwferg@gmail.com>
Scott Lawrence <bytbox@gmail.com>
Scott Schwartz <scotts@golang.org>
Sean Burford <sburford@google.com>
Sebastien Binet <seb.binet@gmail.com>
Sébastien Paolacci <sebastien.paolacci@gmail.com>
Sergei Skorobogatov <skorobo@rambler.ru>
Sergey 'SnakE' Gromov <snake.scaly@gmail.com>
Sergio Luis O. B. Correia <sergio@correia.cc>
Shane Hansen <shanemhansen@gmail.com>
Shawn Ledbetter <sledbetter@google.com>
Sergio Luis O. B. Correia <sergio@larces.uece.br>
Shawn Smith <shawn.p.smith@gmail.com>
Shenghou Ma <minux@golang.org> <minux.ma@gmail.com>
Shivakumar GN <shivakumar.gn@gmail.com>
Simon Whitehead <chemnova@gmail.com>
Sokolov Yura <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
Shenghou Ma <minux.ma@gmail.com>
Spring Mc <heresy.mc@gmail.com>
StalkR <stalkr@stalkr.net>
Stefan Nilsson <snilsson@nada.kth.se> <trolleriprofessorn@gmail.com>
Stéphane Travostino <stephane.travostino@gmail.com>
Stephen Ma <stephenm@golang.org>
Stephen McQuay <stephen@mcquay.me>
Stephen Weinberg <stephen@q5comm.com>
Steve McCoy <mccoyst@gmail.com>
Steven Elliot Harris <seharris@gmail.com>
Steven Hartland <steven.hartland@multiplay.co.uk>
Sugu Sougoumarane <ssougou@gmail.com>
Sven Almgren <sven@tras.se>
Szabolcs Nagy <nsz@port70.net>
Tad Glines <tad.glines@gmail.com>
Taj Khattra <taj.khattra@gmail.com>
Tarmigan Casebolt <tarmigan@gmail.com>
Taru Karttunen <taruti@taruti.net>
Tetsuo Kiso <tetsuokiso9@gmail.com>
Thiago Fransosi Farina <thiago.farina@gmail.com> <tfarina@chromium.org>
Thomas Alan Copeland <talan.copeland@gmail.com>
Thomas Habets <habets@google.com>
Thomas Kappler <tkappler@gmail.com>
Timo Savola <timo.savola@gmail.com>
Timo Truyts <alkaloid.btx@gmail.com>
Tobias Columbus <tobias.columbus@gmail.com> <tobias.columbus@googlemail.com>
Todd Wang <toddwang@gmail.com>
Tom Linford <tomlinford@gmail.com>
Tom Szymanski <tgs@google.com>
Tor Andersson <tor.andersson@gmail.com>
Travis Cline <travis.cline@gmail.com>
Trevor Strohman <trevor.strohman@gmail.com>
Tudor Golubenco <tudor.g@gmail.com>
Tw <tw19881113@gmail.com>
Tyler Bunnell <tylerbunnell@gmail.com>
Ugorji Nwoke <ugorji@gmail.com>
Ulf Holm Nielsen <doktor@dyregod.dk>
Uriel Mangado <uriel@berlinblue.org>
Vadim Vygonets <unixdj@gmail.com>
Vega Garcia Luis Alfonso <vegacom@gmail.com>
Vincent Ambo <tazjin@googlemail.com>
Vincent Vanackere <vincent.vanackere@gmail.com>
Vinu Rajashekhar <vinutheraj@gmail.com>
Vish Subramanian <vish@google.com>
Vladimir Nikishenko <vova616@gmail.com>
Volker Dobler <dr.volker.dobler@gmail.com>
Wei Guangjing <vcc.163@gmail.com>
Will Norris <willnorris@google.com>
Willem van der Schyff <willemvds@gmail.com>
William Chan <willchan@chromium.org>
William Josephson <wjosephson@gmail.com>
William Orr <will@worrbase.com> <ay1244@gmail.com>
Xia Bin <snyh@snyh.org>
Xing Xing <mikespook@gmail.com>
Yan Zou <yzou@google.com>
Yasuhiro Matsumoto <mattn.jp@gmail.com>
Yissakhar Z. Beck <yissakhar.beck@gmail.com>
Yongjian Xu <i3dmaster@gmail.com>
Yoshiyuki Kanno <nekotaroh@gmail.com> <yoshiyuki.kanno@stoic.co.jp>
Yusuke Kagiwada <block.rxckin.beats@gmail.com>
Yuusei Kuwana <kuwana@kumama.org>
Yuval Pavel Zholkover <paulzhol@gmail.com>
Yves Junqueira <yves.junqueira@gmail.com>
Ziad Hatahet <hatahet@gmail.com>
Zorion Arrizabalaga <zorionk@gmail.com>
申习之 <bronze1man@gmail.com>

31
README Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
This is the source code repository for the Go programming language.
For documentation about how to install and use Go,
visit http://golang.org/ or load doc/install.html in your web browser.
After installing Go, you can view a nicely formatted
doc/install.html by running godoc --http=:6060
and then visiting http://localhost:6060/doc/install.html.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed
under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
--
Binary Distribution Notes
If you have just untarred a binary Go distribution, you need to set
the environment variable $GOROOT to the full path of the go
directory (the one containing this README). You can omit the
variable if you unpack it into /usr/local/go, or if you rebuild
from sources by running all.bash (see doc/install.html).
You should also add the Go binary directory $GOROOT/bin
to your shell's path.
For example, if you extracted the tar file into $HOME/go, you might
put the following in your .profile:
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
See doc/install.html for more details.

View File

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
# The Go Programming Language
Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple,
reliable, and efficient software.
![Gopher image](doc/gopher/fiveyears.jpg)
For documentation about how to install and use Go,
visit https://golang.org/ or load doc/install-source.html
in your web browser.
Our canonical Git repository is located at https://go.googlesource.com/go.
There is a mirror of the repository at https://github.com/golang/go.
Please report issues here: https://golang.org/issue/new
Go is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines:
https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html
##### Please note that we do not use pull requests.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed
under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
--
## Binary Distribution Notes
If you have just untarred a binary Go distribution, you need to set
the environment variable $GOROOT to the full path of the go
directory (the one containing this file). You can omit the
variable if you unpack it into /usr/local/go, or if you rebuild
from sources by running all.bash (see doc/install-source.html).
You should also add the Go binary directory $GOROOT/bin
to your shell's path.
For example, if you extracted the tar file into $HOME/go, you might
put the following in your .profile:
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
See https://golang.org/doc/install or doc/install.html for more details.

1
VERSION Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
go1.0.3

View File

@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ Each file is a list of of API features, one per line.
go1.txt (and similarly named files) are frozen once a version has been
shipped. Each file adds new lines but does not remove any.
except.txt lists features that may disappear without breaking true
compatibility.
next.txt is the only file intended to be mutated. It's a list of
features that may be added to the next version. It only affects
warning output from the go api tool.

View File

@@ -1,330 +0,0 @@
pkg net, func ListenUnixgram(string, *UnixAddr) (*UDPConn, error)
pkg syscall (darwin-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg testing, func RegisterCover(Cover)
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode bool
pkg text/template/parse, type Node interface { Copy, String, Type }
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074283118
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148024941
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGGPARAM = 3224922456
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofIfData = 208
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const TIOCGTSTAMP = 1074295899
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Timeval struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074283118
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148024941
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGGPARAM = 3224922456
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 208
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const TIOCGTSTAMP = 1074295899
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Timeval struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CCR0_FLUSH = 16
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CCR0_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CPUID_CFLUSH = 524288
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CPUID_CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LMA = 1024
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LMA ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LME = 256
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LME ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_NXE = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_NXE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_SCE = 1
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_SCE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH = 21
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Kevent_t struct, Ident uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CCR0_FLUSH = 16
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CCR0_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CPUID_CFLUSH = 524288
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CPUID_CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LMA = 1024
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LMA ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LME = 256
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LME ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_NXE = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_NXE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_SCE = 1
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_SCE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH = 21
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Ident uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.2.0"
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCAIFADDR = 2151967019
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCGIFSTATUS = 3274991931
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCSIFPHYADDR = 2151967046
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET = 537
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT = 536
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET = 535
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT = 534
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET = 515
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT = 533
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofBpfHdr = 24
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 88
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 104
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCAIFADDR = 2151967019
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCGIFSTATUS = 3274991931
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCSIFPHYADDR = 2151967046
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET = 537
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT = 536
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET = 535
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT = 534
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET = 515
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT = 533
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofBpfHdr = 24
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 88
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 104
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.3.0"

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@@ -1,604 +0,0 @@
# CL 134210043 archive/zip: add Writer.Flush, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) Flush() error
# CL 97140043 compress/flate: add Reset() to allow reusing large buffers to compress multiple buffers, James Robinson <jamesr@google.com>
pkg compress/flate, type Resetter interface { Reset }
pkg compress/flate, type Resetter interface, Reset(io.Reader, []uint8) error
pkg compress/zlib, type Resetter interface { Reset }
pkg compress/zlib, type Resetter interface, Reset(io.Reader, []uint8) error
# CL 159120044 compress/gzip: allow stopping at end of first stream, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg compress/gzip, method (*Reader) Multistream(bool)
# CL 138800043 crypto: Add SHA3 functions in go.crypto/sha3 to the Hash enum., David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
pkg crypto, const SHA3_224 = 10
pkg crypto, const SHA3_224 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_256 = 11
pkg crypto, const SHA3_256 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_384 = 12
pkg crypto, const SHA3_384 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_512 = 13
pkg crypto, const SHA3_512 Hash
# CL 114680043 crypto: add Signer, Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto, method (Hash) HashFunc() Hash
pkg crypto, type Signer interface { Public, Sign }
pkg crypto, type Signer interface, Public() PublicKey
pkg crypto, type Signer interface, Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto, type SignerOpts interface { HashFunc }
pkg crypto, type SignerOpts interface, HashFunc() Hash
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PSSOptions) HashFunc() crypto.Hash
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, type PSSOptions struct, Hash crypto.Hash
# CL 157090043 crypto/tls: support TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV as a server., Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV = 22016
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV uint16
# CL 107400043 crypto/tls: Added dynamic alternative to NameToCertificate map for SNI, Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, CipherSuites []uint16
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, ServerName string
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedCurves []CurveID
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedPoints []uint8
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, GetCertificate func(*ClientHelloInfo) (*Certificate, error)
pkg crypto/tls, type ConnectionState struct, TLSUnique []uint8
# CL 153420045 crypto/x509: continue to recognise MaxPathLen of zero as "no value"., Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto/x509, type Certificate struct, MaxPathLenZero bool
# CL 158950043 database/sql: add Drivers, returning list of registered drivers, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg database/sql, func Drivers() []string
# CL 117280043 debug/dwarf: fix Reader panic on DW_TAG_unspecified_type, Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Basic() *BasicType
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Common() *CommonType
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Size() int64
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) String() string
pkg debug/dwarf, type UnspecifiedType struct
pkg debug/dwarf, type UnspecifiedType struct, embedded BasicType
# CL 132000043 debug/elf: support arm64 relocations, Michael Hudson-Doyle <michael.hudson@linaro.org>
pkg debug/elf, const EM_AARCH64 = 183
pkg debug/elf, const EM_AARCH64 Machine
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS16 = 259
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS32 = 258
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS64 = 257
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC = 277
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_GOT_PAGE = 311
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_GOT_PAGE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_LO21 = 274
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_LO21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 = 275
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21_NC = 276
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CALL26 = 283
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CALL26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CONDBR19 = 280
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CONDBR19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_COPY = 1024
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_COPY R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT = 1025
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GOT_LD_PREL19 = 309
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GOT_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE = 1032
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP26 = 282
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT = 1026
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD64_GOT_LO12_NC = 312
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD64_GOT_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC = 299
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC = 284
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC = 285
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC = 286
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC = 278
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD_PREL_LO19 = 273
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD_PREL_LO19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G0 = 270
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G1 = 271
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G2 = 272
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0 = 263
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC = 264
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1 = 265
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1_NC = 266
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2 = 267
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2_NC = 268
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G3 = 269
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G3 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NONE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NULL = 256
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NULL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS16 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS32 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_GOT_PAGE = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_GOT_PAGE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_LO21 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_LO21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CALL26 = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CALL26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CONDBR19 = 19
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CONDBR19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_COPY = 180
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_COPY R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GLOB_DAT = 181
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GLOB_DAT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GOT_LD_PREL19 = 25
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GOT_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_IRELATIVE = 188
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_IRELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP26 = 20
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP_SLOT = 182
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP_SLOT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD32_GOT_LO12_NC = 27
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD32_GOT_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD_PREL_LO19 = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD_PREL_LO19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_SABS_G0 = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_SABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0 = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G1 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL16 = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL32 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_RELATIVE = 183
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_RELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC = 187
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC = 126
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 = 124
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 = 123
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_CALL = 127
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_CALL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD32_LO12_NC = 125
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD32_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 = 122
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC = 82
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 = 81
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 = 103
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD32_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC = 104
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD32_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 = 105
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 = 109
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 = 110
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC = 111
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 = 107
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC = 108
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 = 106
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPMOD = 184
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPMOD R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPREL = 185
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPREL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_TPREL = 186
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_TPREL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TSTBR14 = 18
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TSTBR14 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL16 = 262
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL32 = 261
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL64 = 260
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_RELATIVE = 1027
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_RELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC = 1031
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD = 568
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC = 564
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 = 562
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 = 561
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_CALL = 569
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_CALL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD64_LO12_NC = 563
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD64_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LDR = 567
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LDR R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 = 560
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G0_NC = 566
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G1 = 565
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC = 514
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 = 513
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 = 541
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD64_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC = 542
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD64_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 = 543
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G0_NC = 540
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G1 = 539
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 = 549
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 = 550
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC = 551
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 = 547
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC = 548
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 = 545
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1_NC = 546
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G2 = 544
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPMOD64 = 1028
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPMOD64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL64 = 1029
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64 = 1030
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TSTBR14 = 279
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TSTBR14 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, method (R_AARCH64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_AARCH64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_AARCH64 int
# CL 107530043 debug/elf: add (*File).DynamicSymbols, ErrNoSymbols, and tests for (*File).Symbols and (*File).DynamicSymbols, and formalize symbol order., Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
pkg debug/elf, method (*File) DynamicSymbols() ([]Symbol, error)
pkg debug/elf, var ErrNoSymbols error
# CL 106460044 debug/plan9obj, cmd/addr2line: on Plan 9 use a.out header, Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
pkg debug/plan9obj, type FileHeader struct, HdrSize uint64
pkg debug/plan9obj, type FileHeader struct, LoadAddress uint64
# CL 122960043 encoding/xml: add InputOffset method to Decoder, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg encoding/xml, method (*Decoder) InputOffset() int64
# CL 124940043 cmd/go, go/build: implement import comment checking, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg go/build, const ImportComment = 4
pkg go/build, const ImportComment ImportMode
pkg go/build, type Package struct, ImportComment string
# CL 155050043 go/build: Return MultiplePackageError on importing a dir containing multiple packages, Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
pkg go/build, method (*MultiplePackageError) Error() string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Dir string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Files []string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Packages []string
# CL 135110044 go/token: implement PositionFor accessors, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg go/token, method (*File) PositionFor(Pos, bool) Position
pkg go/token, method (*FileSet) PositionFor(Pos, bool) Position
# CL 109000049 image: add RGBAAt, Gray16At, etc., ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
pkg image, method (*Alpha) AlphaAt(int, int) color.Alpha
pkg image, method (*Alpha16) Alpha16At(int, int) color.Alpha16
pkg image, method (*Gray) GrayAt(int, int) color.Gray
pkg image, method (*Gray16) Gray16At(int, int) color.Gray16
pkg image, method (*NRGBA) NRGBAAt(int, int) color.NRGBA
pkg image, method (*NRGBA64) NRGBA64At(int, int) color.NRGBA64
pkg image, method (*RGBA) RGBAAt(int, int) color.RGBA
pkg image, method (*RGBA64) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*YCbCr) YCbCrAt(int, int) color.YCbCr
# CL 129190043 png: make the encoder configurable, Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org>
pkg image/png, const BestCompression = -3
pkg image/png, const BestCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const BestSpeed = -2
pkg image/png, const BestSpeed CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const DefaultCompression = 0
pkg image/png, const DefaultCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const NoCompression = -1
pkg image/png, const NoCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, method (*Encoder) Encode(io.Writer, image.Image) error
pkg image/png, type CompressionLevel int
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct, CompressionLevel CompressionLevel
# CL 101750048 math: implement Nextafter32, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg math, func Nextafter32(float32, float32) float32
# CL 93550043 math/big: implement Rat.Float32, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg math/big, method (*Rat) Float32() (float32, bool)
# CL 76540043 net/http: add BasicAuth method to *http.Request, Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
pkg net/http, method (*Request) BasicAuth() (string, string, bool)
# CL 137940043 net/http: add Transport.DialTLS hook, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, DialTLS func(string, string) (net.Conn, error)
# CL 132750043 net/http/httputil: Pass a Logger to ReverseProxy, allowing the user to control logging., Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
pkg net/http/httputil, type ReverseProxy struct, ErrorLog *log.Logger
# CL 148370043 os, syscall: add Unsetenv, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg os, func Unsetenv(string) error
pkg syscall, func Unsetenv(string) error
# CL 144020043 reflect: add Type.Comparable, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg reflect, type Type interface, Comparable() bool
# CL 153670043 runtime: add PauseEnd array to MemStats and GCStats, Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, PauseEnd [256]uint64
pkg runtime/debug, type GCStats struct, PauseEnd []time.Time
# CL 136710045 sync/atomic: add Value, Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Load() interface{}
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Store(interface{})
pkg sync/atomic, type Value struct
# CL 126190043 syscall: support UID/GID map files for Linux user namespaces, Mrunal Patel <mrunalp@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
# CL 122200043 net: fix CNAME resolving on Windows, Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS = 9501
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAdditional = 3
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAdditional ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAnswer = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAnswer ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAuthority = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAuthority ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionQuestion = 0
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionQuestion ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func DnsNameCompare(*uint16, *uint16) bool
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS = 9501
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAdditional = 3
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAdditional ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAnswer = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAnswer ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAuthority = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAuthority ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionQuestion = 0
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionQuestion ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func DnsNameCompare(*uint16, *uint16) bool
# CL 86160044 os: Implement symlink support for Windows, Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD = 1314
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD = 1314
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD Errno
# CL 86160044 os: Implement symlink support for Windows, Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 589992
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384
pkg syscall (windows-386), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateHardLink(*uint16, *uint16, uintptr) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateSymbolicLink(*uint16, *uint16, uint32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func DeviceIoControl(Handle, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint32, *Overlapped) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 589992
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateHardLink(*uint16, *uint16, uintptr) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateSymbolicLink(*uint16, *uint16, uint32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func DeviceIoControl(Handle, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint32, *Overlapped) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error
# CL 149510043 net: disable SIO_UDP_CONNRESET behavior on windows., Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET = 2550136844
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET = 2550136844
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET ideal-int
# CL 102320044 syscall: implement syscall.Getppid() on Windows, Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_INHERIT = 2147483648
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_INHERIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPALL = 15
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPALL ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE = 8
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 = 16
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD = 4
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(uint32, uint32) (Handle, error)
pkg syscall (windows-386), func Process32First(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func Process32Next(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, DefaultHeapID uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ExeFile [260]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ModuleID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ParentProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, PriClassBase int32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Size uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Threads uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Usage uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_INHERIT = 2147483648
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_INHERIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPALL = 15
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPALL ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE = 8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 = 16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD = 4
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(uint32, uint32) (Handle, error)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func Process32First(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func Process32Next(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, DefaultHeapID uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ExeFile [260]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ModuleID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ParentProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, PriClassBase int32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Size uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Threads uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Usage uint32
# CL 127740043 os: make SameFile handle paths like c:a.txt properly, Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), func FullPath(string) (string, error)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func FullPath(string) (string, error)
# CL 98150043 testing: add Coverage function, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg testing, func Coverage() float64
# CL 148770043 cmd/go, testing: add TestMain support, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg testing, func MainStart(func(string, string) (bool, error), []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, method (*M) Run() int
pkg testing, type M struct
# CL 108030044 text/scanner: provide facility for custom identifiers, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg text/scanner, type Scanner struct, IsIdentRune func(int32, int) bool
# CL 130620043 text/template: add back pointer to Nodes for better error generation, Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type NilNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, method (*BranchNode) Copy() Node
pkg text/template/parse, method (*IdentifierNode) SetTree(*Tree) *IdentifierNode
pkg html/template, type Error struct, Node parse.Node
# CL 127470043 unicode: strconv: regexp: Upgrade to Unicode 7.0.0., Marcel van Lohuizen <mpvl@golang.org>
pkg unicode, const Version = "7.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Bassa_Vah *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Caucasian_Albanian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Duployan *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Elbasan *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Grantha *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khojki *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khudawadi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Linear_A *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mahajani *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Manichaean *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mende_Kikakui *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Modi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mro *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Nabataean *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_North_Arabian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_Permic *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Pahawh_Hmong *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Palmyrene *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Pau_Cin_Hau *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Psalter_Pahlavi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Siddham *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Tirhuta *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Warang_Citi *RangeTable

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pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_DS = 56
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HA = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HI = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHER = 39
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHERA = 40
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHEST = 41
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHESTA = 42
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS = 57
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR24 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR24 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR32 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR32 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR64 = 38
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPMOD64 = 68
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPMOD64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16 = 74
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_DS = 101
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HA = 77
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HI = 76
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHER = 103
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHERA = 104
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHEST = 105
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHESTA = 106
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO = 75
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO_DS = 102
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL64 = 78
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16 = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_DS = 58
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HA = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HI = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS = 59
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_DS = 91
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA = 94
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI = 93
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS = 92
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16 = 79
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA = 82
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI = 81
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO = 80
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16 = 83
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA = 86
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI = 85
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO = 84
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS = 87
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA = 90
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI = 89
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS = 88
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_JMP_SLOT = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_JMP_SLOT R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_NONE R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16 = 249
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HA = 252
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HI = 251
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_LO = 250
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL24 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL24 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL32 = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL32 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL64 = 44
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLS = 67
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSGD = 107
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSGD R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSLD = 108
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSLD R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC = 51
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16 = 47
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_DS = 63
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HA = 50
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HI = 49
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO = 48
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS = 64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16 = 69
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_DS = 95
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HA = 72
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HI = 71
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHER = 97
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHERA = 98
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHEST = 99
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHESTA = 100
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO = 70
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO_DS = 96
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL64 = 73
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, method (R_PPC64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_PPC64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_PPC64 int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA uint16
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA uint16
pkg crypto/x509, const ECDSA PublicKeyAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, const ECDSAWithSHA1 SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, const ECDSAWithSHA256 SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, const ECDSAWithSHA384 SignatureAlgorithm
pkg crypto/x509, const ECDSAWithSHA512 SignatureAlgorithm
pkg debug/elf, type FileHeader struct, Entry uint64
pkg go/doc, var IllegalPrefixes []string
pkg math/big, method (*Int) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)
pkg math/big, method (*Int) UnmarshalJSON([]byte) error
pkg regexp/syntax, const ErrUnexpectedParen ErrorCode
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B110 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B115200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B1200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B134 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B14400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B150 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B1800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B19200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B230400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B2400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B28800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B300 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B38400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B4800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B50 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B57600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B7200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B75 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B76800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const B9600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const BRKINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CLOCAL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CS5 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CS6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CS7 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CS8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CSIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CSTOPB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const CSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const FLUSHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const HUPCL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ICANON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ICRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IEXTEN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IGNBRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IGNCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IGNPAR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IMAXBEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const INLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const INPCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ISIG ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ISTRIP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IUTF8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IXANY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IXOFF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const IXON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const NOFLSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const OCRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const OFDEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const OFILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ONLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ONLRET ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ONOCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ONOEOT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const OPOST ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const PARENB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const PARMRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const PARODD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const PENDIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const TCIFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const TCIOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const TCOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const TCSAFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const TOSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VDISCARD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VDSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VEOF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VEOL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VEOL2 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VINTR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VKILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VLNEXT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VMIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VQUIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VREPRINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VT0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VT1 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VTDLY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VTIME ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const VWERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Cc [20]uint8
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Cflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Iflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Ispeed uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Lflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Oflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386), type Termios struct, Ospeed uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B110 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B115200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B1200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B134 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B14400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B150 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B1800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B19200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B230400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B2400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B28800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B300 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B38400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B4800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B50 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B57600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B7200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B75 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B76800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const B9600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const BRKINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CLOCAL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CS5 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CS6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CS7 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CS8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CSIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CSTOPB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const CSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const FLUSHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const HUPCL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ICANON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ICRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IEXTEN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IGNBRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IGNCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IGNPAR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IMAXBEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const INLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const INPCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ISIG ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ISTRIP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IUTF8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IXANY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IXOFF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const IXON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const NOFLSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const OCRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const OFDEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const OFILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ONLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ONLRET ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ONOCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ONOEOT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const OPOST ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const PARENB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const PARMRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const PARODD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const PENDIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const TCIFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const TCIOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const TCOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const TCSAFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const TOSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VDISCARD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VDSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VEOF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VEOL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VEOL2 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VINTR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VKILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VLNEXT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VMIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VQUIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VREPRINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VT0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VT1 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VTDLY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VTIME ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const VWERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Cc [20]uint8
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Cflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Iflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Ispeed uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Lflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Oflag uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), type Termios struct, Ospeed uint32
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B110 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B115200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B1200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B134 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B14400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B150 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B1800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B19200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B230400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B2400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B28800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B300 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B38400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B4800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B50 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B57600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B7200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B75 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B76800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const B9600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const BRKINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CLOCAL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CS5 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CS6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CS7 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CS8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CSIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CSTOPB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const CSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const FLUSHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const HUPCL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ICANON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ICRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IEXTEN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IGNBRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IGNCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IGNPAR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IMAXBEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const INLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const INPCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ISIG ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ISTRIP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IUTF8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IXANY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IXOFF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const IXON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const NOFLSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const OCRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const OFDEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const OFILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ONLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ONLRET ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ONOCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ONOEOT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const OPOST ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const PARENB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const PARMRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const PARODD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const PENDIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const TCIFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const TCIOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const TCOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const TCSAFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const TOSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VDISCARD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VDSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VEOF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VEOL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VEOL2 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VINTR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VKILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VLNEXT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VMIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VQUIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VREPRINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VT0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VT1 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VTDLY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VTIME ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const VWERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Cc [20]uint8
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Cflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Iflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Ispeed uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Lflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Oflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Ospeed uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), type Termios struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]byte
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B110 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B115200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B1200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B134 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B14400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B150 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B1800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B19200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B230400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B2400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B28800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B300 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B38400 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B4800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B50 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B57600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B7200 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B75 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B76800 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const B9600 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const BRKINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CLOCAL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CS5 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CS6 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CS7 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CS8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CSIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CSTOPB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const CSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const FLUSHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const HUPCL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ICANON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ICRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IEXTEN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IGNBRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IGNCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IGNPAR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IMAXBEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const INLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const INPCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ISIG ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ISTRIP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IUTF8 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IXANY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IXOFF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const IXON ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const NOFLSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const OCRNL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const OFDEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const OFILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ONLCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ONLRET ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ONOCR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ONOEOT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const OPOST ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const PARENB ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const PARMRK ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const PARODD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const PENDIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const TCIFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const TCIOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const TCOFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const TCSAFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const TOSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VDISCARD ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VDSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VEOF ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VEOL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VEOL2 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VINTR ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VKILL ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VLNEXT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VMIN ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VQUIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VREPRINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VSTART ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VSTATUS ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VSTOP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VSUSP ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VT0 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VT1 ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VTDLY ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VTIME ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const VWERASE ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Cc [20]uint8
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Cflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Iflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Ispeed uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Lflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Oflag uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Ospeed uint64
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), type Termios struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]byte
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_BREAK_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const CTRL_C_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func GetCurrentProcessId() uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type SysProcAttr struct, CreationFlags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_BREAK_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const CTRL_C_EVENT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func GetCurrentProcessId() uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, CreationFlags uint32

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# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
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articles/error_handling.rawhtml\
articles/slices_usage_and_internals.rawhtml\
articles/laws_of_reflection.rawhtml\
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<!--{
"Title": "C? Go? Cgo!",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Cgo lets Go packages call C code. Given a Go source file written with some
special features, cgo outputs Go and C files that can be combined into a
single Go package.
</p>
<p>
To lead with an example, here's a Go package that provides two functions -
<code>Random</code> and <code>Seed</code> - that wrap C's <code>random</code>
and <code>srandom</code> functions.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/package rand/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Let's look at what's happening here, starting with the import statement.
</p>
<p>
The <code>rand</code> package imports <code>"C"</code>, but you'll find there's
no such package in the standard Go library. That's because <code>C</code> is a
"pseudo-package", a special name interpreted by cgo as a reference to C's
name space.
</p>
<p>
The <code>rand</code> package contains four references to the <code>C</code>
package: the calls to <code>C.random</code> and <code>C.srandom</code>, the
conversion <code>C.uint(i)</code>, and the <code>import</code> statement.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Random</code> function calls the standard C library's <code>random</code>
function and returns the result. In C, <code>random</code> returns a value of the
C type <code>long</code>, which cgo represents as the type <code>C.long</code>.
It must be converted to a Go type before it can be used by Go code outside this
package, using an ordinary Go type conversion:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/func Random/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Here's an equivalent function that uses a temporary variable to illustrate
the type conversion more explicitly:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo2.go" `/func Random/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>Seed</code> function does the reverse, in a way. It takes a
regular Go <code>int</code>, converts it to the C <code>unsigned int</code>
type, and passes it to the C function <code>srandom</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/func Seed/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Note that cgo knows the <code>unsigned int</code> type as <code>C.uint</code>;
see the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo documentation</a> for a complete list of
these numeric type names.
</p>
<p>
The one detail of this example we haven't examined yet is the comment
above the <code>import</code> statement.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/\/\*/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Cgo recognizes this comment. Any lines starting
with <code>#cgo</code>
followed
by a space character are removed; these become directives for cgo.
The remaining lines are used as a header when compiling the C parts of
the package. In this case those lines are just a
single <code>#include</code>
statement, but they can be almost any C code. The <code>#cgo</code>
directives are
used to provide flags for the compiler and linker when building the C
parts of the package.
</p>
<p>
There is a limitation: if your program uses any <code>//export</code>
directives, then the C code in the comment may only include declarations
(<code>extern int f();</code>), not definitions (<code>int f() {
return 1; }</code>). You can use <code>//export</code> directives to
make Go functions accessible to C code.
</p>
<p>
The <code>#cgo</code> and <code>//export</code> directives are
documented in
the <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo documentation</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Strings and things</b>
</p>
<p>
Unlike Go, C doesn't have an explicit string type. Strings in C are
represented by a zero-terminated array of chars.
</p>
<p>
Conversion between Go and C strings is done with the
<code>C.CString</code>, <code>C.GoString</code>, and
<code>C.GoStringN</code> functions. These conversions make a copy of the
string data.
</p>
<p>
This next example implements a <code>Print</code> function that writes a
string to standard output using C's <code>fputs</code> function from the
<code>stdio</code> library:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo3.go" `/package print/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Memory allocations made by C code are not known to Go's memory manager.
When you create a C string with <code>C.CString</code> (or any C memory
allocation) you must remember to free the memory when you're done with it
by calling <code>C.free</code>.
</p>
<p>
The call to <code>C.CString</code> returns a pointer to the start of the
char array, so before the function exits we convert it to an
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code></a> and release
the memory allocation with <code>C.free</code>. A common idiom in cgo programs
is to <a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html"><code>defer</code></a>
the free immediately after allocating (especially when the code that follows
is more complex than a single function call), as in this rewrite of
<code>Print</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo4.go" `/func Print/` `/END/`}}
<p>
<b>Building cgo packages</b>
</p>
<p>
To build cgo packages, just use <a href="/cmd/go/#Compile_packages_and_dependencies">"
<code>go build</code>"</a> or
<a href="/cmd/go/#Compile_and_install_packages_and_dependencies">"<code>go install</code>
"</a> as usual. The go tool recognizes the special <code>"C"</code> import and automatically
uses cgo for those files.
</p>
<p>
<b>More cgo resources</b>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo command</a> documentation has more detail about
the C pseudo-package and the build process. The <a href="/misc/cgo/">cgo examples</a>
in the Go tree demonstrate more advanced concepts.
</p>
<p>
For a simple, idiomatic example of a cgo-based package, see Russ Cox's <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gosqlite/source/browse/sqlite/sqlite.go">gosqlite</a>.
Also, the Go Project Dashboard lists <a
href="https://godashboard.appspot.com/project?tag=cgo">several other
cgo packages</a>.
</p>
<p>
Finally, if you're curious as to how all this works internally, take a look
at the introductory comment of the runtime package's <a href="/src/pkg/runtime/cgocall.c">cgocall.c</a>.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Concurrent programming has its own idioms. A good example is timeouts. Although
Go's channels do not support them directly, they are easy to implement. Say we
want to receive from the channel <code>ch</code>, but want to wait at most one
second for the value to arrive. We would start by creating a signalling channel
and launching a goroutine that sleeps before sending on the channel:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout1.go" `/timeout :=/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
We can then use a <code>select</code> statement to receive from either
<code>ch</code> or <code>timeout</code>. If nothing arrives on <code>ch</code>
after one second, the timeout case is selected and the attempt to read from
<code>ch</code> is abandoned.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout1.go" `/select {/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>timeout</code> channel is buffered with space for 1 value, allowing
the timeout goroutine to send to the channel and then exit. The goroutine
doesn't know (or care) whether the value is received. This means the goroutine
won't hang around forever if the <code>ch</code> receive happens before the
timeout is reached. The <code>timeout</code> channel will eventually be
deallocated by the garbage collector.
</p>
<p>
(In this example we used <code>time.Sleep</code> to demonstrate the mechanics
of goroutines and channels. In real programs you should use <code>
<a href="/pkg/time/#After">time.After</a></code>, a function that returns
a channel and sends on that channel after the specified duration.)
</p>
<p>
Let's look at another variation of this pattern. In this example we have a
program that reads from multiple replicated databases simultaneously. The
program needs only one of the answers, and it should accept the answer that
arrives first.
</p>
<p>
The function <code>Query</code> takes a slice of database connections and a
<code>query</code> string. It queries each of the databases in parallel and
returns the first response it receives:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout2.go" `/func Query/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In this example, the closure does a non-blocking send, which it achieves by
using the send operation in <code>select</code> statement with a
<code>default</code> case. If the send cannot go through immediately the
default case will be selected. Making the send non-blocking guarantees that
none of the goroutines launched in the loop will hang around. However, if the
result arrives before the main function has made it to the receive, the send
could fail since no one is ready.
</p>
<p>
This problem is a textbook example of what is known as a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition">race condition</a>, but
the fix is trivial. We just make sure to buffer the channel <code>ch</code> (by
adding the buffer length as the second argument to <a href="/pkg/builtin/#make">make</a>),
guaranteeing that the first send has a place to put the value. This ensures the
send will always succeed, and the first value to arrive will be retrieved
regardless of the order of execution.
</p>
<p>
These two examples demonstrate the simplicity with which Go can express complex
interactions between goroutines.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Defer, Panic, and Recover",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Go has the usual mechanisms for control flow: if, for, switch, goto. It also
has the go statement to run code in a separate goroutine. Here I'd like to
discuss some of the less common ones: defer, panic, and recover.
</p>
<p>
A <b>defer statement</b> pushes a function call onto a list. The list of saved
calls is executed after the surrounding function returns. Defer is commonly
used to simplify functions that perform various clean-up actions.
</p>
<p>
For example, let's look at a function that opens two files and copies the
contents of one file to the other:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func CopyFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This works, but there is a bug. If the call to os.Create fails, the
function will return without closing the source file. This can be easily
remedied by putting a call to src.Close before the second return statement,
but if the function were more complex the problem might not be so easily
noticed and resolved. By introducing defer statements we can ensure that the
files are always closed:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer2.go" `/func CopyFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Defer statements allow us to think about closing each file right after opening
it, guaranteeing that, regardless of the number of return statements in the
function, the files <i>will</i> be closed.
</p>
<p>
The behavior of defer statements is straightforward and predictable. There are
three simple rules:
</p>
<p>
1. <i>A deferred function's arguments are evaluated when the defer statement is
evaluated.</i>
</p>
<p>
In this example, the expression "i" is evaluated when the Println call is
deferred. The deferred call will print "0" after the function returns.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func a/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
2. <i>Deferred function calls are executed in Last In First Out order
</i>after<i> the surrounding function returns.</i>
</p>
<p>
This function prints "3210":
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
3. <i>Deferred functions may read and assign to the returning function's named
return values.</i>
</p>
<p>
In this example, a deferred function increments the return value i <i>after</i>
the surrounding function returns. Thus, this function returns 2:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This is convenient for modifying the error return value of a function; we will
see an example of this shortly.
</p>
<p>
<b>Panic</b> is a built-in function that stops the ordinary flow of control and
begins <i>panicking</i>. When the function F calls panic, execution of F stops,
any deferred functions in F are executed normally, and then F returns to its
caller. To the caller, F then behaves like a call to panic. The process
continues up the stack until all functions in the current goroutine have
returned, at which point the program crashes. Panics can be initiated by
invoking panic directly. They can also be caused by runtime errors, such as
out-of-bounds array accesses.
</p>
<p>
<b>Recover</b> is a built-in function that regains control of a panicking
goroutine. Recover is only useful inside deferred functions. During normal
execution, a call to recover will return nil and have no other effect. If the
current goroutine is panicking, a call to recover will capture the value given
to panic and resume normal execution.
</p>
<p>
Here's an example program that demonstrates the mechanics of panic and defer:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer2.go" `/package main/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The function g takes the int i, and panics if i is greater than 3, or else it
calls itself with the argument i+1. The function f defers a function that calls
recover and prints the recovered value (if it is non-nil). Try to picture what
the output of this program might be before reading on.
</p>
<p>
The program will output:
</p>
<pre>Calling g.
Printing in g 0
Printing in g 1
Printing in g 2
Printing in g 3
Panicking!
Defer in g 3
Defer in g 2
Defer in g 1
Defer in g 0
Recovered in f 4
Returned normally from f.</pre>
<p>
If we remove the deferred function from f the panic is not recovered and
reaches the top of the goroutine's call stack, terminating the program. This
modified program will output:
</p>
<pre>Calling g.
Printing in g 0
Printing in g 1
Printing in g 2
Printing in g 3
Panicking!
Defer in g 3
Defer in g 2
Defer in g 1
Defer in g 0
panic: 4
panic PC=0x2a9cd8
[stack trace omitted]</pre>
<p>
For a real-world example of <b>panic</b> and <b>recover</b>, see the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package</a> from the Go standard library.
It decodes JSON-encoded data with a set of recursive functions.
When malformed JSON is encountered, the parser calls panic to unwind the
stack to the top-level function call, which recovers from the panic and returns
an appropriate error value (see the 'error' and 'unmarshal' methods of
the decodeState type in
<a href="/src/pkg/encoding/json/decode.go">decode.go</a>).
</p>
<p>
The convention in the Go libraries is that even when a package uses panic
internally, its external API still presents explicit error return values.
</p>
<p>
Other uses of <b>defer</b> (beyond the file.Close example given earlier)
include releasing a mutex:
</p>
<pre>mu.Lock()
defer mu.Unlock()</pre>
<p>
printing a footer:
</p>
<pre>printHeader()
defer printFooter()</pre>
<p>
and more.
</p>
<p>
In summary, the defer statement (with or without panic and recover) provides an
unusual and powerful mechanism for control flow. It can be used to model a
number of features implemented by special-purpose structures in other
programming languages. Try it out.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Error Handling and Go",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
If you have written any Go code you have probably encountered the built-in
<code>error</code> type. Go code uses <code>error</code> values to
indicate an abnormal state. For example, the <code>os.Open</code> function
returns a non-nil <code>error</code> value when it fails to open a file.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func Open/`}}
<p>
The following code uses <code>os.Open</code> to open a file. If an error
occurs it calls <code>log.Fatal</code> to print the error message and stop.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func openFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
You can get a lot done in Go knowing just this about the <code>error</code>
type, but in this article we'll take a closer look at <code>error</code> and
discuss some good practices for error handling in Go.
</p>
<p>
<b>The error type</b>
</p>
<p>
The <code>error</code> type is an interface type. An <code>error</code>
variable represents any value that can describe itself as a string. Here is the
interface's declaration:
</p>
<pre>type error interface {
Error() string
}</pre>
<p>
The <code>error</code> type, as with all built in types, is
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclared</a> in the
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Blocks">universe block</a>.
</p>
<p>
The most commonly-used <code>error</code> implementation is the
<a href="/pkg/errors/">errors</a> package's unexported <code>errorString</code> type.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/errorString/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
You can construct one of these values with the <code>errors.New</code>
function. It takes a string that it converts to an <code>errors.errorString</code>
and returns as an <code>error</code> value.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/New/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Here's how you might use <code>errors.New</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func Sqrt/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A caller passing a negative argument to <code>Sqrt</code> receives a non-nil
<code>error</code> value (whose concrete representation is an
<code>errors.errorString</code> value). The caller can access the error string
("math: square root of...") by calling the <code>error</code>'s
<code>Error</code> method, or by just printing it:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func printErr/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package formats an <code>error</code> value
by calling its <code>Error() string</code> method.
</p>
<p>
It is the error implementation's responsibility to summarize the context.
The error returned by <code>os.Open</code> formats as "open /etc/passwd:
permission denied," not just "permission denied." The error returned by our
<code>Sqrt</code> is missing information about the invalid argument.
</p>
<p>
To add that information, a useful function is the <code>fmt</code> package's
<code>Errorf</code>. It formats a string according to <code>Printf</code>'s
rules and returns it as an <code>error</code> created by
<code>errors.New</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/fmtError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In many cases <code>fmt.Errorf</code> is good enough, but since
<code>error</code> is an interface, you can use arbitrary data structures as
error values, to allow callers to inspect the details of the error.
</p>
<p>
For instance, our hypothetical callers might want to recover the invalid
argument passed to <code>Sqrt</code>. We can enable that by defining a new
error implementation instead of using <code>errors.errorString</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/type NegativeSqrtError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A sophisticated caller can then use a
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Type_assertions">type assertion</a> to check for a
<code>NegativeSqrtError</code> and handle it specially, while callers that just
pass the error to <code>fmt.Println</code> or <code>log.Fatal</code> will see
no change in behavior.
</p>
<p>
As another example, the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package specifies a
<code>SyntaxError</code> type that the <code>json.Decode</code> function
returns when it encounters a syntax error parsing a JSON blob.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/type SyntaxError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>Offset</code> field isn't even shown in the default formatting of the
error, but callers can use it to add file and line information to their error
messages:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func decodeError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(This is a slightly simplified version of some
<a href="http://camlistore.org/code/?p=camlistore.git;a=blob;f=lib/go/camli/jsonconfig/eval.go#l68">actual code</a>
from the <a href="http://camlistore.org">Camlistore</a> project.)
</p>
<p>
The <code>error</code> interface requires only a <code>Error</code> method;
specific error implementations might have additional methods. For instance, the
<a href="/pkg/net/">net</a> package returns errors of type
<code>error</code>, following the usual convention, but some of the error
implementations have additional methods defined by the <code>net.Error</code>
interface:
</p>
<pre>package net
type Error interface {
error
Timeout() bool // Is the error a timeout?
Temporary() bool // Is the error temporary?
}</pre>
<p>
Client code can test for a <code>net.Error</code> with a type assertion and
then distinguish transient network errors from permanent ones. For instance, a
web crawler might sleep and retry when it encounters a temporary error and give
up otherwise.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func netError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<b>Simplifying repetitive error handling</b>
</p>
<p>
In Go, error handling is important. The language's design and conventions
encourage you to explicitly check for errors where they occur (as distinct from
the convention in other languages of throwing exceptions and sometimes catching
them). In some cases this makes Go code verbose, but fortunately there are some
techniques you can use to minimize repetitive error handling.
</p>
<p>
Consider an <a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/go/">App Engine</a>
application with an HTTP handler that retrieves a record from the datastore and
formats it with a template.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error2.go" `/func init/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This function handles errors returned by the <code>datastore.Get</code>
function and <code>viewTemplate</code>'s <code>Execute</code> method. In both
cases, it presents a simple error message to the user with the HTTP status code
500 ("Internal Server Error"). This looks like a manageable amount of code, but
add some more HTTP handlers and you quickly end up with many copies of
identical error handling code.
</p>
<p>
To reduce the repetition we can define our own HTTP <code>appHandler</code>
type that includes an <code>error</code> return value:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/type appHandler/`}}
<p>
Then we can change our <code>viewRecord</code> function to return errors:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/func viewRecord/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This is simpler than the original version, but the <a
href="/pkg/net/http/">http</a> package doesn't understand functions that return
<code>error</code>.
To fix this we can implement the <code>http.Handler</code> interface's
<code>ServeHTTP</code> method on <code>appHandler</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/ServeHTTP/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>ServeHTTP</code> method calls the <code>appHandler</code> function
and displays the returned error (if any) to the user. Notice that the method's
receiver, <code>fn</code>, is a function. (Go can do that!) The method invokes
the function by calling the receiver in the expression <code>fn(w, r)</code>.
</p>
<p>
Now when registering <code>viewRecord</code> with the http package we use the
<code>Handle</code> function (instead of <code>HandleFunc</code>) as
<code>appHandler</code> is an <code>http.Handler</code> (not an
<code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/func init/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
With this basic error handling infrastructure in place, we can make it more
user friendly. Rather than just displaying the error string, it would be better
to give the user a simple error message with an appropriate HTTP status code,
while logging the full error to the App Engine developer console for debugging
purposes.
</p>
<p>
To do this we create an <code>appError</code> struct containing an
<code>error</code> and some other fields:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/type appError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Next we modify the appHandler type to return <code>*appError</code> values:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/type appHandler/`}}
<p>
(It's usually a mistake to pass back the concrete type of an error rather than
<code>error</code>,
for reasons discussed in <a href="/doc/go_faq.html#nil_error">the Go FAQ</a>,
but it's the right thing to do here because <code>ServeHTTP</code> is the only
place that sees the value and uses its contents.)
</p>
<p>
And make <code>appHandler</code>'s <code>ServeHTTP</code> method display the
<code>appError</code>'s <code>Message</code> to the user with the correct HTTP
status <code>Code</code> and log the full <code>Error</code> to the developer
console:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/ServeHTTP/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Finally, we update <code>viewRecord</code> to the new function signature and
have it return more context when it encounters an error:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/func viewRecord/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This version of <code>viewRecord</code> is the same length as the original, but
now each of those lines has specific meaning and we are providing a friendlier
user experience.
</p>
<p>
It doesn't end there; we can further improve the error handling in our
application. Some ideas:
</p>
<ul>
<li>give the error handler a pretty HTML template,
<li>make debugging easier by writing the stack trace to the HTTP response when
the user is an administrator,
<li>write a constructor function for <code>appError</code> that stores the
stack trace for easier debugging,
<li>recover from panics inside the <code>appHandler</code>, logging the error
to the console as "Critical," while telling the user "a serious error
has occurred." This is a nice touch to avoid exposing the user to inscrutable
error messages caused by programming errors.
See the <a href="defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a>
article for more details.
</ul>
<p>
<b>Conclusion</b>
</p>
<p>
Proper error handling is an essential requirement of good software. By
employing the techniques described in this post you should be able to write
more reliable and succinct Go code.
</p>

View File

@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ had to be installed in certain places, under certain names, using certain build
tools, in order to be used. That's understandable: that's the way it works in
most other languages. Over the last few years we consistently reminded people
about the <code>goinstall</code> command
(now replaced by <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Download_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go get</code></a>)
(now replaced by <a href="/cmd/go/#Download_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go get</code></a>)
and its conventions: first, that the import path is derived in a known way from
the URL of the source code; second, that the place to store the sources in
the URL of the source code; second, that that the place to store the sources in
the local file system is derived in a known way from the import path; third,
that each directory in a source tree corresponds to a single package; and
fourth, that the package is built using only information in the source code.
@@ -78,18 +78,17 @@ well-established conventions.</p>
source code. For Bitbucket, GitHub, Google Code, and Launchpad, the
root directory of the repository is identified by the repository's
main URL, without the <code>http://</code> prefix. Subdirectories are named by
adding to that path.
For example, the Go example programs are obtained by running</p>
adding to that path. For example, the supplemental networking
libraries for Go are obtained by running</p>
<pre>
git clone https://github.com/golang/example
hg clone http://code.google.com/p/go.net
</pre>
<p>and thus the import path for the root directory of that repository is
"<code>github.com/golang/example</code>".
The <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/golang/example/stringutil">stringutil</a>
package is stored in a subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>github.com/golang/example/stringutil</code>".</p>
"<code>code.google.com/p/go.net</code>". The websocket package is stored in a
subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket</code>".</p>
<p>These paths are on the long side, but in exchange we get an
automatically managed name space for import paths and the ability for
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ deduce where to obtain the source code.</p>
in a known way from the import path. Specifically, the first choice
is <code>$GOPATH/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>. If <code>$GOPATH</code> is
unset, the go command will fall back to storing source code alongside the
standard Go packages, in <code>$GOROOT/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
standard Go packages, in <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
If <code>$GOPATH</code> is set to a list of paths, the go command tries
<code>&lt;dir&gt;/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code> for each of the directories in
that list.</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Gobs of data",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
To transmit a data structure across a network or to store it in a file, it must
be encoded and then decoded again. There are many encodings available, of
course: <a href="http://www.json.org/">JSON</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML</a>, Google's
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/protobuf">protocol buffers</a>, and more.
And now there's another, provided by Go's <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a>
package.
</p>
<p>
Why define a new encoding? It's a lot of work and redundant at that. Why not
just use one of the existing formats? Well, for one thing, we do! Go has
<a href="/pkg/">packages</a> supporting all the encodings just mentioned (the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf">protocol buffer package</a> is in
a separate repository but it's one of the most frequently downloaded). And for
many purposes, including communicating with tools and systems written in other
languages, they're the right choice.
</p>
<p>
But for a Go-specific environment, such as communicating between two servers
written in Go, there's an opportunity to build something much easier to use and
possibly more efficient.
</p>
<p>
Gobs work with the language in a way that an externally-defined,
language-independent encoding cannot. At the same time, there are lessons to be
learned from the existing systems.
</p>
<p>
<b>Goals</b>
</p>
<p>
The gob package was designed with a number of goals in mind.
</p>
<p>
First, and most obvious, it had to be very easy to use. First, because Go has
reflection, there is no need for a separate interface definition language or
"protocol compiler". The data structure itself is all the package should need
to figure out how to encode and decode it. On the other hand, this approach
means that gobs will never work as well with other languages, but that's OK:
gobs are unashamedly Go-centric.
</p>
<p>
Efficiency is also important. Textual representations, exemplified by XML and
JSON, are too slow to put at the center of an efficient communications network.
A binary encoding is necessary.
</p>
<p>
Gob streams must be self-describing. Each gob stream, read from the beginning,
contains sufficient information that the entire stream can be parsed by an
agent that knows nothing a priori about its contents. This property means that
you will always be able to decode a gob stream stored in a file, even long
after you've forgotten what data it represents.
</p>
<p>
There were also some things to learn from our experiences with Google protocol
buffers.
</p>
<p>
<b>Protocol buffer misfeatures</b>
</p>
<p>
Protocol buffers had a major effect on the design of gobs, but have three
features that were deliberately avoided. (Leaving aside the property that
protocol buffers aren't self-describing: if you don't know the data definition
used to encode a protocol buffer, you might not be able to parse it.)
</p>
<p>
First, protocol buffers only work on the data type we call a struct in Go. You
can't encode an integer or array at the top level, only a struct with fields
inside it. That seems a pointless restriction, at least in Go. If all you want
to send is an array of integers, why should you have to put it into a
struct first?
</p>
<p>
Next, a protocol buffer definition may specify that fields <code>T.x</code> and
<code>T.y</code> are required to be present whenever a value of type
<code>T</code> is encoded or decoded. Although such required fields may seem
like a good idea, they are costly to implement because the codec must maintain a
separate data structure while encoding and decoding, to be able to report when
required fields are missing. They're also a maintenance problem. Over time, one
may want to modify the data definition to remove a required field, but that may
cause existing clients of the data to crash. It's better not to have them in the
encoding at all. (Protocol buffers also have optional fields. But if we don't
have required fields, all fields are optional and that's that. There will be
more to say about optional fields a little later.)
</p>
<p>
The third protocol buffer misfeature is default values. If a protocol buffer
omits the value for a "defaulted" field, then the decoded structure behaves as
if the field were set to that value. This idea works nicely when you have
getter and setter methods to control access to the field, but is harder to
handle cleanly when the container is just a plain idiomatic struct. Required
fields are also tricky to implement: where does one define the default values,
what types do they have (is text UTF-8? uninterpreted bytes? how many bits in a
float?) and despite the apparent simplicity, there were a number of
complications in their design and implementation for protocol buffers. We
decided to leave them out of gobs and fall back to Go's trivial but effective
defaulting rule: unless you set something otherwise, it has the "zero value"
for that type - and it doesn't need to be transmitted.
</p>
<p>
So gobs end up looking like a sort of generalized, simplified protocol buffer.
How do they work?
</p>
<p>
<b>Values</b>
</p>
<p>
The encoded gob data isn't about <code>int8</code>s and <code>uint16</code>s.
Instead, somewhat analogous to constants in Go, its integer values are abstract,
sizeless numbers, either signed or unsigned. When you encode an
<code>int8</code>, its value is transmitted as an unsized, variable-length
integer. When you encode an <code>int64</code>, its value is also transmitted as
an unsized, variable-length integer. (Signed and unsigned are treated
distinctly, but the same unsized-ness applies to unsigned values too.) If both
have the value 7, the bits sent on the wire will be identical. When the receiver
decodes that value, it puts it into the receiver's variable, which may be of
arbitrary integer type. Thus an encoder may send a 7 that came from an
<code>int8</code>, but the receiver may store it in an <code>int64</code>. This
is fine: the value is an integer and as a long as it fits, everything works. (If
it doesn't fit, an error results.) This decoupling from the size of the variable
gives some flexibility to the encoding: we can expand the type of the integer
variable as the software evolves, but still be able to decode old data.
</p>
<p>
This flexibility also applies to pointers. Before transmission, all pointers are
flattened. Values of type <code>int8</code>, <code>*int8</code>,
<code>**int8</code>, <code>****int8</code>, etc. are all transmitted as an
integer value, which may then be stored in <code>int</code> of any size, or
<code>*int</code>, or <code>******int</code>, etc. Again, this allows for
flexibility.
</p>
<p>
Flexibility also happens because, when decoding a struct, only those fields
that are sent by the encoder are stored in the destination. Given the value
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type T/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
the encoding of <code>t</code> sends only the 7 and 8. Because it's zero, the
value of <code>Y</code> isn't even sent; there's no need to send a zero value.
</p>
<p>
The receiver could instead decode the value into this structure:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type U/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and acquire a value of <code>u</code> with only <code>X</code> set (to the
address of an <code>int8</code> variable set to 7); the <code>Z</code> field is
ignored - where would you put it? When decoding structs, fields are matched by
name and compatible type, and only fields that exist in both are affected. This
simple approach finesses the "optional field" problem: as the type
<code>T</code> evolves by adding fields, out of date receivers will still
function with the part of the type they recognize. Thus gobs provide the
important result of optional fields - extensibility - without any additional
mechanism or notation.
</p>
<p>
From integers we can build all the other types: bytes, strings, arrays, slices,
maps, even floats. Floating-point values are represented by their IEEE 754
floating-point bit pattern, stored as an integer, which works fine as long as
you know their type, which we always do. By the way, that integer is sent in
byte-reversed order because common values of floating-point numbers, such as
small integers, have a lot of zeros at the low end that we can avoid
transmitting.
</p>
<p>
One nice feature of gobs that Go makes possible is that they allow you to define
your own encoding by having your type satisfy the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces, in a manner
analogous to the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">JSON</a> package's
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshaler">Marshaler</a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshaler">Unmarshaler</a> and also to the
<a href="/pkg/fmt/#Stringer">Stringer</a> interface from
<a href="/pkg/fmt/">package fmt</a>. This facility makes it possible to
represent special features, enforce constraints, or hide secrets when you
transmit data. See the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">documentation</a> for
details.
</p>
<p>
<b>Types on the wire</b>
</p>
<p>
The first time you send a given type, the gob package includes in the data
stream a description of that type. In fact, what happens is that the encoder is
used to encode, in the standard gob encoding format, an internal struct that
describes the type and gives it a unique number. (Basic types, plus the layout
of the type description structure, are predefined by the software for
bootstrapping.) After the type is described, it can be referenced by its type
number.
</p>
<p>
Thus when we send our first type <code>T</code>, the gob encoder sends a
description of <code>T</code> and tags it with a type number, say 127. All
values, including the first, are then prefixed by that number, so a stream of
<code>T</code> values looks like:
</p>
<pre>
("define type id" 127, definition of type T)(127, T value)(127, T value), ...
</pre>
<p>
These type numbers make it possible to describe recursive types and send values
of those types. Thus gobs can encode types such as trees:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type Node/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(It's an exercise for the reader to discover how the zero-defaulting rule makes
this work, even though gobs don't represent pointers.)
</p>
<p>
With the type information, a gob stream is fully self-describing except for the
set of bootstrap types, which is a well-defined starting point.
</p>
<p>
<b>Compiling a machine</b>
</p>
<p>
The first time you encode a value of a given type, the gob package builds a
little interpreted machine specific to that data type. It uses reflection on
the type to construct that machine, but once the machine is built it does not
depend on reflection. The machine uses package unsafe and some trickery to
convert the data into the encoded bytes at high speed. It could use reflection
and avoid unsafe, but would be significantly slower. (A similar high-speed
approach is taken by the protocol buffer support for Go, whose design was
influenced by the implementation of gobs.) Subsequent values of the same type
use the already-compiled machine, so they can be encoded right away.
</p>
<p>
Decoding is similar but harder. When you decode a value, the gob package holds
a byte slice representing a value of a given encoder-defined type to decode,
plus a Go value into which to decode it. The gob package builds a machine for
that pair: the gob type sent on the wire crossed with the Go type provided for
decoding. Once that decoding machine is built, though, it's again a
reflectionless engine that uses unsafe methods to get maximum speed.
</p>
<p>
<b>Use</b>
</p>
<p>
There's a lot going on under the hood, but the result is an efficient,
easy-to-use encoding system for transmitting data. Here's a complete example
showing differing encoded and decoded types. Note how easy it is to send and
receive values; all you need to do is present values and variables to the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package</a> and it does all the work.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs2.go" `/package main/` `$`}}
<p>
You can compile and run this example code in the
<a href="http://play.golang.org/p/_-OJV-rwMq">Go Playground</a>.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/">rpc package</a> builds on gobs to turn this
encode/decode automation into transport for method calls across the network.
That's a subject for another article.
</p>
<p>
<b>Details</b>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package documentation</a>, especially the
file <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a>, expands on many of the
details described here and includes a full worked example showing how the
encoding represents data. If you are interested in the innards of the gob
implementation, that's a good place to start.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Godoc: documenting Go code",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The Go project takes documentation seriously. Documentation is a huge part of
making software accessible and maintainable. Of course it must be well-written
and accurate, but it also must be easy to write and to maintain. Ideally, it
should be coupled to the code itself so the documentation evolves along with the
code. The easier it is for programmers to produce good documentation, the better
for everyone.
</p>
<p>
To that end, we have developed the <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a> documentation
tool. This article describes godoc's approach to documentation, and explains how
you can use our conventions and tools to write good documentation for your own
projects.
</p>
<p>
Godoc parses Go source code - including comments - and produces documentation as
HTML or plain text. The end result is documentation tightly coupled with the
code it documents. For example, through godoc's web interface you can navigate
from a function's <a href="/pkg/strings/#HasPrefix">documentation</a> to its
<a href="/src/pkg/strings/strings.go?#L312">implementation</a> with one click.
</p>
<p>
Godoc is conceptually related to Python's
<a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/">Docstring</a> and Java's
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index-jsp-135444.html">Javadoc</a>,
but its design is simpler. The comments read by godoc are not language
constructs (as with Docstring) nor must they have their own machine-readable
syntax (as with Javadoc). Godoc comments are just good comments, the sort you
would want to read even if godoc didn't exist.
</p>
<p>
The convention is simple: to document a type, variable, constant, function, or
even a package, write a regular comment directly preceding its declaration, with
no intervening blank line. Godoc will then present that comment as text
alongside the item it documents. For example, this is the documentation for the
<code>fmt</code> package's <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Fprint"><code>Fprint</code></a>
function:
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/fmt/print.go" `/Fprint formats using the default/` `/func Fprint/`}}
<p>
Notice this comment is a complete sentence that begins with the name of the
element it describes. This important convention allows us to generate
documentation in a variety of formats, from plain text to HTML to UNIX man
pages, and makes it read better when tools truncate it for brevity, such as when
they extract the first line or sentence.
</p>
<p>
Comments on package declarations should provide general package documentation.
These comments can be short, like the <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a>
package's brief description:
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/sort/sort.go" `/Package sort provides/` `/package sort/`}}
<p>
They can also be detailed like the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package</a>'s
overview. That package uses another convention for packages
that need large amounts of introductory documentation: the package comment is
placed in its own file, <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a>, which
contains only those comments and a package clause.
</p>
<p>
When writing package comments of any size, keep in mind that their first
sentence will appear in godoc's <a href="/pkg/">package list</a>.
</p>
<p>
Comments that are not adjacent to a top-level declaration are omitted from
godoc's output, with one notable exception. Top-level comments that begin with
the word <code>"BUG(who)”</code> are recognized as known bugs, and included in
the "Bugs” section of the package documentation. The "who” part should be the
user name of someone who could provide more information. For example, this is a
known issue from the <a href="/pkg/bytes/#bugs">bytes package</a>:
</p>
<pre>
// BUG(r): The rule Title uses for word boundaries does not handle Unicode punctuation properly.
</pre>
<p>
Godoc treats executable commands somewhat differently. Instead of inspecting the
command source code, it looks for a Go source file belonging to the special
package "documentation”. The comment on the "package documentation” clause is
used as the command's documentation. For example, see the
<a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc documentation</a> and its corresponding
<a href="/src/cmd/godoc/doc.go">doc.go</a> file.
</p>
<p>
There are a few formatting rules that Godoc uses when converting comments to
HTML:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Subsequent lines of text are considered part of the same paragraph; you must
leave a blank line to separate paragraphs.
</li>
<li>
Pre-formatted text must be indented relative to the surrounding comment text
(see gob's <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a> for an example).
</li>
<li>
URLs will be converted to HTML links; no special markup is necessary.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that none of these rules requires you to do anything out of the ordinary.
</p>
<p>
In fact, the best thing about godoc's minimal approach is how easy it is to use.
As a result, a lot of Go code, including all of the standard library, already
follows the conventions.
</p>
<p>
Your own code can present good documentation just by having comments as
described above. Any Go packages installed inside <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg</code>
and any <code>GOPATH</code> work spaces will already be accessible via godoc's
command-line and HTTP interfaces, and you can specify additional paths for
indexing via the <code>-path</code> flag or just by running <code>"godoc ."</code>
in the source directory. See the <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc documentation</a>
for more details.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go's Declaration Syntax"
}-->
<p>
Newcomers to Go wonder why the declaration syntax is different from the
tradition established in the C family. In this post we'll compare the
two approaches and explain why Go's declarations look as they do.
</p>
<p>
<b>C syntax</b>
</p>
<p>
First, let's talk about C syntax. C took an unusual and clever approach
to declaration syntax. Instead of describing the types with special
syntax, one writes an expression involving the item being declared, and
states what type that expression will have. Thus
</p>
<pre>
int x;
</pre>
<p>
declares x to be an int: the expression 'x' will have type int. In
general, to figure out how to write the type of a new variable, write an
expression involving that variable that evaluates to a basic type, then
put the basic type on the left and the expression on the right.
</p>
<p>
Thus, the declarations
</p>
<pre>
int *p;
int a[3];
</pre>
<p>
state that p is a pointer to int because '*p' has type int, and that a
is an array of ints because a[3] (ignoring the particular index value,
which is punned to be the size of the array) has type int.
</p>
<p>
What about functions? Originally, C's function declarations wrote the
types of the arguments outside the parens, like this:
</p>
<pre>
int main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{ /* ... */ }
</pre>
<p>
Again, we see that main is a function because the expression main(argc,
argv) returns an int. In modern notation we'd write
</p>
<pre>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }
</pre>
<p>
but the basic structure is the same.
</p>
<p>
This is a clever syntactic idea that works well for simple types but can
get confusing fast. The famous example is declaring a function pointer.
Follow the rules and you get this:
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int a, int b);
</pre>
<p>
Here, fp is a pointer to a function because if you write the expression
(*fp)(a, b) you'll call a function that returns int. What if one of fp's
arguments is itself a function?
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int (*ff)(int x, int y), int b)
</pre>
<p>
That's starting to get hard to read.
</p>
<p>
Of course, we can leave out the name of the parameters when we declare a
function, so main can be declared
</p>
<pre>
int main(int, char *[])
</pre>
<p>
Recall that argv is declared like this,
</p>
<pre>
char *argv[]
</pre>
<p>
so you drop the name from the <em>middle</em> of its declaration to construct
its type. It's not obvious, though, that you declare something of type
char *[] by putting its name in the middle.
</p>
<p>
And look what happens to fp's declaration if you don't name the
parameters:
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int (*)(int, int), int)
</pre>
<p>
Not only is it not obvious where to put the name inside
</p>
<pre>
int (*)(int, int)
</pre>
<p>
it's not exactly clear that it's a function pointer declaration at all.
And what if the return type is a function pointer?
</p>
<pre>
int (*(*fp)(int (*)(int, int), int))(int, int)
</pre>
<p>
It's hard even to see that this declaration is about fp.
</p>
<p>
You can construct more elaborate examples but these should illustrate
some of the difficulties that C's declaration syntax can introduce.
</p>
<p>
There's one more point that needs to be made, though. Because type and
declaration syntax are the same, it can be difficult to parse
expressions with types in the middle. This is why, for instance, C casts
always parenthesize the type, as in
</p>
<pre>
(int)M_PI
</pre>
<p>
<b>Go syntax</b>
</p>
<p>
Languages outside the C family usually use a distinct type syntax in
declarations. Although it's a separate point, the name usually comes
first, often followed by a colon. Thus our examples above become
something like (in a fictional but illustrative language)
</p>
<pre>
x: int
p: pointer to int
a: array[3] of int
</pre>
<p>
These declarations are clear, if verbose - you just read them left to
right. Go takes its cue from here, but in the interests of brevity it
drops the colon and removes some of the keywords:
</p>
<pre>
x int
p *int
a [3]int
</pre>
<p>
There is no direct correspondence between the look of [3]int and how to
use a in an expression. (We'll come back to pointers in the next
section.) You gain clarity at the cost of a separate syntax.
</p>
<p>
Now consider functions. Let's transcribe the declaration for main, even
though the main function in Go takes no arguments:
</p>
<pre>
func main(argc int, argv *[]byte) int
</pre>
<p>
Superficially that's not much different from C, but it reads well from
left to right:
</p>
<p>
<em>function main takes an int and a pointer to a slice of bytes and returns an int.</em>
</p>
<p>
Drop the parameter names and it's just as clear - they're always first
so there's no confusion.
</p>
<pre>
func main(int, *[]byte) int
</pre>
<p>
One value of this left-to-right style is how well it works as the types
become more complex. Here's a declaration of a function variable
(analogous to a function pointer in C):
</p>
<pre>
f func(func(int,int) int, int) int
</pre>
<p>
Or if f returns a function:
</p>
<pre>
f func(func(int,int) int, int) func(int, int) int
</pre>
<p>
It still reads clearly, from left to right, and it's always obvious
which name is being declared - the name comes first.
</p>
<p>
The distinction between type and expression syntax makes it easy to
write and invoke closures in Go:
</p>
<pre>
sum := func(a, b int) int { return a+b } (3, 4)
</pre>
<p>
<b>Pointers</b>
</p>
<p>
Pointers are the exception that proves the rule. Notice that in arrays
and slices, for instance, Go's type syntax puts the brackets on the left
of the type but the expression syntax puts them on the right of the
expression:
</p>
<pre>
var a []int
x = a[1]
</pre>
<p>
For familiarity, Go's pointers use the * notation from C, but we could
not bring ourselves to make a similar reversal for pointer types. Thus
pointers work like this
</p>
<pre>
var p *int
x = *p
</pre>
<p>
We couldn't say
</p>
<pre>
var p *int
x = p*
</pre>
<p>
because that postfix * would conflate with multiplication. We could have
used the Pascal ^, for example:
</p>
<pre>
var p ^int
x = p^
</pre>
<p>
and perhaps we should have (and chosen another operator for xor),
because the prefix asterisk on both types and expressions complicates
things in a number of ways. For instance, although one can write
</p>
<pre>
[]int("hi")
</pre>
<p>
as a conversion, one must parenthesize the type if it starts with a *:
</p>
<pre>
(*int)(nil)
</pre>
<p>
Had we been willing to give up * as pointer syntax, those parentheses
would be unnecessary.
</p>
<p>
So Go's pointer syntax is tied to the familiar C form, but those ties
mean that we cannot break completely from using parentheses to
disambiguate types and expressions in the grammar.
</p>
<p>
Overall, though, we believe Go's type syntax is easier to understand
than C's, especially when things get complicated.
</p>
<p>
<b>Notes</b>
</p>
<p>
Go's declarations read left to right. It's been pointed out that C's
read in a spiral! See <a href="http://c-faq.com/decl/spiral.anderson.html">
The "Clockwise/Spiral Rule"</a> by David Anderson.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "The Go image/draw package",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> defines
only one operation: drawing a source image onto a destination
image, through an optional mask image. This one operation is
surprisingly versatile and can perform a number of common image
manipulation tasks elegantly and efficiently.
</p>
<p>
Composition is performed pixel by pixel in the style of the Plan 9
graphics library and the X Render extension. The model is based on
the classic "Compositing Digital Images" paper by Porter and Duff,
with an additional mask parameter: <code>dst = (src IN mask) OP dst</code>.
For a fully opaque mask, this reduces to the original Porter-Duff
formula: <code>dst = src OP dst</code>. In Go, a nil mask image is equivalent
to an infinitely sized, fully opaque mask image.
</p>
<p>
The Porter-Duff paper presented
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVGCompositing/examples/compop-porterduff-examples.png">12 different composition operators</a>,
but with an explicit mask, only 2 of these are needed in practice:
source-over-destination and source. In Go, these operators are
represented by the <code>Over</code> and <code>Src</code> constants. The <code>Over</code> operator
performs the natural layering of a source image over a destination
image: the change to the destination image is smaller where the
source (after masking) is more transparent (that is, has lower
alpha). The <code>Src</code> operator merely copies the source (after masking)
with no regard for the destination image's original content. For
fully opaque source and mask images, the two operators produce the
same output, but the <code>Src</code> operator is usually faster.
</p>
<p><b>Geometric Alignment</b></p>
<p>
Composition requires associating destination pixels with source and
mask pixels. Obviously, this requires destination, source and mask
images, and a composition operator, but it also requires specifying
what rectangle of each image to use. Not every drawing should write
to the entire destination: when updating an animating image, it is
more efficient to only draw the parts of the image that have
changed. Not every drawing should read from the entire source: when
using a sprite that combines many small images into one large one,
only a part of the image is needed. Not every drawing should read
from the entire mask: a mask image that collects a font's glyphs is
similar to a sprite. Thus, drawing also needs to know three
rectangles, one for each image. Since each rectangle has the same
width and height, it suffices to pass a destination rectangle `r`
and two points <code>sp</code> and <code>mp</code>: the source rectangle is equal to <code>r</code>
translated so that <code>r.Min</code> in the destination image aligns with
<code>sp</code> in the source image, and similarly for <code>mp</code>. The effective
rectangle is also clipped to each image's bounds in their
respective co-ordinate space.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-20.png">
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#DrawMask"><code>DrawMask</code></a>
function takes seven arguments, but an explicit mask and mask-point
are usually unnecessary, so the
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw"><code>Draw</code></a> function takes five:
</p>
<pre>
// Draw calls DrawMask with a nil mask.
func Draw(dst Image, r image.Rectangle, src image.Image, sp image.Point, op Op)
func DrawMask(dst Image, r image.Rectangle, src image.Image, sp image.Point,
mask image.Image, mp image.Point, op Op)
</pre>
<p>
The destination image must be mutable, so the image/draw package
defines a <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Image"><code>draw.Image</code></a>
interface which has a <code>Set</code> method.
</p>
{{code "../src/pkg/image/draw/draw.go" `/type Image/` `/}/`}}
<p><b>Filling a Rectangle</b></p>
<p>
To fill a rectangle with a solid color, use an <code>image.Uniform</code>
source. The <code>Uniform</code> type re-interprets a <code>Color</code> as a
practically infinite-sized <code>Image</code> of that color. For those
familiar with the design of Plan 9's draw library, there is no need
for an explicit "repeat bit" in Go's slice-based image types; the
concept is subsumed by <code>Uniform</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/ZERO/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To initialize a new image to all-blue:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/BLUE/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To reset an image to transparent (or black, if the destination
image's color model cannot represent transparency), use
<code>image.Transparent</code>, which is an <code>image.Uniform</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RESET/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2a.png">
</p>
<p><b>Copying an Image</b></p>
<p>
To copy from a rectangle <code>sr</code> in the source image to a rectangle
starting at a point <code>dp</code> in the destination, convert the source
rectangle into the destination image's co-ordinate space:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RECT/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Alternatively:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RECT2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To copy the entire source image, use <code>sr = src.Bounds()</code>.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-2b.png">
</p>
<p><b>Scrolling an Image</b></p>
<p>
Scrolling an image is just copying an image to itself, with
different destination and source rectangles. Overlapping
destination and source images are perfectly valid, just as Go's
built-in copy function can handle overlapping destination and
source slices. To scroll an image m by 20 pixels:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/SCROLL/` `/STOP/`}}
<p><img src="image-2c.png"></p>
<p><b>Converting an Image to RGBA</b></p>
<p>
The result of decoding an image format might not be an
<code>image.RGBA</code>: decoding a GIF results in an <code>image.Paletted</code>,
decoding a JPEG results in a <code>ycbcr.YCbCr</code>, and the result of
decoding a PNG depends on the image data. To convert any image to
an <code>image.RGBA</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CONV/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2d.png">
</p>
<p><b>Drawing Through a Mask</b></p>
<p>
To draw an image through a circular mask with center <code>p</code> and radius
<code>r</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CIRCLESTRUCT/` `/STOP/`}}
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CIRCLE2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2e.png">
</p>
<p><b>Drawing Font Glyphs</b></p>
<p>
To draw a font glyph in blue starting from a point <code>p</code>, draw with
an <code>image.Uniform</code> source and an <code>image.Alpha mask</code>. For
simplicity, we aren't performing any sub-pixel positioning or
rendering, or correcting for a font's height above a baseline.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/GLYPH/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2f.png">
</p>
<p><b>Performance</b></p>
<p>
The image/draw package implementation demonstrates how to provide
an image manipulation function that is both general purpose, yet
efficient for common cases. The <code>DrawMask</code> function takes arguments
of interface types, but immediately makes type assertions that its
arguments are of specific struct types, corresponding to common
operations like drawing one <code>image.RGBA</code> image onto another, or
drawing an <code>image.Alpha</code> mask (such as a font glyph) onto an
<code>image.RGBA</code> image. If a type assertion succeeds, that type
information is used to run a specialized implementation of the
general algorithm. If the assertions fail, the fallback code path
uses the generic <code>At</code> and <code>Set</code> methods. The fast-paths are purely
a performance optimization; the resultant destination image is the
same either way. In practice, only a small number of special cases
are necessary to support typical applications.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Go image package",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/color/">image/color</a> packages define a number of types:
<code>color.Color</code> and <code>color.Model</code> describe colors,
<code>image.Point</code> and <code>image.Rectangle</code> describe basic 2-D
geometry, and <code>image.Image</code> brings the two concepts together to
represent a rectangular grid of colors. A
<a href="/doc/articles/image_draw.html">separate article</a> covers image
composition with the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.
</p>
<p>
<b>Colors and Color Models</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Color">Color</a> is an interface that defines the minimal
method set of any type that can be considered a color: one that can be converted
to red, green, blue and alpha values. The conversion may be lossy, such as
converting from CMYK or YCbCr color spaces.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Color interface/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
There are three important subtleties about the return values. First, the red,
green and blue are alpha-premultiplied: a fully saturated red that is also 25%
transparent is represented by RGBA returning a 75% r. Second, the channels have
a 16-bit effective range: 100% red is represented by RGBA returning an r of
65535, not 255, so that converting from CMYK or YCbCr is not as lossy. Third,
the type returned is <code>uint32</code>, even though the maximum value is 65535, to
guarantee that multiplying two values together won't overflow. Such
multiplications occur when blending two colors according to an alpha mask from a
third color, in the style of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing">Porter and Duff's</a>
classic algebra:
</p>
<pre>
dstr, dstg, dstb, dsta := dst.RGBA()
srcr, srcg, srcb, srca := src.RGBA()
_, _, _, m := mask.RGBA()
const M = 1&lt;&lt;16 - 1
// The resultant red value is a blend of dstr and srcr, and ranges in [0, M].
// The calculation for green, blue and alpha is similar.
dstr = (dstr*(M-m) + srcr*m) / M
</pre>
<p>
The last line of that code snippet would have been more complicated if we worked
with non-alpha-premultiplied colors, which is why <code>Color</code> uses
alpha-premultiplied values.
</p>
<p>
The image/color package also defines a number of concrete types that implement
the <code>Color</code> interface. For example,
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> is a struct that represents
the classic "8 bits per channel" color.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type RGBA struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Note that the <code>R</code> field of an <code>RGBA</code> is an 8-bit
alpha-premultiplied color in the range [0, 255]. <code>RGBA</code> satisfies the
<code>Color</code> interface by multiplying that value by 0x101 to generate a
16-bit alpha-premultiplied color in the range [0, 65535]. Similarly, the
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#NRGBA"><code>NRGBA</code></a> struct type represents
an 8-bit non-alpha-premultiplied color, as used by the PNG image format. When
manipulating an <code>NRGBA</code>'s fields directly, the values are
non-alpha-premultiplied, but when calling the <code>RGBA</code> method, the
return values are alpha-premultiplied.
</p>
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/color/#Model"><code>Model</code></a> is simply
something that can convert <code>Color</code>s to other <code>Color</code>s, possibly lossily. For
example, the <code>GrayModel</code> can convert any <code>Color</code> to a
desaturated <a href="/pkg/image/color/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a>. A
<code>Palette</code> can convert any <code>Color</code> to one from a
limited palette.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Model interface/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Palette \[\]Color/`}}
<p>
<b>Points and Rectangles</b>
</p>
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/#Point"><code>Point</code></a> is an (x, y) co-ordinate
on the integer grid, with axes increasing right and down. It is neither a pixel
nor a grid square. A <code>Point</code> has no intrinsic width, height or
color, but the visualizations below use a small colored square.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/geom.go" `/type Point struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-package-01.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package1.go" `/p := image.Point/`}}
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle"><code>Rectangle</code></a> is an axis-aligned
rectangle on the integer grid, defined by its top-left and bottom-right
<code>Point</code>. A <code>Rectangle</code> also has no intrinsic color, but
the visualizations below outline rectangles with a thin colored line, and call
out their <code>Min</code> and <code>Max</code> <code>Point</code>s.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/geom.go" `/type Rectangle struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
For convenience, <code>image.Rect(x0, y0, x1, y1)</code> is equivalent to
<code>image.Rectangle{image.Point{x0, y0}, image.Point{x1, y1}}</code>, but is
much easier to type.
</p>
<p>
A <code>Rectangle</code> is inclusive at the top-left and exclusive at the
bottom-right. For a <code>Point p</code> and a <code>Rectangle r</code>,
<code>p.In(r)</code> if and only if
<code>r.Min.X &lt;= p.X &amp;&amp; p.X &lt; r.Max.X</code>, and similarly for <code>Y</code>. This is analagous to how
a slice <code>s[i0:i1]</code> is inclusive at the low end and exclusive at the
high end. (Unlike arrays and slices, a <code>Rectangle</code> often has a
non-zero origin.)
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-02.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package2.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Println/`}}
<p>
Adding a <code>Point</code> to a <code>Rectangle</code> translates the
<code>Rectangle</code>. Points and Rectangles are not restricted to be in the
bottom-right quadrant.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-03.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package3.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Println/`}}
<p>
Intersecting two Rectangles yields another Rectangle, which may be empty.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-04.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package4.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Printf/`}}
<p>
Points and Rectangles are passed and returned by value. A function that takes a
<code>Rectangle</code> argument will be as efficient as a function that takes
two <code>Point</code> arguments, or four <code>int</code> arguments.
</p>
<p>
<b>Images</b>
</p>
<p>
An <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">Image</a> maps every grid square in a
<code>Rectangle</code> to a <code>Color</code> from a <code>Model</code>.
"The pixel at (x, y)" refers to the color of the grid square defined by the
points (x, y), (x+1, y), (x+1, y+1) and (x, y+1).
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/image.go" `/type Image interface/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
A common mistake is assuming that an <code>Image</code>'s bounds start at (0,
0). For example, an animated GIF contains a sequence of Images, and each
<code>Image</code> after the first typically only holds pixel data for the area
that changed, and that area doesn't necessarily start at (0, 0). The correct
way to iterate over an <code>Image</code> m's pixels looks like:
</p>
<pre>
b := m.Bounds()
for y := b.Min.Y; y &lt; b.Max.Y; y++ {
for x := b.Min.X; y &lt; b.Max.X; x++ {
doStuffWith(m.At(x, y))
}
}
</pre>
<p>
<code>Image</code> implementations do not have to be based on an in-memory
slice of pixel data. For example, a
<a href="/pkg/image/#Uniform"><code>Uniform</code></a> is an
<code>Image</code> of enormous bounds and uniform color, whose in-memory
representation is simply that color.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/names.go" `/type Uniform struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Typically, though, programs will want an image based on a slice. Struct types
like <a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a> (which other packages refer
to as <code>image.RGBA</code> and <code>image.Gray</code>) hold slices of pixel
data and implement the <code>Image</code> interface.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/image.go" `/type RGBA struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
These types also provide a <code>Set(x, y int, c color.Color)</code> method
that allows modifying the image one pixel at a time.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package5.go" `/m := image.New/` `/m.Set/`}}
<p>
If you're reading or writing a lot of pixel data, it can be more efficient, but
more complicated, to access these struct type's <code>Pix</code> field directly.
</p>
<p>
The slice-based <code>Image</code> implementations also provide a
<code>SubImage</code> method, which returns an <code>Image</code> backed by the
same array. Modifying the pixels of a sub-image will affect the pixels of the
original image, analagous to how modifying the contents of a sub-slice
<code>s[i0:i1]</code> will affect the contents of the original slice
<code>s</code>.
</p>
<img src="image-package-05.png" width="400" height="300">
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package6.go" `/m0 := image.New/` `/fmt.Println\(m0.Stride/`}}
<p>
For low-level code that works on an image's <code>Pix</code> field, be aware
that ranging over <code>Pix</code> can affect pixels outside an image's bounds.
In the example above, the pixels covered by <code>m1.Pix</code> are shaded in
blue. Higher-level code, such as the <code>At</code> and <code>Set</code>
methods or the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw package</a>, will clip
their operations to the image's bounds.
</p>
<p>
<b>Image Formats</b>
</p>
<p>
The standard package library supports a number of common image formats, such as
GIF, JPEG and PNG. If you know the format of a source image file, you can
decode from an <a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a> directly.
</p>
<pre>
import (
"image/jpeg"
"image/png"
"io"
)
// convertJPEGToPNG converts from JPEG to PNG.
func convertJPEGToPNG(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
img, err := jpeg.Decode(r)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return png.Encode(w, img)
}
</pre>
<p>
If you have image data of unknown format, the
<a href="/pkg/image/#Decode"><code>image.Decode</code></a> function can detect
the format. The set of recognized formats is constructed at run time and is not
limited to those in the standard package library. An image format package
typically registers its format in an init function, and the main package will
"underscore import" such a package solely for the side effect of format
registration.
</p>
<pre>
import (
"image"
"image/png"
"io"
_ "code.google.com/p/vp8-go/webp"
_ "image/jpeg"
)
// convertToPNG converts from any recognized format to PNG.
func convertToPNG(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
img, _, err := image.Decode(r)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return png.Encode(w, img)
}
</pre>

View File

@@ -3,6 +3,5 @@
}-->
<p>
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> and the
<a href="/blog/index">Blog index</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
<!--{
"Title": "JSON and Go",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a simple data interchange format.
Syntactically it resembles the objects and lists of JavaScript. It is most
commonly used for communication between web back-ends and JavaScript programs
running in the browser, but it is used in many other places, too. Its home page,
<a href="http://json.org">json.org</a>, provides a wonderfully clear and concise
definition of the standard.
</p>
<p>
With the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package</a> it's a snap to read and
write JSON data from your Go programs.
</p>
<p>
<b>Encoding</b>
</p>
<p>
To encode JSON data we use the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a> function.
</p>
<pre>
func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error)
</pre>
<p>
Given the Go data structure, <code>Message</code>,
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/type Message/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and an instance of <code>Message</code>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/m :=/`}}
<p>
we can marshal a JSON-encoded version of m using <code>json.Marshal</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/b, err :=/`}}
<p>
If all is well, <code>err</code> will be <code>nil</code> and <code>b</code>
will be a <code>[]byte</code> containing this JSON data:
</p>
<pre>
b == []byte(`{"Name":"Alice","Body":"Hello","Time":1294706395881547000}`)
</pre>
<p>
Only data structures that can be represented as valid JSON will be encoded:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
JSON objects only support strings as keys; to encode a Go map type it must be
of the form <code>map[string]T</code> (where <code>T</code> is any Go type
supported by the json package).
</li>
<li>
Channel, complex, and function types cannot be encoded.
</li>
<li>
Cyclic data structures are not supported; they will cause <code>Marshal</code>
to go into an infinite loop.
</li>
<li>
Pointers will be encoded as the values they point to (or 'null' if the pointer
is <code>nil</code>).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The json package only accesses the exported fields of struct types (those that
begin with an uppercase letter). Therefore only the exported fields of a struct
will be present in the JSON output.
</p>
<p>
<b>Decoding</b>
</p>
<p>
To decode JSON data we use the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a> function.
</p>
<pre>
func Unmarshal(data []byte, v interface{}) error
</pre>
<p>
We must first create a place where the decoded data will be stored
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/var m Message/`}}
<p>
and call <code>json.Unmarshal</code>, passing it a <code>[]byte</code> of JSON
data and a pointer to <code>m</code>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/err := json.Unmarshal/`}}
<p>
If <code>b</code> contains valid JSON that fits in <code>m</code>, after the
call <code>err</code> will be <code>nil</code> and the data from <code>b</code>
will have been stored in the struct <code>m</code>, as if by an assignment
like:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/m = Message/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
How does <code>Unmarshal</code> identify the fields in which to store the
decoded data? For a given JSON key <code>"Foo"</code>, <code>Unmarshal</code>
will look through the destination struct's fields to find (in order of
preference):
</p>
<ul>
<li>
An exported field with a tag of <code>"Foo"</code> (see the
<a href="/ref/spec#Struct_types">Go spec</a> for more on struct tags),
</li>
<li>
An exported field named <code>"Foo"</code>, or
</li>
<li>
An exported field named <code>"FOO"</code> or <code>"FoO"</code> or some other
case-insensitive match of <code>"Foo"</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
What happens when the structure of the JSON data doesn't exactly match the Go
type?
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/"Food":"Pickle"/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<code>Unmarshal</code> will decode only the fields that it can find in the
destination type. In this case, only the Name field of m will be populated,
and the Food field will be ignored. This behavior is particularly useful when
you wish to pick only a few specific fields out of a large JSON blob. It also
means that any unexported fields in the destination struct will be unaffected
by <code>Unmarshal</code>.
</p>
<p>
But what if you don't know the structure of your JSON data beforehand?
</p>
<p>
<b>Generic JSON with interface{}</b>
</p>
<p>
The <code>interface{}</code> (empty interface) type describes an interface with
zero methods. Every Go type implements at least zero methods and therefore
satisfies the empty interface.
</p>
<p>
The empty interface serves as a general container type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/var i interface{}/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A type assertion accesses the underlying concrete type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/r := i/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Or, if the underlying type is unknown, a type switch determines the type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/switch v/` `/STOP/`}}
The json package uses <code>map[string]interface{}</code> and
<code>[]interface{}</code> values to store arbitrary JSON objects and arrays;
it will happily unmarshal any valid JSON blob into a plain
<code>interface{}</code> value. The default concrete Go types are:
<ul>
<li>
<code>bool</code> for JSON booleans,
</li>
<li>
<code>float64</code> for JSON numbers,
</li>
<li>
<code>string</code> for JSON strings, and
</li>
<li>
<code>nil</code> for JSON null.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<b>Decoding arbitrary data</b>
</p>
<p>
Consider this JSON data, stored in the variable <code>b</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/b :=/`}}
<p>
Without knowing this data's structure, we can decode it into an
<code>interface{}</code> value with <code>Unmarshal</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/var f interface/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
At this point the Go value in <code>f</code> would be a map whose keys are
strings and whose values are themselves stored as empty interface values:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/f = map/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To access this data we can use a type assertion to access <code>f</code>'s
underlying <code>map[string]interface{}</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/m := f/`}}
<p>
We can then iterate through the map with a range statement and use a type switch
to access its values as their concrete types:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/for k, v/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In this way you can work with unknown JSON data while still enjoying the
benefits of type safety.
</p>
<p>
<b>Reference Types</b>
</p>
<p>
Let's define a Go type to contain the data from the previous example:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json4.go" `/type FamilyMember/` `/STOP/`}}
{{code "/doc/progs/json4.go" `/var m FamilyMember/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Unmarshaling that data into a <code>FamilyMember</code> value works as
expected, but if we look closely we can see a remarkable thing has happened.
With the var statement we allocated a <code>FamilyMember</code> struct, and
then provided a pointer to that value to <code>Unmarshal</code>, but at that
time the <code>Parents</code> field was a <code>nil</code> slice value. To
populate the <code>Parents</code> field, <code>Unmarshal</code> allocated a new
slice behind the scenes. This is typical of how <code>Unmarshal</code> works
with the supported reference types (pointers, slices, and maps).
</p>
<p>
Consider unmarshaling into this data structure:
</p>
<pre>
type Foo struct {
Bar *Bar
}
</pre>
<p>
If there were a <code>Bar</code> field in the JSON object,
<code>Unmarshal</code> would allocate a new <code>Bar</code> and populate it.
If not, <code>Bar</code> would be left as a <code>nil</code> pointer.
</p>
<p>
From this a useful pattern arises: if you have an application that receives a
few distinct message types, you might define "receiver" structure like
</p>
<pre>
type IncomingMessage struct {
Cmd *Command
Msg *Message
}
</pre>
<p>
and the sending party can populate the <code>Cmd</code> field and/or the
<code>Msg</code> field of the top-level JSON object, depending on the type of
message they want to communicate. <code>Unmarshal</code>, when decoding the
JSON into an <code>IncomingMessage</code> struct, will only allocate the data
structures present in the JSON data. To know which messages to process, the
programmer need simply test that either <code>Cmd</code> or <code>Msg</code> is
not <code>nil</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Streaming Encoders and Decoders</b>
</p>
<p>
The json package provides <code>Decoder</code> and <code>Encoder</code> types
to support the common operation of reading and writing streams of JSON data.
The <code>NewDecoder</code> and <code>NewEncoder</code> functions wrap the
<a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/io/#Writer"><code>io.Writer</code></a> interface types.
</p>
<pre>
func NewDecoder(r io.Reader) *Decoder
func NewEncoder(w io.Writer) *Encoder
</pre>
<p>
Here's an example program that reads a series of JSON objects from standard
input, removes all but the <code>Name</code> field from each object, and then
writes the objects to standard output:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json5.go" `/package main/` `$`}}
<p>
Due to the ubiquity of Readers and Writers, these <code>Encoder</code> and
<code>Decoder</code> types can be used in a broad range of scenarios, such as
reading and writing to HTTP connections, WebSockets, or files.
</p>
<p>
<b>References</b>
</p>
<p>
For more information see the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package documentation</a>. For an example usage of
json see the source files of the <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/jsonrpc/">jsonrpc package</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
<!--{
"Title": "JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces"
}-->
<p>
Here we present an example where Go's
<a href="/doc/effective_go.html#interfaces_and_types">interfaces</a> made it
easy to refactor some existing code to make it more flexible and extensible.
Originally, the standard library's <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/">RPC package</a> used
a custom wire format called <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a>. For a
particular application, we wanted to use <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">JSON</a>
as an alternate wire format.
</p>
<p>
We first defined a pair of interfaces to describe the functionality of the
existing wire format, one for the client, and one for the server (depicted
below).
</p>
<pre>
type ServerCodec interface {
ReadRequestHeader(*Request) error
ReadRequestBody(interface{}) error
WriteResponse(*Response, interface{}) error
Close() error
}
</pre>
<p>
On the server side, we then changed two internal function signatures to accept
the <code>ServerCodec</code> interface instead of our existing
<code>gob.Encoder</code>. Here's one of them:
</p>
<pre>
func sendResponse(sending *sync.Mutex, req *Request,
reply interface{}, enc *gob.Encoder, errmsg string)
</pre>
<p>
became
</p>
<pre>
func sendResponse(sending *sync.Mutex, req *Request,
reply interface{}, enc ServerCodec, errmsg string)
</pre>
<p>
We then wrote a trivial <code>gobServerCodec</code> wrapper to reproduce the
original functionality. From there it is simple to build a
<code>jsonServerCodec</code>.
</p>
<p>
After some similar changes to the client side, this was the full extent of the
work we needed to do on the RPC package. This whole exercise took about 20
minutes! After tidying up and testing the new code, the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/diff?spec=svn9daf796ebf1cae97b2fcf760a4ab682f1f063f29&amp;r=9daf796ebf1cae97b2fcf760a4ab682f1f063f29&amp;format=side&amp;path=/src/pkg/rpc/server.go">final changeset</a>
was submitted.
</p>
<p>
In an inheritance-oriented language like Java or C++, the obvious path would be
to generalize the RPC class, and create JsonRPC and GobRPC subclasses. However,
this approach becomes tricky if you want to make a further generalization
orthogonal to that hierarchy. (For example, if you were to implement an
alternate RPC standard). In our Go package, we took a route that is both
conceptually simpler and requires less code be written or changed.
</p>
<p>
A vital quality for any codebase is maintainability. As needs change, it is
essential to adapt your code easily and cleanly, lest it become unwieldy to work
with. We believe Go's lightweight, composition-oriented type system provides a
means of structuring code that scales.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Laws of Reflection",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Reflection in computing is the
ability of a program to examine its own structure, particularly
through types; it's a form of metaprogramming. It's also a great
source of confusion.
</p>
<p>
In this article we attempt to clarify things by explaining how
reflection works in Go. Each language's reflection model is
different (and many languages don't support it at all), but
this article is about Go, so for the rest of this article the word
"reflection" should be taken to mean "reflection in Go".
</p>
<p><b>Types and interfaces</b></p>
<p>
Because reflection builds on the type system, let's start with a
refresher about types in Go.
</p>
<p>
Go is statically typed. Every variable has a static type, that is,
exactly one type known and fixed at compile time: <code>int</code>,
<code>float32</code>, <code>*MyType</code>, <code>[]byte</code>,
and so on. If we declare
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/type MyInt/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
then <code>i</code> has type <code>int</code> and <code>j</code>
has type <code>MyInt</code>. The variables <code>i</code> and
<code>j</code> have distinct static types and, although they have
the same underlying type, they cannot be assigned to one another
without a conversion.
</p>
<p>
One important category of type is interface types, which represent
fixed sets of methods. An interface variable can store any concrete
(non-interface) value as long as that value implements the
interface's methods. A well-known pair of examples is
<code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>, the types
<code>Reader</code> and <code>Writer</code> from the
<a href="/pkg/io/">io package</a>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/// Reader/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Any type that implements a <code>Read</code> (or
<code>Write</code>) method with this signature is said to implement
<code>io.Reader</code> (or <code>io.Writer</code>). For the
purposes of this discussion, that means that a variable of type
<code>io.Reader</code> can hold any value whose type has a
<code>Read</code> method:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/func readers/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
It's important to be clear that whatever concrete value
<code>r</code> may hold, <code>r</code>'s type is always
<code>io.Reader</code>: Go is statically typed and the static type
of <code>r</code> is <code>io.Reader</code>.</p>
<p>
An extremely important example of an interface type is the empty
interface:
</p>
<pre>
interface{}
</pre>
<p>
It represents the empty set of methods and is satisfied by any
value at all, since any value has zero or more methods.
</p>
<p>
Some people say that Go's interfaces are dynamically typed, but
that is misleading. They are statically typed: a variable of
interface type always has the same static type, and even though at
run time the value stored in the interface variable may change
type, that value will always satisfy the interface.
</p>
<p>
We need to be precise about all this because reflection and
interfaces are closely related.
</p>
<p><b>The representation of an interface</b></p>
<p>
Russ Cox has written a
<a href="http://research.swtch.com/2009/12/go-data-structures-interfaces.html">detailed blog post</a>
about the representation of interface values in Go. It's not necessary to
repeat the full story here, but a simplified summary is in order.
</p>
<p>
A variable of interface type stores a pair: the concrete value
assigned to the variable, and that value's type descriptor.
To be more precise, the value is the underlying concrete data item
that implements the interface and the type describes the full type
of that item. For instance, after
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/func typeAssertions/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<code>r</code> contains, schematically, the (value, type) pair,
(<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). Notice that the type
<code>*os.File</code> implements methods other than
<code>Read</code>; even though the interface value provides access
only to the <code>Read</code> method, the value inside carries all
the type information about that value. That's why we can do things
like this:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/var w io.Writer/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The expression in this assignment is a type assertion; what it
asserts is that the item inside <code>r</code> also implements
<code>io.Writer</code>, and so we can assign it to <code>w</code>.
After the assignment, <code>w</code> will contain the pair
(<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). That's the same pair as
was held in <code>r</code>. The static type of the interface
determines what methods may be invoked with an interface variable,
even though the concrete value inside may have a larger set of
methods.
</p>
<p>
Continuing, we can do this:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/var empty interface{}/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and our empty interface value <code>e</code> will again contain
that same pair, (<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). That's
handy: an empty interface can hold any value and contains all the
information we could ever need about that value.
</p>
<p>
(We don't need a type assertion here because it's known statically
that <code>w</code> satisfies the empty interface. In the example
where we moved a value from a <code>Reader</code> to a
<code>Writer</code>, we needed to be explicit and use a type
assertion because <code>Writer</code>'s methods are not a
subset of <code>Reader</code>'s.)
</p>
<p>
One important detail is that the pair inside an interface always
has the form (value, concrete type) and cannot have the form
(value, interface type). Interfaces do not hold interface
values.
</p>
<p>
Now we're ready to reflect.
</p>
<p><b>The first law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>1. Reflection goes from interface value to reflection object.</b></p>
<p>
At the basic level, reflection is just a mechanism to examine the
type and value pair stored inside an interface variable. To get
started, there are two types we need to know about in
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">package reflect</a>:
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> and
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a>. Those two types
give access to the contents of an interface variable, and two
simple functions, called <code>reflect.TypeOf</code> and
<code>reflect.ValueOf</code>, retrieve <code>reflect.Type</code>
and <code>reflect.Value</code> pieces out of an interface value.
(Also, from the <code>reflect.Value</code> it's easy to get
to the <code>reflect.Type</code>, but let's keep the
<code>Value</code> and <code>Type</code> concepts separate for
now.)
</p>
<p>
Let's start with <code>TypeOf</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/package main/` `/STOP main/`}}
<p>
This program prints
</p>
<pre>
type: float64
</pre>
<p>
You might be wondering where the interface is here, since the program looks
like it's passing the <code>float64</code> variable <code>x</code>, not an
interface value, to <code>reflect.TypeOf</code>. But it's there; as
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">godoc reports</a>, the signature of
<code>reflect.TypeOf</code> includes an empty interface:
</p>
<pre>
// TypeOf returns the reflection Type of the value in the interface{}.
func TypeOf(i interface{}) Type
</pre>
<p>
When we call <code>reflect.TypeOf(x)</code>, <code>x</code> is
first stored in an empty interface, which is then passed as the
argument; <code>reflect.TypeOf</code> unpacks that empty interface
to recover the type information.
</p>
<p>
The <code>reflect.ValueOf</code> function, of course, recovers the
value (from here on we'll elide the boilerplate and focus just on
the executable code):
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f9/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
value: &lt;float64 Value&gt;
</pre>
<p>
Both <code>reflect.Type</code> and <code>reflect.Value</code> have
lots of methods to let us examine and manipulate them. One
important example is that <code>Value</code> has a
<code>Type</code> method that returns the <code>Type</code> of a
<code>reflect.Value</code>. Another is that both <code>Type</code>
and <code>Value</code> have a <code>Kind</code> method that returns
a constant indicating what sort of item is stored:
<code>Uint</code>, <code>Float64</code>, <code>Slice</code>, and so
on. Also methods on <code>Value</code> with names like
<code>Int</code> and <code>Float</code> let us grab values (as
<code>int64</code> and <code>float64</code>) stored inside:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f1/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
type: float64
kind is float64: true
value: 3.4
</pre>
<p>
There are also methods like <code>SetInt</code> and
<code>SetFloat</code> but to use them we need to understand
settability, the subject of the third law of reflection, discussed
below.
</p>
<p>
The reflection library has a couple of properties worth singling
out. First, to keep the API simple, the "getter" and "setter"
methods of <code>Value</code> operate on the largest type that can
hold the value: <code>int64</code> for all the signed integers, for
instance. That is, the <code>Int</code> method of
<code>Value</code> returns an <code>int64</code> and the
<code>SetInt</code> value takes an <code>int64</code>; it may be
necessary to convert to the actual type involved:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The second property is that the <code>Kind</code> of a reflection
object describes the underlying type, not the static type. If a
reflection object contains a value of a user-defined integer type,
as in
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
the <code>Kind</code> of <code>v</code> is still
<code>reflect.Int</code>, even though the static type of
<code>x</code> is <code>MyInt</code>, not <code>int</code>. In
other words, the <code>Kind</code> cannot discriminate an int from
a <code>MyInt</code> even though the <code>Type</code> can.
</p>
<p><b>The second law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>2. Reflection goes from reflection object to interface
value.</b></p>
<p>
Like physical reflection, reflection in Go generates its own
inverse.
</p>
<p>
Given a <code>reflect.Value</code> we can recover an interface
value using the <code>Interface</code> method; in effect the method
packs the type and value information back into an interface
representation and returns the result:
</p>
<pre>
// Interface returns v's value as an interface{}.
func (v Value) Interface() interface{}
</pre>
<p>
As a consequence we can say
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
to print the <code>float64</code> value represented by the
reflection object <code>v</code>.
</p>
<p>
We can do even better, though. The arguments to
<code>fmt.Println</code>, <code>fmt.Printf</code> and so on are all
passed as empty interface values, which are then unpacked by the
<code>fmt</code> package internally just as we have been doing in
the previous examples. Therefore all it takes to print the contents
of a <code>reflect.Value</code> correctly is to pass the result of
the <code>Interface</code> method to the formatted print
routine:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(Why not <code>fmt.Println(v)</code>? Because <code>v</code> is a
<code>reflect.Value</code>; we want the concrete value it holds.)
Since our value is a <code>float64</code>, we can even use a
floating-point format if we want:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3d/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and get in this case
</p>
<pre>
3.4e+00
</pre>
<p>
Again, there's no need to type-assert the result of
<code>v.Interface()</code> to <code>float64</code>; the empty
interface value has the concrete value's type information inside
and <code>Printf</code> will recover it.
</p>
<p>
In short, the <code>Interface</code> method is the inverse of the
<code>ValueOf</code> function, except that its result is always of
static type <code>interface{}</code>.
</p>
<p>
Reiterating: Reflection goes from interface values to reflection
objects and back again.
</p>
<p><b>The third law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>3. To modify a reflection object, the value must be settable.</b></p>
<p>
The third law is the most subtle and confusing, but it's easy
enough to understand if we start from first principles.
</p>
<p>
Here is some code that does not work, but is worth studying.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f4/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
If you run this code, it will panic with the cryptic message
</p>
<pre>
panic: reflect.Value.SetFloat using unaddressable value
</pre>
<p>
The problem is not that the value <code>7.1</code> is not
addressable; it's that <code>v</code> is not settable. Settability
is a property of a reflection <code>Value</code>, and not all
reflection <code>Values</code> have it.
</p>
<p>
The <code>CanSet</code> method of <code>Value</code> reports the
settability of a <code>Value</code>; in our case,
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f5/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
settability of v: false
</pre>
<p>
It is an error to call a <code>Set</code> method on an non-settable
<code>Value</code>. But what is settability?
</p>
<p>
Settability is a bit like addressability, but stricter. It's the
property that a reflection object can modify the actual storage
that was used to create the reflection object. Settability is
determined by whether the reflection object holds the original
item. When we say
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f6/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
we pass a <em>copy</em> of <code>x</code> to
<code>reflect.ValueOf</code>, so the interface value created as the
argument to <code>reflect.ValueOf</code> is a <em>copy</em> of
<code>x</code>, not <code>x</code> itself. Thus, if the
statement
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f6b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
were allowed to succeed, it would not update <code>x</code>, even
though <code>v</code> looks like it was created from
<code>x</code>. Instead, it would update the copy of <code>x</code>
stored inside the reflection value and <code>x</code> itself would
be unaffected. That would be confusing and useless, so it is
illegal, and settability is the property used to avoid this
issue.
</p>
<p>
If this seems bizarre, it's not. It's actually a familiar situation
in unusual garb. Think of passing <code>x</code> to a
function:
</p>
<pre>
f(x)
</pre>
<p>
We would not expect <code>f</code> to be able to modify
<code>x</code> because we passed a copy of <code>x</code>'s value,
not <code>x</code> itself. If we want <code>f</code> to modify
<code>x</code> directly we must pass our function the address of
<code>x</code> (that is, a pointer to <code>x</code>):</p>
<p>
<code>f(&amp;x)</code>
</p>
<p>
This is straightforward and familiar, and reflection works the same
way. If we want to modify <code>x</code> by reflection, we must
give the reflection library a pointer to the value we want to
modify.
</p>
<p>
Let's do that. First we initialize <code>x</code> as usual
and then create a reflection value that points to it, called
<code>p</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output so far is
</p>
<pre>
type of p: *float64
settability of p: false
</pre>
<p>
The reflection object <code>p</code> isn't settable, but it's not
<code>p</code> we want to set, it's (in effect) <code>*p</code>. To
get to what <code>p</code> points to, we call the <code>Elem</code>
method of <code>Value</code>, which indirects through the pointer,
and save the result in a reflection <code>Value</code> called
<code>v</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Now <code>v</code> is a settable reflection object, as the output
demonstrates,
</p>
<pre>
settability of v: true
</pre>
<p>
and since it represents <code>x</code>, we are finally able to use
<code>v.SetFloat</code> to modify the value of
<code>x</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output, as expected, is
</p>
<pre>
7.1
7.1
</pre>
<p>
Reflection can be hard to understand but it's doing exactly what
the language does, albeit through reflection <code>Types</code> and
<code>Values</code> that can disguise what's going on. Just keep in
mind that reflection Values need the address of something in order
to modify what they represent.
</p>
<p><b>Structs</b></p>
<p>
In our previous example <code>v</code> wasn't a pointer itself, it
was just derived from one. A common way for this situation to arise
is when using reflection to modify the fields of a structure. As
long as we have the address of the structure, we can modify its
fields.
</p>
<p>
Here's a simple example that analyzes a struct value, <code>t</code>. We create
the reflection object with the address of the struct because we'll want to
modify it later. Then we set <code>typeOfT</code> to its type and iterate over
the fields using straightforward method calls
(see <a href="/pkg/reflect/">package reflect</a> for details).
Note that we extract the names of the fields from the struct type, but the
fields themselves are regular <code>reflect.Value</code> objects.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f8/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output of this program is
</p>
<pre>
0: A int = 23
1: B string = skidoo
</pre>
<p>
There's one more point about settability introduced in
passing here: the field names of <code>T</code> are upper case
(exported) because only exported fields of a struct are
settable.
</p>
<p>
Because <code>s</code> contains a settable reflection object, we
can modify the fields of the structure.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f8b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
And here's the result:
</p>
<pre>
t is now {77 Sunset Strip}
</pre>
<p>
If we modified the program so that <code>s</code> was created from
<code>t</code>, not <code>&amp;t</code>, the calls to
<code>SetInt</code> and <code>SetString</code> would fail as the
fields of <code>t</code> would not be settable.
</p>
<p><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p>
Here again are the laws of reflection:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Reflection goes from interface value to reflection
object.</li>
<li>Reflection goes from reflection object to interface
value.</li>
<li>To modify a reflection object, the value must be settable.</li>
</ol>
<p>
Once you understand these laws reflection in Go becomes much easier
to use, although it remains subtle. It's a powerful tool that
should be used with care and avoided unless strictly
necessary.
</p>
<p>
There's plenty more to reflection that we haven't covered &mdash;
sending and receiving on channels, allocating memory, using slices
and maps, calling methods and functions &mdash; but this post is
long enough. We'll cover some of those topics in a later
article.
</p>

View File

@@ -1,389 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Data Race Detector",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
Data races are among the most common and hardest to debug types of bugs in concurrent systems.
A data race occurs when two goroutines access the same variable concurrently and at least one of the accesses is a write.
See the <a href="/ref/mem/">The Go Memory Model</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
Here is an example of a data race that can lead to crashes and memory corruption:
</p>
<pre>
func main() {
c := make(chan bool)
m := make(map[string]string)
go func() {
m["1"] = "a" // First conflicting access.
c &lt;- true
}()
m["2"] = "b" // Second conflicting access.
&lt;-c
for k, v := range m {
fmt.Println(k, v)
}
}
</pre>
<h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>
<p>
To help diagnose such bugs, Go includes a built-in data race detector.
To use it, add the <code>-race</code> flag to the go command:
</p>
<pre>
$ go test -race mypkg // to test the package
$ go run -race mysrc.go // to run the source file
$ go build -race mycmd // to build the command
$ go install -race mypkg // to install the package
</pre>
<h2 id="Report_Format">Report Format</h2>
<p>
When the race detector finds a data race in the program, it prints a report.
The report contains stack traces for conflicting accesses, as well as stacks where the involved goroutines were created.
Here is an example:
</p>
<pre>
WARNING: DATA RACE
Read by goroutine 185:
net.(*pollServer).AddFD()
src/net/fd_unix.go:89 +0x398
net.(*pollServer).WaitWrite()
src/net/fd_unix.go:247 +0x45
net.(*netFD).Write()
src/net/fd_unix.go:540 +0x4d4
net.(*conn).Write()
src/net/net.go:129 +0x101
net.func·060()
src/net/timeout_test.go:603 +0xaf
Previous write by goroutine 184:
net.setWriteDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:135 +0xdf
net.setDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:144 +0x9c
net.(*conn).SetDeadline()
src/net/net.go:161 +0xe3
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:616 +0x3ed
Goroutine 185 (running) created at:
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:609 +0x288
Goroutine 184 (running) created at:
net.TestProlongTimeout()
src/net/timeout_test.go:618 +0x298
testing.tRunner()
src/testing/testing.go:301 +0xe8
</pre>
<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
<p>
The <code>GORACE</code> environment variable sets race detector options.
The format is:
</p>
<pre>
GORACE="option1=val1 option2=val2"
</pre>
<p>
The options are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>log_path</code> (default <code>stderr</code>): The race detector writes
its report to a file named <code>log_path.<em>pid</em></code>.
The special names <code>stdout</code>
and <code>stderr</code> cause reports to be written to standard output and
standard error, respectively.
</li>
<li>
<code>exitcode</code> (default <code>66</code>): The exit status to use when
exiting after a detected race.
</li>
<li>
<code>strip_path_prefix</code> (default <code>""</code>): Strip this prefix
from all reported file paths, to make reports more concise.
</li>
<li>
<code>history_size</code> (default <code>1</code>): The per-goroutine memory
access history is <code>32K * 2**history_size elements</code>.
Increasing this value can avoid a "failed to restore the stack" error in reports, at the
cost of increased memory usage.
</li>
<li>
<code>halt_on_error</code> (default <code>0</code>): Controls whether the program
exits after reporting first data race.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Example:
</p>
<pre>
$ GORACE="log_path=/tmp/race/report strip_path_prefix=/my/go/sources/" go test -race
</pre>
<h2 id="Excluding_Tests">Excluding Tests</h2>
<p>
When you build with <code>-race</code> flag, the <code>go</code> command defines additional
<a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">build tag</a> <code>race</code>.
You can use the tag to exclude some code and tests when running the race detector.
Some examples:
</p>
<pre>
// +build !race
package foo
// The test contains a data race. See issue 123.
func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
// The test fails under the race detector due to timeouts.
func TestBar(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
// The test takes too long under the race detector.
func TestBaz(t *testing.T) {
// ...
}
</pre>
<h2 id="How_To_Use">How To Use</h2>
<p>
To start, run your tests using the race detector (<code>go test -race</code>).
The race detector only finds races that happen at runtime, so it can't find
races in code paths that are not executed.
If your tests have incomplete coverage,
you may find more races by running a binary built with <code>-race</code> under a realistic
workload.
</p>
<h2 id="Typical_Data_Races">Typical Data Races</h2>
<p>
Here are some typical data races. All of them can be detected with the race detector.
</p>
<h3 id="Race_on_loop_counter">Race on loop counter</h3>
<pre>
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(5)
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
go func() {
fmt.Println(i) // Not the 'i' you are looking for.
wg.Done()
}()
}
wg.Wait()
}
</pre>
<p>
The variable <code>i</code> in the function literal is the same variable used by the loop, so
the read in the goroutine races with the loop increment.
(This program typically prints 55555, not 01234.)
The program can be fixed by making a copy of the variable:
</p>
<pre>
func main() {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(5)
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
go func(j int) {
fmt.Println(j) // Good. Read local copy of the loop counter.
wg.Done()
}(i)
}
wg.Wait()
}
</pre>
<h3 id="Accidentally_shared_variable">Accidentally shared variable</h3>
<pre>
// ParallelWrite writes data to file1 and file2, returns the errors.
func ParallelWrite(data []byte) chan error {
res := make(chan error, 2)
f1, err := os.Create("file1")
if err != nil {
res &lt;- err
} else {
go func() {
// This err is shared with the main goroutine,
// so the write races with the write below.
_, err = f1.Write(data)
res &lt;- err
f1.Close()
}()
}
f2, err := os.Create("file2") // The second conflicting write to err.
if err != nil {
res &lt;- err
} else {
go func() {
_, err = f2.Write(data)
res &lt;- err
f2.Close()
}()
}
return res
}
</pre>
<p>
The fix is to introduce new variables in the goroutines (note the use of <code>:=</code>):
</p>
<pre>
...
_, err := f1.Write(data)
...
_, err := f2.Write(data)
...
</pre>
<h3 id="Unprotected_global_variable">Unprotected global variable</h3>
<p>
If the following code is called from several goroutines, it leads to races on the <code>service</code> map.
Concurrent reads and writes of the same map are not safe:
</p>
<pre>
var service map[string]net.Addr
func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
service[name] = addr
}
func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
return service[name]
}
</pre>
<p>
To make the code safe, protect the accesses with a mutex:
</p>
<pre>
var (
service map[string]net.Addr
serviceMu sync.Mutex
)
func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
serviceMu.Lock()
defer serviceMu.Unlock()
service[name] = addr
}
func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
serviceMu.Lock()
defer serviceMu.Unlock()
return service[name]
}
</pre>
<h3 id="Primitive_unprotected_variable">Primitive unprotected variable</h3>
<p>
Data races can happen on variables of primitive types as well (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>int64</code>, etc.),
as in this example:
</p>
<pre>
type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
w.last = time.Now().UnixNano() // First conflicting access.
}
func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
go func() {
for {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
// Second conflicting access.
if w.last < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
os.Exit(1)
}
}
}()
}
</pre>
<p>
Even such "innocent" data races can lead to hard-to-debug problems caused by
non-atomicity of the memory accesses,
interference with compiler optimizations,
or reordering issues accessing processor memory .
</p>
<p>
A typical fix for this race is to use a channel or a mutex.
To preserve the lock-free behavior, one can also use the
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package.
</p>
<pre>
type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
atomic.StoreInt64(&amp;w.last, time.Now().UnixNano())
}
func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
go func() {
for {
time.Sleep(time.Second)
if atomic.LoadInt64(&amp;w.last) < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
os.Exit(1)
}
}
}()
}
</pre>
<h2 id="Supported_Systems">Supported Systems</h2>
<p>
The race detector runs on <code>darwin/amd64</code>, <code>freebsd/amd64</code>,
<code>linux/amd64</code>, and <code>windows/amd64</code>.
</p>
<h2 id="Runtime_Overheads">Runtime Overhead</h2>
<p>
The cost of race detection varies by program, but for a typical program, memory
usage may increase by 5-10x and execution time by 2-20x.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "Slices: usage and internals",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Go's slice type provides a convenient and efficient means of working with
sequences of typed data. Slices are analogous to arrays in other languages, but
have some unusual properties. This article will look at what slices are and how
they are used.
</p>
<p>
<b>Arrays</b>
</p>
<p>
The slice type is an abstraction built on top of Go's array type, and so to
understand slices we must first understand arrays.
</p>
<p>
An array type definition specifies a length and an element type. For example,
the type <code>[4]int</code> represents an array of four integers. An array's
size is fixed; its length is part of its type (<code>[4]int</code> and
<code>[5]int</code> are distinct, incompatible types). Arrays can be indexed in
the usual way, so the expression <code>s[n]</code> accesses the <i>n</i>th
element:
</p>
<pre>
var a [4]int
a[0] = 1
i := a[0]
// i == 1
</pre>
<p>
Arrays do not need to be initialized explicitly; the zero value of an array is
a ready-to-use array whose elements are themselves zeroed:
</p>
<pre>
// a[2] == 0, the zero value of the int type
</pre>
<p>
The in-memory representation of <code>[4]int</code> is just four integer values laid out sequentially:
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-array.png">
</p>
<p>
Go's arrays are values. An array variable denotes the entire array; it is not a
pointer to the first array element (as would be the case in C). This means
that when you assign or pass around an array value you will make a copy of its
contents. (To avoid the copy you could pass a <i>pointer</i> to the array, but
then that's a pointer to an array, not an array.) One way to think about arrays
is as a sort of struct but with indexed rather than named fields: a fixed-size
composite value.
</p>
<p>
An array literal can be specified like so:
</p>
<pre>
b := [2]string{"Penn", "Teller"}
</pre>
<p>
Or, you can have the compiler count the array elements for you:
</p>
<pre>
b := [...]string{"Penn", "Teller"}
</pre>
<p>
In both cases, the type of <code>b</code> is <code>[2]string</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Slices</b>
</p>
<p>
Arrays have their place, but they're a bit inflexible, so you don't see them
too often in Go code. Slices, though, are everywhere. They build on arrays to
provide great power and convenience.
</p>
<p>
The type specification for a slice is <code>[]T</code>, where <code>T</code> is
the type of the elements of the slice. Unlike an array type, a slice type has
no specified length.
</p>
<p>
A slice literal is declared just like an array literal, except you leave out
the element count:
</p>
<pre>
letters := []string{"a", "b", "c", "d"}
</pre>
<p>
A slice can be created with the built-in function called <code>make</code>,
which has the signature,
</p>
<pre>
func make([]T, len, cap) []T
</pre>
<p>
where T stands for the element type of the slice to be created. The
<code>make</code> function takes a type, a length, and an optional capacity.
When called, <code>make</code> allocates an array and returns a slice that
refers to that array.
</p>
<pre>
var s []byte
s = make([]byte, 5, 5)
// s == []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
</pre>
<p>
When the capacity argument is omitted, it defaults to the specified length.
Here's a more succinct version of the same code:
</p>
<pre>
s := make([]byte, 5)
</pre>
<p>
The length and capacity of a slice can be inspected using the built-in
<code>len</code> and <code>cap</code> functions.
</p>
<pre>
len(s) == 5
cap(s) == 5
</pre>
<p>
The next two sections discuss the relationship between length and capacity.
</p>
<p>
The zero value of a slice is <code>nil</code>. The <code>len</code> and
<code>cap</code> functions will both return 0 for a nil slice.
</p>
<p>
A slice can also be formed by "slicing" an existing slice or array. Slicing is
done by specifying a half-open range with two indices separated by a colon. For
example, the expression <code>b[1:4]</code> creates a slice including elements
1 through 3 of <code>b</code> (the indices of the resulting slice will be 0
through 2).
</p>
<pre>
b := []byte{'g', 'o', 'l', 'a', 'n', 'g'}
// b[1:4] == []byte{'o', 'l', 'a'}, sharing the same storage as b
</pre>
<p>
The start and end indices of a slice expression are optional; they default to zero and the slice's length respectively:
</p>
<pre>
// b[:2] == []byte{'g', 'o'}
// b[2:] == []byte{'l', 'a', 'n', 'g'}
// b[:] == b
</pre>
<p>
This is also the syntax to create a slice given an array:
</p>
<pre>
x := [3]string{"Лайка", "Белка", "Стрелка"}
s := x[:] // a slice referencing the storage of x
</pre>
<p>
<b>Slice internals</b>
</p>
<p>
A slice is a descriptor of an array segment. It consists of a pointer to the
array, the length of the segment, and its capacity (the maximum length of the
segment).
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-struct.png">
</p>
<p>
Our variable <code>s</code>, created earlier by <code>make([]byte, 5)</code>,
is structured like this:
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-1.png">
</p>
<p>
The length is the number of elements referred to by the slice. The capacity is
the number of elements in the underlying array (beginning at the element
referred to by the slice pointer). The distinction between length and capacity
will be made clear as we walk through the next few examples.
</p>
<p>
As we slice <code>s</code>, observe the changes in the slice data structure and
their relation to the underlying array:
</p>
<pre>
s = s[2:4]
</pre>
<p>
<img src="slice-2.png">
</p>
<p>
Slicing does not copy the slice's data. It creates a new slice value that
points to the original array. This makes slice operations as efficient as
manipulating array indices. Therefore, modifying the <i>elements</i> (not the
slice itself) of a re-slice modifies the elements of the original slice:
</p>
<pre>
d := []byte{'r', 'o', 'a', 'd'}
e := d[2:]
// e == []byte{'a', 'd'}
e[1] = 'm'
// e == []byte{'a', 'm'}
// d == []byte{'r', 'o', 'a', 'm'}
</pre>
<p>
Earlier we sliced <code>s</code> to a length shorter than its capacity. We can
grow s to its capacity by slicing it again:
</p>
<pre>
s = s[:cap(s)]
</pre>
<p>
<img src="slice-3.png">
</p>
<p>
A slice cannot be grown beyond its capacity. Attempting to do so will cause a
runtime panic, just as when indexing outside the bounds of a slice or array.
Similarly, slices cannot be re-sliced below zero to access earlier elements in
the array.
</p>
<p>
<b>Growing slices (the copy and append functions)</b>
</p>
<p>
To increase the capacity of a slice one must create a new, larger slice and
copy the contents of the original slice into it. This technique is how dynamic
array implementations from other languages work behind the scenes. The next
example doubles the capacity of <code>s</code> by making a new slice,
<code>t</code>, copying the contents of <code>s</code> into <code>t</code>, and
then assigning the slice value <code>t</code> to <code>s</code>:
</p>
<pre>
t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2) // +1 in case cap(s) == 0
for i := range s {
t[i] = s[i]
}
s = t
</pre>
<p>
The looping piece of this common operation is made easier by the built-in copy
function. As the name suggests, copy copies data from a source slice to a
destination slice. It returns the number of elements copied.
</p>
<pre>
func copy(dst, src []T) int
</pre>
<p>
The <code>copy</code> function supports copying between slices of different
lengths (it will copy only up to the smaller number of elements). In addition,
<code>copy</code> can handle source and destination slices that share the same
underlying array, handling overlapping slices correctly.
</p>
<p>
Using <code>copy</code>, we can simplify the code snippet above:
</p>
<pre>
t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2)
copy(t, s)
s = t
</pre>
<p>
A common operation is to append data to the end of a slice. This function
appends byte elements to a slice of bytes, growing the slice if necessary, and
returns the updated slice value:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/AppendByte/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
One could use <code>AppendByte</code> like this:
</p>
<pre>
p := []byte{2, 3, 5}
p = AppendByte(p, 7, 11, 13)
// p == []byte{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
</pre>
<p>
Functions like <code>AppendByte</code> are useful because they offer complete
control over the way the slice is grown. Depending on the characteristics of
the program, it may be desirable to allocate in smaller or larger chunks, or to
put a ceiling on the size of a reallocation.
</p>
<p>
But most programs don't need complete control, so Go provides a built-in
<code>append</code> function that's good for most purposes; it has the
signature
</p>
<pre>
func append(s []T, x ...T) []T
</pre>
<p>
The <code>append</code> function appends the elements <code>x</code> to the end
of the slice <code>s</code>, and grows the slice if a greater capacity is
needed.
</p>
<pre>
a := make([]int, 1)
// a == []int{0}
a = append(a, 1, 2, 3)
// a == []int{0, 1, 2, 3}
</pre>
<p>
To append one slice to another, use <code>...</code> to expand the second
argument to a list of arguments.
</p>
<pre>
a := []string{"John", "Paul"}
b := []string{"George", "Ringo", "Pete"}
a = append(a, b...) // equivalent to "append(a, b[0], b[1], b[2])"
// a == []string{"John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo", "Pete"}
</pre>
<p>
Since the zero value of a slice (<code>nil</code>) acts like a zero-length
slice, you can declare a slice variable and then append to it in a loop:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/Filter/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<b>A possible "gotcha"</b>
</p>
<p>
As mentioned earlier, re-slicing a slice doesn't make a copy of the underlying
array. The full array will be kept in memory until it is no longer referenced.
Occasionally this can cause the program to hold all the data in memory when
only a small piece of it is needed.
</p>
<p>
For example, this <code>FindDigits</code> function loads a file into memory and
searches it for the first group of consecutive numeric digits, returning them
as a new slice.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/digit/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This code behaves as advertised, but the returned <code>[]byte</code> points
into an array containing the entire file. Since the slice references the
original array, as long as the slice is kept around the garbage collector can't
release the array; the few useful bytes of the file keep the entire contents in
memory.
</p>
<p>
To fix this problem one can copy the interesting data to a new slice before
returning it:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/CopyDigits/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A more concise version of this function could be constructed by using
<code>append</code>. This is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
<p>
<b>Further Reading</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> contains an
in-depth treatment of <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#slices">slices</a>
and <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#arrays">arrays</a>,
and the Go <a href="/doc/go_spec.html">language specification</a>
defines <a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Slice_types">slices</a> and their
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Length_and_capacity">associated</a>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Making_slices_maps_and_channels">helper</a>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Appending_and_copying_slices">functions</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
# Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
all: index.html
CLEANFILES:=srcextract.bin htmlify.bin get.bin
index.html: wiki.html srcextract.bin htmlify.bin
PATH=.:$$PATH awk '/^!/{system(substr($$0,2)); next} {print}' < wiki.html | tr -d '\r' > index.html
test: get.bin
bash ./test.sh
rm -f get.6 get.bin
%.bin: %.go
go build -o $@ $^
clean:
rm -f $(CLEANFILES)

View File

@@ -83,15 +83,17 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (string, error) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (title string, err error) {
title = r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return "", errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
err = errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
}
return m[2], nil // The title is the second subexpression.
return
}
func main() {

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
t, _ := template.ParseFiles("view.html")
t.Execute(w, p)

View File

@@ -70,16 +70,18 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
fn(w, r, title)
}
}

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -39,13 +41,13 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
p.save()

View File

@@ -5,19 +5,12 @@
package main
import (
"flag"
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
var (
addr = flag.Bool("addr", false, "find open address and print to final-port.txt")
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
@@ -74,38 +67,24 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
fn(w, r, title)
}
}
func main() {
flag.Parse()
http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
if *addr {
l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = ioutil.WriteFile("final-port.txt", []byte(l.Addr().String()), 0644)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
s := &http.Server{}
s.Serve(l)
return
}
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -13,13 +13,11 @@ import (
"net/http"
"os"
"strings"
"time"
)
var (
post = flag.String("post", "", "urlencoded form data to POST")
addr = flag.Bool("addr", false, "find open address and print to stdout")
wait = flag.Duration("wait_for_port", 0, "if non-zero, the amount of time to wait for the address to become available")
)
func main() {
@@ -39,18 +37,11 @@ func main() {
}
var r *http.Response
var err error
loopUntil := time.Now().Add(*wait)
for {
if *post != "" {
b := strings.NewReader(*post)
r, err = http.Post(url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", b)
} else {
r, err = http.Get(url)
}
if err == nil || *wait == 0 || time.Now().After(loopUntil) {
break
}
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
if *post != "" {
b := strings.NewReader(*post)
r, err = http.Post(url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", b)
} else {
r, err = http.Get(url)
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"text/template"
)
func main() {
b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
template.HTMLEscape(os.Stdout, b)
}

View File

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ $ cd gowiki
</pre>
<p>
Create a file named <code>wiki.go</code>, open it in your favorite editor, and
Create a file named <code>wiki.go</code>, open it in your favorite editor, and
add the following lines:
</p>
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ import (
</pre>
<p>
We import the <code>fmt</code> and <code>ioutil</code> packages from the Go
standard library. Later, as we implement additional functionality, we will
We import the <code>fmt</code> and <code>ioutil</code> packages from the Go
standard library. Later, as we implement additional functionality, we will
add more packages to this <code>import</code> declaration.
</p>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ the title and body.
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^type Page/` `/}/`}}
<p>
The type <code>[]byte</code> means "a <code>byte</code> slice".
The type <code>[]byte</code> means "a <code>byte</code> slice".
(See <a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Slices: usage and
internals</a> for more on slices.)
The <code>Body</code> element is a <code>[]byte</code> rather than
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ libraries we will use, as you'll see below.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Page</code> struct describes how page data will be stored in memory.
But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
The <code>Page</code> struct describes how page data will be stored in memory.
But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
<code>save</code> method on <code>Page</code>:
</p>
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
<p>
This method's signature reads: "This is a method named <code>save</code> that
takes as its receiver <code>p</code>, a pointer to <code>Page</code> . It takes
no parameters, and returns a value of type <code>error</code>."
no parameters, and returns a value of type <code>error</code>."
</p>
<p>
This method will save the <code>Page</code>'s <code>Body</code> to a text
This method will save the <code>Page</code>'s <code>Body</code> to a text
file. For simplicity, we will use the <code>Title</code> as the file name.
</p>
@@ -110,36 +110,35 @@ that is the return type of <code>WriteFile</code> (a standard library function
that writes a byte slice to a file). The <code>save</code> method returns the
error value, to let the application handle it should anything go wrong while
writing the file. If all goes well, <code>Page.save()</code> will return
<code>nil</code> (the zero-value for pointers, interfaces, and some other
<code>nil</code> (the zero-value for pointers, interfaces, and some other
types).
</p>
<p>
The octal integer literal <code>0600</code>, passed as the third parameter to
The octal integer constant <code>0600</code>, passed as the third parameter to
<code>WriteFile</code>, indicates that the file should be created with
read-write permissions for the current user only. (See the Unix man page
<code>open(2)</code> for details.)
</p>
<p>
In addition to saving pages, we will want to load pages, too:
We will want to load pages, too:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from the title
parameter, reads the file's contents into a new variable <code>body</code>, and
returns a pointer to a <code>Page</code> literal constructed with the proper
title and body values.
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from
<code>Title</code>, reads the file's contents into a new
<code>Page</code>, and returns a pointer to that new <code>page</code>.
</p>
<p>
Functions can return multiple values. The standard library function
<code>io.ReadFile</code> returns <code>[]byte</code> and <code>error</code>.
Functions can return multiple values. The standard library function
<code>io.ReadFile</code> returns <code>[]byte</code> and <code>error</code>.
In <code>loadPage</code>, error isn't being handled yet; the "blank identifier"
represented by the underscore (<code>_</code>) symbol is used to throw away the
error return value (in essence, assigning the value to nothing).
error return value (in essence, assigning the value to nothing).
</p>
<p>
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ function to return <code>*Page</code> and <code>error</code>.
<p>
Callers of this function can now check the second parameter; if it is
<code>nil</code> then it has successfully loaded a Page. If not, it will be an
<code>error</code> that can be handled by the caller (see the
<code>error</code> that can be handled by the caller (see the
<a href="/ref/spec#Errors">language specification</a> for details).
</p>
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ printed to the screen.
</p>
<p>
You can compile and run the program like this:
You can compile and run the program like this:
</p>
<pre>
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ This is a sample page.
</pre>
<p>
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
</p>
@@ -200,10 +199,10 @@ Here's a full working example of a simple web server:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go"}}
<p>
The <code>main</code> function begins with a call to
<code>http.HandleFunc</code>, which tells the <code>http</code> package to
handle all requests to the web root (<code>"/"</code>) with
<code>handler</code>.
The <code>main</code> function begins with a call to
<code>http.HandleFunc</code>, which tells the <code>http</code> package to
handle all requests to the web root (<code>"/"</code>) with
<code>handler</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -220,20 +219,20 @@ its arguments.
</p>
<p>
An <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> value assembles the HTTP server's response; by writing
An <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> value assembles the HTTP server's response; by writing
to it, we send data to the HTTP client.
</p>
<p>
An <code>http.Request</code> is a data structure that represents the client
HTTP request. <code>r.URL.Path</code> is the path component
of the request URL. The trailing <code>[1:]</code> means
"create a sub-slice of <code>Path</code> from the 1st character to the end."
HTTP request. The string <code>r.URL.Path</code> is the path component
of the request URL. The trailing <code>[1:]</code> means
"create a sub-slice of <code>Path</code> from the 1st character to the end."
This drops the leading "/" from the path name.
</p>
<p>
If you run this program and access the URL:
If you run this program and access the URL:
</p>
<pre>http://localhost:8080/monkeys</pre>
<p>
@@ -250,41 +249,43 @@ To use the <code>net/http</code> package, it must be imported:
<pre>
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
<b>"net/http"</b>
"io/ioutil"
)
</pre>
<p>
Let's create a handler, <code>viewHandler</code> that will allow users to
view a wiki page. It will handle URLs prefixed with "/view/".
Let's create a handler to view a wiki page:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^const lenPath/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
First, this function extracts the page title from <code>r.URL.Path</code>,
the path component of the request URL.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[len("/view/"):]</code> to drop
the leading <code>"/view/"</code> component of the request path.
This is because the path will invariably begin with <code>"/view/"</code>,
which is not part of the page's title.
the path component of the request URL. The global constant
<code>lenPath</code> is the length of the leading <code>"/view/"</code>
component of the request path.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[lenPath:]</code> to drop the
first 6 characters of the string. This is because the path will invariably
begin with <code>"/view/"</code>, which is not part of the page title.
</p>
<p>
The function then loads the page data, formats the page with a string of simple
HTML, and writes it to <code>w</code>, the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
The function then loads the page data, formats the page with a string of simple
HTML, and writes it to <code>w</code>, the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
</p>
<p>
Again, note the use of <code>_</code> to ignore the <code>error</code>
Again, note the use of <code>_</code> to ignore the <code>error</code>
return value from <code>loadPage</code>. This is done here for simplicity
and generally considered bad practice. We will attend to this later.
</p>
<p>
To use this handler, we rewrite our <code>main</code> function to
initialize <code>http</code> using the <code>viewHandler</code> to handle
To use this handler, we create a <code>main</code> function that
initializes <code>http</code> using the <code>viewHandler</code> to handle
any requests under the path <code>/view/</code>.
</p>
@@ -309,11 +310,6 @@ $ go build wiki.go
$ ./wiki
</pre>
<p>
(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
</p>
<p>
With this web server running, a visit to <code><a
href="http://localhost:8080/view/test">http://localhost:8080/view/test</a></code>
@@ -330,14 +326,14 @@ form.
</p>
<p>
First, we add them to <code>main()</code>:
First, we add them to <code>main()</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>editHandler</code> loads the page
(or, if it doesn't exist, create an empty <code>Page</code> struct),
The function <code>editHandler</code> loads the page
(or, if it doesn't exist, create an empty <code>Page</code> struct),
and displays an HTML form.
</p>
@@ -347,7 +343,7 @@ and displays an HTML form.
This function will work fine, but all that hard-coded HTML is ugly.
Of course, there is a better way.
</p>
<h2>The <code>html/template</code> package</h2>
<p>
@@ -358,20 +354,20 @@ underlying Go code.
</p>
<p>
First, we must add <code>html/template</code> to the list of imports. We
also won't be using <code>fmt</code> anymore, so we have to remove that.
First, we must add <code>html/template</code> to the list of imports:
</p>
<pre>
import (
<b>"html/template"</b>
"http"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"os"
)
</pre>
<p>
Let's create a template file containing the HTML form.
Let's create a template file containing the HTML form.
Open a new file named <code>edit.html</code>, and add the following lines:
</p>
@@ -385,8 +381,8 @@ HTML:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>template.ParseFiles</code> will read the contents of
<code>edit.html</code> and return a <code>*template.Template</code>.
The function <code>template.ParseFiles</code> will read the contents of
<code>edit.html</code> and return a <code>*template.Template</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -409,7 +405,12 @@ HTML.
</p>
<p>
Since we're working with templates now, let's create a template for our
Now that we've removed the <code>fmt.Fprintf</code> statement, we can remove
<code>"fmt"</code> from the <code>import</code> list.
</p>
<p>
While we're working with templates, let's create a template for our
<code>viewHandler</code> called <code>view.html</code>:
</p>
@@ -427,36 +428,28 @@ handlers. Let's remove this duplication by moving the templating code
to its own function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
And modify the handlers to use that function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
If we comment out the registration of our unimplemented save handler in
<code>main</code>, we can once again build and test our program.
<a href="part3.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
The handlers are now shorter and simpler.
</p>
<h2>Handling non-existent pages</h2>
<p>
What if you visit <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/APageThatDoesntExist">
<code>/view/APageThatDoesntExist</code></a>? You'll see a page containing
HTML. This is because it ignores the error return value from
<code>loadPage</code> and continues to try and fill out the template
with no data. Instead, if the requested Page doesn't exist, it should
redirect the client to the edit Page so the content may be created:
<code>/view/APageThatDoesntExist</code></a>? The program will crash. This is
because it ignores the error return value from <code>loadPage</code>. Instead,
if the requested Page doesn't exist, it should redirect the client to the edit
Page so the content may be created:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The <code>http.Redirect</code> function adds an HTTP status code of
The <code>http.Redirect</code> function adds an HTTP status code of
<code>http.StatusFound</code> (302) and a <code>Location</code>
header to the HTTP response.
</p>
@@ -464,24 +457,22 @@ header to the HTTP response.
<h2>Saving Pages</h2>
<p>
The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the submission of forms
located on the edit pages. After uncommenting the related line in
<code>main</code>, let's implement the handler:
The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the form submission.
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The page title (provided in the URL) and the form's only field,
<code>Body</code>, are stored in a new <code>Page</code>.
The page title (provided in the URL) and the form's only field,
<code>Body</code>, are stored in a new <code>Page</code>.
The <code>save()</code> method is then called to write the data to a file,
and the client is redirected to the <code>/view/</code> page.
</p>
<p>
The value returned by <code>FormValue</code> is of type <code>string</code>.
We must convert that value to <code>[]byte</code> before it will fit into
the <code>Page</code> struct. We use <code>[]byte(body)</code> to perform
We must convert that value to <code>[]byte</code> before it will fit into
the <code>Page</code> struct. We use <code>[]byte(body)</code> to perform
the conversion.
</p>
@@ -490,9 +481,9 @@ the conversion.
<p>
There are several places in our program where errors are being ignored. This
is bad practice, not least because when an error does occur the program will
have unintended behavior. A better solution is to handle the errors and return
an error message to the user. That way if something does go wrong, the server
will function exactly how we want and the user can be notified.
crash. A better solution is to handle the errors and return an error message
to the user. That way if something does go wrong, the server will continue to
function and the user will be notified.
</p>
<p>
@@ -502,7 +493,7 @@ First, let's handle the errors in <code>renderTemplate</code>:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The <code>http.Error</code> function sends a specified HTTP response code
The <code>http.Error</code> function sends a specified HTTP response code
(in this case "Internal Server Error") and error message.
Already the decision to put this in a separate function is paying off.
</p>
@@ -511,18 +502,18 @@ Already the decision to put this in a separate function is paying off.
Now let's fix up <code>saveHandler</code>:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Any errors that occur during <code>p.save()</code> will be reported
Any errors that occur during <code>p.save()</code> will be reported
to the user.
</p>
<h2>Template caching</h2>
<p>
There is an inefficiency in this code: <code>renderTemplate</code> calls
<code>ParseFiles</code> every time a page is rendered.
There is an inefficiency in this code: <code>renderTemplate</code> calls
<code>ParseFiles</code> every time a page is rendered.
A better approach would be to call <code>ParseFiles</code> once at program
initialization, parsing all templates into a single <code>*Template</code>.
Then we can use the
@@ -545,11 +536,10 @@ can't be loaded the only sensible thing to do is exit the program.
</p>
<p>
The <code>ParseFiles</code> function takes any number of string arguments that
identify our template files, and parses those files into templates that are
named after the base file name. If we were to add more templates to our
program, we would add their names to the <code>ParseFiles</code> call's
arguments.
A <code>for</code> loop is used with a <code>range</code> statement to iterate
over an array constant containing the names of the templates we want parsed.
If we were to add more templates to our program, we would add their names to
that array.
</p>
<p>
@@ -575,33 +565,31 @@ this, we can write a function to validate the title with a regular expression.
<p>
First, add <code>"regexp"</code> to the <code>import</code> list.
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation
expression:
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation regexp:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var validPath/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var titleValidator/`}}
<p>
The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
regular expression, and return a <code>regexp.Regexp</code>.
The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
regular expression, and return a <code>regexp.Regexp</code>.
<code>MustCompile</code> is distinct from <code>Compile</code> in that it will
panic if the expression compilation fails, while <code>Compile</code> returns
an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
</p>
<p>
Now, let's write a function that uses the <code>validPath</code>
expression to validate path and extract the page title:
Now, let's write a function that extracts the title string from the request
URL, and tests it against our <code>TitleValidator</code> expression:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/func getTitle/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
If the title is valid, it will be returned along with a <code>nil</code>
error value. If the title is invalid, the function will write a
"404 Not Found" error to the HTTP connection, and return an error to the
handler. To create a new error, we have to import the <code>errors</code>
package.
error value. If the title is invalid, the function will write a
"404 Not Found" error to the HTTP connection, and return an error to the
handler.
</p>
<p>
@@ -616,10 +604,10 @@ Let's put a call to <code>getTitle</code> in each of the handlers:
<p>
Catching the error condition in each handler introduces a lot of repeated code.
What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
validation and error checking? Go's
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_literals">function
literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
validation and error checking? Go's
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_declarations">function
literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
that can help us here.
</p>
@@ -666,19 +654,19 @@ Now we can take the code from <code>getTitle</code> and use it here
<p>
The closure returned by <code>makeHandler</code> is a function that takes
an <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> and <code>http.Request</code> (in other
words, an <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
words, an <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
The closure extracts the <code>title</code> from the request path, and
validates it with the <code>TitleValidator</code> regexp. If the
<code>title</code> is invalid, an error will be written to the
<code>ResponseWriter</code> using the <code>http.NotFound</code> function.
<code>ResponseWriter</code> using the <code>http.NotFound</code> function.
If the <code>title</code> is valid, the enclosed handler function
<code>fn</code> will be called with the <code>ResponseWriter</code>,
<code>Request</code>, and <code>title</code> as arguments.
</p>
<p>
Now we can wrap the handler functions with <code>makeHandler</code> in
<code>main</code>, before they are registered with the <code>http</code>
Now we can wrap the handler functions with <code>makeHandler</code> in
<code>main</code>, before they are registered with the <code>http</code>
package:
</p>
@@ -710,7 +698,7 @@ $ ./wiki
<p>
Visiting <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage">http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage</a>
should present you with the page edit form. You should then be able to
should present you with the page edit form. You should then be able to
enter some text, click 'Save', and be redirected to the newly created page.
</p>
@@ -722,11 +710,11 @@ Here are some simple tasks you might want to tackle on your own:
<ul>
<li>Store templates in <code>tmpl/</code> and page data in <code>data/</code>.
<li>Add a handler to make the web root redirect to
<li>Add a handler to make the web root redirect to
<code>/view/FrontPage</code>.</li>
<li>Spruce up the page templates by making them valid HTML and adding some
CSS rules.</li>
<li>Implement inter-page linking by converting instances of
<li>Implement inter-page linking by converting instances of
<code>[PageName]</code> to <br>
<code>&lt;a href="/view/PageName"&gt;PageName&lt;/a&gt;</code>.
(hint: you could use <code>regexp.ReplaceAllFunc</code> to do this)

View File

@@ -29,14 +29,16 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}

View File

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
return
}
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err := p.save()
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
}
func (p *Page) save() error {
filename := p.Title + ".txt"
return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
}
func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
filename := title + ".txt"
body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
}
renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
//http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"flag"
"go/ast"
"go/parser"
"go/printer"
"go/token"
"log"
"os"
"text/template"
)
var (
srcFn = flag.String("src", "", "source filename")
getName = flag.String("name", "", "func/type name to output")
html = flag.Bool("html", true, "output HTML")
showPkg = flag.Bool("pkg", false, "show package in output")
)
func main() {
// handle input
flag.Parse()
if *srcFn == "" || *getName == "" {
flag.Usage()
os.Exit(2)
}
// load file
fs := token.NewFileSet()
file, err := parser.ParseFile(fs, *srcFn, nil, 0)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// create filter
filter := func(name string) bool {
return name == *getName
}
// filter
if !ast.FilterFile(file, filter) {
os.Exit(1)
}
// print the AST
var b bytes.Buffer
printer.Fprint(&b, fs, file)
// drop package declaration
if !*showPkg {
for {
c, err := b.ReadByte()
if c == '\n' || err != nil {
break
}
}
}
// drop leading newlines
for {
b, err := b.ReadByte()
if err != nil {
break
}
if b != '\n' {
os.Stdout.Write([]byte{b})
break
}
}
// output
if *html {
template.HTMLEscape(os.Stdout, b.Bytes())
} else {
b.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
}
}

View File

@@ -7,42 +7,22 @@ set -e
wiki_pid=
cleanup() {
kill $wiki_pid
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final.bin final-port.txt a.out get.bin
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final-test.bin final-test.go
}
trap cleanup 0 INT
rm -f get.bin final.bin a.out
# If called with -all, check that all code snippets compile.
if [ "$1" == "-all" ]; then
for fn in *.go; do
go build -o a.out $fn
done
fi
go build -o get.bin get.go
go build -o final.bin final.go
(./final.bin --addr) &
addr=$(./get.bin -addr)
sed s/:8080/$addr/ < final.go > final-test.go
go build -o final-test.bin final-test.go
(./final-test.bin) &
wiki_pid=$!
l=0
while [ ! -f ./final-port.txt ]
do
l=$(($l+1))
if [ "$l" -gt 5 ]
then
echo "port not available within 5 seconds"
exit 1
break
fi
sleep 1
done
sleep 1
addr=$(cat final-port.txt)
./get.bin http://$addr/edit/Test > test_edit.out
diff -u test_edit.out test_edit.good
./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test > test_save.out
diff -u test_save.out test_view.good # should be the same as viewing
./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test
diff -u Test.txt test_Test.txt.good
./get.bin http://$addr/view/Test > test_view.out
diff -u test_view.out test_view.good

View File

@@ -1,541 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler",
"Path": "/doc/asm"
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</h2>
<p>
This document is a quick outline of the unusual form of assembly language used by the <code>gc</code>
suite of Go compilers (<code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code>, etc.).
The document is not comprehensive.
</p>
<p>
The assembler is based on the input to the Plan 9 assemblers, which is documented in detail
<a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/asm.html">on the Plan 9 site</a>.
If you plan to write assembly language, you should read that document although much of it is Plan 9-specific.
This document provides a summary of the syntax and
describes the peculiarities that apply when writing assembly code to interact with Go.
</p>
<p>
The most important thing to know about Go's assembler is that it is not a direct representation of the underlying machine.
Some of the details map precisely to the machine, but some do not.
This is because the compiler suite (see
<a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/compiler.html">this description</a>)
needs no assembler pass in the usual pipeline.
Instead, the compiler emits a kind of incompletely defined instruction set, in binary form, which the linker
then completes.
In particular, the linker does instruction selection, so when you see an instruction like <code>MOV</code>
what the linker actually generates for that operation might not be a move instruction at all, perhaps a clear or load.
Or it might correspond exactly to the machine instruction with that name.
In general, machine-specific operations tend to appear as themselves, while more general concepts like
memory move and subroutine call and return are more abstract.
The details vary with architecture, and we apologize for the imprecision; the situation is not well-defined.
</p>
<p>
The assembler program is a way to generate that intermediate, incompletely defined instruction sequence
as input for the linker.
If you want to see what the instructions look like in assembly for a given architecture, say amd64, there
are many examples in the sources of the standard library, in packages such as
<a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a>.
You can also examine what the compiler emits as assembly code:
</p>
<pre>
$ cat x.go
package main
func main() {
println(3)
}
$ go tool 6g -S x.go # or: go build -gcflags -S x.go
--- prog list "main" ---
0000 (x.go:3) TEXT main+0(SB),$8-0
0001 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $0,gcargs·0+0(SB)
0002 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $1,gclocals·0+0(SB)
0003 (x.go:4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
0004 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$8
0005 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printint+0(SB)
0006 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
0007 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$0
0008 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printnl+0(SB)
0009 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
0010 (x.go:5) RET ,
...
</pre>
<p>
The <code>FUNCDATA</code> and <code>PCDATA</code> directives contain information
for use by the garbage collector; they are introduced by the compiler.
</p>
<!-- Commenting out because the feature is gone but it's popular and may come back.
<p>
To see what gets put in the binary after linking, add the <code>-a</code> flag to the linker:
</p>
<pre>
$ go tool 6l -a x.6 # or: go build -ldflags -a x.go
codeblk [0x2000,0x1d059) at offset 0x1000
002000 main.main | (3) TEXT main.main+0(SB),$8
002000 65488b0c25a0080000 | (3) MOVQ 2208(GS),CX
002009 483b21 | (3) CMPQ SP,(CX)
00200c 7707 | (3) JHI ,2015
00200e e83da20100 | (3) CALL ,1c250+runtime.morestack00
002013 ebeb | (3) JMP ,2000
002015 4883ec08 | (3) SUBQ $8,SP
002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $0,main.gcargs·0+0(SB)
002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $1,main.gclocals·0+0(SB)
002019 48c7042403000000 | (4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
002021 | (4) PCDATA $0,$8
002021 e8aad20000 | (4) CALL ,f2d0+runtime.printint
002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$0
002026 e865d40000 | (4) CALL ,f490+runtime.printnl
00202b | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
00202b 4883c408 | (5) ADDQ $8,SP
00202f c3 | (5) RET ,
...
</pre>
-->
<h3 id="symbols">Symbols</h3>
<p>
Some symbols, such as <code>PC</code>, <code>R0</code> and <code>SP</code>, are predeclared and refer to registers.
There are two other predeclared symbols, <code>SB</code> (static base) and <code>FP</code> (frame pointer).
All user-defined symbols other than jump labels are written as offsets to these pseudo-registers.
</p>
<p>
The <code>SB</code> pseudo-register can be thought of as the origin of memory, so the symbol <code>foo(SB)</code>
is the name <code>foo</code> as an address in memory.
This form is used to name global functions and data.
Adding <code>&lt;&gt;</code> to the name, as in <code>foo&lt;&gt;(SB)</code>, makes the name
visible only in the current source file, like a top-level <code>static</code> declaration in a C file.
</p>
<p>
The <code>FP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual frame pointer
used to refer to function arguments.
The compilers maintain a virtual frame pointer and refer to the arguments on the stack as offsets from that pseudo-register.
Thus <code>0(FP)</code> is the first argument to the function,
<code>8(FP)</code> is the second (on a 64-bit machine), and so on.
When referring to a function argument this way, it is conventional to place the name
at the beginning, as in <code>first_arg+0(FP)</code> and <code>second_arg+8(FP)</code>.
Some of the assemblers enforce this convention, rejecting plain <code>0(FP)</code> and <code>8(FP)</code>.
For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the argument names
and offsets match.
On 32-bit systems, the low and high 32 bits of a 64-bit value are distinguished by adding
a <code>_lo</code> or <code>_hi</code> suffix to the name, as in <code>arg_lo+0(FP)</code> or <code>arg_hi+4(FP)</code>.
If a Go prototype does not name its result, the expected assembly name is <code>ret</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>SP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual stack pointer
used to refer to frame-local variables and the arguments being
prepared for function calls.
It points to the top of the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets
in the range [framesize, 0):
<code>x-8(SP)</code>, <code>y-4(SP)</code>, and so on.
On architectures with a real register named <code>SP</code>, the name prefix distinguishes
references to the virtual stack pointer from references to the architectural <code>SP</code> register.
That is, <code>x-8(SP)</code> and <code>-8(SP)</code> are different memory locations:
the first refers to the virtual stack pointer pseudo-register, while the second refers to the
hardware's <code>SP</code> register.
</p>
<p>
Instructions, registers, and assembler directives are always in UPPER CASE to remind you
that assembly programming is a fraught endeavor.
(Exception: the <code>g</code> register renaming on ARM.)
</p>
<p>
In Go object files and binaries, the full name of a symbol is the
package path followed by a period and the symbol name:
<code>fmt.Printf</code> or <code>math/rand.Int</code>.
Because the assembler's parser treats period and slash as punctuation,
those strings cannot be used directly as identifier names.
Instead, the assembler allows the middle dot character U+00B7
and the division slash U+2215 in identifiers and rewrites them to
plain period and slash.
Within an assembler source file, the symbols above are written as
<code>fmt·Printf</code> and <code>mathrand·Int</code>.
The assembly listings generated by the compilers when using the <code>-S</code> flag
show the period and slash directly instead of the Unicode replacements
required by the assemblers.
</p>
<p>
Most hand-written assembly files do not include the full package path
in symbol names, because the linker inserts the package path of the current
object file at the beginning of any name starting with a period:
in an assembly source file within the math/rand package implementation,
the package's Int function can be referred to as <code>·Int</code>.
This convention avoids the need to hard-code a package's import path in its
own source code, making it easier to move the code from one location to another.
</p>
<h3 id="directives">Directives</h3>
<p>
The assembler uses various directives to bind text and data to symbol names.
For example, here is a simple complete function definition. The <code>TEXT</code>
directive declares the symbol <code>runtime·profileloop</code> and the instructions
that follow form the body of the function.
The last instruction in a <code>TEXT</code> block must be some sort of jump, usually a <code>RET</code> (pseudo-)instruction.
(If it's not, the linker will append a jump-to-itself instruction; there is no fallthrough in <code>TEXTs</code>.)
After the symbol, the arguments are flags (see below)
and the frame size, a constant (but see below):
</p>
<pre>
TEXT runtime·profileloop(SB),NOSPLIT,$8
MOVQ $runtime·profileloop1(SB), CX
MOVQ CX, 0(SP)
CALL runtime·externalthreadhandler(SB)
RET
</pre>
<p>
In the general case, the frame size is followed by an argument size, separated by a minus sign.
(It's not a subtraction, just idiosyncratic syntax.)
The frame size <code>$24-8</code> states that the function has a 24-byte frame
and is called with 8 bytes of argument, which live on the caller's frame.
If <code>NOSPLIT</code> is not specified for the <code>TEXT</code>,
the argument size must be provided.
For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the
argument size is correct.
</p>
<p>
Note that the symbol name uses a middle dot to separate the components and is specified as an offset from the
static base pseudo-register <code>SB</code>.
This function would be called from Go source for package <code>runtime</code> using the
simple name <code>profileloop</code>.
</p>
<p>
Global data symbols are defined by a sequence of initializing
<code>DATA</code> directives followed by a <code>GLOBL</code> directive.
Each <code>DATA</code> directive initializes a section of the
corresponding memory.
The memory not explicitly initialized is zeroed.
The general form of the <code>DATA</code> directive is
<pre>
DATA symbol+offset(SB)/width, value
</pre>
<p>
which initializes the symbol memory at the given offset and width with the given value.
The <code>DATA</code> directives for a given symbol must be written with increasing offsets.
</p>
<p>
The <code>GLOBL</code> directive declares a symbol to be global.
The arguments are optional flags and the size of the data being declared as a global,
which will have initial value all zeros unless a <code>DATA</code> directive
has initialized it.
The <code>GLOBL</code> directive must follow any corresponding <code>DATA</code> directives.
</p>
<p>
For example,
</p>
<pre>
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x00(SB)/4, $0xf4f8fcff
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x04(SB)/4, $0xe6eaedf0
...
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x3c(SB)/4, $0x81828384
GLOBL divtab&lt;&gt;(SB), RODATA, $64
GLOBL runtime·tlsoffset(SB), NOPTR, $4
</pre>
<p>
declares and initializes <code>divtab&lt;&gt;</code>, a read-only 64-byte table of 4-byte integer values,
and declares <code>runtime·tlsoffset</code>, a 4-byte, implicitly zeroed variable that
contains no pointers.
</p>
<p>
There may be one or two arguments to the directives.
If there are two, the first is a bit mask of flags,
which can be written as numeric expressions, added or or-ed together,
or can be set symbolically for easier absorption by a human.
Their values, defined in the standard <code>#include</code> file <code>textflag.h</code>, are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>NOPROF</code> = 1
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't profile the marked function. This flag is deprecated.
</li>
<li>
<code>DUPOK</code> = 2
<br>
It is legal to have multiple instances of this symbol in a single binary.
The linker will choose one of the duplicates to use.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOSPLIT</code> = 4
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't insert the preamble to check if the stack must be split.
The frame for the routine, plus anything it calls, must fit in the
spare space at the top of the stack segment.
Used to protect routines such as the stack splitting code itself.
</li>
<li>
<code>RODATA</code> = 8
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
Put this data in a read-only section.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOPTR</code> = 16
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
This data contains no pointers and therefore does not need to be
scanned by the garbage collector.
</li>
<li>
<code>WRAPPER</code> = 32
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
This is a wrapper function and should not count as disabling <code>recover</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="runtime">Runtime Coordination</h3>
<p>
For garbage collection to run correctly, the runtime must know the
location of pointers in all global data and in most stack frames.
The Go compiler emits this information when compiling Go source files,
but assembly programs must define it explicitly.
</p>
<p>
A data symbol marked with the <code>NOPTR</code> flag (see above)
is treated as containing no pointers to runtime-allocated data.
A data symbol with the <code>RODATA</code> flag
is allocated in read-only memory and is therefore treated
as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
A data symbol with a total size smaller than a pointer
is also treated as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
It is not possible to define a symbol containing pointers in an assembly source file;
such a symbol must be defined in a Go source file instead.
Assembly source can still refer to the symbol by name
even without <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives.
A good general rule of thumb is to define all non-<code>RODATA</code>
symbols in Go instead of in assembly.
</p>
<p>
Each function also needs annotations giving the location of
live pointers in its arguments, results, and local stack frame.
For an assembly function with no pointer results and
either no local stack frame or no function calls,
the only requirement is to define a Go prototype for the function
in a Go source file in the same package. The name of the assembly
function must not contain the package name component (for example,
function <code>Syscall</code> in package <code>syscall</code> should
use the name <code>·Syscall</code> instead of the equivalent name
<code>syscall·Syscall</code> in its <code>TEXT</code> directive).
For more complex situations, explicit annotation is needed.
These annotations use pseudo-instructions defined in the standard
<code>#include</code> file <code>funcdata.h</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a function has no arguments and no results,
the pointer information can be omitted.
This is indicated by an argument size annotation of <code>$<i>n</i>-0</code>
on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
Otherwise, pointer information must be provided by
a Go prototype for the function in a Go source file,
even for assembly functions not called directly from Go.
(The prototype will also let <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> check the argument references.)
At the start of the function, the arguments are assumed
to be initialized but the results are assumed uninitialized.
If the results will hold live pointers during a call instruction,
the function should start by zeroing the results and then
executing the pseudo-instruction <code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
This instruction records that the results are now initialized
and should be scanned during stack movement and garbage collection.
It is typically easier to arrange that assembly functions do not
return pointers or do not contain call instructions;
no assembly functions in the standard library use
<code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a function has no local stack frame,
the pointer information can be omitted.
This is indicated by a local frame size annotation of <code>$0-<i>n</i></code>
on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
The pointer information can also be omitted if the
function contains no call instructions.
Otherwise, the local stack frame must not contain pointers,
and the assembly must confirm this fact by executing the
pseudo-instruction <code>NO_LOCAL_POINTERS</code>.
Because stack resizing is implemented by moving the stack,
the stack pointer may change during any function call:
even pointers to stack data must not be kept in local variables.
</p>
<h2 id="architectures">Architecture-specific details</h2>
<p>
It is impractical to list all the instructions and other details for each machine.
To see what instructions are defined for a given machine, say 32-bit Intel x86,
look in the top-level header file for the corresponding linker, in this case <code>8l</code>.
That is, the file <code>$GOROOT/src/cmd/8l/8.out.h</code> contains a C enumeration, called <code>as</code>,
of the instructions and their spellings as known to the assembler and linker for that architecture.
In that file you'll find a declaration that begins
</p>
<pre>
enum as
{
AXXX,
AAAA,
AAAD,
AAAM,
AAAS,
AADCB,
...
</pre>
<p>
Each instruction begins with a initial capital <code>A</code> in this list, so <code>AADCB</code>
represents the <code>ADCB</code> (add carry byte) instruction.
The enumeration is in alphabetical order, plus some late additions (<code>AXXX</code> occupies
the zero slot as an invalid instruction).
The sequence has nothing to do with the actual encoding of the machine instructions.
Again, the linker takes care of that detail.
</p>
<p>
One detail evident in the examples from the previous sections is that data in the instructions flows from left to right:
<code>MOVQ</code> <code>$0,</code> <code>CX</code> clears <code>CX</code>.
This convention applies even on architectures where the usual mode is the opposite direction.
</p>
<p>
Here follows some descriptions of key Go-specific details for the supported architectures.
</p>
<h3 id="x86">32-bit Intel 386</h3>
<p>
The runtime pointer to the <code>g</code> structure is maintained
through the value of an otherwise unused (as far as Go is concerned) register in the MMU.
A OS-dependent macro <code>get_tls</code> is defined for the assembler if the source includes
an architecture-dependent header file, like this:
</p>
<pre>
#include "zasm_GOOS_GOARCH.h"
</pre>
<p>
Within the runtime, the <code>get_tls</code> macro loads its argument register
with a pointer to the <code>g</code> pointer, and the <code>g</code> struct
contains the <code>m</code> pointer.
The sequence to load <code>g</code> and <code>m</code> using <code>CX</code> looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
get_tls(CX)
MOVL g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVL g_m(AX), BX // Move g->m into BX.
</pre>
<h3 id="amd64">64-bit Intel 386 (a.k.a. amd64)</h3>
<p>
The assembly code to access the <code>m</code> and <code>g</code>
pointers is the same as on the 386, except it uses <code>MOVQ</code> rather than
<code>MOVL</code>:
</p>
<pre>
get_tls(CX)
MOVQ g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVQ g_m(AX), BX // Move g->m into BX.
</pre>
<h3 id="arm">ARM</h3>
<p>
The registers <code>R10</code> and <code>R11</code>
are reserved by the compiler and linker.
</p>
<p>
<code>R10</code> points to the <code>g</code> (goroutine) structure.
Within assembler source code, this pointer must be referred to as <code>g</code>;
the name <code>R10</code> is not recognized.
</p>
<p>
To make it easier for people and compilers to write assembly, the ARM linker
allows general addressing forms and pseudo-operations like <code>DIV</code> or <code>MOD</code>
that may not be expressible using a single hardware instruction.
It implements these forms as multiple instructions, often using the <code>R11</code> register
to hold temporary values.
Hand-written assembly can use <code>R11</code>, but doing so requires
being sure that the linker is not also using it to implement any of the other
instructions in the function.
</p>
<p>
When defining a <code>TEXT</code>, specifying frame size <code>$-4</code>
tells the linker that this is a leaf function that does not need to save <code>LR</code> on entry.
</p>
<p>
The name <code>SP</code> always refers to the virtual stack pointer described earlier.
For the hardware register, use <code>R13</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="unsupported_opcodes">Unsupported opcodes</h3>
<p>
The assemblers are designed to support the compiler so not all hardware instructions
are defined for all architectures: if the compiler doesn't generate it, it might not be there.
If you need to use a missing instruction, there are two ways to proceed.
One is to update the assembler to support that instruction, which is straightforward
but only worthwhile if it's likely the instruction will be used again.
Instead, for simple one-off cases, it's possible to use the <code>BYTE</code>
and <code>WORD</code> directives
to lay down explicit data into the instruction stream within a <code>TEXT</code>.
Here's how the 386 runtime defines the 64-bit atomic load function.
</p>
<pre>
// uint64 atomicload64(uint64 volatile* addr);
// so actually
// void atomicload64(uint64 *res, uint64 volatile *addr);
TEXT runtime·atomicload64(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
MOVL ptr+0(FP), AX
LEAL ret_lo+4(FP), BX
BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x6f; BYTE $0x00 // MOVQ (%EAX), %MM0
BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x7f; BYTE $0x03 // MOVQ %MM0, 0(%EBX)
BYTE $0x0F; BYTE $0x77 // EMMS
RET
</pre>

View File

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ the go <code>tool</code> subcommand.
</p>
<p>
Finally the <code>fmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> commands are installed
as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> because
they are so often referenced.
Finally, two of the commands, <code>fmt</code> and <code>doc</code>, are also
installed as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code>
because they are so often referenced.
</p>
<p>
@@ -61,13 +61,6 @@ details.
<td>Cgo enables the creation of Go packages that call C code.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/cover/">cover</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cover is a program for creating and analyzing the coverage profiles
generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/fix/">fix</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -75,6 +68,13 @@ generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
and rewrites them to use newer ones.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">doc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Doc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages, it is also available as
an independent <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">fmt</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -83,13 +83,7 @@ gofmt</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Godoc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
<td><a href="/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf
calls whose arguments do not align with the format string.</td>

View File

@@ -6,411 +6,139 @@
<p>
This document demonstrates the development of a simple Go package and
introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go tool</a>, the standard way to fetch,
introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a>, the standard way to fetch,
build, and install Go packages and commands.
</p>
<h2 id="GOPATH">Code organization</h2>
<h3><code>GOPATH</code> and workspaces</h3>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool requires you to organize your code in a specific
way. Please read this document carefully.
It explains the simplest way to get up and running with your Go installation.
One of Go's design goals is to make writing software easier. To that end, the
<code>go</code> command doesn't use Makefiles or other configuration files to
guide program construction. Instead, it uses the source code to find
dependencies and determine build conditions. This means your source code and
build scripts are always in sync; they are one and the same.
</p>
<p>
A similar explanation is available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="Organization">Code organization</h2>
<h3 id="Workspaces">Workspaces</h3>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool is designed to work with open source code maintained
in public repositories. Although you don't need to publish your code, the model
for how the environment is set up works the same whether you do or not.
The one thing you must do is set a <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable.
<code>GOPATH</code> tells the <code>go</code> command (and other related tools)
where to find and install the Go packages on your system.
</p>
<p>
Go code must be kept inside a <i>workspace</i>.
A workspace is a directory hierarchy with three directories at its root:
<code>GOPATH</code> is a list of paths. It shares the syntax of your system's
<code>PATH</code> environment variable. A typical <code>GOPATH</code> on
a Unix system might look like this:
</p>
<pre>
GOPATH=/home/user/ext:/home/user/mygo
</pre>
<p>
(On a Windows system use semicolons as the path separator instead of colons.)
</p>
<p>
Each path in the list (in this case <code>/home/user/ext</code> or
<code>/home/user/mygo</code>) specifies the location of a <i>workspace</i>.
A workspace contains Go source files and their associated package objects, and
command executables. It has a prescribed structure of three subdirectories:
</p>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> contains Go source files organized into packages (one package per directory),
<li><code>pkg</code> contains package objects, and
<li><code>src</code> contains Go source files,
<li><code>pkg</code> contains compiled package objects, and
<li><code>bin</code> contains executable commands.
</ul>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool builds source packages and installs the resulting
binaries to the <code>pkg</code> and <code>bin</code> directories.
Subdirectories of the <code>src</code> directory hold independent packages, and
all source files (<code>.go</code>, <code>.c</code>, <code>.h</code>, and
<code>.s</code>) in each subdirectory are elements of that subdirectory's
package.
</p>
<p>
The <code>src</code> subdirectory typically contains multiple version control
repositories (such as for Git or Mercurial) that track the development of one
or more source packages.
When building a program that imports the package "<code>widget</code>" the
<code>go</code> command looks for <code>src/pkg/widget</code> inside the Go root,
and then&mdash;if the package source isn't found there&mdash;it searches
for <code>src/widget</code> inside each workspace in order.
</p>
<p>
To give you an idea of how a workspace looks in practice, here's an example:
Multiple workspaces can offer some flexibility and convenience, but for now
we'll concern ourselves with only a single workspace.
</p>
<p>
Let's work through a simple example. First, create a <code>$HOME/mygo</code>
directory and its <code>src</code> subdirectory:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
outyet # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
github.com/golang/example/
stringutil.a # package object
src/
<a href="https://github.com/golang/example/">github.com/golang/example/</a>
.git/ # Git repository metadata
hello/
hello.go # command source
outyet/
main.go # command source
main_test.go # test source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
$ mkdir -p $HOME/mygo/src # create a place to put source code
</pre>
<p>
This workspace contains one repository (<code>example</code>)
comprising two commands (<code>hello</code> and <code>outyet</code>)
and one library (<code>stringutil</code>).
</p>
<p>
A typical workspace would contain many source repositories containing many
packages and commands. Most Go programmers keep <i>all</i> their Go source code
and dependencies in a single workspace.
</p>
<p>
Commands and libraries are built from different kinds of source packages.
We will discuss the distinction <a href="#PackageNames">later</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="GOPATH">The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</h3>
<p>
The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable specifies the location of your
workspace. It is likely the only environment variable you'll need to set
when developing Go code.
</p>
<p>
To get started, create a workspace directory and set <code>GOPATH</code>
accordingly. Your workspace can be located wherever you like, but we'll use
<code>$HOME/work</code> in this document. Note that this must <b>not</b> be the
same path as your Go installation.
(Another common setup is to set <code>GOPATH=$HOME</code>.)
Next, set it as the <code>GOPATH</code>. You should also add the
<code>bin</code> subdirectory to your <code>PATH</code> environment variable so
that you can run the commands therein without specifying their full path.
To do this, add the following lines to <code>$HOME/.profile</code> (or
equivalent):
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $HOME/work</b>
$ <b>export GOPATH=$HOME/work</b>
export GOPATH=$HOME/mygo
export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/mygo/bin
</pre>
<h3>Import paths</h3>
<p>
For convenience, add the workspace's <code>bin</code> subdirectory
to your <code>PATH</code>:
The standard packages are given short import paths such as <code>"fmt"</code>
and <code>"net/http"</code> for convenience.
For your own projects, it is important to choose a base import path that is
unlikely to collide with future additions to the standard library or other
external libraries.
</p>
<p>
The best way to choose an import path is to use the location of your version
control repository.
For instance, if your source repository is at <code>example.com</code>
or <code>code.google.com/p/example</code>, you should begin your package
paths with that URL, as in "<code>example.com/foo/bar</code>" or
"<code>code.google.com/p/example/foo/bar</code>".
Using this convention, the <code>go</code> command can automatically check out and
build the source code by its import path alone.
</p>
<p>
If you don't intend to install your code in this way, you should at
least use a unique prefix like "<code>widgets/</code>", as in
"<code>widgets/foo/bar</code>". A good rule is to use a prefix such as your
company or project name, since it is unlikely to be used by another group.
</p>
<p>
We'll use <code>example/</code> as our base import path:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin</b>
</pre>
<p>
To learn more about setting up the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable,
please see
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>go help gopath</code></a>
</p>
<h3 id="PackagePaths">Package paths</h3>
<p>
The packages from the standard library are given short paths such as
<code>"fmt"</code> and <code>"net/http"</code>.
For your own packages, you must choose a base path that is unlikely to
collide with future additions to the standard library or other external
libraries.
</p>
<p>
If you keep your code in a source repository somewhere, then you should use the
root of that source repository as your base path.
For instance, if you have a <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> account at
<code>github.com/user</code>, that should be your base path.
</p>
<p>
Note that you don't need to publish your code to a remote repository before you
can build it. It's just a good habit to organize your code as if you will
publish it someday. In practice you can choose any arbitrary path name,
as long as it is unique to the standard library and greater Go ecosystem.
</p>
<p>
We'll use <code>github.com/user</code> as our base path. Create a directory
inside your workspace in which to keep source code:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/user</b>
$ mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/example
</pre>
<h3 id="Command">Your first program</h3>
<h3>Package names</h3>
<p>
To compile and run a simple program, first choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/hello</code>) and create a corresponding package directory
inside your workspace:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>hello.go</code> inside that directory,
containing the following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
fmt.Printf("Hello, world.\n")
}
</pre>
<p>
Now you can build and install that program with the <code>go</code> tool:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
Note that you can run this command from anywhere on your system. The
<code>go</code> tool finds the source code by looking for the
<code>github.com/user/hello</code> package inside the workspace specified by
<code>GOPATH</code>.
</p>
<p>
You can also omit the package path if you run <code>go install</code> from the
package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>go install</b>
</pre>
<p>
This command builds the <code>hello</code> command, producing an executable
binary. It then installs that binary to the workspace's <code>bin</code>
directory as <code>hello</code> (or, under Windows, <code>hello.exe</code>).
In our example, that will be <code>$GOPATH/bin/hello</code>, which is
<code>$HOME/work/bin/hello</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>go</code> tool will only print output when an error occurs, so if
these commands produce no output they have executed successfully.
</p>
<p>
You can now run the program by typing its full path at the command line:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>
<p>
Or, as you have added <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>,
just type the binary name:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, world.
</pre>
<p>
If you're using a source control system, now would be a good time to initialize
a repository, add the files, and commit your first change. Again, this step is
optional: you do not need to use source control to write Go code.
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>git init</b>
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/work/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
$ <b>git add hello.go</b>
$ <b>git commit -m "initial commit"</b>
[master (root-commit) 0b4507d] initial commit
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 hello.go
</pre>
<p>
Pushing the code to a remote repository is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
<h3 id="Library">Your first library</h3>
<p>
Let's write a library and use it from the <code>hello</code> program.
</p>
<p>
Again, the first step is to choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/stringutil</code>) and create the package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>reverse.go</code> in that directory with the
following contents.
</p>
<pre>
// Package stringutil contains utility functions for working with strings.
package stringutil
// Reverse returns its argument string reversed rune-wise left to right.
func Reverse(s string) string {
r := []rune(s)
for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i &lt; len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
}
return string(r)
}
</pre>
<p>
Now, test that the package compiles with <code>go build</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build github.com/user/stringutil</b>
</pre>
<p>
Or, if you are working in the package's source directory, just:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build</b>
</pre>
<p>
This won't produce an output file. To do that, you must use <code>go
install</code>, which places the package object inside the <code>pkg</code>
directory of the workspace.
</p>
<p>
After confirming that the <code>stringutil</code> package builds,
modify your original <code>hello.go</code> (which is in
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</code>) to use it:
</p>
<pre>
package main
import (
"fmt"
<b>"github.com/user/stringutil"</b>
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf(stringutil.Reverse("!oG ,olleH"))
}
</pre>
<p>
Whenever the <code>go</code> tool installs a package or binary, it also
installs whatever dependencies it has.
So when you install the <code>hello</code> program
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
the <code>stringutil</code> package will be installed as well, automatically.
</p>
<p>
Running the new version of the program, you should see a new, reversed message:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, Go!
</pre>
<p>
After the steps above, your workspace should look like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/ # this will reflect your OS and architecture
github.com/user/
stringutil.a # package object
src/
github.com/user/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
</pre>
<p>
Note that <code>go install</code> placed the <code>stringutil.a</code> object
in a directory inside <code>pkg/linux_amd64</code> that mirrors its source
directory.
This is so that future invocations of the <code>go</code> tool can find the
package object and avoid recompiling the package unnecessarily.
The <code>linux_amd64</code> part is there to aid in cross-compilation,
and will reflect the operating system and architecture of your system.
</p>
<p>
Go command executables are statically linked; the package objects need not
be present to run Go programs.
</p>
<h3 id="PackageNames">Package names</h3>
<p>
The first statement in a Go source file must be
The first statement in a Go source file should be
</p>
<pre>
@@ -426,24 +154,209 @@ where <code><i>name</i></code> is the package's default name for imports.
Go's convention is that the package name is the last element of the
import path: the package imported as "<code>crypto/rot13</code>"
should be named <code>rot13</code>.
</p>
<p>
Executable commands must always use <code>package main</code>.
</p>
<p>
There is no requirement that package names be unique
across all packages linked into a single binary,
only that the import paths (their full file names) be unique.
</p>
<p>
Create a new package under <code>example</code> called <code>newmath</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/example
$ mkdir newmath
</pre>
<p>
Then create a file named <code>$GOPATH/src/example/newmath/sqrt.go</code>
containing the following Go code:
</p>
<pre>
// Package newmath is a trivial example package.
package newmath
// Sqrt returns an approximation to the square root of x.
func Sqrt(x float64) float64 {
// This is a terrible implementation.
// Real code should import "math" and use math.Sqrt.
z := 0.0
for i := 0; i &lt; 1000; i++ {
z -= (z*z - x) / (2 * x)
}
return z
}
</pre>
<p>
This package is imported by the path name of the directory it's in, starting
after the <code>src</code> component:
</p>
<pre>
import "example/newmath"
</pre>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#names">Effective Go</a> to learn more about
Go's naming conventions.
</p>
<h2>Building and installing</h2>
<p>
The <code>go</code> command comprises several subcommands, the most central being
<code>install</code>. Running <code>go install <i>importpath</i></code> builds
and installs a package and its dependencies.
</p>
<p>
To "install a package" means to write the package object or executable command
to the <code>pkg</code> or <code>bin</code> subdirectory of the workspace in
which the source resides.
</p>
<h3>Building a package</h3>
<p>
To build and install the <code>newmath</code> package, type
</p>
<pre>
$ go install example/newmath
</pre>
<p>
This command will produce no output if the package and its dependencies
are built and installed correctly.
</p>
<p>
As a convenience, the <code>go</code> command will assume the current directory
if no import path is specified on the command line. This sequence of commands
has the same effect as the one above:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/example/newmath
$ go install
</pre>
<p>
The resulting workspace directory tree (assuming we're running Linux on a 64-bit
system) looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
pkg/
linux_amd64/
example/
newmath.a # package object
src/
example/
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
</pre>
<h3>Building a command</h3>
<p>
The <code>go</code> command treats code belonging to <code>package main</code> as
an executable command and installs the package binary to the
<code>GOPATH</code>'s <code>bin</code> subdirectory.
</p>
<p>
Add a command named <code>hello</code> to the source tree.
First create the <code>example/hello</code> directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/example
$ mkdir hello
</pre>
<p>
Then create the file <code>$GOPATH/src/example/hello/hello.go</code>
containing the following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
// Hello is a trivial example of a main package.
package main
import (
"example/newmath"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf("Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = %v\n", newmath.Sqrt(2))
}
</pre>
<p>
Next, run <code>go install</code>, which builds and installs the binary to
<code>$GOPATH/bin</code> (or <code>$GOBIN</code>, if set; to simplify
presentation, this document assumes <code>GOBIN</code> is unset):
</p>
<pre>
$ go install example/hello
</pre>
<p>
To run the program, invoke it by name as you would any other command:
</p>
<pre>
$ $GOPATH/bin/hello
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
If you added <code>$HOME/mygo/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>, you may omit
the path to the executable:
</p>
<pre>
$ hello
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
The workspace directory tree now looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
example/
newmath.a # package object
src/
example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
</pre>
<p>
The <code>go</code> command also provides a <code>build</code> command, which is
like <code>install</code> except it builds all objects in a temporary directory
and does not install them under <code>pkg</code> or <code>bin</code>.
When building a command an executable named after the last element of the
import path is written to the current directory. When building a package,
<code>go build</code> serves merely to test that the package and its
dependencies can be built. (The resulting package object is thrown away.)
</p>
<h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2>
<p>
@@ -461,54 +374,35 @@ if the function calls a failure function such as <code>t.Error</code> or
</p>
<p>
Add a test to the <code>stringutil</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil/reverse_test.go</code> containing
the following Go code.
Add a test to the <code>newmath</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/example/newmath/sqrt_test.go</code> containing the following
Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package stringutil
package newmath
import "testing"
func TestReverse(t *testing.T) {
cases := []struct {
in, want string
}{
{"Hello, world", "dlrow ,olleH"},
{"Hello, 世界", "界世 ,olleH"},
{"", ""},
}
for _, c := range cases {
got := Reverse(c.in)
if got != c.want {
t.Errorf("Reverse(%q) == %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
}
}
func TestSqrt(t *testing.T) {
const in, out = 4, 2
if x := Sqrt(in); x != out {
t.Errorf("Sqrt(%v) = %v, want %v", in, x, out)
}
}
</pre>
<p>
Then run the test with <code>go test</code>:
Now run the test with <code>go test</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test github.com/user/stringutil</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
$ go test example/newmath
ok example/newmath 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
As always, if you are running the <code>go</code> tool from the package
directory, you can omit the package path:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
<a href="/pkg/testing/">testing package documentation</a> for more detail.
</p>
@@ -517,19 +411,19 @@ Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see t
<p>
An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> tool uses
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> command uses
this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories.
For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a
Git repository hosted at GitHub
<code><a href="https://github.com/golang/example">github.com/golang/example</a></code>.
Mercurial repository hosted at Google Code,
<code><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go.example">code.google.com/p/go.example</a></code>.
If you include the repository URL in the package's import path,
<code>go get</code> will fetch, build, and install it automatically:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go get github.com/golang/example/hello</b>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, Go examples!
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.example/hello
$ $GOPATH/bin/hello
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
@@ -541,67 +435,58 @@ fetch and behaves the same as <code>go install</code>.)
<p>
After issuing the above <code>go get</code> command, the workspace directory
tree should now look like this:
tree should now now look like this:
</p>
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
github.com/golang/example/
stringutil.a # package object
github.com/user/
stringutil.a # package object
linux_amd64/
code.google.com/p/go.example/
newmath.a # package object
example/
newmath.a # package object
src/
github.com/golang/example/
.git/ # Git repository metadata
code.google.com/p/go.example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
github.com/user/
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
sqrt_test.go # test source
example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
sqrt_test.go # test source
</pre>
<p>
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at GitHub depends on the
<code>stringutil</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the
<code>go get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent
package, too.
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at Google Code depends on the
<code>newmath</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the <code>go
get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent package, too.
</p>
<pre>
import "github.com/golang/example/stringutil"
import "code.google.com/p/go.example/newmath"
</pre>
<p>
This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for
others to use.
The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
and <a href="//godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
provide lists of external Go projects.
The <a href="http://godashboard.appspot.com">Go Project Dashboard</a>
is a list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.
</p>
<p>
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> tool, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">go help importpath</a></code>.
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> command, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#Remote_import_path_syntax">go help remote</a></code>.
</p>
<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>
<p>
Subscribe to the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
</p>
<h2 id="more">Further reading</h2>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> for tips on writing
@@ -609,7 +494,7 @@ clear, idiomatic Go code.
</p>
<p>
Take <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
Take <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
proper.
</p>
@@ -617,21 +502,3 @@ proper.
Visit the <a href="/doc/#articles">documentation page</a> for a set of in-depth
articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.
</p>
<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
<p>
For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
<a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
</p>
<p>
The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
</p>
<p>
Report bugs using the
<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ CodewalkViewer.prototype.updateHeight = function() {
this.sizer.height(codeHeight);
};
window.initFuncs.push(function() {
var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery('#codewalk-main'));
jQuery(document).ready(function() {
var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery());
viewer.selectFirstComment();
viewer.targetCommentLinksAtBlank();
viewer.installEventHandlers();

View File

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
its <code>src</code> is just a file name.
</step>
<step title="Specifying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
<step title="Specifiying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
The most complex part of the codewalk specification is
saying what lines to highlight.
Instead of ordinary line numbers,

View File

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Prefix Map key
this data.
</step>
<step title="The NewChain constructor function" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func New/,/\n}/">
<step title="The NewChain constructor function" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func New/,/}/">
The <code>Chain</code> struct has two unexported fields (those that
do not begin with an upper case character), and so we write a
<code>NewChain</code> constructor function that initializes the
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ p == Prefix{"am", "not"}</pre>
one index to the left (if you consider zero as the leftmost index).
<pre>
p := Prefix{"I", "am"}
copy(p, p[1:])
copy(p, p[:1])
// p == Prefix{"am", "am"}</pre>
We then assign the provided <code>word</code> to the last index
of the slice:

View File

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ type score struct {
// An action transitions stochastically to a resulting score.
type action func(current score) (result score, turnIsOver bool)
// roll returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of simulating a die roll.
// roll returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of simulating a die roll.
// If the roll value is 1, then thisTurn score is abandoned, and the players'
// roles swap. Otherwise, the roll value is added to thisTurn.
func roll(s score) (score, bool) {

View File

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
set -e
function fail {
echo FAIL: doc/codewalk/$1
exit 1
}
# markov.xml
echo foo | go run markov.go | grep foo > /dev/null || fail markov
# functions.xml
go run pig.go | grep 'Wins, losses staying at k = 100: 210/990 (21.2%), 780/990 (78.8%)' > /dev/null || fail pig
# sharemem.xml: only build the example, as it uses the network
go build urlpoll.go || fail urlpoll
rm -f urlpoll

View File

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ and/or writes to a shared map.
<step title="Conclusion" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
In this codewalk we have explored a simple example of using Go's concurrency
primitives to share memory through communication.
primitives to share memory through commmunication.
<br/><br/>
This should provide a starting point from which to explore the ways in which
goroutines and channels can be used to write expressive and concise concurrent

View File

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func (r *Resource) Poll() string {
return resp.Status
}
// Sleep sleeps for an appropriate interval (dependent on error state)
// Sleep sleeps for an appropriate interval (dependant on error state)
// before sending the Resource to done.
func (r *Resource) Sleep(done chan<- *Resource) {
time.Sleep(pollInterval + errTimeout*time.Duration(r.errCount))

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
<p>
Go is an open source project developed by a team at
<a href="//google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="http://google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="/CONTRIBUTORS">contributors</a> from the open source community.
</p>
@@ -17,72 +17,49 @@ Go is an open source project developed by a team at
Go is distributed under a <a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>
A low traffic mailing list for important announcements, such as new releases.
</p>
<p>
We encourage all Go users to subscribe to
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">Version history</h2>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A <a href="/doc/devel/release.html">summary</a> of the changes between Go releases. Notes for the major releases:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4</a> <small>(December 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3</a> <small>(June 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2</a> <small>(December 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1</a> <small>(May 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1">Go 1</a> <small>(March 2012)</small></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h2 id="resources">Developer Resources</h2>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://golang.org/change">Source Code</a></h3>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source">Source Code</a></h3>
<p>Check out the Go source code.</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer</a> and
<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">Code Review Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing code changes to the Go project.
The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews</a>
mailing list is for actual reviewing of the code changes (CLs).</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h3 id="weekly"><a href="/doc/devel/weekly.html">Weekly Snapshot History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between weekly snapshots of Go.</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing and reviewing code for the Go project.</p>
<p>For general discussion of Go programming, see <a
href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.</p>
href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.</p>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>A mailing list that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.</p>
<h3 id="golang-bugs"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-bugs">Bugs Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>A mailing list that receives each update to the Go <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.</p>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="//build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="http://build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<p>View the status of Go builds across the supported operating
systems and architectures.</p>
<h2 id="howto">How you can help</h2>
<h3><a href="//golang.org/issue">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<h3><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<p>
If you spot bugs, mistakes, or inconsistencies in the Go project's code or
documentation, please let us know by
<a href="//golang.org/issue/new">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/entry">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">issue tracker</a>.
(Of course, you should check it's not an existing issue before creating
a new one.)
</p>
@@ -101,8 +78,31 @@ To get started, read these <a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribution
guidelines</a> for information on design, testing, and our code review process.
</p>
<p>
Check <a href="//golang.org/issue">the tracker</a> for
Check <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">the tracker</a> for
open issues that interest you. Those labeled
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3Ahelpwanted">helpwanted</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list?q=status=HelpWanted">HelpWanted</a>
are particularly in need of outside help.
</p>
<h2 id="community">The Go Community</h2>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
mailing list is for general Go discussion.</p>
<h3 id="projects"><a href="http://godashboard.appspot.com/project">Go Project Dashboard</a></h3>
<p>A list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
<p><b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b> is the official Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>

View File

@@ -6,12 +6,9 @@
<p>
This document explains how to contribute changes to the Go project.
It assumes you have followed the
<a href="/doc/install/source">installation instructions</a> and
It assumes you have installed Go using the
<a href="/doc/install">installation instructions</a> and
have <a href="code.html">written and tested your code</a>.
</p>
<p>
(Note that the <code>gccgo</code> frontend lives elsewhere;
see <a href="gccgo_contribute.html">Contributing to gccgo</a>.)
</p>
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ you're working on if you want it to become part of the main repository.
<p>
Before undertaking to write something new for the Go project, send
mail to the <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">mailing
mail to the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">mailing
list</a> to discuss what you plan to do. This gives everyone a
chance to validate the design, helps prevent duplication of effort,
and ensures that the idea fits inside the goals for the language
@@ -48,19 +45,25 @@ tree to make sure the changes don't break other packages or programs:
</p>
<pre>
$ cd go/src
$ ./all.bash
cd $GOROOT/src
./all.bash
</pre>
<p>
(To build under Windows use <code>all.bat</code>.)
The final line printed by <code>make all</code> should be of the form:
</p>
<pre>
<i>N</i> known bugs; 0 unexpected bugs
</pre>
<p>
After running for a while, the command should print
"<code>ALL</code> <code>TESTS</code> <code>PASSED</code>".
The value of <i>N</i> varies over time, but the line must
say &ldquo;<code>0 unexpected bugs</code>&rdquo; and must not
add &ldquo;<code>test output differs</code>.&rdquo;
</p>
<h2 id="Code_review">Code review</h2>
<p>
@@ -68,230 +71,163 @@ Changes to Go must be reviewed before they are submitted,
no matter who makes the change.
(In exceptional cases, such as fixing a build, the review can
follow shortly after submitting.)
A custom git command called <code>git-codereview</code>,
discussed below, helps manage the code review process through a Google-hosted
<a href="https://go-review.googlesource.com/">instance</a> of the code review
system called <a href="https://code.google.com/p/gerrit/">Gerrit</a>.
A Mercurial extension helps manage the code review process.
The extension is included in the Go source tree but needs
to be added to your Mercurial configuration.
</p>
<h3>Set up authentication for code review</h3>
<h3>Caveat for Mercurial aficionados</h3>
<p>
The Git code hosting server and Gerrit code review server both use a Google
Account to authenticate. You therefore need a Google Account to proceed.
<i>Using Mercurial with the code review extension is not the same
as using standard Mercurial.</i>
</p>
<p>
The Go repository is maintained as a single line of reviewed changes;
we prefer to avoid the complexity of Mercurial's arbitrary change graph.
The code review extension helps here: its <code>hg submit</code> command
automatically checks for and warns about the local repository
being out of date compared to the remote one.
The <code>hg submit</code> command also verifies other
properties about the Go repository.
For example,
it checks that Go code being checked in is formatted in the standard style,
as defined by <a href="/cmd/gofmt">gofmt</a>,
and it checks that the author of the code is properly recorded for
<a href="#copyright">copyright purposes</a>.
</p>
<p>
To help ensure changes are only created by <code>hg submit</code>,
the code review extension disables the standard <code>hg commit</code>
command.
</p>
<h3>Configure the extension</h3>
<p>Edit <code>$GOROOT/.hg/hgrc</code> to add:</p>
<pre>
[extensions]
codereview = YOUR_GO_ROOT/lib/codereview/codereview.py
[ui]
username = Your Name &lt;you@server.dom&gt;
</pre>
<p>Replace YOUR_GO_ROOT with the value of <code>$GOROOT</code>.
The Mercurial configuration file format does not allow environment variable substitution.
The <code>username</code> information will not be used unless
you are a committer (see below), but Mercurial complains if it is missing.
</p>
<h3>Log in to the code review site.</h3>
<p>
The code review server uses a Google Account to authenticate.
(If you can use the account to
<a href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login">sign in at google.com</a>,
you can use it to sign in to the code review server.)
The email address you use with the code review system
will be recorded in the <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/go">change log</a>
<a href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?hl=en&amp;continue=http://www.google.com/">sign in at google.com</a>,
you can use it to sign in to the code review server.
The email address you use on the Code Review site
will be recorded in the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>
and in the <a href="/CONTRIBUTORS"><code>CONTRIBUTORS</code></a> file.
You can <a href="https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount">create a Google Account</a>
associated with any address where you receive email.
</p>
<p>
Visit the site <a href="https://go.googlesource.com">go.googlesource.com</a>
and log in using your Google Account.
Click on the "Generate Password" link that appears at the top of the page.
</p>
<p>
Click the radio button that says "Only <code>go.googlesource.com</code>"
to use this authentication token only for the Go project.
</p>
<p>
Further down the page is a box containing commands to install
the authentication cookie in file called <code>.gitcookies</code> in your home
directory.
Copy the text for the commands into a Unix shell window to execute it.
That will install the authentication token.
</p>
<p>
(If you are on a Windows computer, you should instead follow the instructions
in the yellow box to run the command.)
</p>
<h3>Register with Gerrit</h3>
<p>
Now that you have a Google account and the authentication token,
you need to register your account with Gerrit, the code review system.
To do this, visit <a href="https://golang.org/cl">golang.org/cl</a>
and log in using the same Google Account you used above.
That is all that is required.
</p>
<h3>Install the git-codereview command</h3>
<p>
Now install the <code>git-codereview</code> command by running,
</p>
<pre>
go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview
$ cd $GOROOT
$ hg code-login
Email (login for uploading to codereview.appspot.com): rsc@golang.org
Password for rsc@golang.org:
Saving authentication cookies to /Users/rsc/.codereview_upload_cookies_codereview.appspot.com
</pre>
<p>
Make sure <code>git-codereview</code> is installed in your shell path, so that the
<code>git</code> command can find it. Check that
<h3>Configure your account settings.</h3>
<p>Edit your <a href="http://codereview.appspot.com/settings">code review settings</a>.
Grab a nickname.
Many people prefer to set the Context option to
&ldquo;Whole file&rdquo; to see more context when reviewing changes.
</p>
<pre>
$ git codereview help
</pre>
<p>
prints help text, not an error.
</p>
<p>
Note to Git aficionados: The <code>git-codereview</code> command is not required to
upload and manage Gerrit code reviews. For those who prefer plain Git, the text
below gives the Git equivalent of each git-codereview command. If you do use plain
Git, note that you still need the commit hooks that the git-codereview command
configures; those hooks add a Gerrit <code>Change-Id</code> line to the commit
message and check that all Go source files have been formatted with gofmt. Even
if you intend to use plain Git for daily work, install the hooks in a new Git
checkout by running <code>git-codereview</code> <code>hooks</code>.
</p>
<h3>Set up git aliases</h3>
<p>
The <code>git-codereview</code> command can be run directly from the shell
by typing, for instance,
</p>
<pre>
$ git codereview sync
</pre>
<p>
but it is more convenient to set up aliases for <code>git-codereview</code>'s own
subcommands, so that the above becomes,
</p>
<pre>
$ git sync
</pre>
<p>
The <code>git-codereview</code> subcommands have been chosen to be distinct from
Git's own, so it's safe to do so.
</p>
<p>
The aliases are optional, but in the rest of this document we will assume
they are installed.
To install them, copy this text into your Git configuration file
(usually <code>.gitconfig</code> in your home directory):
</p>
<pre>
[alias]
change = codereview change
gofmt = codereview gofmt
mail = codereview mail
pending = codereview pending
submit = codereview submit
sync = codereview sync
</pre>
<h3>Understanding the git-codereview command</h3>
<p>After installing the <code>git-codereview</code> command, you can run</p>
<pre>
$ git codereview help
</pre>
<p>
to learn more about its commands.
You can also read the <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/review/git-codereview">command documentation</a>.
</p>
<h3>Switch to the master branch</h3>
<p>
Most Go installations use a release branch, but new changes should
only be made based on the master branch.
(They may be applied later to a release branch as part of the release process,
but most contributors won't do this themselves.)
Before making a change, make sure you start on the master branch:
</p>
<pre>
$ git checkout master
$ git sync
</pre>
<p>
(In Git terms, <code>git</code> <code>sync</code> runs
<code>git</code> <code>pull</code> <code>-r</code>.)
<p>Once you have chosen a nickname in the settings page, others
can use that nickname as a shorthand for naming reviewers and the CC list.
For example, <code>rsc</code> is an alias for <code>rsc@golang.org</code>.
</p>
<h3>Make a change</h3>
<p>
The entire checked-out tree is writable.
Once you have edited files, you must tell Git that they have been modified.
You must also tell Git about any files that are added, removed, or renamed files.
These operations are done with the usual Git commands,
<code>git</code> <code>add</code>,
<code>git</code> <code>rm</code>,
and
<code>git</code> <code>mv</code>.
If you need to edit files, just edit them: Mercurial will figure out which ones changed.
You do need to inform Mercurial of added, removed, copied, or renamed files,
by running
<code>hg add</code>,
<code>hg rm</code>,
<code>hg cp</code>,
or
<code>hg mv</code>.
</p>
<p>
If you wish to checkpoint your work, or are ready to send the code out for review, run</p>
<p>When you are ready to send a change out for review, run</p>
<pre>
$ git change <i>&lt;branch&gt;</i>
$ hg change
</pre>
<p>
from any directory in your Go repository to commit the changes so far.
The name <i>&lt;branch&gt;</i> is an arbitrary one you choose to identify the
local branch containing your changes.
</p>
<p>
(In Git terms, <code>git</code> <code>change</code> <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code>
runs <code>git</code> <code>checkout</code> <code>-b</code> <code>branch</code>,
then <code>git</code> <code>branch</code> <code>--set-upstream-to</code> <code>origin/master</code>,
then <code>git</code> <code>commit</code>.)
</p>
<p>
Git will open a change description file in your editor.
(It uses the editor named by the <code>$EDITOR</code> environment variable,
<code>vi</code> by default.)
<p>from any directory in your Go repository.
Mercurial will open a change description file in your editor.
(It uses the editor named by the <code>$EDITOR</code> environment variable, <code>vi</code> by default.)
The file will look like:
</p>
<pre>
# Change list.
# Lines beginning with # are ignored.
# Multi-line values should be indented.
# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
# On branch foo
# Changes not staged for commit:
# modified: editedfile.go
#
Reviewer:
CC:
Description:
&lt;enter description here&gt;
Files:
src/pkg/math/sin.go
src/pkg/math/tan.go
src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go
</pre>
<p>
At the beginning of this file is a blank line; replace it
with a thorough description of your change.
The <code>Reviewer</code> line lists the reviewers assigned
to this change, and the <code>CC</code> line lists people to
notify about the change.
These can be code review nicknames or arbitrary email addresses.
Unless explicitly told otherwise, such as in the discussion leading
up to sending in the change list, leave the reviewer field blank.
This means that the
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev@googlegroups.com</a>
mailing list will be used as the reviewer.
</p>
<p>
Replace &ldquo;<code>&lt;enter description here&gt;</code>&rdquo;
with a description of your change.
The first line of the change description is conventionally a one-line
summary of the change, prefixed by the primary affected package,
and is used as the subject for code review mail.
The rest of the
description elaborates and should provide context for the
change and explain what it does.
If there is a helpful reference, mention it here.
and is used as the subject for code review mail; the rest of the
description elaborates.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Files</code> section lists all the modified files
in your client.
It is best to keep unrelated changes in different change lists.
In this example, we can include just the changes to package <code>math</code>
by deleting the line mentioning <code>regexp.go</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -299,330 +235,264 @@ After editing, the template might now read:
</p>
<pre>
math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments
# Change list.
# Lines beginning with # are ignored.
# Multi-line values should be indented.
The existing implementation has poor numerical properties for
large arguments, so use the McGillicutty algorithm to improve
accuracy above 1e10.
Reviewer: golang-dev@googlegroups.com
CC: math-nuts@swtch.com
The algorithm is described at http://wikipedia.org/wiki/McGillicutty_Algorithm
Description:
math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments.
Fixes #159
See Bimmler and Shaney, ``Extreme sinusoids,'' J. Math 3(14).
Fixes issue 159.
# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
# On branch foo
# Changes not staged for commit:
# modified: editedfile.go
#
Files:
src/pkg/math/sin.go
src/pkg/math/tan.go
</pre>
<p>
The commented section of the file lists all the modified files in your client.
It is best to keep unrelated changes in different change lists,
so if you see a file listed that should not be included, abort
the command and move that file to a different branch.
</p>
<p>
The special notation "Fixes #159" associates the change with issue 159 in the
<a href="https://golang.org/issue/159">Go issue tracker</a>.
The special sentence &ldquo;Fixes issue 159.&rdquo; associates
the change with issue 159 in the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list">Go issue tracker</a>.
When this change is eventually submitted, the issue
tracker will automatically mark the issue as fixed.
(There are several such conventions, described in detail in the
<a href="https://help.github.com/articles/closing-issues-via-commit-messages/">GitHub Issue Tracker documentation</a>.)
</p>
<p>
Once you have finished writing the commit message,
save the file and exit the editor.
</p>
<p>
If you wish to do more editing, re-stage your changes using
<code>git</code> <code>add</code>, and then run
</p>
<pre>
$ git change
</pre>
<p>
to update the change description and incorporate the staged changes. The
change description contains a <code>Change-Id</code> line near the bottom,
added by a Git commit hook during the initial
<code>git</code> <code>change</code>.
That line is used by Gerrit to match successive uploads of the same change.
Do not edit or delete it.
</p>
<p>
(In Git terms, <code>git</code> <code>change</code> with no branch name
runs <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amend</code>.)
</p>
<h3>Mail the change for review</h3>
<p>
Once the change is ready, mail it out for review:
</p>
<pre>
$ git mail
</pre>
<p>
You can specify a reviewer or CC interested parties
using the <code>-r</code> or <code>-cc</code> options.
Both accept a comma-separated list of email addresses:
</p>
<pre>
$ git mail -r joe@golang.org -cc mabel@example.com,math-nuts@swtch.com
</pre>
<p>
Unless explicitly told otherwise, such as in the discussion leading
up to sending in the change list, it's better not to specify a reviewer.
All changes are automatically CC'ed to the
<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews@googlegroups.com</a>
mailing list.
</p>
<p>
(In Git terms, <code>git</code> <code>mail</code> pushes the local committed
changes to Gerrit using <code>git</code> <code>push</code> <code>origin</code>
<code>HEAD:refs/for/master</code>.)
</p>
<p>
If your change relates to an open issue, please add a comment to the issue
announcing your proposed fix, including a link to your CL.
</p>
Save the file and exit the editor.</p>
<p>
The code review server assigns your change an issue number and URL,
which <code>git</code> <code>mail</code> will print, something like:
which <code>hg change</code> will print, something like:
</p>
<pre>
remote: New Changes:
remote: https://go-review.googlesource.com/99999 math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments
CL created: http://codereview.appspot.com/99999
</pre>
<h3>Reviewing code</h3>
<p>
Running <code>git</code> <code>mail</code> will send an email to you and the
reviewers asking them to visit the issue's URL and make comments on the change.
When done, the reviewer adds comments through the Gerrit user interface
and clicks "Reply" to send comments back.
You will receive a mail notification when this happens.
You must reply through the web interface.
(Unlike with the old Rietveld review system, replying by mail has no effect.)
</p>
<h3>Revise and upload</h3>
<p>
You must respond to review comments through the web interface.
(Unlike with the old Rietveld review system, responding by mail has no effect.)
If you need to re-edit the change description,
run <code>hg change 99999</code>.
</p>
<p>
When you have revised the code and are ready for another round of review,
stage those changes and use <code>git</code> <code>change</code> to update the
commit.
To send the update change list for another round of review,
run <code>git</code> <code>mail</code> again.
You can see a list of your pending changes by running <code>hg pending</code> (<code>hg p</code> for short).
</p>
<p>
The reviewer can comment on the new copy, and the process repeats.
The reviewer approves the change by giving it a positive score
(+1 or +2) and replying <code>LGTM</code>: looks good to me.
</p>
<p>
You can see a list of your pending changes by running <code>git</code>
<code>pending</code>, and switch between change branches with <code>git</code>
<code>change</code> <code><i>&lt;branch&gt;</i></code>.
</p>
<h3>Synchronize your client</h3>
<p>
While you were working, others might have submitted changes to the repository.
To update your local branch, run
</p>
<p>While you were working, others might have submitted changes
to the repository. To update your client, run</p>
<pre>
$ git sync
$ hg sync
</pre>
<p>(For Mercurial fans, <code>hg sync</code> runs <code>hg pull -u</code>
but then also synchronizes the local change list state against the new data.)</p>
<p>
(In git terms, <code>git</code> <code>sync</code> runs
<code>git</code> <code>pull</code> <code>-r</code>.)
If files you were editing have changed, Mercurial does its best to merge the
remote changes into your local changes. It may leave some files to merge by hand.
</p>
<p>
If files you were editing have changed, Git does its best to merge the
remote changes into your local changes.
It may leave some files to merge by hand.
</p>
<p>
For example, suppose you have edited <code>sin.go</code> but
For example, suppose you have edited <code>flag_test.go</code> but
someone else has committed an independent change.
When you run <code>git</code> <code>sync</code>,
you will get the (scary-looking) output:
When you run <code>hg sync</code>, you will get the (scary-looking) output
(emphasis added):
<pre>
$ git sync
Failed to merge in the changes.
Patch failed at 0023 math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments
The copy of the patch that failed is found in:
   /home/you/repo/.git/rebase-apply/patch
When you have resolved this problem, run "git rebase --continue".
If you prefer to skip this patch, run "git rebase --skip" instead.
To check out the original branch and stop rebasing, run "git rebase --abort".
$ hg sync
adding changesets
adding manifests
adding file changes
added 1 changeset with 2 changes to 2 files
getting src/pkg/flag/flag.go
couldn't find merge tool hgmerge
merging src/pkg/flag/flag_test.go
warning: conflicts during merge.
<i>merging src/pkg/flag/flag_test.go failed!</i>
1 file updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 1 file unresolved
use 'hg resolve' to retry unresolved file merges
$
</pre>
<p>
If this happens, run
</p>
<pre>
$ git status
</pre>
<p>
to see which files failed to merge.
The output will look something like this:
</p>
<pre>
rebase in progress; onto a24c3eb
You are currently rebasing branch 'mcgillicutty' on 'a24c3eb'.
  (fix conflicts and then run "git rebase --continue")
  (use "git rebase --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git rebase --abort" to check out the original branch)
Unmerged paths:
  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to mark resolution)
<i>both modified:   sin.go</i>
</pre>
<p>
The only important part in that transcript is the italicized "both modified"
line: Git failed to merge your changes with the conflicting change.
When this happens, Git leaves both sets of edits in the file,
with conflicts marked by <code>&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</code> and
The only important part in that transcript is the italicized line:
Mercurial failed to merge your changes with the independent change.
When this happens, Mercurial leaves both edits in the file,
marked by <code>&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</code> and
<code>&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</code>.
It is now your job to edit the file to combine them.
Continuing the example, searching for those strings in <code>sin.go</code>
it is now your job to edit the file to combine them.
Continuing the example, searching for those strings in <code>flag_test.go</code>
might turn up:
</p>
<pre>
arg = scale(arg)
&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; HEAD
if arg > 1e9 {
VisitAll(visitor);
&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; local
if len(m) != 7 {
=======
if arg > 1e10 {
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; mcgillicutty
largeReduce(arg)
if len(m) != 8 {
&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; other
t.Error("VisitAll misses some flags");
</pre>
<p>
Git doesn't show it, but suppose the original text that both edits
started with was 1e8; you changed it to 1e10 and the other change to 1e9,
so the correct answer might now be 1e10. First, edit the section
Mercurial doesn't show it, but suppose the original text that both edits
started with was 6; you added 1 and the other change added 2,
so the correct answer might now be 9. First, edit the section
to remove the markers and leave the correct code:
</p>
<pre>
arg = scale(arg)
if arg > 1e10 {
largeReduce(arg)
VisitAll(visitor);
if len(m) != 9 {
t.Error("VisitAll misses some flags");
</pre>
<p>
Then tell Git that the conflict is resolved by running
Then ask Mercurial to mark the conflict as resolved:
</p>
<pre>
$ git add sin.go
$ hg resolve -m flag_test.go
</pre>
<p>
If you had been editing the file, say for debugging, but do not
care to preserve your changes, you can run
<code>git</code> <code>reset</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>sin.go</code>
to abandon your changes.
Then run <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> <code>--continue</code> to
restore the change commit.
<code>hg revert flag_test.go</code> to abandon your
changes, but you may still need to run
<code>hg resolve -m</code> to mark the conflict resolved.
</p>
<h3>Reviewing code by others</h3>
<h3>Mail the change for review</h3>
<p>
You can import a change proposed by someone else into your local Git repository.
On the Gerrit review page, click the "Download ▼" link in the upper right
corner, copy the "Checkout" command and run it from your local Git repo.
It should look something like this:
<p>To send out a change for review, run <code>hg mail</code> using the change list number
assigned during <code>hg change</code>:</p>
<pre>
$ hg mail 99999
</pre>
<p>You can add to the <code>Reviewer:</code> and <code>CC:</code> lines
using the <code>-r</code> or <code>--cc</code> options.
In the above example, we could have left the <code>Reviewer</code> and <code>CC</code>
lines blank and then run:
</p>
<pre>
$ git fetch https://go.googlesource.com/review refs/changes/21/1221/1 && git checkout FETCH_HEAD
$ hg mail -r golang-dev@googlegroups.com --cc math-nuts@swtch.com 99999
</pre>
<p>to achieve the same effect.</p>
<p>Note that <code>-r</code> and <code>--cc</code> cannot be spelled <code>--r</code> or <code>-cc</code>.</p>
<h3>Reviewing code</h3>
<p>
To revert, change back to the branch you were working in.
Running <code>hg mail</code> will send an email to you and the reviewers
asking them to visit the issue's URL and make comments on the change.
When done, the reviewer clicks &ldquo;Publish and Mail comments&rdquo;
to send comments back.
</p>
<h3>Revise and upload</h3>
<p>You will probably revise your code in response to the reviewer comments.
When you have revised the code and are ready for another round of review, run
</p>
<pre>
$ hg mail 99999
</pre>
<p>again to upload the latest copy and send mail asking the reviewers to please take another look
(<code>PTAL</code>).
You might also visit the code review web page and reply to the comments,
letting the reviewer know that you've addressed them or explain why you
haven't. When you're done replying, click &ldquo;Publish and Mail comments&rdquo;
to send the line-by-line replies and any other comments.
</p>
<p>
The reviewer can comment on the new copy, and the process repeats.
The reviewer approves the change by replying with a mail that says
<code>LGTM</code>: looks good to me.
</p>
<h3>Submit the change after the review</h3>
<p>
After the code has been <code>LGTM</code>'ed, an approver may
submit it to the master branch using the Gerrit UI.
There is a "Submit" button on the web page for the change
that appears once the change is approved (marked +2).
After the code has been <code>LGTM</code>'ed, it is time to submit
it to the Mercurial repository.
If you are a committer, you can run:
</p>
<pre>
$ hg submit 99999
</pre>
<p>
This checks the change into the repository.
The change description will include a link to the code review,
and the code review will be updated with a link to the change
in the repository.
Since the method used to integrate the changes is "Cherry Pick",
the commit hashes in the repository will be changed by
the submit operation.
</p>
<h3>More information</h3>
<p>
In addition to the information here, the Go community maintains a <a href="https://golang.org/wiki/CodeReview">CodeReview</a> wiki page.
Feel free to contribute to this page as you learn the review process.
If your local copy of the repository is out of date,
<code>hg submit</code>
will refuse the change:
</p>
<h2 id="copyright">Copyright</h2>
<pre>
$ hg submit 99999
local repository out of date; must sync before submit
</pre>
<p>
If you are not a committer, you cannot submit the change directly.
Instead, a committer, usually the reviewer who said <code>LGTM</code>,
will run:
</p>
<pre>
$ hg clpatch 99999
$ hg submit 99999
</pre>
<p>The <code>clpatch</code> command imports your change 99999 into
the committer's local Mercurial client, at which point the committer
can check or test the code more.
(Anyone can run <code>clpatch</code> to try a change that
has been uploaded to the code review server.)
The <code>submit</code> command submits the code. You will be listed as the
author, but the change message will also indicate who the committer was.
Your local client will notice that the change has been submitted
when you next run <code>hg sync</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="copyright">Copyright</h3>
<p>Files in the Go repository don't list author names,
both to avoid clutter and to avoid having to keep the lists up to date.
Instead, your name will appear in the
<a href="https://golang.org/change">change log</a>
Instead, your name will appear in the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>
and in the <a href="/CONTRIBUTORS"><code>CONTRIBUTORS</code></a> file
and perhaps the <a href="/AUTHORS"><code>AUTHORS</code></a> file.
</p>
<p>The <a href="/CONTRIBUTORS"><code>CONTRIBUTORS</code></a> file
defines who the Go contributors&mdash;the people&mdash;are;
the <a href="/AUTHORS"><code>AUTHORS</code></a> file defines
the <a href="/AUTHORS"><code>AUTHORS</code></a> file, which defines
who &ldquo;The Go Authors&rdquo;&mdash;the copyright holders&mdash;are.
The Go developers at Google will update these files when submitting
your first change.
@@ -630,15 +500,13 @@ In order for them to do that, you need to have completed one of the
contributor license agreements:
<ul>
<li>
If you are the copyright holder, you will need to agree to the
<a href="https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/individual">individual
If you are the copyright holder, you will need to agree to
the <a href="http://code.google.com/legal/individual-cla-v1.0.html">individual
contributor license agreement</a>, which can be completed online.
</li>
<li>
If your organization is the copyright holder, the organization
will need to agree to the
<a href="https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/corporate">corporate
contributor license agreement</a>.
will need to agree to the <a href="http://code.google.com/legal/corporate-cla-v1.0.html">corporate contributor license agreement</a>.
(If the copyright holder for your code has already completed the
agreement in connection with another Google open source project,
it does not need to be completed again.)
@@ -652,12 +520,7 @@ This rigmarole needs to be done only for your first submission.
<p>Code that you contribute should use the standard copyright header:</p>
<pre>
// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
</pre>
<p>
Files in the repository are copyright the year they are added. It is not
necessary to update the copyright year on files that you change.
</p>

View File

@@ -9,35 +9,18 @@ Besides this overview you might want to consult the
<a href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/">GDB manual</a>.
</i></p>
<p>
GDB does not understand Go programs well.
The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse
the debugger, even when the program is compiled with gccgo.
As a consequence, although GDB can be useful in some situations, it is
not a reliable debugger for Go programs, particularly heavily concurrent ones.
Moreover, it is not a priority for the Go project to address these issues, which
are difficult.
In short, the instructions below should be taken only as a guide to how
to use GDB when it works, not as a guarantee of success.
</p>
<p>
In time, a more Go-centric debugging architecture may be required.
</p>
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
When you compile and link your Go programs with the <code>gc</code> toolchain
on Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD or NetBSD, the resulting binaries contain DWARFv3
on Linux, Mac OS X or FreeBSD, the resulting binaries contain DWARFv3
debugging information that recent versions (&gt;7.1) of the GDB debugger can
use to inspect a live process or a core dump.
</p>
<p>
Pass the <code>'-w'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go build -ldflags "-w" prog.go</code>).
Pass the <code>'-s'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go build -ldflags "-s" prog.go</code>).
</p>
<p>
@@ -53,7 +36,8 @@ debugged.
<ul>
<li>
Show file and line number for code, set breakpoints and disassemble:
Show file and line number for code
, set breakpoints and disassemble:
<pre>(gdb) <b>list</b>
(gdb) <b>list <i>line</i></b>
(gdb) <b>list <i>file.go</i>:<i>line</i></b>
@@ -120,7 +104,7 @@ For example:
<p>
If you'd like to see how this works, or want to extend it, take a look at <a
href="/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
href="/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
the Go source distribution. It depends on some special magic types
(<code>hash&lt;T,U&gt;</code>) and variables (<code>runtime.m</code> and
<code>runtime.g</code>) that the linker
@@ -153,7 +137,7 @@ the form <code>pkg.(*MyType).Meth</code>.
<p>
In this tutorial we will inspect the binary of the
<a href="/pkg/regexp/">regexp</a> package's unit tests. To build the binary,
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/regexp</code> and run <code>go test -c</code>.
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/regexp</code> and run <code>go test -c</code>.
This should produce an executable file named <code>regexp.test</code>.
</p>
@@ -172,7 +156,7 @@ License GPLv 3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.htm
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux".
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test...
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.test...
done.
Loading Go Runtime support.
(gdb)
@@ -180,7 +164,7 @@ Loading Go Runtime support.
<p>
The message <code>"Loading Go Runtime support"</code> means that GDB loaded the
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -196,10 +180,10 @@ $ <b>gdb regexp.test -d $GOROOT</b>
If for some reason GDB still can't find that directory or that script, you can load
it by hand by telling gdb (assuming you have the go sources in
<code>~/go/</code>):
</p>
<p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
Loading Go Runtime support.
</pre>
@@ -259,7 +243,7 @@ Set a breakpoint at the <code>TestFind</code> function:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>b 'regexp.TestFind'</b>
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
</pre>
<p>
@@ -268,9 +252,9 @@ Run the program:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>run</b>
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.test
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148
148 func TestFind(t *testing.T) {
</pre>
@@ -297,9 +281,9 @@ Look at the stack trace for where weve paused the program:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b> <i># backtrace</i>
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:242
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:242
#3 0x000000f8404a89c0 in ?? ()
#4 0x0000000000573720 in ?? ()
#5 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
@@ -311,18 +295,18 @@ The other goroutine, number 1, is stuck in <code>runtime.gosched</code>, blocked
<pre>
(gdb) <b>goroutine 1 bt</b>
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:873
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:873
#1 0x00000000004031c9 in runtime.chanrecv (c=void, ep=void, selected=void, received=void)
at /home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:423
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/chan.c:423
#3 0x000000000043075b in testing.RunTests (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:201
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:201
#4 0x00000000004302b1 in testing.Main (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef80, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}, benchmarks= []testing.InternalBenchmark = {...})
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:243
#8 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
</pre>
@@ -333,7 +317,7 @@ The stack frame shows were currently executing the <code>regexp.TestFind</cod
<pre>
(gdb) <b>info frame</b>
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7ffff7f9ff88:
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148);
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148);
saved rip 0x430233
called by frame at 0x7ffff7f9ffa8
source language minimal.
@@ -410,7 +394,7 @@ We can step into the <code>String</code>function call with <code>"s"</code>:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>s</b>
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go:97
97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
</pre>
@@ -421,12 +405,12 @@ Get a stack trace to see where we are:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b>
#0 regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go:97
#1 0x0000000000425615 in regexp.TestFind (t=0xf840688b60)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:151
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:151
#2 0x0000000000430233 in testing.tRunner (t=0xf840688b60, test=0x5747b8)
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:243
....
</pre>

View File

@@ -3,103 +3,19 @@
}-->
<p>This page summarizes the changes between official stable releases of Go.
The <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> has the full details.</p>
Between releases we issue less stable
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/03/go-becomes-more-stable.html">weekly snapshots</a>.
The <a href="weekly.html">weekly snapshot history</a> contains more detail,
and the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>
has full details.</p>
<p>To update to a specific release, use:</p>
<pre>
git pull
git checkout <i>release-branch</i>
hg pull
hg update <i>tag</i>
</pre>
<h2 id="go1.4">go1.4 (released 2014/12/10)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.4 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.4.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.4.1 (released 2015/01/15) includes bug fixes to the linker and the <code>log</code>, <code>syscall</code>, and <code>runtime</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.1">Go 1.4.1 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.4.2 (released 2015/02/17) includes bug fixes to the <code>go</code> command, the compiler and linker, and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>syscall</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>math/big</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.2">Go 1.4.2 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.3">go1.3 (released 2014/06/18)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.3 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.3.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.3.1 (released 2014/08/13) includes bug fixes to the compiler and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>crypto/rsa</code> packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.3&r=073fc578434bf3e1e22749b559d273c8da728ebb">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.2 (released 2014/09/25) includes bug fixes to cgo and the crypto/tls packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.3&r=go1.3.2">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.3 (released 2014/09/30) includes further bug fixes to cgo, the runtime package, and the nacl port.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.3&r=go1.3.3">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.2">go1.2 (released 2013/12/01)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.2 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.2.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.2.1 (released 2014/03/02) includes bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>database/sql</code> packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.2&r=7ada9e760ce34e78aee5b476c9621556d0fa5d31">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.2.2 (released 2014/05/05) includes a
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=bda3619e7a2c&repo=tools">security fix</a>
that affects the tour binary included in the binary distributions (thanks to Guillaume T).
</p>
<h2 id="go1.1">go1.1 (released 2013/05/13)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.1 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.1.1 (released 2013/06/13) includes several compiler and runtime bug fixes.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.1&r=43c4a41d24382a56a90e924800c681e435d9e399">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.1.2 (released 2013/08/13) includes fixes to the <code>gc</code> compiler
and <code>cgo</code>, and the <code>bufio</code>, <code>runtime</code>,
<code>syscall</code>, and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.1&r=a6a9792f94acd4ff686b2bc57383d163608b91cf">change history</a> for details.
If you use package syscall's <code>Getrlimit</code> and <code>Setrlimit</code>
functions under Linux on the ARM or 386 architectures, please note change
<a href="//golang.org/change/55ac276af5a7">55ac276af5a7</a>
that fixes <a href="//golang.org/issue/5949">issue 5949</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">go1 (released 2012/03/28)</h2>
<p>
@@ -123,17 +39,17 @@ The go1 release corresponds to
<p>
go1.0.1 (released 2012/04/25) was issued to
<a href="//golang.org/change/a890477d3dfb">fix</a> an
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3545">escape analysis bug</a>
that can lead to memory corruption.
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=a890477d3dfb">fix</a> an
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3545">escape analysis
bug</a> that can lead to memory corruption.
It also includes several minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
go1.0.2 (released 2012/06/13) was issued to fix two bugs in the implementation
of maps using struct or array keys:
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3695">issue 3695</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3573">issue 3573</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3695">issue 3695</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3573">issue 3573</a>.
It also includes many minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
@@ -142,7 +58,7 @@ go1.0.3 (released 2012/09/21) includes minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
</p>
<h2 id="r60">r60 (released 2011/09/07)</h2>
@@ -154,7 +70,7 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.lang">Language</h3>
@@ -224,26 +140,26 @@ more accessible.
<p>
r60.1 includes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/1824581bf62d">linker
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=1824581bf62d">linker
fix</a>, a pair of
<a href="//golang.org/change/9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="//golang.org/change/d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
and a <code>json</code> package
<a href="//golang.org/change/d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
a new
<a href="//golang.org/change/4f0e6269213f">struct tag
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=4f0e6269213f">struct tag
option</a>.
</p>
<p>
r60.2
<a href="//golang.org/change/ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
a memory leak involving maps.
</p>
<p>
r60.3 fixes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="r59">r59 (released 2011/08/01)</h2>
@@ -255,7 +171,7 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.lang">Language</h3>
@@ -265,7 +181,7 @@ This release includes a language change that restricts the use of
<code>goto</code>. In essence, a <code>goto</code> statement outside a block
cannot jump to a label inside that block. Your code may require changes if it
uses <code>goto</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/dc6d3cf9279d">this
See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=dc6d3cf9279d">this
changeset</a> for how the new rule affected the Go tree.
</p>
@@ -363,13 +279,13 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
This release fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.pkg">Packages</h3>
@@ -428,8 +344,8 @@ the Go tree (and avoid writing Makefiles).
<h3 id="r58.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r58.1 adds
<a href="//golang.org/change/293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/change/bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
changes to make Go run on OS X 10.7 Lion.
</p>
@@ -443,7 +359,7 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<p>The new <a href="/cmd/gofix">gofix</a> tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
@@ -454,7 +370,7 @@ future changes to the libraries.
Gofix cant
handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
committing them.
See <a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
See <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
information.</p>
<h3 id="r57.lang">Language</h3>
@@ -500,7 +416,7 @@ For clients, there are new
<a href="/pkg/http/#Client">Client</a> and <a href="/pkg/http/#Transport">Transport</a>
abstractions that give more control over HTTP details such as headers sent
and redirections followed. These abstractions make it easy to implement
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="//code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="http://code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
For servers, <a href="/pkg/http/#ResponseWriter">ResponseWriter</a>
has dropped its non-essential methods.
The Hijack and Flush methods are no longer required;
@@ -544,7 +460,7 @@ implements all the possible value methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Value <code>v</code>, switch on <code>v.Kind()</code>.
Typeof and NewValue are now called <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">TypeOf</a> and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.ValueOf">ValueOf</a>
To create a writable Value, use <code>New(t).Elem()</code> instead of <code>Zero(t)</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/843855f3c026">the change description</a>
See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=843855f3c026">the change description</a>
for the full details.
The new API allows a more efficient implementation of Value
that avoids many of the allocations required by the previous API.
@@ -580,8 +496,8 @@ For other uses, see the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a> document
<h3 id="r57.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<h2 id="r56">r56 (released 2011/03/16)</h2>

View File

@@ -3,9 +3,18 @@
}-->
<p>This page summarizes the changes between tagged weekly snapshots of Go.
Such snapshots are no longer created. This page remains as a historical reference only.</p>
For full details, see the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>.</p>
<p>For recent information, see the <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> and <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-dev/">development mailing list</a>.</p>
<p>Weekly snapshots occur often and may not be stable.
If stability of API and code is more important than having the
latest features, use the <a href="release.html">official releases</a> instead.</p>
<p>To update to a specific snapshot, use:</p>
<pre>
hg pull
hg update weekly.<i>YYYY-MM-DD</i>
</pre>
<h2 id="2012-03-27">2012-03-27 (<a href="release.html#go1">Go 1</a>)</h2>
@@ -2035,7 +2044,7 @@ Other changes:
* spec: define order of multiple assignment.
* syscall/windows: dll function load and calling changes (thanks Alex Brainman).
* syscall: add #ifdefs to fix the manual corrections in ztypes_linux_arm.go (thanks Dave Cheney),
adjust Mount to accommodate stricter FS implementations.
adjust Mount to accomodate stricter FS implementations.
* testing: fix time reported for failing tests.
* utf8: add Valid and ValidString.
* websocket: tweak hybi ReadHandshake to support Firefox (thanks Luca Greco).
@@ -4362,7 +4371,7 @@ The print/println bootstrapping functions now write to standard error.
To write to standard output, use fmt.Print[ln].
A new tool, govet, has been added to the Go distribution. Govet is a static
checker for Go programs. At the moment, and for the foreseeable future,
checker for Go programs. At the moment, and for the forseeable future,
it only checks arguments to print calls.
The cgo tool for writing Go bindings for C code has changed so that it no

View File

@@ -33,22 +33,20 @@ libraries.
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/doc.png"/>
<h3 id="go_tour"><a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a></h3>
<h3 id="go_tour"><a href="http://tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
An interactive introduction to Go in three sections.
The first section covers basic syntax and data structures; the second discusses
methods and interfaces; and the third introduces Go's concurrency primitives.
Each section concludes with a few exercises so you can practice what you've
learned. You can <a href="//tour.golang.org/">take the tour online</a> or
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go-tour/">install it locally</a>.
learned. You can <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">take the tour online</a> or
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-tour/">install it locally</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="code"><a href="code.html">How to write Go code</a></h3>
<p>
Also available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>, this doc
explains how to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a> to fetch, build, and
install packages, commands, and run tests.
How to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a> to fetch, build, and install
packages, commands, and run tests.
</p>
<h3 id="effective_go"><a href="effective_go.html">Effective Go</a></h3>
@@ -58,52 +56,39 @@ A must read for any new Go programmer. It augments the tour and
the language specification, both of which should be read first.
</p>
<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<h3 id="ref"><a href="/ref/">Go References</a></h3>
<p>Language specification, memory model, and detailed documentation for the commands and packages.</p>
<h3 id="appengine"><a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/go/gettingstarted/">Getting Started with Go on App Engine</a></h3>
<p>
How to develop and deploy a simple Go project with
<a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="go_faq"><a href="go_faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<p>
Answers to common questions about Go.
</p>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Language Community Wiki</a></h3>
<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
<h4 id="learn_more">More</h4>
<h2 id="go1">Go version 1</h2>
<h3 id="go1notes"><a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1 Release Notes</a></h3>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Learn">Learn</a> page at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a>
for more Go learning resources.
A guide for updating your code to work with Go 1.
</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<h3 id="pkg"><a href="/pkg/">Package Documentation</a></h3>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go standard library.
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h3 id="cmd"><a href="/doc/cmd">Command Documentation</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go tools.
</p>
<h2 id="articles">Go Articles</h2>
<h3 id="spec"><a href="/ref/spec">Language Specification</a></h3>
<p>
The official Go Language specification.
</p>
<h3 id="go_mem"><a href="/ref/mem">The Go Memory Model</a></h3>
<p>
A document that specifies the conditions under which reads of a variable in
one goroutine can be guaranteed to observe values produced by writes to the
same variable in a different goroutine.
</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h2 id="articles">Articles</h2>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="//blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>
@@ -120,48 +105,43 @@ Guided tours of Go programs.
<h4>Language</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gos-declaration-syntax">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/defer-panic-and-recover">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/error-handling-and-go">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/organizing-go-code">Organizing Go code</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/json_rpc_tale_of_interfaces.html">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/gos_declaration_syntax.html">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/concurrency_patterns.html">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/05/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces.html">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/error_handling.html">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
</ul>
<h4>Packages</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-and-go">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/gobs-of-data">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/laws-of-reflection">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-image-package">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-imagedraw-package">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/json_and_go.html">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/gobs_of_data.html">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/laws_of_reflection.html">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/image_package.html">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/image_draw.html">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Tools</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/go_command.html">About the Go command</a> - why we wrote it, what it is, what it's not, and how to use it.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/c-go-cgo">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/c_go_cgo.html">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/gdb">Debugging Go Code with GDB</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">Data Race Detector</a> - a manual for the data race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/race-detector">Introducing the Go Race Detector</a> - an introduction to the race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/asm">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</a> - an introduction to the assembler used by Go.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/godoc_documenting_go_code.html">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="articles_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Articles">Articles page</a> at the
<a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for more Go articles.
</p>
<h2 id="talks">Talks</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/talks.png"/>
<p>
The talks marked with a red asterisk (<font color="red">*</font>) were written
before Go 1 and contain some examples that are no longer correct, but they are
still of value.
</p>
<h3 id="video_tour_of_go"><a href="http://research.swtch.com/gotour">A Video Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
Three things that make Go fast, fun, and productive:
@@ -169,31 +149,63 @@ interfaces, reflection, and concurrency. Builds a toy web crawler to
demonstrate these.
</p>
<h3 id="go_code_that_grows"><a href="//vimeo.com/53221560">Code that grows with grace</a></h3>
<p>
One of Go's key design goals is code adaptability; that it should be easy to take a simple design and build upon it in a clean and natural way. In this talk Andrew Gerrand describes a simple "chat roulette" server that matches pairs of incoming TCP connections, and then use Go's concurrency mechanisms, interfaces, and standard library to extend it with a web interface and other features. While the function of the program changes dramatically, Go's flexibility preserves the original design as it grows.
</p>
<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<p>
Concurrency is the key to designing high performance network services. Go's concurrency primitives (goroutines and channels) provide a simple and efficient means of expressing concurrent execution. In this talk we see how tricky concurrency problems can be solved gracefully with simple Go code.
</p>
<h3 id="advanced_go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw">Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<h3 id="meet_the_go_team"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sln-gJaURzk">Meet the Go team</a></h3>
<p>
This talk expands on the <i>Go Concurrency Patterns</i> talk to dive deeper into Go's concurrency primitives.
A panel discussion with David Symonds, Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson, Andrew Gerrand, and Brad Fitzpatrick.
</p>
<h3 id="writing_web_apps"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-i0hat7pdpk">Writing Web Apps in Go</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
A talk by Rob Pike and Andrew Gerrand presented at Google I/O 2011.
It walks through the construction and deployment of a simple web application
and unveils the <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/05/go-and-google-app-engine.html">Go runtime for App Engine</a>.
See the <a href="http://talks.golang.org/2011/Writing_Web_Apps_in_Go.pdf">presentation slides</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="go_programming"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgVhBThJdXc">Go Programming</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
A presentation delivered by Rob Pike and Russ Cox at Google I/O 2010. It
illustrates how programming in Go differs from other languages through a set of
examples demonstrating features particular to Go. These include concurrency,
embedded types, methods on any type, and program construction using interfaces.
</p>
<h4 id="talks_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/talks">Go Talks site</a> and <a href="/wiki/GoTalks">wiki page</a> for more Go talks.
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/GoTalks">GoTalks
page</a> at the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Wiki</a> for
more Go talks.
</p>
<h2 id="nonenglish">Non-English Documentation</h2>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for localized
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Wiki</a> for localized
documentation.
</p>
<h2 id="community">The Go Community</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/project.png"/>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
mailing list is for general Go discussion.</p>
<h3 id="projects"><a href="http://godashboard.appspot.com/project">Go Project Dashboard</a></h3>
<p>A list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
<p><b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b> is the official Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>

921
doc/effective_go.html Normal file → Executable file

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@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ For information on contributing to parts of Go other than gccgo,
see <a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing to the Go project</a>. For
information on building gccgo for yourself,
see <a href="/doc/gccgo_install.html">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
For more of the gritty details on the process of doing development
with the gccgo frontend,
see <a href="https://code.google.com/p/gofrontend/source/browse/HACKING">the
file HACKING</a> in the gofrontend repository.
</p>
<h2>Legal Prerequisites</h2>
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ contribution rules</a>.
<p>
The master sources for the gccgo frontend may be found at
<a href="//code.google.com/p/gofrontend">http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend">http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend</a>.
The master sources are not buildable by themselves, but only in
conjunction with GCC (in the future, other compilers may be
supported). Changes made to the gccgo frontend are also applied to
@@ -40,7 +36,7 @@ is mirrored to the <code>gcc/go/gofrontend</code> directory in the GCC
repository, and the <code>gofrontend</code> <code>libgo</code>
directory is mirrored to the GCC <code>libgo</code> directory. In
addition, the <code>test</code> directory
from <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>
from <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go">the main Go repository</a>
is mirrored to the <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/test</code> directory
in the GCC repository.
</p>
@@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ from <code>gcc/go/gofrontend</code> to <code>gcc/go</code>.
<p>
The run-time library for gccgo is mostly the same as the library
in <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>.
in <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go">the main Go repository</a>.
The library code in the Go repository is periodically merged into
the <code>libgo/go</code> directory of the <code>gofrontend</code> and
then the GCC repositories, using the shell
@@ -73,7 +69,7 @@ script <code>libgo/merge.sh</code>. Accordingly, most library changes
should be made in the main Go repository. The files outside
of <code>libgo/go</code> are gccgo-specific; that said, some of the
files in <code>libgo/runtime</code> are based on files
in <code>src/runtime</code> in the main Go repository.
in <code>src/pkg/runtime</code> in the main Go repository.
</p>
<h2>Testing</h2>
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@ To run the gccgo test suite, run <code>make check-go</code> in your
build directory. This will run various tests
under <code>gcc/testsuite/go.*</code> and will also run
the <code>libgo</code> testsuite. This copy of the tests from the
main Go repository is run using the DejaGNU script found
main Go repository is run using the DejaGNU script found in
in <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/go-test.exp</code>.
</p>
@@ -104,9 +100,7 @@ or <code>gcc/testsuite/go.dg</code> directories in the GCC repository.
<p>
Changes to the Go frontend should follow the same process as for the
main Go repository, only for the <code>gofrontend</code> project and
the <code>gofrontend-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list
rather than the <code>go</code> project and the
<code>golang-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list. Those changes
will then be merged into the GCC sources.
main Go repository, only for the <code>gofrontend</code> project
rather than the <code>go</code> project. Those changes will then be
merged into the GCC sources.
</p>

View File

@@ -32,18 +32,10 @@ will include Go support.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 4.7.1 release and all later 4.7 releases include a complete
<a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1</a> compiler and libraries.
</p>
<p>
Due to timing, the GCC 4.8.0 and 4.8.1 releases are close to but not
identical to Go 1.1. The GCC 4.8.2 release includes a complete Go
1.1.2 implementation.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 4.9 releases include a complete Go 1.2 implementation.
The GCC 4.7.0 release includes Go support that is very close to
<a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1</a>. Due to release timing it will not
include the last few changes to the Go 1 libraries. The GCC 4.7.1
release should include a complete Go 1 compiler and libraries.
</p>
<h2 id="Source_code">Source code</h2>
@@ -133,8 +125,6 @@ described on
the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html">gcc web
site</a>. It is important to install all the prerequisites before
running the gcc <code>configure</code> script.
The prerequisite libraries can be conveniently downloaded using the
script <code>contrib/download_prerequisites</code> in the GCC sources.
<h3 id="Build_commands">Build commands</h3>
@@ -157,11 +147,11 @@ make install
<h3 id="Ubuntu">A note on Ubuntu</h3>
<p>
Current versions of Ubuntu and versions of GCC before 4.8 disagree on
Current versions of Ubuntu and current versions of gcc disagree on
where system libraries and header files are found. This is not a
gccgo issue. When building older versions of GCC, setting these
environment variables while configuring and building gccgo may fix the
problem.
gccgo issue, and we hope this will be resolved soon. Until it is,
setting these environment variables while configuring and building
gccgo may fix the problem.
</p>
<pre>
@@ -295,9 +285,9 @@ first one that it finds.
<ul>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.gox</code>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.o</code>
<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.so</code>
<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.a</code>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.o</code>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -319,7 +309,7 @@ gccgo. Both options take directories to search. The
</p>
<p>
The gccgo compiler does not currently (2013-06-20) record
The gccgo compiler does not currently (2012-03-20) record
the file name of imported packages in the object file. You must
arrange for the imported data to be linked into the program.
</p>
@@ -395,23 +385,23 @@ struct __go_slice {
</pre>
<p>
The type of a Go function is a pointer to a struct (this is
<b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>). The first field in the
struct points to the code of the function, which will be equivalent to
a pointer to a C function whose parameter types are equivalent, with
an additional trailing parameter. The trailing parameter is the
closure, and the argument to pass is a pointer to the Go function
struct.
When a Go function returns more than one value, the C function returns
a struct. For example, these functions are roughly equivalent:
The type of a Go function with no receiver is equivalent to a C function
whose parameter types are equivalent. When a Go function returns more
than one value, the C function returns a struct. For example, these
functions have equivalent types:
</p>
<pre>
func GoFunction(int) (int, float64)
struct { int i; float64 f; } CFunction(int, void*)
struct { int i; float64 f; } CFunction(int)
</pre>
<p>
A pointer to a Go function is equivalent to a pointer to a C function
when the functions have equivalent types (this is
<b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>).
</p>
<p>
Go <code>interface</code>, <code>channel</code>, and <code>map</code>
types have no corresponding C type (<code>interface</code> is a
@@ -467,14 +457,6 @@ i := c_open(&amp;name[0], syscall.O_RDONLY, 0);
<code>os.Open</code> function instead).
</p>
<p>
Note that if the C function can block, such as in a call
to <code>read</code>, calling the C function may block the Go program.
Unless you have a clear understanding of what you are doing, all calls
between C and Go should be implemented through cgo or SWIG, as for
the <code>gc</code> compiler.
</p>
<p>
The name of Go functions accessed from C is subject to change. At present
the name of a Go function that does not have a receiver is
@@ -526,4 +508,4 @@ port is for x86. The goal is to extend the port to most of the
<a href="http://www.rtems.org/wiki/index.php/SupportedCPUs">
architectures supported by <code>RTEMS</code></a>. For more information on the port,
as well as instructions on how to install it, please see this
<a href="http://www.rtems.org/wiki/index.php/GCCGoRTEMS"><code>RTEMS</code> Wiki page</a>.
<a href="http://www.rtems.com/wiki/index.php/GCCGoRTEMS"><code>RTEMS</code> Wiki page</a>.

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@@ -1,979 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1.2 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1.2",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.2</h2>
<p>
Since the release of <a href="/doc/go1.1.html">Go version 1.1</a> in April, 2013,
the release schedule has been shortened to make the release process more efficient.
This release, Go version 1.2 or Go 1.2 for short, arrives roughly six months after 1.1,
while 1.1 took over a year to appear after 1.0.
Because of the shorter time scale, 1.2 is a smaller delta than the step from 1.0 to 1.1,
but it still has some significant developments, including
a better scheduler and one new language feature.
Of course, Go 1.2 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
of compatibility</a>.
The overwhelming majority of programs built with Go 1.1 (or 1.0 for that matter)
will run without any changes whatsoever when moved to 1.2,
although the introduction of one restriction
to a corner of the language may expose already-incorrect code
(see the discussion of the <a href="#use_of_nil">use of nil</a>).
</p>
<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
<p>
In the interest of firming up the specification, one corner case has been clarified,
with consequences for programs.
There is also one new language feature.
</p>
<h3 id="use_of_nil">Use of nil</h3>
<p>
The language now specifies that, for safety reasons,
certain uses of nil pointers are guaranteed to trigger a run-time panic.
For instance, in Go 1.0, given code like
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X [1<<24]byte
Field int32
}
func main() {
var x *T
...
}
</pre>
<p>
the <code>nil</code> pointer <code>x</code> could be used to access memory incorrectly:
the expression <code>x.Field</code> could access memory at address <code>1<<24</code>.
To prevent such unsafe behavior, in Go 1.2 the compilers now guarantee that any indirection through
a nil pointer, such as illustrated here but also in nil pointers to arrays, nil interface values,
nil slices, and so on, will either panic or return a correct, safe non-nil value.
In short, any expression that explicitly or implicitly requires evaluation of a nil address is an error.
The implementation may inject extra tests into the compiled program to enforce this behavior.
</p>
<p>
Further details are in the
<a href="//golang.org/s/go12nil">design document</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Most code that depended on the old behavior is erroneous and will fail when run.
Such programs will need to be updated by hand.
</p>
<h3 id="three_index">Three-index slices</h3>
<p>
Go 1.2 adds the ability to specify the capacity as well as the length when using a slicing operation
on an existing array or slice.
A slicing operation creates a new slice by describing a contiguous section of an already-created array or slice:
</p>
<pre>
var array [10]int
slice := array[2:4]
</pre>
<p>
The capacity of the slice is the maximum number of elements that the slice may hold, even after reslicing;
it reflects the size of the underlying array.
In this example, the capacity of the <code>slice</code> variable is 8.
</p>
<p>
Go 1.2 adds new syntax to allow a slicing operation to specify the capacity as well as the length.
A second
colon introduces the capacity value, which must be less than or equal to the capacity of the
source slice or array, adjusted for the origin. For instance,
</p>
<pre>
slice = array[2:4:7]
</pre>
<p>
sets the slice to have the same length as in the earlier example but its capacity is now only 5 elements (7-2).
It is impossible to use this new slice value to access the last three elements of the original array.
</p>
<p>
In this three-index notation, a missing first index (<code>[:i:j]</code>) defaults to zero but the other
two indices must always be specified explicitly.
It is possible that future releases of Go may introduce default values for these indices.
</p>
<p>
Further details are in the
<a href="//golang.org/s/go12slice">design document</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
This is a backwards-compatible change that affects no existing programs.
</p>
<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
<h3 id="preemption">Pre-emption in the scheduler</h3>
<p>
In prior releases, a goroutine that was looping forever could starve out other
goroutines on the same thread, a serious problem when GOMAXPROCS
provided only one user thread.
In Go 1.2, this is partially addressed: The scheduler is invoked occasionally
upon entry to a function.
This means that any loop that includes a (non-inlined) function call can
be pre-empted, allowing other goroutines to run on the same thread.
</p>
<h3 id="thread_limit">Limit on the number of threads</h3>
<p>
Go 1.2 introduces a configurable limit (default 10,000) to the total number of threads
a single program may have in its address space, to avoid resource starvation
issues in some environments.
Note that goroutines are multiplexed onto threads so this limit does not directly
limit the number of goroutines, only the number that may be simultaneously blocked
in a system call.
In practice, the limit is hard to reach.
</p>
<p>
The new <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetMaxThreads"><code>SetMaxThreads</code></a> function in the
<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package controls the thread count limit.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Few functions will be affected by the limit, but if a program dies because it hits the
limit, it could be modified to call <code>SetMaxThreads</code> to set a higher count.
Even better would be to refactor the program to need fewer threads, reducing consumption
of kernel resources.
</p>
<h3 id="stack_size">Stack size</h3>
<p>
In Go 1.2, the minimum size of the stack when a goroutine is created has been lifted from 4KB to 8KB.
Many programs were suffering performance problems with the old size, which had a tendency
to introduce expensive stack-segment switching in performance-critical sections.
The new number was determined by empirical testing.
</p>
<p>
At the other end, the new function <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetMaxStack"><code>SetMaxStack</code></a>
in the <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package controls
the <em>maximum</em> size of a single goroutine's stack.
The default is 1GB on 64-bit systems and 250MB on 32-bit systems.
Before Go 1.2, it was too easy for a runaway recursion to consume all the memory on a machine.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
The increased minimum stack size may cause programs with many goroutines to use
more memory. There is no workaround, but plans for future releases
include new stack management technology that should address the problem better.
</p>
<h3 id="cgo_and_cpp">Cgo and C++</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> command will now invoke the C++
compiler to build any pieces of the linked-to library that are written in C++;
<a href="/cmd/cgo/">the documentation</a> has more detail.
</p>
<h3 id="go_tools_godoc">Godoc and vet moved to the go.tools subrepository</h3>
<p>
Both binaries are still included with the distribution, but the source code for the
godoc and vet commands has moved to the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go.tools">go.tools</a> subrepository.
</p>
<p>
Also, the core of the godoc program has been split into a
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/?repo=tools#hg%2Fgodoc">library</a>,
while the command itself is in a separate
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/?repo=tools#hg%2Fcmd%2Fgodoc">directory</a>.
The move allows the code to be updated easily and the separation into a library and command
makes it easier to construct custom binaries for local sites and different deployment methods.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Since godoc and vet are not part of the library,
no client Go code depends on the their source and no updating is required.
</p>
<p>
The binary distributions available from <a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a>
include these binaries, so users of these distributions are unaffected.
</p>
<p>
When building from source, users must use "go get" to install godoc and vet.
(The binaries will continue to be installed in their usual locations, not
<code>$GOPATH/bin</code>.)
</p>
<pre>
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/godoc
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/vet
</pre>
<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
<p>
We expect the future GCC 4.9 release to include gccgo with full
support for Go 1.2.
In the current (4.8.2) release of GCC, gccgo implements Go 1.1.2.
</p>
<h3 id="gc_changes">Changes to the gc compiler and linker</h3>
<p>
Go 1.2 has several semantic changes to the workings of the gc compiler suite.
Most users will be unaffected by them.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> command now
works when C++ is included in the library being linked against.
See the <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> documentation
for details.
</p>
<p>
The gc compiler displayed a vestigial detail of its origins when
a program had no <code>package</code> clause: it assumed
the file was in package <code>main</code>.
The past has been erased, and a missing <code>package</code> clause
is now an error.
</p>
<p>
On the ARM, the toolchain supports "external linking", which
is a step towards being able to build shared libraries with the gc
tool chain and to provide dynamic linking support for environments
in which that is necessary.
</p>
<p>
In the runtime for the ARM, with <code>5a</code>, it used to be possible to refer
to the runtime-internal <code>m</code> (machine) and <code>g</code>
(goroutine) variables using <code>R9</code> and <code>R10</code> directly.
It is now necessary to refer to them by their proper names.
</p>
<p>
Also on the ARM, the <code>5l</code> linker (sic) now defines the
<code>MOVBS</code> and <code>MOVHS</code> instructions
as synonyms of <code>MOVB</code> and <code>MOVH</code>,
to make clearer the separation between signed and unsigned
sub-word moves; the unsigned versions already existed with a
<code>U</code> suffix.
</p>
<h3 id="cover">Test coverage</h3>
<p>
One major new feature of <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go test</code></a> is
that it can now compute and, with help from a new, separately installed
"go tool cover" program, display test coverage results.
</p>
<p>
The cover tool is part of the
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/checkout?repo=tools"><code>go.tools</code></a>
subrepository.
It can be installed by running
</p>
<pre>
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/cover
</pre>
<p>
The cover tool does two things.
First, when "go test" is given the <code>-cover</code> flag, it is run automatically
to rewrite the source for the package and insert instrumentation statements.
The test is then compiled and run as usual, and basic coverage statistics are reported:
</p>
<pre>
$ go test -cover fmt
ok fmt 0.060s coverage: 91.4% of statements
$
</pre>
<p>
Second, for more detailed reports, different flags to "go test" can create a coverage profile file,
which the cover program, invoked with "go tool cover", can then analyze.
</p>
<p>
Details on how to generate and analyze coverage statistics can be found by running the commands
</p>
<pre>
$ go help testflag
$ go tool cover -help
</pre>
<h3 id="go_doc">The go doc command is deleted</h3>
<p>
The "go doc" command is deleted.
Note that the <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a> tool itself is not deleted,
just the wrapping of it by the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command.
All it did was show the documents for a package by package path,
which godoc itself already does with more flexibility.
It has therefore been deleted to reduce the number of documentation tools and,
as part of the restructuring of godoc, encourage better options in future.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: For those who still need the precise functionality of running
</p>
<pre>
$ go doc
</pre>
<p>
in a directory, the behavior is identical to running
</p>
<pre>
$ godoc .
</pre>
<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go get</code></a> command
now has a <code>-t</code> flag that causes it to download the dependencies
of the tests run by the package, not just those of the package itself.
By default, as before, dependencies of the tests are not downloaded.
</p>
<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
<p>
There are a number of significant performance improvements in the standard library; here are a few of them.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>
decompresses about 30% faster.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/des/"><code>crypto/des</code></a> package
is about five times faster.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
encodes about 30% faster.
</li>
<li>
Networking performance on Windows and BSD systems is about 30% faster through the use
of an integrated network poller in the runtime, similar to what was done for Linux and OS X
in Go 1.1.
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
<h3 id="archive_tar_zip">The archive/tar and archive/zip packages</h3>
<p>
The
<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/"><code>archive/tar</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a>
packages have had a change to their semantics that may break existing programs.
The issue is that they both provided an implementation of the
<a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>os.FileInfo</code></a>
interface that was not compliant with the specification for that interface.
In particular, their <code>Name</code> method returned the full
path name of the entry, but the interface specification requires that
the method return only the base name (final path element).
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Since this behavior was newly implemented and
a bit obscure, it is possible that no code depends on the broken behavior.
If there are programs that do depend on it, they will need to be identified
and fixed manually.
</p>
<h3 id="encoding">The new encoding package</h3>
<p>
There is a new package, <a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a>,
that defines a set of standard encoding interfaces that may be used to
build custom marshalers and unmarshalers for packages such as
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/"><code>encoding/binary</code></a>.
These new interfaces have been used to tidy up some implementations in
the standard library.
</p>
<p>
The new interfaces are called
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryMarshaler"><code>BinaryMarshaler</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryUnmarshaler"><code>BinaryUnmarshaler</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>TextMarshaler</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>TextUnmarshaler</code></a>.
Full details are in the <a href="/pkg/encoding/">documentation</a> for the package
and a separate <a href="//golang.org/s/go12encoding">design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="fmt_indexed_arguments">The fmt package</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package's formatted print
routines such as <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Printf"><code>Printf</code></a>
now allow the data items to be printed to be accessed in arbitrary order
by using an indexing operation in the formatting specifications.
Wherever an argument is to be fetched from the argument list for formatting,
either as the value to be formatted or as a width or specification integer,
a new optional indexing notation <code>[</code><em>n</em><code>]</code>
fetches argument <em>n</em> instead.
The value of <em>n</em> is 1-indexed.
After such an indexing operating, the next argument to be fetched by normal
processing will be <em>n</em>+1.
</p>
<p>
For example, the normal <code>Printf</code> call
</p>
<pre>
fmt.Sprintf("%c %c %c\n", 'a', 'b', 'c')
</pre>
<p>
would create the string <code>"a b c"</code>, but with indexing operations like this,
</p>
<pre>
fmt.Sprintf("%[3]c %[1]c %c\n", 'a', 'b', 'c')
</pre>
<p>
the result is "<code>"c a b"</code>. The <code>[3]</code> index accesses the third formatting
argument, which is <code>'c'</code>, <code>[1]</code> accesses the first, <code>'a'</code>,
and then the next fetch accesses the argument following that one, <code>'b'</code>.
</p>
<p>
The motivation for this feature is programmable format statements to access
the arguments in different order for localization, but it has other uses:
</p>
<pre>
log.Printf("trace: value %v of type %[1]T\n", expensiveFunction(a.b[c]))
</pre>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: The change to the syntax of format specifications
is strictly backwards compatible, so it affects no working programs.
</p>
<h3 id="text_template">The text/template and html/template packages</h3>
<p>
The
<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
has a couple of changes in Go 1.2, both of which are also mirrored in the
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> package.
</p>
<p>
First, there are new default functions for comparing basic types.
The functions are listed in this table, which shows their names and
the associated familiar comparison operator.
</p>
<table cellpadding="0" summary="Template comparison functions">
<tr>
<th width="50"></th><th width="100">Name</th> <th width="50">Operator</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>eq</code></td> <td><code>==</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>ne</code></td> <td><code>!=</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>lt</code></td> <td><code>&lt;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>le</code></td> <td><code>&lt;=</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>gt</code></td> <td><code>&gt;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>ge</code></td> <td><code>&gt;=</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
These functions behave slightly differently from the corresponding Go operators.
First, they operate only on basic types (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>,
<code>float64</code>, <code>string</code>, etc.).
(Go allows comparison of arrays and structs as well, under some circumstances.)
Second, values can be compared as long as they are the same sort of value:
any signed integer value can be compared to any other signed integer value for example. (Go
does not permit comparing an <code>int8</code> and an <code>int16</code>).
Finally, the <code>eq</code> function (only) allows comparison of the first
argument with one or more following arguments. The template in this example,
</p>
<pre>
{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1 2 3 {{"}}"}} equal {{"{{"}}else{{"}}"}} not equal {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
</pre>
<p>
reports "equal" if <code>.A</code> is equal to <em>any</em> of 1, 2, or 3.
</p>
<p>
The second change is that a small addition to the grammar makes "if else if" chains easier to write.
Instead of writing,
</p>
<pre>
{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1{{"}}"}} X {{"{{"}}else{{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}if eq .A 2{{"}}"}} Y {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
</pre>
<p>
one can fold the second "if" into the "else" and have only one "end", like this:
</p>
<pre>
{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1{{"}}"}} X {{"{{"}}else if eq .A 2{{"}}"}} Y {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
</pre>
<p>
The two forms are identical in effect; the difference is just in the syntax.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Neither the "else if" change nor the comparison functions
affect existing programs. Those that
already define functions called <code>eq</code> and so on through a function
map are unaffected because the associated function map will override the new
default function definitions.
</p>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
There are two new packages.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package is
<a href="#encoding">described above</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/"><code>image/color/palette</code></a> package
provides standard color palettes.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package
adds the
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#File.DataOffset"><code>DataOffset</code></a> accessor
to return the offset of a file's (possibly compressed) data within the archive.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
methods to <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>.
These methods allow the <a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>Readers</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/io/#Writer"><code>Writers</code></a>
to be re-used on new input and output readers and writers, saving
allocation overhead.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>
can now decompress concatenated archives.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>
package adds a <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
method on the <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>,
to make it possible to reduce allocation when, for instance, constructing an
archive to hold multiple compressed files.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type adds a
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
so it may be reused.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type adds a
<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
so it may be reused.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/container/heap/"><code>container/heap</code></a> package
adds a <a href="/pkg/container/heap/#Fix"><code>Fix</code></a>
method to provide a more efficient way to update an item's position in the heap.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/container/list/"><code>container/list</code></a> package
adds the <a href="/pkg/container/list/#List.MoveBefore"><code>MoveBefore</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/container/list/#List.MoveAfter"><code>MoveAfter</code></a>
methods, which implement the obvious rearrangement.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a> package
adds the a new GCM mode (Galois Counter Mode), which is almost always
used with AES encryption.
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/"><code>crypto/md5</code></a> package
adds a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/#Sum"><code>Sum</code></a> function
to simplify hashing without sacrificing performance.
</li>
<li>
Similarly, the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/"><code>crypto/sha1</code></a> package
adds a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha1/#Sum"><code>Sum</code></a> function.
</li>
<li>
Also, the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/"><code>crypto/sha256</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/#Sum256"><code>Sum256</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/#Sum224"><code>Sum224</code></a> functions.
</li>
<li>
Finally, the <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/"><code>crypto/sha512</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/#Sum512"><code>Sum512</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/#Sum384"><code>Sum384</code></a> functions.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package
adds support for reading and writing arbitrary extensions.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package adds
support for TLS 1.1, 1.2 and AES-GCM.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package adds a
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.SetMaxOpenConns"><code>SetMaxOpenConns</code></a>
method on <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a> to limit the
number of open connections to the database.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a> package
now always allows trailing commas on fields.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a> package
now treats channel and function fields of structures as if they were unexported,
even if they are not. That is, it ignores them completely. Previously they would
trigger an error, which could cause unexpected compatibility problems if an
embedded structure added such a field.
The package also now supports the generic <code>BinaryMarshaler</code> and
<code>BinaryUnmarshaler</code> interfaces of the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
described above.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
now will always escape ampersands as "\u0026" when printing strings.
It will now accept but correct invalid UTF-8 in
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
(such input was previously rejected).
Finally, it now supports the generic encoding interfaces of the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
described above.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package
now allows attributes stored in pointers to be marshaled.
It also supports the generic encoding interfaces of the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
described above through the new
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Marshaler"><code>Marshaler</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Unmarshaler"><code>Unmarshaler</code></a>,
and related
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#MarshalerAttr"><code>MarshalerAttr</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#UnmarshalerAttr"><code>UnmarshalerAttr</code></a>
interfaces.
The package also adds a
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a> method
to the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
type for use by custom encoders. See the documentation for
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.EncodeToken"><code>EncodeToken</code></a>
to see how to use it.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/flag/"><code>flag</code></a> package now
has a <a href="/pkg/flag/#Getter"><code>Getter</code></a> interface
to allow the value of a flag to be retrieved. Due to the
Go 1 compatibility guidelines, this method cannot be added to the existing
<a href="/pkg/flag/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
interface, but all the existing standard flag types implement it.
The package also now exports the <a href="/pkg/flag/#CommandLine"><code>CommandLine</code></a>
flag set, which holds the flags from the command line.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/go/ast/"><code>go/ast</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#SliceExpr"><code>SliceExpr</code></a> struct
has a new boolean field, <code>Slice3</code>, which is set to true
when representing a slice expression with three indices (two colons).
The default is false, representing the usual two-index form.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>go/build</code></a> package adds
the <code>AllTags</code> field
to the <a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a> type,
to make it easier to process build tags.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/draw/"><code>image/draw</code></a> package now
exports an interface, <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>,
that wraps the standard <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw"><code>Draw</code></a> method.
The Porter-Duff operators now implement this interface, in effect binding an operation to
the draw operator rather than providing it explicitly.
Given a paletted image as its destination, the new
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#FloydSteinberg"><code>FloydSteinberg</code></a>
implementation of the
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>
interface will use the Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion algorithm to draw the image.
To create palettes suitable for such processing, the new
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Quantizer"><code>Quantizer</code></a> interface
represents implementations of quantization algorithms that choose a palette
given a full-color image.
There are no implementations of this interface in the library.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/gif/"><code>image/gif</code></a> package
can now create GIF files using the new
<a href="/pkg/image/gif/#Encode"><code>Encode</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/image/gif/#EncodeAll"><code>EncodeAll</code></a>
functions.
Their options argument allows specification of an image
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Quantizer"><code>Quantizer</code></a> to use;
if it is <code>nil</code>, the generated GIF will use the
<a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/#Plan9"><code>Plan9</code></a>
color map (palette) defined in the new
<a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/"><code>image/color/palette</code></a> package.
The options also specify a
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>
to use to create the output image;
if it is <code>nil</code>, Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion is used.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> method of the
<a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package now prioritizes its
arguments differently.
If one argument implements <a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>WriterTo</code></a>
and the other implements <a href="/pkg/io/#ReaderFrom"><code>ReaderFrom</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> will now invoke
<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>WriterTo</code></a> to do the work,
so that less intermediate buffering is required in general.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package requires cgo by default
because the host operating system must in general mediate network call setup.
On some systems, though, it is possible to use the network without cgo, and useful
to do so, for instance to avoid dynamic linking.
The new build tag <code>netgo</code> (off by default) allows the construction of a
<code>net</code> package in pure Go on those systems where it is possible.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds a new field
<code>DualStack</code> to the <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a>
struct for TCP connection setup using a dual IP stack as described in
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555">RFC 6555</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package will no longer
transmit cookies that are incorrect according to
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265">RFC 6265</a>.
It just logs an error and sends nothing.
Also,
the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ReadResponse"><code>ReadResponse</code></a>
function now permits the <code>*Request</code> parameter to be <code>nil</code>,
whereupon it assumes a GET request.
Finally, an HTTP server will now serve HEAD
requests transparently, without the need for special casing in handler code.
While serving a HEAD request, writes to a
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>'s
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>
are absorbed by the
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>
and the client receives an empty body as required by the HTTP specification.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd.StdinPipe"><code>Cmd.StdinPipe</code></a> method
returns an <code>io.WriteCloser</code>, but has changed its concrete
implementation from <code>*os.File</code> to an unexported type that embeds
<code>*os.File</code>, and it is now safe to close the returned value.
Before Go 1.2, there was an unavoidable race that this change fixes.
Code that needs access to the methods of <code>*os.File</code> can use an
interface type assertion, such as <code>wc.(interface{ Sync() error })</code>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package relaxes
the constraints on finalizer functions in
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#SetFinalizer"><code>SetFinalizer</code></a>: the
actual argument can now be any type that is assignable to the formal type of
the function, as is the case for any normal function call in Go.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> package has a new
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Stable"><code>Stable</code></a> function that implements
stable sorting. It is less efficient than the normal sort algorithm, however.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package adds
an <a href="/pkg/strings/#IndexByte"><code>IndexByte</code></a>
function for consistency with the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package
adds a new set of swap functions that atomically exchange the argument with the
value stored in the pointer, returning the old value.
The functions are
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapInt32"><code>SwapInt32</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapInt64"><code>SwapInt64</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUint32"><code>SwapUint32</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUint64"><code>SwapUint64</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUintptr"><code>SwapUintptr</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapPointer"><code>SwapPointer</code></a>,
which swaps an <code>unsafe.Pointer</code>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now implements
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Sendfile"><code>Sendfile</code></a> for Darwin.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
now exports the <a href="/pkg/testing/#TB"><code>TB</code></a> interface.
It records the methods in common with the
<a href="/pkg/testing/#T"><code>T</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>B</code></a> types,
to make it easier to share code between tests and benchmarks.
Also, the
<a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a>
function now quantizes the return value to an integer (although it
still has type <code>float64</code>), to round off any error caused by
initialization and make the result more repeatable.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
now automatically dereferences pointer values when evaluating the arguments
to "escape" functions such as "html", to bring the behavior of such functions
in agreement with that of other printing functions such as "printf".
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package, the
<a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a> function
and
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Format"><code>Format</code></a>
method
now handle time zone offsets with seconds, such as in the historical
date "1871-01-01T05:33:02+00:34:08".
Also, pattern matching in the formats for those routines is stricter: a non-lowercase letter
must now follow the standard words such as "Jan" and "Mon".
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/unicode/#In"><code>In</code></a>,
a nicer-to-use but equivalent version of the original
<a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsOneOf"><code>IsOneOf</code></a>,
to see whether a character is a member of a Unicode category.
</li>
</ul>

View File

@@ -1,608 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1.3 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1.3",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.3</h2>
<p>
The latest Go release, version 1.3, arrives six months after 1.2,
and contains no language changes.
It focuses primarily on implementation work, providing
precise garbage collection,
a major refactoring of the compiler tool chain that results in
faster builds, especially for large projects,
significant performance improvements across the board,
and support for DragonFly BSD, Solaris, Plan 9 and Google's Native Client architecture (NaCl).
It also has an important refinement to the memory model regarding synchronization.
As always, Go 1.3 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
of compatibility</a>,
and almost everything
will continue to compile and run without change when moved to 1.3.
</p>
<h2 id="os">Changes to the supported operating systems and architectures</h2>
<h3 id="win2000">Removal of support for Windows 2000</h3>
<p>
Microsoft stopped supporting Windows 2000 in 2010.
Since it has <a href="https://codereview.appspot.com/74790043">implementation difficulties</a>
regarding exception handling (signals in Unix terminology),
as of Go 1.3 it is not supported by Go either.
</p>
<h3 id="dragonfly">Support for DragonFly BSD</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for DragonFly BSD on the <code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86) and <code>386</code> (32-bit x86) architectures.
It uses DragonFly BSD 3.6 or above.
</p>
<h3 id="freebsd">Support for FreeBSD</h3>
<p>
It was not announced at the time, but since the release of Go 1.2, support for Go on FreeBSD
requires FreeBSD 8 or above.
</p>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, support for Go on FreeBSD requires that the kernel be compiled with the
<code>COMPAT_FREEBSD32</code> flag configured.
</p>
<p>
In concert with the switch to EABI syscalls for ARM platforms, Go 1.3 will run only on FreeBSD 10.
The x86 platforms, 386 and amd64, are unaffected.
</p>
<h3 id="nacl">Support for Native Client</h3>
<p>
Support for the Native Client virtual machine architecture has returned to Go with the 1.3 release.
It runs on the 32-bit Intel architectures (<code>GOARCH=386</code>) and also on 64-bit Intel, but using
32-bit pointers (<code>GOARCH=amd64p32</code>).
There is not yet support for Native Client on ARM.
Note that this is Native Client (NaCl), not Portable Native Client (PNaCl).
Details about Native Client are <a href="https://developers.google.com/native-client/dev/">here</a>;
how to set up the Go version is described <a href="//golang.org/wiki/NativeClient">here</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="netbsd">Support for NetBSD</h3>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, support for Go on NetBSD requires NetBSD 6.0 or above.
</p>
<h3 id="openbsd">Support for OpenBSD</h3>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, support for Go on OpenBSD requires OpenBSD 5.5 or above.
</p>
<h3 id="plan9">Support for Plan 9</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for Plan 9 on the <code>386</code> (32-bit x86) architecture.
It requires the <code>Tsemacquire</code> syscall, which has been in Plan 9 since June, 2012.
</p>
<h3 id="solaris">Support for Solaris</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for Solaris on the <code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86) architecture.
It requires illumos, Solaris 11 or above.
</p>
<h2 id="memory">Changes to the memory model</h2>
<p>
The Go 1.3 memory model <a href="https://codereview.appspot.com/75130045">adds a new rule</a>
concerning sending and receiving on buffered channels,
to make explicit that a buffered channel can be used as a simple
semaphore, using a send into the
channel to acquire and a receive from the channel to release.
This is not a language change, just a clarification about an expected property of communication.
</p>
<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
<h3 id="stacks">Stack</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 has changed the implementation of goroutine stacks away from the old,
"segmented" model to a contiguous model.
When a goroutine needs more stack
than is available, its stack is transferred to a larger single block of memory.
The overhead of this transfer operation amortizes well and eliminates the old "hot spot"
problem when a calculation repeatedly steps across a segment boundary.
Details including performance numbers are in this
<a href="//golang.org/s/contigstacks">design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="garbage_collector">Changes to the garbage collector</h3>
<p>
For a while now, the garbage collector has been <em>precise</em> when examining
values in the heap; the Go 1.3 release adds equivalent precision to values on the stack.
This means that a non-pointer Go value such as an integer will never be mistaken for a
pointer and prevent unused memory from being reclaimed.
</p>
<p>
Starting with Go 1.3, the runtime assumes that values with pointer type
contain pointers and other values do not.
This assumption is fundamental to the precise behavior of both stack expansion
and garbage collection.
Programs that use <a href="/pkg/unsafe/">package unsafe</a>
to store integers in pointer-typed values are illegal and will crash if the runtime detects the behavior.
Programs that use <a href="/pkg/unsafe/">package unsafe</a> to store pointers
in integer-typed values are also illegal but more difficult to diagnose during execution.
Because the pointers are hidden from the runtime, a stack expansion or garbage collection
may reclaim the memory they point at, creating
<a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer">dangling pointers</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Code that uses <code>unsafe.Pointer</code> to convert
an integer-typed value held in memory into a pointer is illegal and must be rewritten.
Such code can be identified by <code>go vet</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="map">Map iteration</h3>
<p>
Iterations over small maps no longer happen in a consistent order.
Go 1 defines that &ldquo;<a href="//golang.org/ref/spec#For_statements">The iteration order over maps
is not specified and is not guaranteed to be the same from one iteration to the next.</a>&rdquo;
To keep code from depending on map iteration order,
Go 1.0 started each map iteration at a random index in the map.
A new map implementation introduced in Go 1.1 neglected to randomize
iteration for maps with eight or fewer entries, although the iteration order
can still vary from system to system.
This has allowed people to write Go 1.1 and Go 1.2 programs that
depend on small map iteration order and therefore only work reliably on certain systems.
Go 1.3 reintroduces random iteration for small maps in order to flush out these bugs.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: If code assumes a fixed iteration order for small maps,
it will break and must be rewritten not to make that assumption.
Because only small maps are affected, the problem arises most often in tests.
</p>
<h3 id="liblink">The linker</h3>
<p>
As part of the general <a href="//golang.org/s/go13linker">overhaul</a> to
the Go linker, the compilers and linkers have been refactored.
The linker is still a C program, but now the instruction selection phase that
was part of the linker has been moved to the compiler through the creation of a new
library called <code>liblink</code>.
By doing instruction selection only once, when the package is first compiled,
this can speed up compilation of large projects significantly.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Although this is a major internal change, it should have no
effect on programs.
</p>
<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
<p>
GCC release 4.9 will contain the Go 1.2 (not 1.3) version of gccgo.
The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide,
which means that 1.3 will be available in the development branch but
that the next GCC release, 4.10, will likely have the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
</p>
<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>cmd/go</code></a> command has several new
features.
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go run</code></a> and
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a> subcommands
support a new <code>-exec</code> option to specify an alternate
way to run the resulting binary.
Its immediate purpose is to support NaCl.
</p>
<p>
The test coverage support of the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a>
subcommand now automatically sets the coverage mode to <code>-atomic</code>
when the race detector is enabled, to eliminate false reports about unsafe
access to coverage counters.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a> subcommand
now always builds the package, even if it has no test files.
Previously, it would do nothing if no test files were present.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go build</code></a> subcommand
supports a new <code>-i</code> option to install dependencies
of the specified target, but not the target itself.
</p>
<p>
Cross compiling with <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> enabled
is now supported.
The CC_FOR_TARGET and CXX_FOR_TARGET environment
variables are used when running all.bash to specify the cross compilers
for C and C++ code, respectively.
</p>
<p>
Finally, the go command now supports packages that import Objective-C
files (suffixed <code>.m</code>) through cgo.
</p>
<h3 id="cgo">Changes to cgo</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cmd/cgo</code></a> command,
which processes <code>import "C"</code> declarations in Go packages,
has corrected a serious bug that may cause some packages to stop compiling.
Previously, all pointers to incomplete struct types translated to the Go type <code>*[0]byte</code>,
with the effect that the Go compiler could not diagnose passing one kind of struct pointer
to a function expecting another.
Go 1.3 corrects this mistake by translating each different
incomplete struct to a different named type.
</p>
<p>
Given the C declaration <code>typedef struct S T</code> for an incomplete <code>struct S</code>,
some Go code used this bug to refer to the types <code>C.struct_S</code> and <code>C.T</code> interchangeably.
Cgo now explicitly allows this use, even for completed struct types.
However, some Go code also used this bug to pass (for example) a <code>*C.FILE</code>
from one package to another.
This is not legal and no longer works: in general Go packages
should avoid exposing C types and names in their APIs.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Code confusing pointers to incomplete types or
passing them across package boundaries will no longer compile
and must be rewritten.
If the conversion is correct and must be preserved,
use an explicit conversion via <a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="swig">SWIG 3.0 required for programs that use SWIG</h3>
<p>
For Go programs that use SWIG, SWIG version 3.0 is now required.
The <a href="/cmd/go"><code>cmd/go</code></a> command will now link the
SWIG generated object files directly into the binary, rather than
building and linking with a shared library.
</p>
<h3 id="gc_flag">Command-line flag parsing</h3>
<p>
In the gc tool chain, the assemblers now use the
same command-line flag parsing rules as the Go flag package, a departure
from the traditional Unix flag parsing.
This may affect scripts that invoke the tool directly.
For example,
<code>go tool 6a -SDfoo</code> must now be written
<code>go tool 6a -S -D foo</code>.
(The same change was made to the compilers and linkers in <a href="/doc/go1.1#gc_flag">Go 1.1</a>.)
</p>
<h3 id="godoc">Changes to godoc</h3>
<p>
When invoked with the <code>-analysis</code> flag,
<a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc">godoc</a>
now performs sophisticated <a href="/lib/godoc/analysis/help.html">static
analysis</a> of the code it indexes.
The results of analysis are presented in both the source view and the
package documentation view, and include the call graph of each package
and the relationships between
definitions and references,
types and their methods,
interfaces and their implementations,
send and receive operations on channels,
functions and their callers, and
call sites and their callees.
</p>
<h3 id="misc">Miscellany</h3>
<p>
The program <code>misc/benchcmp</code> that compares
performance across benchmarking runs has been rewritten.
Once a shell and awk script in the main repository, it is now a Go program in the <code>go.tools</code> repo.
Documentation is <a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/benchcmp">here</a>.
</p>
<p>
For the few of us that build Go distributions, the tool <code>misc/dist</code> has been
moved and renamed; it now lives in <code>misc/makerelease</code>, still in the main repository.
</p>
<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
<p>
The performance of Go binaries for this release has improved in many cases due to changes
in the runtime and garbage collection, plus some changes to libraries.
Significant instances include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The runtime handles defers more efficiently, reducing the memory footprint by about two kilobytes
per goroutine that calls defer.
</li>
<li>
The garbage collector has been sped up, using a concurrent sweep algorithm,
better parallelization, and larger pages.
The cumulative effect can be a 50-70% reduction in collector pause time.
</li>
<li>
The race detector (see <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">this guide</a>)
is now about 40% faster.
</li>
<li>
The regular expression package <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a>
is now significantly faster for certain simple expressions due to the implementation of
a second, one-pass execution engine.
The choice of which engine to use is automatic;
the details are hidden from the user.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Also, the runtime now includes in stack dumps how long a goroutine has been blocked,
which can be useful information when debugging deadlocks or performance issues.
</p>
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
A new package <a href="/pkg/debug/plan9obj/"><code>debug/plan9obj</code></a> was added to the standard library.
It implements access to Plan 9 <a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/6/a.out">a.out</a> object files.
</p>
<h3 id="major_library_changes">Major changes to the library</h3>
<p>
A previous bug in <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a>
made it possible to skip verification in TLS inadvertently.
In Go 1.3, the bug is fixed: one must specify either ServerName or
InsecureSkipVerify, and if ServerName is specified it is enforced.
This may break existing code that incorrectly depended on insecure
behavior.
</p>
<p>
There is an important new type added to the standard library: <a href="/pkg/sync/#Pool"><code>sync.Pool</code></a>.
It provides an efficient mechanism for implementing certain types of caches whose memory
can be reclaimed automatically by the system.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package's benchmarking helper,
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>B</code></a>, now has a
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.RunParallel"><code>RunParallel</code></a> method
to make it easier to run benchmarks that exercise multiple CPUs.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: The crypto/tls fix may break existing code, but such
code was erroneous and should be updated.
</p>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li> In the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package,
a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#DialWithDialer"><code>DialWithDialer</code></a>
function lets one establish a TLS connection using an existing dialer, making it easier
to control dial options such as timeouts.
The package also now reports the TLS version used by the connection in the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a>
struct.
</li>
<li> The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
function of the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
now supports parsing (and elsewhere, serialization) of PKCS #10 certificate
signature requests.
</li>
<li>
The formatted print functions of the <code>fmt</code> package now define <code>%F</code>
as a synonym for <code>%f</code> when printing floating-point values.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat"><code>Rat</code></a> types
now implement
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>encoding.TextMarshaler</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.TextUnmarshaler</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The complex power function, <a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Pow"><code>Pow</code></a>,
now specifies the behavior when the first argument is zero.
It was undefined before.
The details are in the <a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Pow">documentation for the function</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now exposes the
properties of a TLS connection used to make a client request in the new
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response.TLS</code></a> field.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
allows setting an optional server error logger
with <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.ErrorLog</code></a>.
The default is still that all errors go to stderr.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
supports disabling HTTP keep-alive connections on the server
with <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.SetKeepAlivesEnabled"><code>Server.SetKeepAlivesEnabled</code></a>.
The default continues to be that the server does keep-alive (reuses
connections for multiple requests) by default.
Only resource-constrained servers or those in the process of graceful
shutdown will want to disable them.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package adds an optional
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport.TLSHandshakeTimeout</code></a>
setting to cap the amount of time HTTP client requests will wait for
TLS handshakes to complete.
It's now also set by default
on <a href="/pkg/net/http#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>,
used by the HTTP client code, now
enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive">TCP
keep-alives</a> by default.
Other <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
values with a nil <code>Dial</code> field continue to function the same
as before: no TCP keep-alives are used.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package
now enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive">TCP
keep-alives</a> for incoming server requests when
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServe"><code>ListenAndServe</code></a>
or
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServeTLS"><code>ListenAndServeTLS</code></a>
are used.
When a server is started otherwise, TCP keep-alives are not enabled.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
provides an
optional <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.ConnState</code></a>
callback to hook various phases of a server connection's lifecycle
(see <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ConnState"><code>ConnState</code></a>).
This can be used to implement rate limiting or graceful shutdown.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's HTTP
client now has an
optional <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client.Timeout</code></a>
field to specify an end-to-end timeout on requests made using the
client.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.ParseMultipartForm"><code>Request.ParseMultipartForm</code></a>
method will now return an error if the body's <code>Content-Type</code>
is not <code>mutipart/form-data</code>.
Prior to Go 1.3 it would silently fail and return <code>nil</code>.
Code that relies on the previous behavior should be updated.
</li>
<li> In the <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package,
the <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a> struct now
has a <code>KeepAlive</code> option to specify a keep-alive period for the connection.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
now closes <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request.Body</code></a>
consistently, even on error.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package now implements
what the documentation has always said with regard to relative paths for the binary.
In particular, it only calls <a href="/pkg/os/exec/#LookPath"><code>LookPath</code></a>
when the binary's file name contains no path separators.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.SetMapIndex"><code>SetMapIndex</code></a>
function in the <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package
no longer panics when deleting from a <code>nil</code> map.
</li>
<li>
If the main goroutine calls
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#Goexit"><code>runtime.Goexit</code></a>
and all other goroutines finish execution, the program now always crashes,
reporting a detected deadlock.
Earlier versions of Go handled this situation inconsistently: most instances
were reported as deadlocks, but some trivial cases exited cleanly instead.
</li>
<li>
The runtime/debug package now has a new function
<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#WriteHeapDump"><code>debug.WriteHeapDump</code></a>
that writes out a description of the heap.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/strconv/#CanBackquote"><code>CanBackquote</code></a>
function in the <a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a> package
now considers the <code>DEL</code> character, <code>U+007F</code>, to be
non-printing.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now provides
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#SendmsgN"><code>SendmsgN</code></a>
as an alternate version of
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Sendmsg"><code>Sendmsg</code></a>
that returns the number of bytes written.
</li>
<li>
On Windows, the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now
supports the cdecl calling convention through the addition of a new function
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#NewCallbackCDecl"><code>NewCallbackCDecl</code></a>
alongside the existing function
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#NewCallback"><code>NewCallback</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package now
diagnoses tests that call <code>panic(nil)</code>, which are almost always erroneous.
Also, tests now write profiles (if invoked with profiling flags) even on failure.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package and associated
support throughout the system has been upgraded from
Unicode 6.2.0 to <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/">Unicode 6.3.0</a>.
</li>
</ul>

View File

@@ -1,896 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1.4 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1.4",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.4</h2>
<p>
The latest Go release, version 1.4, arrives as scheduled six months after 1.3.
</p>
<p>
It contains only one tiny language change,
in the form of a backwards-compatible simple variant of <code>for</code>-<code>range</code> loop,
and a possibly breaking change to the compiler involving methods on pointers-to-pointers.
</p>
<p>
The release focuses primarily on implementation work, improving the garbage collector
and preparing the ground for a fully concurrent collector to be rolled out in the
next few releases.
Stacks are now contiguous, reallocated when necessary rather than linking on new
"segments";
this release therefore eliminates the notorious "hot stack split" problem.
There are some new tools available including support in the <code>go</code> command
for build-time source code generation.
The release also adds support for ARM processors on Android and Native Client (NaCl)
and for AMD64 on Plan 9.
</p>
<p>
As always, Go 1.4 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
of compatibility</a>,
and almost everything
will continue to compile and run without change when moved to 1.4.
</p>
<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
<h3 id="forrange">For-range loops</h3>
<p>
Up until Go 1.3, <code>for</code>-<code>range</code> loop had two forms
</p>
<pre>
for i, v := range x {
...
}
</pre>
<p>
and
</p>
<pre>
for i := range x {
...
}
</pre>
<p>
If one was not interested in the loop values, only the iteration itself, it was still
necessary to mention a variable (probably the <a href="/ref/spec#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>, as in
<code>for</code> <code>_</code> <code>=</code> <code>range</code> <code>x</code>), because
the form
</p>
<pre>
for range x {
...
}
</pre>
<p>
was not syntactically permitted.
</p>
<p>
This situation seemed awkward, so as of Go 1.4 the variable-free form is now legal.
The pattern arises rarely but the code can be cleaner when it does.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: The change is strictly backwards compatible to existing Go
programs, but tools that analyze Go parse trees may need to be modified to accept
this new form as the
<code>Key</code> field of <a href="/pkg/go/ast/#RangeStmt"><code>RangeStmt</code></a>
may now be <code>nil</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="methodonpointertopointer">Method calls on **T</h3>
<p>
Given these declarations,
</p>
<pre>
type T int
func (T) M() {}
var x **T
</pre>
<p>
both <code>gc</code> and <code>gccgo</code> accepted the method call
</p>
<pre>
x.M()
</pre>
<p>
which is a double dereference of the pointer-to-pointer <code>x</code>.
The Go specification allows a single dereference to be inserted automatically,
but not two, so this call is erroneous according to the language definition.
It has therefore been disallowed in Go 1.4, which is a breaking change,
although very few programs will be affected.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Code that depends on the old, erroneous behavior will no longer
compile but is easy to fix by adding an explicit dereference.
</p>
<h2 id="os">Changes to the supported operating systems and architectures</h2>
<h3 id="android">Android</h3>
<p>
Go 1.4 can build binaries for ARM processors running the Android operating system.
It can also build a <code>.so</code> library that can be loaded by an Android application
using the supporting packages in the <a href="https://golang.org/x/mobile">mobile</a> subrepository.
A brief description of the plans for this experimental port are available
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14android">here</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="naclarm">NaCl on ARM</h3>
<p>
The previous release introduced Native Client (NaCl) support for the 32-bit x86
(<code>GOARCH=386</code>)
and 64-bit x86 using 32-bit pointers (GOARCH=amd64p32).
The 1.4 release adds NaCl support for ARM (GOARCH=arm).
</p>
<h3 id="plan9amd64">Plan9 on AMD64</h3>
<p>
This release adds support for the Plan 9 operating system on AMD64 processors,
provided the kernel supports the <code>nsec</code> system call and uses 4K pages.
</p>
<h2 id="compatibility">Changes to the compatibility guidelines</h2>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package allows one
to defeat Go's type system by exploiting internal details of the implementation
or machine representation of data.
It was never explicitly specified what use of <code>unsafe</code> meant
with respect to compatibility as specified in the
<a href="go1compat.html">Go compatibility guidelines</a>.
The answer, of course, is that we can make no promise of compatibility
for code that does unsafe things.
</p>
<p>
We have clarified this situation in the documentation included in the release.
The <a href="go1compat.html">Go compatibility guidelines</a> and the
docs for the <a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package
are now explicit that unsafe code is not guaranteed to remain compatible.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Nothing technical has changed; this is just a clarification
of the documentation.
</p>
<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
<h3 id="runtime">Changes to the runtime</h3>
<p>
Prior to Go 1.4, the runtime (garbage collector, concurrency support, interface management,
maps, slices, strings, ...) was mostly written in C, with some assembler support.
In 1.4, much of the code has been translated to Go so that the garbage collector can scan
the stacks of programs in the runtime and get accurate information about what variables
are active.
This change was large but should have no semantic effect on programs.
</p>
<p>
This rewrite allows the garbage collector in 1.4 to be fully precise,
meaning that it is aware of the location of all active pointers in the program.
This means the heap will be smaller as there will be no false positives keeping non-pointers alive.
Other related changes also reduce the heap size, which is smaller by 10%-30% overall
relative to the previous release.
</p>
<p>
A consequence is that stacks are no longer segmented, eliminating the "hot split" problem.
When a stack limit is reached, a new, larger stack is allocated, all active frames for
the goroutine are copied there, and any pointers into the stack are updated.
Performance can be noticeably better in some cases and is always more predictable.
Details are available in <a href="https://golang.org/s/contigstacks">the design document</a>.
</p>
<p>
The use of contiguous stacks means that stacks can start smaller without triggering performance issues,
so the default starting size for a goroutine's stack in 1.4 has been reduced from 8192 bytes to 2048 bytes.
</p>
<p>
As preparation for the concurrent garbage collector scheduled for the 1.5 release,
writes to pointer values in the heap are now done by a function call,
called a write barrier, rather than directly from the function updating the value.
In this next release, this will permit the garbage collector to mediate writes to the heap while it is running.
This change has no semantic effect on programs in 1.4, but was
included in the release to test the compiler and the resulting performance.
</p>
<p>
The implementation of interface values has been modified.
In earlier releases, the interface contained a word that was either a pointer or a one-word
scalar value, depending on the type of the concrete object stored.
This implementation was problematical for the garbage collector,
so as of 1.4 interface values always hold a pointer.
In running programs, most interface values were pointers anyway,
so the effect is minimal, but programs that store integers (for example) in
interfaces will see more allocations.
</p>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, the runtime crashes if it finds a memory word that should contain
a valid pointer but instead contains an obviously invalid pointer (for example, the value 3).
Programs that store integers in pointer values may run afoul of this check and crash.
In Go 1.4, setting the <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>GODEBUG</code></a> variable
<code>invalidptr=0</code> disables
the crash as a workaround, but we cannot guarantee that future releases will be
able to avoid the crash; the correct fix is to rewrite code not to alias integers and pointers.
</p>
<h3 id="asm">Assembly</h3>
<p>
The language accepted by the assemblers <code>cmd/5a</code>, <code>cmd/6a</code>
and <code>cmd/8a</code> has had several changes,
mostly to make it easier to deliver type information to the runtime.
</p>
<p>
First, the <code>textflag.h</code> file that defines flags for <code>TEXT</code> directives
has been copied from the linker source directory to a standard location so it can be
included with the simple directive
</p>
<pre>
#include "textflag.h"
</pre>
<p>
The more important changes are in how assembler source can define the necessary
type information.
For most programs it will suffice to move data
definitions (<code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives)
out of assembly into Go files
and to write a Go declaration for each assembly function.
The <a href="/doc/asm#runtime">assembly document</a> describes what to do.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Assembly files that include <code>textflag.h</code> from its old
location will still work, but should be updated.
For the type information, most assembly routines will need no change,
but all should be examined.
Assembly source files that define data,
functions with non-empty stack frames, or functions that return pointers
need particular attention.
A description of the necessary (but simple) changes
is in the <a href="/doc/asm#runtime">assembly document</a>.
</p>
<p>
More information about these changes is in the <a href="/doc/asm">assembly document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
<p>
The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide.
GCC release 4.9 contains the Go 1.2 version of gccgo.
The next release, GCC 5, will likely have the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
</p>
<h3 id="internalpackages">Internal packages</h3>
<p>
Go's package system makes it easy to structure programs into components with clean boundaries,
but there are only two forms of access: local (unexported) and global (exported).
Sometimes one wishes to have components that are not exported,
for instance to avoid acquiring clients of interfaces to code that is part of a public repository
but not intended for use outside the program to which it belongs.
</p>
<p>
The Go language does not have the power to enforce this distinction, but as of Go 1.4 the
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command introduces
a mechanism to define "internal" packages that may not be imported by packages outside
the source subtree in which they reside.
</p>
<p>
To create such a package, place it in a directory named <code>internal</code> or in a subdirectory of a directory
named internal.
When the <code>go</code> command sees an import of a package with <code>internal</code> in its path,
it verifies that the package doing the import
is within the tree rooted at the parent of the <code>internal</code> directory.
For example, a package <code>.../a/b/c/internal/d/e/f</code>
can be imported only by code in the directory tree rooted at <code>.../a/b/c</code>.
It cannot be imported by code in <code>.../a/b/g</code> or in any other repository.
</p>
<p>
For Go 1.4, the internal package mechanism is enforced for the main Go repository;
from 1.5 and onward it will be enforced for any repository.
</p>
<p>
Full details of the mechanism are in
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14internal">the design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="canonicalimports">Canonical import paths</h3>
<p>
Code often lives in repositories hosted by public services such as <code>github.com</code>,
meaning that the import paths for packages begin with the name of the hosting service,
<code>github.com/rsc/pdf</code> for example.
One can use
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">an existing mechanism</a>
to provide a "custom" or "vanity" import path such as
<code>rsc.io/pdf</code>, but
that creates two valid import paths for the package.
That is a problem: one may inadvertently import the package through the two
distinct paths in a single program, which is wasteful;
miss an update to a package because the path being used is not recognized to be
out of date;
or break clients using the old path by moving the package to a different hosting service.
</p>
<p>
Go 1.4 introduces an annotation for package clauses in Go source that identify a canonical
import path for the package.
If an import is attempted using a path that is not canonical,
the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command
will refuse to compile the importing package.
</p>
<p>
The syntax is simple: put an identifying comment on the package line.
For our example, the package clause would read:
</p>
<pre>
package pdf // import "rsc.io/pdf"
</pre>
<p>
With this in place,
the <code>go</code> command will
refuse to compile a package that imports <code>github.com/rsc/pdf</code>,
ensuring that the code can be moved without breaking users.
</p>
<p>
The check is at build time, not download time, so if <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
fails because of this check, the mis-imported package has been copied to the local machine
and should be removed manually.
</p>
<p>
To complement this new feature, a check has been added at update time to verify
that the local package's remote repository matches that of its custom import.
The <code>go</code> <code>get</code> <code>-u</code> command will fail to
update a package if its remote repository has changed since it was first
downloaded.
The new <code>-f</code> flag overrides this check.
</p>
<p>
Further information is in
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14customimport">the design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="subrepo">Import paths for the subrepositories</h3>
<p>
The Go project subrepositories (<code>code.google.com/p/go.tools</code> and so on)
are now available under custom import paths replacing <code>code.google.com/p/go.</code> with <code>golang.org/x/</code>,
as in <code>golang.org/x/tools</code>.
We will add canonical import comments to the code around June 1, 2015,
at which point Go 1.4 and later will stop accepting the old <code>code.google.com</code> paths.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: All code that imports from subrepositories should change
to use the new <code>golang.org</code> paths.
Go 1.0 and later can resolve and import the new paths, so updating will not break
compatibility with older releases.
Code that has not updated will stop compiling with Go 1.4 around June 1, 2015.
</p>
<h3 id="gogenerate">The go generate subcommand</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command has a new subcommand,
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Generate_Go_files_by_processing_source"><code>go generate</code></a>,
to automate the running of tools to generate source code before compilation.
For example, it can be used to run the <a href="/cmd/yacc"><code>yacc</code></a>
compiler-compiler on a <code>.y</code> file to produce the Go source file implementing the grammar,
or to automate the generation of <code>String</code> methods for typed constants using the new
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer">stringer</a>
tool in the <code>golang.org/x/tools</code> subrepository.
</p>
<p>
For more information, see the
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go1.4-generate">design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="filenames">Change to file name handling</h3>
<p>
Build constraints, also known as build tags, control compilation by including or excluding files
(see the documentation <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>/go/build</code></a>).
Compilation can also be controlled by the name of the file itself by "tagging" the file with
a suffix (before the <code>.go</code> or <code>.s</code> extension) with an underscore
and the name of the architecture or operating system.
For instance, the file <code>gopher_arm.go</code> will only be compiled if the target
processor is an ARM.
</p>
<p>
Before Go 1.4, a file called just <code>arm.go</code> was similarly tagged, but this behavior
can break sources when new architectures are added, causing files to suddenly become tagged.
In 1.4, therefore, a file will be tagged in this manner only if the tag (architecture or operating
system name) is preceded by an underscore.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Packages that depend on the old behavior will no longer compile correctly.
Files with names like <code>windows.go</code> or <code>amd64.go</code> should either
have explicit build tags added to the source or be renamed to something like
<code>os_windows.go</code> or <code>support_amd64.go</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="gocmd">Other changes to the go command</h3>
<p>
There were a number of minor changes to the
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>cmd/go</code></a>
command worth noting.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Unless <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> is being used to build the package,
the <code>go</code> command now refuses to compile C source files,
since the relevant C compilers
(<a href="/cmd/6c/"><code>6c</code></a> etc.)
are intended to be removed from the installation in some future release.
(They are used today only to build part of the runtime.)
It is difficult to use them correctly in any case, so any extant uses are likely incorrect,
so we have disabled them.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
subcommand has a new flag, <code>-o</code>, to set the name of the resulting binary,
corresponding to the same flag in other subcommands.
The non-functional <code>-file</code> flag has been removed.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
subcommand will compile and link all <code>*_test.go</code> files in the package,
even when there are no <code>Test</code> functions in them.
It previously ignored such files.
</li>
<li>
The behavior of the
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>build</code></a>
subcommand's
<code>-a</code> flag has been changed for non-development installations.
For installations running a released distribution, the <code>-a</code> flag will no longer
rebuild the standard library and commands, to avoid overwriting the installation's files.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="pkg">Changes to package source layout</h3>
<p>
In the main Go source repository, the source code for the packages was kept in
the directory <code>src/pkg</code>, which made sense but differed from
other repositories, including the Go subrepositories.
In Go 1.4, the<code> pkg</code> level of the source tree is now gone, so for example
the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package's source, once kept in
directory <code>src/pkg/fmt</code>, now lives one level higher in <code>src/fmt</code>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Tools like <code>godoc</code> that discover source code
need to know about the new location. All tools and services maintained by the Go team
have been updated.
</p>
<h3 id="swig">SWIG</h3>
<p>
Due to runtime changes in this release, Go 1.4 requires SWIG 3.0.3.
</p>
<h3 id="misc">Miscellany</h3>
<p>
The standard repository's top-level <code>misc</code> directory used to contain
Go support for editors and IDEs: plugins, initialization scripts and so on.
Maintaining these was becoming time-consuming
and needed external help because many of the editors listed were not used by
members of the core team.
It also required us to make decisions about which plugin was best for a given
editor, even for editors we do not use.
</p>
<p>
The Go community at large is much better suited to managing this information.
In Go 1.4, therefore, this support has been removed from the repository.
Instead, there is a curated, informative list of what's available on
a <a href="//golang.org/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">wiki page</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
<p>
Most programs will run about the same speed or slightly faster in 1.4 than in 1.3;
some will be slightly slower.
There are many changes, making it hard to be precise about what to expect.
</p>
<p>
As mentioned above, much of the runtime was translated to Go from C,
which led to some reduction in heap sizes.
It also improved performance slightly because the Go compiler is better
at optimization, due to things like inlining, than the C compiler used to build
the runtime.
</p>
<p>
The garbage collector was sped up, leading to measurable improvements for
garbage-heavy programs.
On the other hand, the new write barriers slow things down again, typically
by about the same amount but, depending on their behavior, some programs
may be somewhat slower or faster.
</p>
<p>
Library changes that affect performance are documented below.
</p>
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
There are no new packages in this release.
</p>
<h3 id="major_library_changes">Major changes to the library</h3>
<h4 id="scanner">bufio.Scanner</h4>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type in the
<a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package
has had a bug fixed that may require changes to custom
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#SplitFunc"><code>split functions</code></a>.
The bug made it impossible to generate an empty token at EOF; the fix
changes the end conditions seen by the split function.
Previously, scanning stopped at EOF if there was no more data.
As of 1.4, the split function will be called once at EOF after input is exhausted,
so the split function can generate a final empty token
as the documentation already promised.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Custom split functions may need to be modified to
handle empty tokens at EOF as desired.
</p>
<h4 id="syscall">syscall</h4>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package is now frozen except
for changes needed to maintain the core repository.
In particular, it will no longer be extended to support new or different system calls
that are not used by the core.
The reasons are described at length in <a href="https://golang.org/s/go1.4-syscall">a
separate document</a>.
</p>
<p>
A new subrepository, <a href="https://golang.org/x/sys">golang.org/x/sys</a>,
has been created to serve as the location for new developments to support system
calls on all kernels.
It has a nicer structure, with three packages that each hold the implementation of
system calls for one of
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/unix">Unix</a>,
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/windows">Windows</a> and
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/plan9">Plan 9</a>.
These packages will be curated more generously, accepting all reasonable changes
that reflect kernel interfaces in those operating systems.
See the documentation and the article mentioned above for more information.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Existing programs are not affected as the <code>syscall</code>
package is largely unchanged from the 1.3 release.
Future development that requires system calls not in the <code>syscall</code> package
should build on <code>golang.org/x/sys</code> instead.
</p>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> now supports a
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a> method.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a>,
and <a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a>
packages now support a <code>Reset</code> method
for the decompressors, allowing them to reuse buffers and improve performance.
The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package also has a
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Reader.Multistream"><code>Multistream</code></a> method to control support
for multistream files.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/"><code>crypto</code></a> package now has a
<a href="/pkg/crypto/#Signer"><code>Signer</code></a> interface, implemented by the
<code>PrivateKey</code> types in
<a href="/pkg/crypto/ecdsa"><code>crypto/ecdsa</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa"><code>crypto/rsa</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
now supports ALPN as defined in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301">RFC 7301</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
now supports programmatic selection of server certificates
through the new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.CertificateForName"><code>CertificateForName</code></a> function
of the <a href="/pkg/crypo/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> struct.
</li>
<li>
Also in the crypto/tls package, the server now supports
<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-tls-downgrade-scsv-00">TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV</a>
to help clients detect fallback attacks.
(The Go client does not support fallback at all, so it is not vulnerable to
those attacks.)
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package can now list all registered
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Drivers"><code>Drivers</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/"><code>debug/dwarf</code></a> package now supports
<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#UnspecifiedType"><code>UnspecifiedType</code></a>s.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/"><code>encoding/asn1</code></a> package,
optional elements with a default value will now only be omitted if they have that value.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a> package no longer
quotes empty strings but does quote the end-of-data marker <code>\.</code> (backslash dot).
This is permitted by the definition of CSV and allows it to work better with Postgres.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a> package has been rewritten to eliminate
the use of unsafe operations, allowing it to be used in environments that do not permit use of the
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package.
For typical uses it will be 10-30% slower, but the delta is dependent on the type of the data and
in some cases, especially involving arrays, it can be faster.
There is no functional change.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> can now report its input offset.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package,
formatting of pointers to maps has changed to be consistent with that of pointers
to structs, arrays, and so on.
For instance, <code>&amp;map[string]int{"one":</code> <code>1}</code> now prints by default as
<code>&amp;map[one:</code> <code>1]</code> rather than as a hexadecimal pointer value.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/image/#Image"><code>Image</code></a>
implementations like
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a> have specialized
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA.RGBAAt"><code>RGBAAt</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray.GrayAt"><code>GrayAt</code></a> methods alongside the general
<a href="/pkg/image/#Image.At"><code>At</code></a> method.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/png/"><code>image/png</code></a> package now has an
<a href="/pkg/image/png/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
type to control the compression level used for encoding.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/math/"><code>math</code></a> package now has a
<a href="/pkg/math/#Nextafter32"><code>Nextafter32</code><a/> function.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> type
has a new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.BasicAuth"><code>BasicAuth</code></a> method
that returns the username and password from authenticated requests using the
HTTP Basic Authentication
Scheme.
</li>
<li>The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Transport</code></a> type
has a new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.DialTLS"><code>DialTLS</code></a> hook
that allows customizing the behavior of outbound TLS connections.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/"><code>net/http/httputil</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a> type
has a new field,
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ReverseProxy.ErrorLog"><code>ErrorLog</code></a>, that
provides user control of logging.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/os/"><code>os</code></a> package
now implements symbolic links on the Windows operating system
through the <a href="/pkg/os/#Symlink"><code>Symlink</code></a> function.
Other operating systems already have this functionality.
There is also a new <a href="/pkg/os/#Unsetenv"><code>Unsetenv</code></a> function.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Type</code></a> interface
has a new method, <a href="/pkg/reflect/#type.Comparable"><code>Comparable</code></a>,
that reports whether the type implements general comparisons.
</li>
<li>
Also in the <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package, the
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a> interface is now three instead of four words
because of changes to the implementation of interfaces in the runtime.
This saves memory but has no semantic effect.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package
now implements monotonic clocks on Windows,
as it already did for the other systems.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.Mallocs"><code>Mallocs</code></a> counter
now counts very small allocations that were missed in Go 1.3.
This may break tests using <a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats"><code>ReadMemStats</code></a>
or <a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a>
due to the more accurate answer.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package,
an array <a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.PauseEnd"><code>PauseEnd</code></a>
has been added to the
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats"><code>MemStats</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GCStats"><code>GCStats</code></a> structs.
This array is a circular buffer of times when garbage collection pauses ended.
The corresponding pause durations are already recorded in
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.PauseNs"><code>PauseNs</code></a>
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/race/"><code>runtime/race</code></a> package
now supports FreeBSD, which means the
<a href="/pkg/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command's <code>-race</code>
flag now works on FreeBSD.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package
has a new type, <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>.
<code>Value</code> provides an efficient mechanism for atomic loads and
stores of values of arbitrary type.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package's
implementation on Linux, the
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Setuid"><code>Setuid</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Setgid"><code>Setgid</code></a> have been disabled
because those system calls operate on the calling thread, not the whole process, which is
different from other platforms and not the expected result.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
has a new facility to provide more control over running a set of tests.
If the test code contains a function
<pre>
func TestMain(m *<a href="/pkg/testing/#M"><code>testing.M</code></a>)
</pre>
that function will be called instead of running the tests directly.
The <code>M</code> struct contains methods to access and run the tests.
</li>
<li>
Also in the <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package,
a new <a href="/pkg/testing/#Coverage"><code>Coverage</code></a>
function reports the current test coverage fraction,
enabling individual tests to report how much they are contributing to the
overall coverage.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/"><code>text/scanner</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type
has a new function,
<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner.IsIdentRune"><code>IsIdentRune</code></a>,
allowing one to control the definition of an identifier when scanning.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package's boolean
functions <code>eq</code>, <code>lt</code>, and so on have been generalized to allow comparison
of signed and unsigned integers, simplifying their use in practice.
(Previously one could only compare values of the same signedness.)
All negative values compare less than all unsigned values.
</li>
<li>
The <code>time</code> package now uses the standard symbol for the micro prefix,
the micro symbol (U+00B5 'µ'), to print microsecond durations.
<a href="/pkg/time/#ParseDuration"><code>ParseDuration</code></a> still accepts <code>us</code>
but the package no longer prints microseconds as <code>us</code>.
<br>
<em>Updating</em>: Code that depends on the output format of durations
but does not use ParseDuration will need to be updated.
</li>
</ul>

View File

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
Overall:
build: Go 1.4 required to build (https://golang.org/cl/2470, https://golang.org/cl/2993)
New Ports:
Darwin/ARM, a.k.a iOS. (https://golang.org/cl/2118, 2119, 3273, 2121, 2122, ..., 2127)
API additions and behavior changes:
bufio: add Reader.Discard (https://golang.org/cl/2260)
crypto/cipher: clarify what will happen if len(src) != len(dst) for the Stream interface. (https://golang.org/cl/1754)
crypto/elliptic: add Name field to CurveParams struct (https://golang.org/cl/2133)
crypto/tls: change default minimum version to TLS 1.0. (https://golang.org/cl/1791)
encoding/base64: add unpadded encodings (https://golang.org/cl/1511)
log: add SetOutput functions (https://golang.org/cl/2686, https://golang.org/cl/3023)
net/http: support for setting trailers from a server Handler (https://golang.org/cl/2157)
net/http/cgi: fix REMOTE_ADDR, REMOTE_HOST, add REMOTE_PORT (https://golang.org/cl/4933)
net/smtp: add TLSConnectionState accessor (https://golang.org/cl/2151)
os/signal: add Ignore and Reset (https://golang.org/cl/3580)
runtime, syscall: use SYSCALL instruction on FreeBSD (Go 1.5 now requires FreeBSD 8-STABLE+) (https://golang.org/cl/3020)
strings: add Compare(x, y string) int, for symmetry with bytes.Compare (https://golang.org/cl/2828)
testing/quick: support generation of arrays (https://golang.org/cl/3865)
Tools:
cmd/go: std wildcard now excludes commands in main repo (https://golang.org/cl/5550)
cmd/vet: better validation of struct tags (https://golang.org/cl/2685)
cmd/ld: no longer record build timestamp in Windows PE file header (https://golang.org/cl/3740)
Performance:
cmd/gc: optimize memclr of slices and arrays (https://golang.org/cl/2520)
sort: number of Sort performance optimizations (https://golang.org/cl/2100, https://golang.org/cl/2614, ...)
strconv: optimize decimal to string conversion (https://golang.org/cl/2105)
math/big: faster assembly kernels for amd64 and 386 (https://golang.org/cl/2503, https://golang.org/cl/2560)
math/big: faster "pure Go" kernels for platforms w/o assembly kernels (https://golang.org/cl/2480)
Assembler:
ARM assembly syntax has had some features removed.
- mentioning SP or PC as a hardware register
These are always pseudo-registers except that in some contexts
they're not, and it's confusing because the context should not affect
which register you mean. Change the references to the hardware
registers to be explicit: R13 for SP, R15 for PC.
- constant creation using assignment
The files say a=b when they could instead say #define a b.
There is no reason to have both mechanisms.
- R(0) to refer to R0.
Some macros use this to a great extent. Again, it's easy just to
use a #define to rename a register.
Also expression evaluation now uses uint64s instead of signed integers and the
precedence of operators is now Go-like rather than C-like.

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1",
"Template": true
}-->
@@ -486,7 +485,7 @@ into subdirectories. For instance, <code>utf8</code> and
<code>utf16</code> now occupy subdirectories of <code>unicode</code>.
Also, <a href="#subrepo">some packages</a> have moved into
subrepositories of
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go"><code>code.google.com/p/go</code></a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go"><code>code.google.com/p/go</code></a>
while <a href="#deleted">others</a> have been deleted outright.
</p>
@@ -565,7 +564,7 @@ by hand.
<p>
Because they are not standardized, the packages under the <code>exp</code> directory will not be available in the
standard Go 1 release distributions, although they will be available in source code form
in <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/">the repository</a> for
in <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/">the repository</a> for
developers who wish to use them.
</p>
@@ -619,6 +618,8 @@ The packages in their new locations are:
<ul>
<li><code>old/netchan</code></li>
<li><code>old/regexp</code></li>
<li><code>old/template</code></li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -638,8 +639,6 @@ Go 1 deletes several packages outright:
<li><code>container/vector</code></li>
<li><code>exp/datafmt</code></li>
<li><code>go/typechecker</code></li>
<li><code>old/regexp</code></li>
<li><code>old/template</code></li>
<li><code>try</code></li>
</ul>
@@ -651,7 +650,7 @@ and also the command <code>gotry</code>.
<em>Updating</em>:
Code that uses <code>container/vector</code> should be updated to use
slices directly. See
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks">the Go
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks">the Go
Language Community Wiki</a> for some suggestions.
Code that uses the other packages (there should be almost zero) will need to be rethought.
</p>
@@ -660,7 +659,7 @@ Code that uses the other packages (there should be almost zero) will need to be
<p>
Go 1 has moved a number of packages into other repositories, usually sub-repositories of
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/">the main Go repository</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/">the main Go repository</a>.
This table lists the old and new import paths:
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="Sub-repositories">
@@ -999,9 +998,9 @@ Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will perform the needed changes.
<p>
In Go 1, the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
function and
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate.CreateCRL"><code>CreateCRL</code></a>
method in <code>crypto/x509</code> have been altered to take an
and
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCRL"><code>CreateCRL</code></a>
functions in <code>crypto/x509</code> have been altered to take an
<code>interface{}</code> where they previously took a <code>*rsa.PublicKey</code>
or <code>*rsa.PrivateKey</code>. This will allow other public key algorithms
to be implemented in the future.
@@ -1184,7 +1183,7 @@ if set to <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#AllDecls"><code>AllDecls</code></a>, all declara
(not just exported ones) are considered.
The function <code>NewFileDoc</code> was removed, and the function
<code>CommentText</code> has become the method
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentGroup.Text"><code>Text</code></a> of
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Text"><code>Text</code></a> of
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentGroup"><code>ast.CommentGroup</code></a>.
</p>
@@ -1498,7 +1497,7 @@ to test common error properties, plus a few new error values
with more Go-like names, such as
<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrPermission"><code>ErrPermission</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrNotExist"><code>ErrNotExist</code></a>.
<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrNoEnv"><code>ErrNoEnv</code></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1677,7 +1676,7 @@ instead of a <code>Visitor</code> interface value.
The <code>WalkFunc</code> function will be called even for files or directories that could not be opened;
in such cases the error argument will describe the failure.
If a directory's contents are to be skipped,
the function should return the value <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#pkg-variables"><code>filepath.SkipDir</code></a>
the function should return the value <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#variables"><code>filepath.SkipDir</code></a>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/STARTWALK/` `/ENDWALK/`}}
@@ -1695,7 +1694,7 @@ The compiler will catch code using the old interface.
The <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package has been rewritten.
It has the same interface but the specification of the regular expressions
it supports has changed from the old "egrep" form to that of
<a href="//code.google.com/p/re2/">RE2</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/re2/">RE2</a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1866,7 +1865,7 @@ made easier with the new structure of the packages.
The imports will be updated by fix tool.
Single-template uses will be otherwise be largely unaffected.
Code that uses multiple templates in concert will need to be updated by hand.
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/#pkg-examples">examples</a> in
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/#examples">examples</a> in
the documentation for <code>text/template</code> can provide guidance.
</p>
@@ -1912,7 +1911,7 @@ package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
<em>Updating</em>:
Code using these functions must be rewritten to use
package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
The changes to <a href="//golang.org/change/2646dc956207">encoding/gob</a> and the <a href="//code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/source/detail?r=5340ad310031">protocol buffer library</a>
The changes to <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=2646dc956207">encoding/gob</a> and the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/source/detail?r=5340ad310031">protocol buffer library</a>
may be helpful as examples.
</p>
@@ -2035,4 +2034,4 @@ They are available for many combinations of architecture and operating system
Installation details are described on the
<a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a> page, while
the distributions themselves are listed on the
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/">downloads page</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list">downloads page</a>.

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs",
"Path": "/doc/go1compat"
"Title": "Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs"
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
@@ -83,16 +82,16 @@ break if the bug is fixed. We reserve the right to fix such bugs.
<li>
Struct literals. For the addition of features in later point
releases, it may be necessary to add fields to exported structs in
the API. Code that uses unkeyed struct literals (such as pkg.T{3,
the API. Code that uses untagged struct literals (such as pkg.T{3,
"x"}) to create values of these types would fail to compile after
such a change. However, code that uses keyed literals (pkg.T{A:
such a change. However, code that uses tagged literals (pkg.T{A:
3, B: "x"}) will continue to compile after such a change. We will
update such data structures in a way that allows keyed struct
literals to remain compatible, although unkeyed literals may fail
update such data structures in a way that allows tagged struct
literals to remain compatible, although untagged literals may fail
to compile. (There are also more intricate cases involving nested
data structures or interfaces, but they have the same resolution.)
We therefore recommend that composite literals whose type is defined
in a separate package should use the keyed notation.
in a separate package should use the tagged notation.
</li>
<li>
@@ -104,14 +103,6 @@ outside of tests, and using it may cause a program to fail
to compile in future releases.
</li>
<li>
Use of package <code>unsafe</code>. Packages that import
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a>
may depend on internal properties of the Go implementation.
We reserve the right to make changes to the implementation
that may break such programs.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -153,28 +144,13 @@ developed software based on Go 1.
<p>
Code in sub-repositories of the main go tree, such as
<a href="//golang.org/x/net">golang.org/x/net</a>,
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go.net">code.google.com/p/go.net</a>,
may be developed under
looser compatibility requirements. However, the sub-repositories
will be tagged as appropriate to identify versions that are compatible
with the Go 1 point releases.
</p>
<h2 id="operating_systems">Operating systems</h2>
<p>
It is impossible to guarantee long-term compatibility with operating
system interfaces, which are changed by outside parties.
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package
is therefore outside the purview of the guarantees made here.
As of Go version 1.4, the <code>syscall</code> package is frozen.
Any evolution of the system call interface must be supported elsewhere,
such as in the
<a href="//golang.org/x/sys">go.sys</a> subrepository.
For details and background, see
<a href="//golang.org/s/go1.4-syscall">this document</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<p>

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)",
"Path": "/doc/faq"
"Title": "FAQ"
}-->
<h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>
@@ -55,18 +54,13 @@ By its design, Go proposes an approach for the construction of system
software on multicore machines.
</ul>
<p>
A much more expansive answer to this question is available in the article,
<a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google:
Language Design in the Service of Software Engineering</a>.
<h3 id="What_is_the_status_of_the_project">
What is the status of the project?</h3>
<p>
Go became a public open source project on November 10, 2009.
After a couple of years of very active design and development, stability was called for and
Go 1 was <a href="//blog.golang.org/2012/03/go-version-1-is-released.html">released</a>
Go 1 was <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2012/03/go-version-1-is-released.html">released</a>
on March 28, 2012.
Go 1, which includes a <a href="/ref/spec">language specification</a>,
<a href="/pkg/">standard libraries</a>,
@@ -162,12 +156,6 @@ and so on. These cannot be addressed well by libraries or tools; a new
language was called for.
</p>
<p>
The article <a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google</a>
discusses the background and motivation behind the design of the Go language,
as well as providing more detail about many of the answers presented in this FAQ.
</p>
<h3 id="ancestors">
What are Go's ancestors?</h3>
<p>
@@ -219,21 +207,14 @@ easier to understand what happens when things combine.
<h3 id="Is_Google_using_go_internally"> Is Google using Go internally?</h3>
<p>
Yes. There are now several Go programs deployed in
Yes. There are now several Go programs deployed in
production inside Google. A public example is the server behind
<a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a>.
<a href="http://golang.org">http://golang.org</a>.
It's just the <a href="/cmd/godoc"><code>godoc</code></a>
document server running in a production configuration on
<a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a>.
</p>
<p>
Other examples include the <a href="//github.com/youtube/vitess/">Vitess</a>
system for large-scale SQL installations and Google's download server, <code>dl.google.com</code>,
which delivers Chrome binaries and other large installables such as <code>apt-get</code>
packages.
</p>
<h3 id="Do_Go_programs_link_with_Cpp_programs">
Do Go programs link with C/C++ programs?</h3>
@@ -242,14 +223,14 @@ There are two Go compiler implementations, <code>gc</code>
(the <code>6g</code> program and friends) and <code>gccgo</code>.
<code>Gc</code> uses a different calling convention and linker and can
therefore only be linked with C programs using the same convention.
There is such a C compiler but no C++ compiler.
<code>Gccgo</code> is a GCC front-end that can, with care, be linked with
GCC-compiled C or C++ programs.
There is such a C compiler but no C++ compiler.
<code>Gccgo</code> is a GCC front-end that can, with care, be linked with
GCC-compiled C or C++ programs.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> program provides the mechanism for a
&ldquo;foreign function interface&rdquo; to allow safe calling of
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> program provides the mechanism for a
&ldquo;foreign function interface&rdquo; to allow safe calling of
C libraries from Go code. SWIG extends this capability to C++ libraries.
</p>
@@ -260,7 +241,7 @@ Does Go support Google's protocol buffers?</h3>
<p>
A separate open source project provides the necessary compiler plugin and library.
It is available at
<a href="//github.com/golang/protobuf">github.com/golang/protobuf/</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/">http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/</a>
</p>
@@ -270,9 +251,9 @@ Can I translate the Go home page into another language?</h3>
<p>
Absolutely. We encourage developers to make Go Language sites in their own languages.
However, if you choose to add the Google logo or branding to your site
(it does not appear on <a href="//golang.org/">golang.org</a>),
(it does not appear on <a href="http://golang.org/">golang.org</a>),
you will need to abide by the guidelines at
<a href="//www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html">www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html</a>
<a href="http://www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html">http://www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html</a>
</p>
<h2 id="Design">Design</h2>
@@ -412,8 +393,6 @@ for concurrency comes from Hoare's Communicating Sequential Processes, or CSP.
Occam and Erlang are two well known languages that stem from CSP.
Go's concurrency primitives derive from a different part of the family tree
whose main contribution is the powerful notion of channels as first class objects.
Experience with several earlier languages has shown that the CSP model
fits well into a procedural language framework.
</p>
<h3 id="goroutines">
@@ -426,20 +405,18 @@ When a coroutine blocks, such as by calling a blocking system call,
the run-time automatically moves other coroutines on the same operating
system thread to a different, runnable thread so they won't be blocked.
The programmer sees none of this, which is the point.
The result, which we call goroutines, can be very cheap: they have little
overhead beyond the memory for the stack, which is just a few kilobytes.
The result, which we call goroutines, can be very cheap: unless they spend a lot of time
in long-running system calls, they cost little more than the memory
for the stack, which is just a few kilobytes.
</p>
<p>
To make the stacks small, Go's run-time uses resizable, bounded stacks. A newly
To make the stacks small, Go's run-time uses segmented stacks. A newly
minted goroutine is given a few kilobytes, which is almost always enough.
When it isn't, the run-time grows (and shrinks) the memory for storing
the stack automatically, allowing many goroutines to live in a modest
amount of memory.
The CPU overhead averages about three cheap instructions per function call.
When it isn't, the run-time allocates (and frees) extension segments automatically.
The overhead averages about three cheap instructions per function call.
It is practical to create hundreds of thousands of goroutines in the same
address space.
If goroutines were just threads, system resources would
address space. If goroutines were just threads, system resources would
run out at a much smaller number.
</p>
@@ -448,7 +425,7 @@ Why are map operations not defined to be atomic?</h3>
<p>
After long discussion it was decided that the typical use of maps did not require
safe access from multiple goroutines, and in those cases where it did, the map was
safe access from multiple threads, and in those cases where it did, the map was
probably part of some larger data structure or computation that was already
synchronized. Therefore requiring that all map operations grab a mutex would slow
down most programs and add safety to few. This was not an easy decision,
@@ -461,34 +438,6 @@ as when hosting an untrusted program, the implementation could interlock
map access.
</p>
<h3 id="language_changes">
Will you accept my language change?</h3>
<p>
People often suggest improvements to the language—the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">mailing list</a>
contains a rich history of such discussions—but very few of these changes have
been accepted.
</p>
<p>
Although Go is an open source project, the language and libraries are protected
by a <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">compatibility promise</a> that prevents
changes that break existing programs.
If your proposal violates the Go 1 specification we cannot even entertain the
idea, regardless of its merit.
A future major release of Go may be incompatible with Go 1, but we're not ready
to start talking about what that might be.
</p>
<p>
Even if your proposal is compatible with the Go 1 spec, it might
not be in the spirit of Go's design goals.
The article <i><a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go
at Google: Language Design in the Service of Software Engineering</a></i>
explains Go's origins and the motivation behind its design.
</p>
<h2 id="types">Types</h2>
<h3 id="Is_Go_an_object-oriented_language">
@@ -647,7 +596,7 @@ func (b Bar) Foo() {}
</pre>
<p>
Most code doesn't make use of such constraints, since they limit the utility of
Most code doesn't make use of such constraints, since they limit the utility of
the interface idea. Sometimes, though, they're necessary to resolve ambiguities
among similar interfaces.
</p>
@@ -708,7 +657,7 @@ A related example goes the other way:
<pre>
type Opener interface {
Open() Reader
Open(name) Reader
}
func (t T3) Open() *os.File
@@ -889,11 +838,6 @@ type is generic; if you care about how many bits an integer holds, Go
encourages you to be explicit.
</p>
<p>
A blog post, title <a href="http://blog.golang.org/constants">Constants</a>,
explores this topic in more detail.
</p>
<h3 id="builtin_maps">
Why are maps built in?</h3>
<p>
@@ -929,11 +873,11 @@ There's a lot of history on that topic. Early on, maps and channels
were syntactically pointers and it was impossible to declare or use a
non-pointer instance. Also, we struggled with how arrays should work.
Eventually we decided that the strict separation of pointers and
values made the language harder to use. Changing these
types to act as references to the associated, shared data structures resolved
these issues. This change added some regrettable complexity to the
language but had a large effect on usability: Go became a more
productive, comfortable language when it was introduced.
values made the language harder to use. Introducing reference types,
including slices to handle the reference form of arrays, resolved
these issues. Reference types add some regrettable complexity to the
language but they have a large effect on usability: Go became a more
productive, comfortable language when they were introduced.
</p>
<h2 id="Writing_Code">Writing Code</h2>
@@ -945,9 +889,9 @@ How are libraries documented?</h3>
There is a program, <code>godoc</code>, written in Go, that extracts
package documentation from the source code. It can be used on the
command line or on the web. An instance is running at
<a href="/pkg/">golang.org/pkg/</a>.
<a href="http://golang.org/pkg/">http://golang.org/pkg/</a>.
In fact, <code>godoc</code> implements the full site at
<a href="/">golang.org/</a>.
<a href="http://golang.org/">http://golang.org/</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="Is_there_a_Go_programming_style_guide">
@@ -964,19 +908,11 @@ compendium of do's and don'ts that allows interpretation.
All the Go code in the repository has been run through <code>gofmt</code>.
</p>
<p>
The document titled
<a href="//golang.org/s/comments">Go Code Review Comments</a>
is a collection of very short essays about details of Go idiom that are often
missed by programmers.
It is a handy reference for people doing code reviews for Go projects.
</p>
<h3 id="How_do_I_submit_patches_to_the_Go_libraries">
How do I submit patches to the Go libraries?</h3>
<p>
The library sources are in the <code>src</code> directory of the repository.
The library sources are in <code>go/src/pkg</code>.
If you want to make a significant change, please discuss on the mailing list before embarking.
</p>
@@ -986,67 +922,30 @@ See the document
for more information about how to proceed.
</p>
<h3 id="git_https">
Why does "go get" use HTTPS when cloning a repository?</h3>
<h3 id="Why_does_the_project_use_Mercurial_and_not_git">
Why does the project use Mercurial and not git?</h3>
<p>
Companies often permit outgoing traffic only on the standard TCP ports 80 (HTTP)
and 443 (HTTPS), blocking outgoing traffic on other ports, including TCP port 9418
(git) and TCP port 22 (SSH).
When using HTTPS instead of HTTP, <code>git</code> enforces certificate validation by
default, providing protection against man-in-the-middle, eavesdropping and tampering attacks.
The <code>go get</code> command therefore uses HTTPS for safety.
The Go project, hosted by Google Code at
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go">code.google.com/p/go</a>,
uses Mercurial as its version control system.
When the project launched,
Google Code supported only Subversion and Mercurial.
Mercurial was a better choice because of its plugin mechanism
that allowed us to create the "codereview" plugin to connect
the project to the excellent code review tools at
<a href="http://codereview.appspot.com">codereview.appspot.com</a>.
</p>
<p>
If you use <code>git</code> and prefer to push changes through SSH using your existing key
it's easy to work around this. For GitHub, try one of these solutions:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Manually clone the repository in the expected package directory:
<pre>
$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/username
$ git clone git@github.com:username/package.git
</pre>
</li>
<li>Force <code>git push</code> to use the <code>SSH</code> protocol by appending
these two lines to <code>~/.gitconfig</code>:
<pre>
[url "git@github.com:"]
pushInsteadOf = https://github.com/
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="get_version">
How should I manage package versions using "go get"?</h3>
<p>
"Go get" does not have any explicit concept of package versions.
Versioning is a source of significant complexity, especially in large code bases,
and we are unaware of any approach that works well at scale in a large enough
variety of situations to be appropriate to force on all Go users.
What "go get" and the larger Go toolchain do provide is isolation of
packages with different import paths.
For example, the standard library's <code>html/template</code> and <code>text/template</code>
coexist even though both are "package template".
This observation leads to some advice for package authors and package users.
</p>
<p>
Packages intended for public use should try to maintain backwards compatibility as they evolve.
The <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 compatibility guidelines</a> are a good reference here:
don't remove exported names, encourage tagged composite literals, and so on.
If different functionality is required, add a new name instead of changing an old one.
If a complete break is required, create a new package with a new import path.</p>
<p>
If you're using an externally supplied package and worry that it might change in
unexpected ways, the simplest solution is to copy it to your local repository.
(This is the approach Google takes internally.)
Store the copy under a new import path that identifies it as a local copy.
For example, you might copy "original.com/pkg" to "you.com/external/original.com/pkg".
Keith Rarick's <a href="https://github.com/kr/goven">goven</a> is one tool to help automate this process.
Programmers who work
with the Go project's source rather than release downloads sometimes
ask for the project to switch to git.
That would be possible, but it would be a lot of work and
would also require reimplementing the codereview plugin.
Given that Mercurial works today, with code review support,
combined with the Go project's mostly linear, non-branching use of
version control, a switch to git doesn't seem worthwhile.
</p>
<h2 id="Pointers">Pointers and Allocation</h2>
@@ -1071,58 +970,7 @@ slice value doesn't copy the data it points to. Copying an interface value
makes a copy of the thing stored in the interface value. If the interface
value holds a struct, copying the interface value makes a copy of the
struct. If the interface value holds a pointer, copying the interface value
makes a copy of the pointer, but again not the data it points to.
</p>
<h3 id="pointer_to_interface">
When should I use a pointer to an interface?</h3>
<p>
Almost never. Pointers to interface values arise only in rare, tricky situations involving
disguising an interface value's type for delayed evaluation.
</p>
<p>
It is however a common mistake to pass a pointer to an interface value
to a function expecting an interface. The compiler will complain about this
error but the situation can still be confusing, because sometimes a
<a href="#different_method_sets">pointer
is necessary to satisfy an interface</a>.
The insight is that although a pointer to a concrete type can satisfy
an interface, with one exception <em>a pointer to an interface can never satisfy an interface</em>.
</p>
<p>
Consider the variable declaration,
</p>
<pre>
var w io.Writer
</pre>
<p>
The printing function <code>fmt.Fprintf</code> takes as its first argument
a value that satisfies <code>io.Writer</code>—something that implements
the canonical <code>Write</code> method. Thus we can write
</p>
<pre>
fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, world\n")
</pre>
<p>
If however we pass the address of <code>w</code>, the program will not compile.
</p>
<pre>
fmt.Fprintf(&amp;w, "hello, world\n") // Compile-time error.
</pre>
<p>
The one exception is that any value, even a pointer to an interface, can be assigned to
a variable of empty interface type (<code>interface{}</code>).
Even so, it's almost certainly a mistake if the value is a pointer to an interface;
the result can be confusing.
makes a copy of the pointer, but again not the data it points to.
</p>
<h3 id="methods_on_values_or_pointers">
@@ -1148,7 +996,7 @@ There are several considerations.
First, and most important, does the method need to modify the
receiver?
If it does, the receiver <em>must</em> be a pointer.
(Slices and maps act as references, so their story is a little
(Slices and maps are reference types, so their story is a little
more subtle, but for instance to change the length of a slice
in a method the receiver must still be a pointer.)
In the examples above, if <code>pointerMethod</code> modifies
@@ -1199,16 +1047,14 @@ of Effective Go</a> for more details.
</p>
<h3 id="q_int_sizes">
What is the size of an <code>int</code> on a 64 bit machine?</h3>
Why is <code>int</code> 32 bits on 64 bit machines?</h3>
<p>
The sizes of <code>int</code> and <code>uint</code> are implementation-specific
but the same as each other on a given platform.
For portability, code that relies on a particular
The 64 bit Go compilers (both gc and gccgo) use a 32 bit representation for
<code>int</code>. Code that relies on a particular
size of value should use an explicitly sized type, like <code>int64</code>.
Prior to Go 1.1, the 64-bit Go compilers (both gc and gccgo) used
a 32-bit representation for <code>int</code>. As of Go 1.1 they use
a 64-bit representation.
On the other hand, floating-point scalars and complex
numbers are always sized: <code>float32</code>, <code>complex64</code>,
etc., because programmers should be aware of precision when using
@@ -1216,6 +1062,12 @@ floating-point numbers.
The default size of a floating-point constant is <code>float64</code>.
</p>
<p>
At the moment, all implementations use 32-bit ints, an essentially arbitrary decision.
However, we expect that <code>int</code> will be increased to 64 bits on 64-bit
architectures in a future release of Go.
</p>
<h3 id="stack_or_heap">
How do I know whether a variable is allocated on the heap or the stack?</h3>
@@ -1244,22 +1096,6 @@ analysis</em> recognizes some cases when such variables will not
live past the return from the function and can reside on the stack.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_does_my_Go_process_use_so_much_virtual_memory">
Why does my Go process use so much virtual memory?</h3>
<p>
The Go memory allocator reserves a large region of virtual memory as an arena
for allocations. This virtual memory is local to the specific Go process; the
reservation does not deprive other processes of memory.
</p>
<p>
To find the amount of actual memory allocated to a Go process, use the Unix
<code>top</code> command and consult the <code>RES</code> (Linux) or
<code>RSIZE</code> (Mac OS X) columns.
<!-- TODO(adg): find out how this works on Windows -->
</p>
<h2 id="Concurrency">Concurrency</h2>
<h3 id="What_operations_are_atomic_What_about_mutexes">
@@ -1283,7 +1119,7 @@ Do not communicate by sharing memory. Instead, share memory by communicating.
</p>
<p>
See the <a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem/">Share Memory By Communicating</a> code walk and its <a href="//blog.golang.org/2010/07/share-memory-by-communicating.html">associated article</a> for a detailed discussion of this concept.
See the <a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem/">Share Memory By Communicating</a> code walk and its <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2010/07/share-memory-by-communicating.html">associated article</a> for a detailed discussion of this concept.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_no_multi_CPU">
@@ -1293,15 +1129,12 @@ Why doesn't my multi-goroutine program use multiple CPUs?</h3>
You must set the <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> shell environment variable
or use the similarly-named <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GOMAXPROCS"><code>function</code></a>
of the runtime package to allow the
run-time support to utilize more than one OS thread.
run-time support to utilize more than one OS thread.
</p>
<p>
Programs that perform parallel computation should benefit from an increase in
<code>GOMAXPROCS</code>.
However, be aware that
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">concurrency
is not parallelism</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_GOMAXPROCS">
@@ -1309,7 +1142,7 @@ Why does using <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> &gt; 1 sometimes make my program
slower?</h3>
<p>
It depends on the nature of your program.
It depends on the nature of your program.
Problems that are intrinsically sequential cannot be sped up by adding
more goroutines.
Concurrency only becomes parallelism when the problem is
@@ -1330,16 +1163,11 @@ to speed it up.
</p>
<p>
Go's goroutine scheduler is not as good as it needs to be. In the future, it
Go's goroutine scheduler is not as good as it needs to be. In future, it
should recognize such cases and optimize its use of OS threads. For now,
<code>GOMAXPROCS</code> should be set on a per-application basis.
</p>
<p>
For more detail on this topic see the talk entitled,
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">Concurrency
is not Parallelism</a>.
<h2 id="Functions_methods">Functions and Methods</h2>
<h3 id="different_method_sets">
@@ -1403,20 +1231,18 @@ func main() {
// wait for all goroutines to complete before exiting
for _ = range values {
&lt;-done
&lt;-done
}
}
</pre>
<p>
One might mistakenly expect to see <code>a, b, c</code> as the output.
What you'll probably see instead is <code>c, c, c</code>. This is because
One might mistakenly expect to see <code>a, b, c</code> as the output.
What you'll probably see instead is <code>c, c, c</code>. This is because
each iteration of the loop uses the same instance of the variable <code>v</code>, so
each closure shares that single variable. When the closure runs, it prints the
each closure shares that single variable. When the closure runs, it prints the
value of <code>v</code> at the time <code>fmt.Println</code> is executed,
but <code>v</code> may have been modified since the goroutine was launched.
To help detect this and other problems before they happen, run
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_go_tool_vet_on_packages"><code>go vet</code></a>.
but <code>v</code> may have been modified since the goroutine was launched.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1435,7 +1261,7 @@ One way is to pass the variable as an argument to the closure:
</pre>
<p>
In this example, the value of <code>v</code> is passed as an argument to the
In this example, the value of <code>v</code> is passed as an argument to the
anonymous function. That value is then accessible inside the function as
the variable <code>u</code>.
</p>
@@ -1512,7 +1338,7 @@ builds a test binary, and runs it.
<p>See the <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document,
the <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
and the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a> subcommand for more details.
and the <a href="/cmd/go/#Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a> subcommand for more details.
</p>
<h3 id="testing_framework">
@@ -1550,7 +1376,7 @@ table-driven, iterating over a list of inputs and outputs defined
in a data structure (Go has excellent support for data structure literals).
The work to write a good test and good error messages will then be amortized over many
test cases. The standard Go library is full of illustrative examples, such as in
<a href="/src/fmt/fmt_test.go">the formatting tests for the <code>fmt</code> package</a>.
<a href="/src/pkg/fmt/fmt_test.go">the formatting tests for the <code>fmt</code> package</a>.
</p>
@@ -1560,7 +1386,7 @@ test cases. The standard Go library is full of illustrative examples, such as in
What compiler technology is used to build the compilers?</h3>
<p>
<code>Gccgo</code> has a front end written in C++, with a recursive descent parser coupled to the
<code>Gccgo</code> has a C++ front-end with a recursive descent parser coupled to the
standard GCC back end. <code>Gc</code> is written in C using
<code>yacc</code>/<code>bison</code> for the parser.
Although it's a new program, it fits in the Plan 9 C compiler suite
@@ -1569,46 +1395,33 @@ and uses a variant of the Plan 9 loader to generate ELF/Mach-O/PE binaries.
</p>
<p>
We considered using LLVM for <code>gc</code> but we felt it was too large and
slow to meet our performance goals.
</p>
<p>
We also considered writing <code>gc</code>, the original Go compiler, in Go itself but
We considered writing <code>gc</code>, the original Go compiler, in Go itself but
elected not to do so because of the difficulties of bootstrapping and
especially of open source distribution&mdash;you'd need a Go compiler to
set up a Go environment. <code>Gccgo</code>, which came later, makes it possible to
consider writing a compiler in Go.
A plan to do that by machine translation of the existing compiler is under development.
<a href="http://golang.org/s/go13compiler">A separate document</a>
explains the reason for this approach.
consider writing a compiler in Go, which might well happen. (Go would be a
fine language in which to implement a compiler; a native lexer and
parser are already available in the <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go</code></a> package.)
</p>
<p>
That plan aside,
Go is a
fine language in which to implement a self-hosting compiler: a native lexer and
parser are already available in the <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go</code></a> package
and a separate type checking
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/go/types">package</a>
has also been written.
We also considered using LLVM for <code>gc</code> but we felt it was too large and
slow to meet our performance goals.
</p>
<h3 id="How_is_the_run_time_support_implemented">
How is the run-time support implemented?</h3>
<p>
Again due to bootstrapping issues, the run-time code was originally written mostly in C (with a
tiny bit of assembler) although much of it has been translated to Go since then
and one day all of it might be (except for the assembler bits).
<code>Gccgo</code>'s run-time support uses <code>glibc</code>.
<code>Gc</code> uses a custom C library to keep the footprint under
Again due to bootstrapping issues, the run-time code is mostly in C (with a
tiny bit of assembler) although Go is capable of implementing most of
it now. <code>Gccgo</code>'s run-time support uses <code>glibc</code>.
<code>Gc</code> uses a custom library to keep the footprint under
control; it is
compiled with a version of the Plan 9 C compiler that supports
resizable stacks for goroutines.
The <code>gccgo</code> compiler implements these on Linux only,
using a technique called segmented stacks,
supported by recent modifications to the gold linker.
segmented stacks for goroutines.
The <code>gccgo</code> compiler implements segmented
stacks on Linux only, supported by recent modifications to the gold linker.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_is_my_trivial_program_such_a_large_binary">
@@ -1626,8 +1439,8 @@ A simple C "hello, world" program compiled and linked statically using gcc
on Linux is around 750 kB,
including an implementation of <code>printf</code>.
An equivalent Go program using <code>fmt.Printf</code>
is around 1.9 MB, but
that includes more powerful run-time support and type information.
is around 1.2 MB, but
that includes more powerful run-time support.
</p>
<h3 id="unused_variables_and_imports">
@@ -1635,19 +1448,16 @@ Can I stop these complaints about my unused variable/import?</h3>
<p>
The presence of an unused variable may indicate a bug, while
unused imports just slow down compilation,
an effect that can become substantial as a program accumulates
code and programmers over time.
For these reasons, Go refuses to compile programs with unused
variables or imports,
trading short-term convenience for long-term build speed and
program clarity.
unused imports just slow down compilation.
Accumulate enough unused imports in your code tree and
things can get very slow.
For these reasons, Go allows neither.
</p>
<p>
Still, when developing code, it's common to create these situations
When developing code, it's common to create these situations
temporarily and it can be annoying to have to edit them out before the
program will compile.
program will compile.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1687,14 +1497,6 @@ func main() {
}
</pre>
<p>
Nowadays, most Go programmers use a tool,
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports">goimports</a>,
which automatically rewrites a Go source file to have the correct imports,
eliminating the unused imports issue in practice.
This program is easily connected to most editors to run automatically when a Go source file is written.
</p>
<h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>
<h3 id="Why_does_Go_perform_badly_on_benchmark_x">
@@ -1702,13 +1504,13 @@ Why does Go perform badly on benchmark X?</h3>
<p>
One of Go's design goals is to approach the performance of C for comparable
programs, yet on some benchmarks it does quite poorly, including several
in <a href="/test/bench/shootout/">test/bench/shootout</a>. The slowest depend on libraries
for which versions of comparable performance are not available in Go.
programs, yet on some benchmarks it does quite poorly, including several
in <a href="/test/bench/shootout/">test/bench/shootout</a>. The slowest depend on libraries
for which versions of comparable performance are not available in Go.
For instance, <a href="/test/bench/shootout/pidigits.go">pidigits.go</a>
depends on a multi-precision math package, and the C
versions, unlike Go's, use <a href="http://gmplib.org/">GMP</a> (which is
written in optimized assembler).
written in optimized assembler).
Benchmarks that depend on regular expressions
(<a href="/test/bench/shootout/regex-dna.go">regex-dna.go</a>, for instance) are
essentially comparing Go's native <a href="/pkg/regexp">regexp package</a> to
@@ -1727,7 +1529,7 @@ indicate.
<p>
Still, there is room for improvement. The compilers are good but could be
better, many libraries need major performance work, and the garbage collector
isn't fast enough yet. (Even if it were, taking care not to generate unnecessary
isn't fast enough yet. (Even if it were, taking care not to generate unnecessary
garbage can have a huge effect.)
</p>
@@ -1736,7 +1538,7 @@ In any case, Go can often be very competitive.
There has been significant improvement in the performance of many programs
as the language and tools have developed.
See the blog post about
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
Go programs</a> for an informative example.
<h2 id="change_from_c">Changes from C</h2>
@@ -1895,7 +1697,7 @@ considerable control over memory layout and allocation, much more than
is typical in garbage-collected languages. A careful programmer can reduce
the garbage collection overhead dramatically by using the language well;
see the article about
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
Go programs</a> for a worked example, including a demonstration of Go's
profiling tools.
</p>

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Go Memory Model",
"Subtitle": "Version of May 31, 2014",
"Subtitle": "Version of March 6, 2012",
"Path": "/ref/mem"
}-->
@@ -21,29 +21,6 @@ reads of a variable in one goroutine can be guaranteed to
observe values produced by writes to the same variable in a different goroutine.
</p>
<h2>Advice</h2>
<p>
Programs that modify data being simultaneously accessed by multiple goroutines
must serialize such access.
</p>
<p>
To serialize access, protect the data with channel operations or other synchronization primitives
such as those in the <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> packages.
</p>
<p>
If you must read the rest of this document to understand the behavior of your program,
you are being too clever.
</p>
<p>
Don't be clever.
</p>
<h2>Happens Before</h2>
<p>
@@ -297,41 +274,6 @@ then the program would not be guaranteed to print
crash, or do something else.)
</p>
<p class="rule">
The <i>k</i>th receive on a channel with capacity <i>C</i> happens before the <i>k</i>+<i>C</i>th send from that channel completes.
</p>
<p>
This rule generalizes the previous rule to buffered channels.
It allows a counting semaphore to be modeled by a buffered channel:
the number of items in the channel corresponds to the number of active uses,
the capacity of the channel corresponds to the maximum number of simultaneous uses,
sending an item acquires the semaphore, and receiving an item releases
the semaphore.
This is a common idiom for limiting concurrency.
</p>
<p>
This program starts a goroutine for every entry in the work list, but the
goroutines coordinate using the <code>limit</code> channel to ensure
that at most three are running work functions at a time.
</p>
<pre>
var limit = make(chan int, 3)
func main() {
for _, w := range work {
go func() {
limit <- 1
w()
<-limit
}()
}
select{}
}
</pre>
<h3>Locks</h3>
<p>
@@ -419,7 +361,7 @@ func twoprint() {
<p>
calling <code>twoprint</code> causes <code>"hello, world"</code> to be printed twice.
The first call to <code>doprint</code> runs <code>setup</code> once.
The first call to <code>twoprint</code> runs <code>setup</code> once.
</p>
<h2>Incorrect synchronization</h2>

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

213
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View File

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};
for (var i = 0; i < button.length; i++) {
bindEvent(button[i], "click", callback);
}
}
function godocs_bindToggles(className) {
var els = getElementsByClassName(document, className);
for (var i = 0; i < els.length; i++) {
godocs_bindToggle(els[i]);
}
}
function godocs_bindToggleLink(l, prefix) {
bindEvent(l, "click", function() {
var i = l.href.indexOf("#"+prefix);
if (i < 0) {
return;
}
var id = prefix + l.href.slice(i+1+prefix.length);
var eg = document.getElementById(id);
eg.className = "toggleVisible";
});
}
function godocs_bindToggleLinks(className, prefix) {
var links = getElementsByClassName(document, className);
for (i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
godocs_bindToggleLink(links[i], prefix);
}
}
function godocs_onload() {
godocs_bindSearchEvents();
godocs_generateTOC();
godocs_bindToggles("toggle");
godocs_bindToggles("toggleVisible");
godocs_bindToggleLinks("exampleLink", "example_");
godocs_bindToggleLinks("overviewLink", "");
}
bindEvent(window, 'load', godocs_onload);

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@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
The Go gopher was designed by Renee French. (http://reneefrench.blogspot.com/)
The design is licensed under the Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions license.
Read this article for more details: http://blog.golang.org/gopher

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