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Author SHA1 Message Date
Andrew Gerrand
1c5438aae8 go1.1rc2 2013-05-06 17:33:44 -07:00
4659 changed files with 452337 additions and 683732 deletions

10
.gitattributes vendored
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@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
# Treat all files in the Go repo as binary, with no git magic updating
# line endings. Windows users contributing to Go will need to use a
# modern version of git and editors capable of LF line endings.
#
# We'll prevent accidental CRLF line endings from entering the repo
# via the git-review gofmt checks.
#
# See golang.org/issue/9281
* -text

52
.gitignore vendored
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@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
.DS_Store
*.[5689ao]
*.a[5689o]
*.so
*.pyc
._*
.nfs.*
[5689a].out
*~
*.orig
*.rej
*.exe
.*.swp
core
*.cgo*.go
*.cgo*.c
_cgo_*
_obj
_test
_testmain.go
build.out
test.out
doc/articles/wiki/*.bin
include/plan9/libc_plan9.h
misc/cgo/life/run.out
misc/cgo/stdio/run.out
misc/cgo/testso/main
misc/dashboard/builder/builder
src/liblink/anames?.c
src/cmd/*/y.output
src/cmd/cgo/zdefaultcc.go
src/cmd/dist/dist.dSYM
src/cmd/gc/mkbuiltin1
src/cmd/gc/opnames.h
src/cmd/go/zdefaultcc.go
src/cmd/internal/obj/zbootstrap.go
src/go/doc/headscan
src/runtime/mkversion
src/runtime/zaexperiment.h
src/runtime/zversion.go
src/unicode/maketables
src/*.*/
test/pass.out
test/run.out
test/times.out
test/garbage/*.out
goinstall.log
last-change
VERSION.cache
bin/
pkg/

65
.hgignore Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
syntax:glob
.DS_Store
.git
.gitignore
*.[568ao]
*.a[568o]
*.so
*.pyc
._*
.nfs.*
[568a].out
*~
*.orig
*.rej
*.exe
.*.swp
core
*.cgo*.go
*.cgo*.c
_cgo_*
_obj
_test
_testmain.go
build.out
test.out
doc/tmpltohtml
doc/articles/wiki/*.bin
misc/cgo/life/run.out
misc/cgo/stdio/run.out
misc/cgo/testso/main
misc/dashboard/builder/builder
misc/goplay/goplay
misc/osx/*.pkg
misc/osx/*.dmg
src/cmd/6a/6a
src/cmd/?a/y.output
src/cmd/?l/enam.c
src/cmd/cc/y.output
src/cmd/dist/dist.dSYM
src/cmd/gc/mkbuiltin1
src/cmd/gc/opnames.h
src/cmd/gc/y.output
src/pkg/exp/norm/maketables
src/pkg/exp/norm/maketesttables
src/pkg/exp/norm/normregtest
src/pkg/exp/ebnflint/ebnflint
src/pkg/go/doc/headscan
src/pkg/runtime/goc2c
src/pkg/runtime/mkversion
src/pkg/runtime/z*
src/pkg/unicode/maketables
src/pkg/*.*/
test/pass.out
test/run.out
test/times.out
test/garbage/*.out
goinstall.log
last-change
VERSION.cache
syntax:regexp
^bin/
^pkg/
^src/cmd/(.*)/6?\1$
^.*/core.[0-9]*$

117
.hgtags Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
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159
AUTHORS
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@@ -8,94 +8,60 @@
# Please keep the list sorted.
Aaron France <aaron.l.france@gmail.com>
Abhinav Gupta <abhinav.g90@gmail.com>
Adrian Nos <nos.adrian@gmail.com>
Adrian O'Grady <elpollouk@gmail.com>
Adrien Bustany <adrien-xx-google@bustany.org>
Ahmed Waheed Moanes <oneofone@gmail.com>
Akshat Kumar <seed@mail.nanosouffle.net>
Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
Albert Strasheim <fullung@gmail.com>
Alberto Donizetti <alb.donizetti@gmail.com>
Alberto García Hierro <alberto@garciahierro.com> <alberto.garcia.hierro@gmail.com>
Aleksandar Dezelin <dezelin@gmail.com>
Alex A Skinner <alex@lx.lc>
Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
Alex Jin <toalexjin@gmail.com>
Alexander Larsson <alexander.larsson@gmail.com>
Alexander Orlov <alexander.orlov@loxal.net>
Alexander Reece <awreece@gmail.com>
Alexander Surma <surma@surmair.de>
Alexander Zhavnerchik <alex.vizor@gmail.com>
Alexandre Normand <alexandre.normand@gmail.com>
Alexei Sholik <alcosholik@gmail.com>
Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
Alexey Palazhchenko <alexey.palazhchenko@gmail.com>
Amir Mohammad Saied <amir@gluegadget.com>
Amrut Joshi <amrut.joshi@gmail.com>
Andrei Vieru <euvieru@gmail.com>
Andrew Balholm <andybalholm@gmail.com>
Andrew Bonventre <andybons@chromium.org>
Andrew Bursavich <abursavich@gmail.com>
Andrew Harding <andrew@spacemonkey.com>
Andrew Lutomirski <andy@luto.us>
Andrew Pritchard <awpritchard@gmail.com>
Andrew Radev <andrey.radev@gmail.com>
Andrew Skiba <skibaa@gmail.com>
Andrew Szeto <andrew@jabagawee.com>
Andrew Wilkins <axwalk@gmail.com>
Andrey Mirtchovski <mirtchovski@gmail.com>
Andriy Lytvynov <lytvynov.a.v@gmail.com>
Andy Davis <andy@bigandian.com>
Anfernee Yongkun Gui <anfernee.gui@gmail.com>
Anh Hai Trinh <anh.hai.trinh@gmail.com>
Anschel Schaffer-Cohen <anschelsc@gmail.com>
Anthony Eufemio <anthony.eufemio@gmail.com>
Anthony Martin <ality@pbrane.org>
Anthony Starks <ajstarks@gmail.com>
Apisak Darakananda <pongad@gmail.com>
Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
Arnaud Ysmal <arnaud.ysmal@gmail.com>
Arne Hormann <arnehormann@gmail.com>
Aron Nopanen <aron.nopanen@gmail.com>
Arvindh Rajesh Tamilmani <art@a-30.net>
Ato Araki <ato.araki@gmail.com>
Aulus Egnatius Varialus <varialus@gmail.com>
Ben Olive <sionide21@gmail.com>
Benjamin Black <b@b3k.us>
Benny Siegert <bsiegert@gmail.com>
Benoit Sigoure <tsunanet@gmail.com>
Berengar Lehr <berengar.lehr@gmx.de>
Billie Harold Cleek <bhcleek@gmail.com>
Bjorn Tillenius <bjorn@tillenius.me>
Bjorn Tipling <bjorn.tipling@gmail.com>
Blake Mizerany <blake.mizerany@gmail.com>
Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Brendan Daniel Tracey <tracey.brendan@gmail.com>
Brian Dellisanti <briandellisanti@gmail.com>
Brian G. Merrell <bgmerrell@gmail.com>
Brian Gitonga Marete <marete@toshnix.com>
Brian Ketelsen <bketelsen@gmail.com>
Caine Tighe <arctanofyourface@gmail.com>
Caleb Spare <cespare@gmail.com>
Carl Chatfield <carlchatfield@gmail.com>
Carlos Castillo <cookieo9@gmail.com>
Case Nelson <case.nelson@gmail.com>
Casey Marshall <casey.marshall@gmail.com>
Cezar Sá Espinola <cezarsa@gmail.com>
ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
Charles L. Dorian <cldorian@gmail.com>
Charles Lee <zombie.fml@gmail.com>
Chris Dollin <ehog.hedge@gmail.com>
Chris Farmiloe <chrisfarms@gmail.com>
Chris Howey <howeyc@gmail.com>
Chris Jones <chris@cjones.org>
Chris Lennert <calennert@gmail.com>
Chris McGee <sirnewton_01@yahoo.ca> <newton688@gmail.com>
Christian Himpel <chressie@googlemail.com>
Christine Hansmann <chhansmann@gmail.com>
Christoffer Buchholz <christoffer.buchholz@gmail.com>
Christoph Hack <christoph@tux21b.org>
Christopher Cahoon <chris.cahoon@gmail.com>
Christopher Nielsen <m4dh4tt3r@gmail.com>
@@ -104,98 +70,64 @@ Christopher Wedgwood <cw@f00f.org>
Clement Skau <clementskau@gmail.com>
Conrad Meyer <cemeyer@cs.washington.edu>
Corey Thomasson <cthom.lists@gmail.com>
Cristian Staretu <unclejacksons@gmail.com>
Damian Gryski <dgryski@gmail.com>
Dan Callahan <dan.callahan@gmail.com>
Dan Peterson <dpiddy@gmail.com>
Dan Sinclair <dan.sinclair@gmail.com>
Daniel Fleischman <danielfleischman@gmail.com>
Daniel Krech <eikeon@eikeon.com>
Daniel Lidén <daniel.liden.87@gmail.com>
Daniel Morsing <daniel.morsing@gmail.com>
Daniel Theophanes <kardianos@gmail.com>
Darren Elwood <darren@textnode.com>
Dave Cheney <dave@cheney.net>
David Bürgin <676c7473@gmail.com>
David Calavera <david.calavera@gmail.com>
David du Colombier <0intro@gmail.com>
David Forsythe <dforsythe@gmail.com>
David G. Andersen <dave.andersen@gmail.com>
David Jakob Fritz <david.jakob.fritz@gmail.com>
David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
David Thomas <davidthomas426@gmail.com>
David Titarenco <david.titarenco@gmail.com>
Dean Prichard <dean.prichard@gmail.com>
Denis Brandolini <denis.brandolini@gmail.com>
Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
Devon H. O'Dell <devon.odell@gmail.com>
Dhiru Kholia <dhiru.kholia@gmail.com>
Dimitri Tcaciuc <dtcaciuc@gmail.com>
Dmitri Shuralyov <shurcooL@gmail.com>
Dmitriy Shelenin <deemok@googlemail.com> <deemok@gmail.com>
Dmitry Chestnykh <dchest@gmail.com>
Dominik Honnef <dominik.honnef@gmail.com>
Donovan Hide <donovanhide@gmail.com>
Dropbox, Inc.
Duncan Holm <mail@frou.org>
Dustin Sallings <dsallings@gmail.com>
Dustin Shields-Cloues <dcloues@gmail.com>
Eden Li <eden.li@gmail.com>
Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
Ehren Kret <ehren.kret@gmail.com>
Eivind Uggedal <eivind@uggedal.com>
Elias Naur <elias.naur@gmail.com>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com> <emil@hessman.se>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com>
Eoghan Sherry <ejsherry@gmail.com>
Eric Clark <zerohp@gmail.com>
Eric Milliken <emilliken@gmail.com>
Eric Roshan-Eisner <eric.d.eisner@gmail.com>
Erik St. Martin <alakriti@gmail.com>
Erik Westrup <erik.westrup@gmail.com>
Esko Luontola <esko.luontola@gmail.com>
Evan Shaw <chickencha@gmail.com>
Ewan Chou <coocood@gmail.com>
Fabrizio Milo <mistobaan@gmail.com>
Fan Hongjian <fan.howard@gmail.com>
Fastly, Inc.
Fatih Arslan <fatih@arslan.io>
Fazlul Shahriar <fshahriar@gmail.com>
Felix Geisendörfer <haimuiba@gmail.com>
Firmansyah Adiputra <frm.adiputra@gmail.com>
Florian Uekermann <florian@uekermann-online.de>
Florian Weimer <fw@deneb.enyo.de>
Francisco Souza <franciscossouza@gmail.com>
Frederick Kelly Mayle III <frederickmayle@gmail.com>
Fredrik Enestad <fredrik.enestad@soundtrackyourbrand.com>
Frithjof Schulze <schulze@math.uni-hannover.de> <sfrithjof@gmail.com>
Gabriel Aszalos <gabriel.aszalos@gmail.com>
Frithjof Schulze <schulze@math.uni-hannover.de>
Gary Burd <gary@beagledreams.com>
Gautham Thambidorai <gautham.dorai@gmail.com>
Georg Reinke <guelfey@gmail.com>
Gerasimos Dimitriadis <gedimitr@gmail.com>
Gideon Jan-Wessel Redelinghuys <gjredelinghuys@gmail.com>
Giles Lean <giles.lean@pobox.com>
Google Inc.
Gordon Klaus <gordon.klaus@gmail.com>
Graham King <graham4king@gmail.com>
Graham Miller <graham.miller@gmail.com>
Greg Ward <greg@gerg.ca>
Guillaume J. Charmes <guillaume@charmes.net>
Gustav Paul <gustav.paul@gmail.com>
Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net>
Gwenael Treguier <gwenn.kahz@gmail.com>
Harley Laue <losinggeneration@gmail.com>
Hector Chu <hectorchu@gmail.com>
Hector Martin Cantero <hector@marcansoft.com>
Henning Schmiedehausen <henning@schmiedehausen.org>
Henrik Edwards <henrik.edwards@gmail.com>
Herbert Georg Fischer <herbert.fischer@gmail.com>
Hong Ruiqi <hongruiqi@gmail.com>
Icarus Sparry <golang@icarus.freeuk.com>
Ingo Oeser <nightlyone@googlemail.com>
Isaac Wagner <ibw@isaacwagner.me>
Jakob Borg <jakob@nym.se>
Jakub Ryszard Czarnowicz <j.czarnowicz@gmail.com>
James David Chalfant <james.chalfant@gmail.com>
James Fysh <james.fysh@gmail.com>
James Gray <james@james4k.com>
@@ -204,133 +136,82 @@ James P. Cooper <jamespcooper@gmail.com>
James Toy <nil@opensesame.st>
James Whitehead <jnwhiteh@gmail.com>
Jan H. Hosang <jan.hosang@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <0xjnml@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <befelemepeseveze@gmail.com>
Jan Newmarch <jan.newmarch@gmail.com>
Jan Ziak <0xe2.0x9a.0x9b@gmail.com>
Jani Monoses <jani.monoses@ubuntu.com>
Jaroslavas Počepko <jp@webmaster.ms>
Jason Del Ponte <delpontej@gmail.com>
Jason Travis <infomaniac7@gmail.com>
Jay Weisskopf <jay@jayschwa.net>
Jeff Hodges <jeff@somethingsimilar.com>
Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org>
Jeff Sickel <jas@corpus-callosum.com>
Jeff Wendling <jeff@spacemonkey.com>
Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
Jeremy Jackins <jeremyjackins@gmail.com>
Jim McGrath <jimmc2@gmail.com>
Jimmy Zelinskie <jimmyzelinskie@gmail.com>
Jingcheng Zhang <diogin@gmail.com>
Joakim Sernbrant <serbaut@gmail.com>
Joe Poirier <jdpoirier@gmail.com>
Joe Shaw <joe@joeshaw.org>
Joel Stemmer <stemmertech@gmail.com>
John Asmuth <jasmuth@gmail.com>
John C Barstow <jbowtie@amathaine.com>
John Graham-Cumming <jgc@jgc.org> <jgrahamc@gmail.com>
John Howard Palevich <jack.palevich@gmail.com>
John Shahid <jvshahid@gmail.com>
John Tuley <john@tuley.org>
Jonathan Gold <jgold.bg@gmail.com>
Jonathan Mark <jhmark@xenops.com>
Jonathan Rudenberg <jonathan@titanous.com>
Jonathan Wills <runningwild@gmail.com>
Jongmin Kim <atomaths@gmail.com>
Jose Luis Vázquez González <josvazg@gmail.com>
Joseph Holsten <joseph@josephholsten.com>
Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Josh Goebel <dreamer3@gmail.com>
Josh Holland <jrh@joshh.co.uk>
Joshua Chase <jcjoshuachase@gmail.com>
JT Olds <jtolds@xnet5.com>
Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen <karatepekka@gmail.com>
Julian Phillips <julian@quantumfyre.co.uk>
Julien Schmidt <google@julienschmidt.com>
Kai Backman <kaib@golang.org>
Kamil Kisiel <kamil@kamilkisiel.net> <kamil.kisiel@gmail.com>
Katrina Owen <katrina.owen@gmail.com>
Kei Son <hey.calmdown@gmail.com>
Keith Rarick <kr@xph.us>
Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
Kelvin Foo Chuan Lyi <vmirage@gmail.com>
Ken Friedenbach <kenliz@cruzio.com>
Ken Rockot <ken@oz.gs>
Kevin Ballard <kevin@sb.org>
Kyle Consalus <consalus@gmail.com>
Kyle Isom <kyle@gokyle.net>
Kyle Lemons <kyle@kylelemons.net>
L Campbell <unpantsu@gmail.com>
Lai Jiangshan <eag0628@gmail.com>
Linaro Limited
Lorenzo Stoakes <lstoakes@gmail.com>
Luca Greco <luca.greco@alcacoop.it>
Lucio De Re <lucio.dere@gmail.com>
Luit van Drongelen <luitvd@gmail.com>
Luka Zakrajšek <tr00.g33k@gmail.com>
Luke Curley <qpingu@gmail.com>
Manuel Mendez <mmendez534@gmail.com>
Marc Weistroff <marc@weistroff.net>
Marco Hennings <marco.hennings@freiheit.com>
Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
Marko Juhani Silokunnas <marko.silokunnas@gmail.com>
Marko Tiikkaja <marko@joh.to>
Markover Inc. DBA Poptip
Markus Duft <markus.duft@salomon.at>
Markus Sonderegger <marraison@gmail.com>
Markus Zimmermann <zimmski@gmail.com>
Martin Neubauer <m.ne@gmx.net>
Martin Olsson <martin@minimum.se>
Mateusz Czapliński <czapkofan@gmail.com>
Mathieu Lonjaret <mathieu.lonjaret@gmail.com>
Mats Lidell <mats.lidell@cag.se>
Matt Aimonetti <mattaimonetti@gmail.com>
Matt Jibson <matt.jibson@gmail.com>
Matt Joiner <anacrolix@gmail.com>
Matt Reiferson <mreiferson@gmail.com>
Matthew Cottingham <mattcottingham@gmail.com>
Matthew Horsnell <matthew.horsnell@gmail.com>
Maxim Khitrov <max@mxcrypt.com>
Micah Stetson <micah.stetson@gmail.com>
Michael Chaten <mchaten@gmail.com>
Michael Elkins <michael.elkins@gmail.com>
Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org> <gnirheg.leahcim@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org>
Michael Hoisie <hoisie@gmail.com>
Michael Lewis <mikelikespie@gmail.com>
Michael MacInnis <Michael.P.MacInnis@gmail.com>
Michael Pearson <mipearson@gmail.com>
Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de>
Michael Teichgräber <mteichgraeber@gmx.de>
Michał Derkacz <ziutek@lnet.pl>
Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl>
Mihai Borobocea <MihaiBorobocea@gmail.com>
Mikael Tillenius <mikti42@gmail.com>
Mike Andrews <mra@xoba.com>
Mike Rosset <mike.rosset@gmail.com>
Mikhail Panchenko <m@mihasya.com>
Miki Tebeka <miki.tebeka@gmail.com>
Mikio Hara <mikioh.mikioh@gmail.com>
Mikkel Krautz <mikkel@krautz.dk>
Miquel Sabaté Solà <mikisabate@gmail.com>
Moov Corporation
Moriyoshi Koizumi <mozo@mozo.jp>
Môshe van der Sterre <moshevds@gmail.com>
Nan Deng <monnand@gmail.com>
Nathan John Youngman <nj@nathany.com>
Nathan P Finch <nate.finch@gmail.com>
ngmoco, LLC
Nicholas Katsaros <nick@nickkatsaros.com>
Nicholas Presta <nick@nickpresta.ca> <nick1presta@gmail.com>
Nicholas Sullivan <nicholas.sullivan@gmail.com>
Nicholas Waples <nwaples@gmail.com>
Nick Craig-Wood <nick@craig-wood.com> <nickcw@gmail.com>
Nicolas Kaiser <nikai@nikai.net>
Nicolas Owens <mischief@offblast.org>
Nigel Kerr <nigel.kerr@gmail.com>
Noah Campbell <noahcampbell@gmail.com>
Oling Cat <olingcat@gmail.com>
Oliver Hookins <ohookins@gmail.com>
Olivier Antoine <olivier.antoine@gmail.com>
Olivier Duperray <duperray.olivier@gmail.com>
Olivier Saingre <osaingre@gmail.com>
@@ -340,40 +221,28 @@ Pascal S. de Kloe <pascal@quies.net>
Patrick Crosby <patrick@stathat.com>
Patrick Gavlin <pgavlin@gmail.com>
Patrick Higgins <patrick.allen.higgins@gmail.com>
Patrick Mézard <patrick@mezard.eu>
Patrick Mylund Nielsen <patrick@patrickmn.com>
Patrick Smith <pat42smith@gmail.com>
Paul A Querna <paul.querna@gmail.com>
Paul Hammond <paul@paulhammond.org>
Paul Lalonde <paul.a.lalonde@gmail.com>
Paul Sbarra <Sbarra.Paul@gmail.com>
Paul van Brouwershaven <paul@vanbrouwershaven.com>
Pavel Zinovkin <pavel.zinovkin@gmail.com>
Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
Petar Maymounkov <petarm@gmail.com>
Peter Armitage <peter.armitage@gmail.com>
Peter Froehlich <peter.hans.froehlich@gmail.com>
Peter Kleiweg <pkleiweg@xs4all.nl>
Peter Mundy <go.peter.90@gmail.com>
Péter Surányi <speter.go1@gmail.com>
Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>
Peter Waller <peter.waller@gmail.com>
Peter Williams <pwil3058@gmail.com>
Philip K. Warren <pkwarren@gmail.com>
Pieter Droogendijk <pieter@binky.org.uk>
Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
Preetam Jinka <pj@preet.am>
Quan Yong Zhai <qyzhai@gmail.com>
Raif S. Naffah <go@naffah-raif.name>
Red Hat, Inc.
Rémy Oudompheng <oudomphe@phare.normalesup.org>
Richard Crowley <r@rcrowley.org>
Richard Eric Gavaletz <gavaletz@gmail.com>
Richard Musiol <mail@richard-musiol.de>
Rick Arnold <rickarnoldjr@gmail.com>
Risto Jaakko Saarelma <rsaarelm@gmail.com>
Robert Daniel Kortschak <dan.kortschak@adelaide.edu.au>
Robert Dinu <r@varp.se>
Robert Dinu <r@oktett.se>
Robert Figueiredo <robfig@gmail.com>
Robert Hencke <robert.hencke@gmail.com>
Robert Obryk <robryk@gmail.com>
@@ -382,15 +251,11 @@ Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira <rodrigo.moraes@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Rafael Monti Kochenburger <divoxx@gmail.com>
Roger Pau Monné <royger@gmail.com>
Roger Peppe <rogpeppe@gmail.com>
Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
Ron Minnich <rminnich@gmail.com>
Ross Light <rlight2@gmail.com>
Rowan Worth <sqweek@gmail.com>
Ryan Hitchman <hitchmanr@gmail.com>
Ryan Slade <ryanslade@gmail.com>
S.Çağlar Onur <caglar@10ur.org>
Sanjay Menakuru <balasanjay@gmail.com>
Scott Ferguson <scottwferg@gmail.com>
Scott Lawrence <bytbox@gmail.com>
Sebastien Binet <seb.binet@gmail.com>
Sébastien Paolacci <sebastien.paolacci@gmail.com>
@@ -401,38 +266,25 @@ Shane Hansen <shanemhansen@gmail.com>
Shawn Smith <shawn.p.smith@gmail.com>
Shenghou Ma <minux.ma@gmail.com>
Shivakumar GN <shivakumar.gn@gmail.com>
Simon Whitehead <chemnova@gmail.com>
Sokolov Yura <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
Spring Mc <heresy.mc@gmail.com>
StalkR <stalkr@stalkr.net>
Stefan Nilsson <snilsson@nada.kth.se> <trolleriprofessorn@gmail.com>
Stéphane Travostino <stephane.travostino@gmail.com>
Stephen McQuay <stephen@mcquay.me>
Stephen Weinberg <stephen@q5comm.com>
Steve McCoy <mccoyst@gmail.com>
Steven Elliot Harris <seharris@gmail.com>
Steven Hartland <steven.hartland@multiplay.co.uk>
Sven Almgren <sven@tras.se>
Szabolcs Nagy <nsz@port70.net>
Tad Glines <tad.glines@gmail.com>
Taj Khattra <taj.khattra@gmail.com>
Tarmigan Casebolt <tarmigan@gmail.com>
Taru Karttunen <taruti@taruti.net>
Tetsuo Kiso <tetsuokiso9@gmail.com>
Thiago Fransosi Farina <thiago.farina@gmail.com>
Thomas Alan Copeland <talan.copeland@gmail.com>
Thomas Kappler <tkappler@gmail.com>
Timo Savola <timo.savola@gmail.com>
Timo Truyts <alkaloid.btx@gmail.com>
Tobias Columbus <tobias.columbus@gmail.com>
Tom Linford <tomlinford@gmail.com>
Tor Andersson <tor.andersson@gmail.com>
Travis Cline <travis.cline@gmail.com>
Tudor Golubenco <tudor.g@gmail.com>
Tw <tw19881113@gmail.com>
Tyler Bunnell <tylerbunnell@gmail.com>
Ugorji Nwoke <ugorji@gmail.com>
Ulf Holm Nielsen <doktor@dyregod.dk>
Uriel Mangado <uriel@berlinblue.org>
Vadim Vygonets <unixdj@gmail.com>
Vincent Ambo <tazjin@googlemail.com>
@@ -443,8 +295,6 @@ Volker Dobler <dr.volker.dobler@gmail.com>
Wei Guangjing <vcc.163@gmail.com>
Willem van der Schyff <willemvds@gmail.com>
William Josephson <wjosephson@gmail.com>
William Orr <will@worrbase.com> <ay1244@gmail.com>
Xia Bin <snyh@snyh.org>
Xing Xing <mikespook@gmail.com>
Yasuhiro Matsumoto <mattn.jp@gmail.com>
Yissakhar Z. Beck <yissakhar.beck@gmail.com>
@@ -455,4 +305,3 @@ Yuusei Kuwana <kuwana@kumama.org>
Yuval Pavel Zholkover <paulzhol@gmail.com>
Ziad Hatahet <hatahet@gmail.com>
Zorion Arrizabalaga <zorionk@gmail.com>
申习之 <bronze1man@gmail.com>

View File

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
# Contributing to Go
Go is an open source project.
It is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
## Filing issues
When filing an issue, make sure to answer these five questions:
1. What version of Go are you using (`go version`)?
2. What operating system and processor architecture are you using?
3. What did you do?
4. What did you expect to see?
5. What did you see instead?
General questions should go to the [golang-nuts mailing list](https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts) instead of the issue tracker.
The gophers there will answer or ask you to file an issue if you've tripped over a bug.
## Contributing code
Please read the [Contribution Guidelines](https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html)
before sending patches.
**We do not accept GitHub pull requests**
(we use [Gerrit](https://code.google.com/p/gerrit/) instead for code review).
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed under
the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.

View File

@@ -31,72 +31,47 @@
# Please keep the list sorted.
Aaron France <aaron.l.france@gmail.com>
Aaron Kemp <kemp.aaron@gmail.com>
Abhinav Gupta <abhinav.g90@gmail.com>
Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
Adrian Nos <nos.adrian@gmail.com>
Adrian O'Grady <elpollouk@gmail.com>
Adrien Bustany <adrien-xx-google@bustany.org>
Ahmed Waheed Moanes <oneofone@gmail.com>
Akshat Kumar <seed@mail.nanosouffle.net>
Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>
Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
Albert Strasheim <fullung@gmail.com>
Alberto Donizetti <alb.donizetti@gmail.com>
Alberto García Hierro <alberto@garciahierro.com> <alberto.garcia.hierro@gmail.com>
Aleksandar Dezelin <dezelin@gmail.com>
Alex A Skinner <alex@lx.lc>
Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
Alex Bramley <abramley@google.com>
Alex Jin <toalexjin@gmail.com>
Alexander Larsson <alexander.larsson@gmail.com>
Alexander Orlov <alexander.orlov@loxal.net>
Alexander Reece <awreece@gmail.com>
Alexander Surma <surma@surmair.de>
Alexander Zhavnerchik <alex.vizor@gmail.com>
Alexandre Normand <alexandre.normand@gmail.com>
Alexandru Moșoi <brtzsnr@gmail.com>
Alexei Sholik <alcosholik@gmail.com>
Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
Alexey Palazhchenko <alexey.palazhchenko@gmail.com>
Alexis Imperial-Legrand <ail@google.com>
Amir Mohammad Saied <amir@gluegadget.com>
Amrut Joshi <amrut.joshi@gmail.com>
Andrea Spadaccini <spadaccio@google.com>
Andreas Jellinghaus <andreas@ionisiert.de> <anj@google.com>
Andrei Vieru <euvieru@gmail.com>
Andres Erbsen <andreser@google.com>
Andrew Balholm <andybalholm@gmail.com>
Andrew Bonventre <andybons@chromium.org>
Andrew Bursavich <abursavich@gmail.com>
Andrew Gerrand <adg@golang.org>
Andrew Harding <andrew@spacemonkey.com>
Andrew Lutomirski <andy@luto.us>
Andrew Pritchard <awpritchard@gmail.com>
Andrew Radev <andrey.radev@gmail.com>
Andrew Skiba <skibaa@gmail.com>
Andrew Szeto <andrew@jabagawee.com>
Andrew Wilkins <axwalk@gmail.com>
Andrey Mirtchovski <mirtchovski@gmail.com>
Andriy Lytvynov <lytvynov.a.v@gmail.com>
Andy Davis <andy@bigandian.com>
Anfernee Yongkun Gui <anfernee.gui@gmail.com>
Anh Hai Trinh <anh.hai.trinh@gmail.com>
Anschel Schaffer-Cohen <anschelsc@gmail.com>
Anthony Eufemio <anthony.eufemio@gmail.com>
Anthony Martin <ality@pbrane.org>
Anthony Starks <ajstarks@gmail.com>
Apisak Darakananda <pongad@gmail.com>
Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
Arnaud Ysmal <arnaud.ysmal@gmail.com>
Arne Hormann <arnehormann@gmail.com>
Aron Nopanen <aron.nopanen@gmail.com>
Arvindh Rajesh Tamilmani <art@a-30.net>
Asim Shankar <asimshankar@gmail.com>
Ato Araki <ato.araki@gmail.com>
Aulus Egnatius Varialus <varialus@gmail.com>
Austin Clements <austin@google.com> <aclements@csail.mit.edu>
Austin Clements <aclements@csail.mit.edu>
Balazs Lecz <leczb@google.com>
Ben Eitzen <eitzenb@golang.org>
Ben Fried <ben.fried@gmail.com>
@@ -104,50 +79,34 @@ Ben Lynn <benlynn@gmail.com>
Ben Olive <sionide21@gmail.com>
Benjamin Black <b@b3k.us>
Benny Siegert <bsiegert@gmail.com>
Benoit Sigoure <tsunanet@gmail.com>
Berengar Lehr <Berengar.Lehr@gmx.de>
Bill Neubauer <wcn@golang.org> <wcn@google.com> <bill.neubauer@gmail.com>
Bill Thiede <couchmoney@gmail.com>
Billie Harold Cleek <bhcleek@gmail.com>
Bjorn Tillenius <bjorn@tillenius.me>
Bjorn Tipling <bjorn.tipling@gmail.com>
Blake Mizerany <blake.mizerany@gmail.com>
Bobby Powers <bobbypowers@gmail.com>
Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org> <bradfitz@gmail.com>
Brad Garcia <bgarcia@golang.org>
Brendan Daniel Tracey <tracey.brendan@gmail.com>
Brendan O'Dea <bod@golang.org>
Brian Dellisanti <briandellisanti@gmail.com>
Brian G. Merrell <bgmerrell@gmail.com>
Brian Gitonga Marete <marete@toshnix.com>
Brian Ketelsen <bketelsen@gmail.com>
Brian Slesinsky <skybrian@google.com>
Burcu Dogan <jbd@google.com>
Caine Tighe <arctanofyourface@gmail.com>
Caleb Spare <cespare@gmail.com>
Carl Chatfield <carlchatfield@gmail.com>
Carl Mastrangelo <notcarl@google.com>
Carl Shapiro <cshapiro@google.com> <cshapiro@golang.org>
Carlos Castillo <cookieo9@gmail.com>
Cary Hull <chull@google.com>
Case Nelson <case.nelson@gmail.com>
Casey Marshall <casey.marshall@gmail.com>
Catalin Patulea <catalinp@google.com>
Cezar Sá Espinola <cezarsa@gmail.com>
ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
Charles L. Dorian <cldorian@gmail.com>
Charles Lee <zombie.fml@gmail.com>
Chris Dollin <ehog.hedge@gmail.com>
Chris Farmiloe <chrisfarms@gmail.com>
Chris Howey <howeyc@gmail.com>
Chris Hundt <hundt@google.com>
Chris Jones <chris@cjones.org> <chris.jones.yar@gmail.com>
Chris Lennert <calennert@gmail.com>
Chris Manghane <cmang@golang.org>
Chris McGee <sirnewton_01@yahoo.ca> <newton688@gmail.com>
Christian Himpel <chressie@googlemail.com> <chressie@gmail.com>
Christine Hansmann <chhansmann@gmail.com>
Christoffer Buchholz <christoffer.buchholz@gmail.com>
Christoph Hack <christoph@tux21b.org>
Christopher Cahoon <chris.cahoon@gmail.com>
Christopher Nielsen <m4dh4tt3r@gmail.com>
@@ -159,113 +118,72 @@ Colby Ranger <cranger@google.com>
Conrad Meyer <cemeyer@cs.washington.edu>
Corey Thomasson <cthom.lists@gmail.com>
Cosmos Nicolaou <cnicolaou@google.com>
Cristian Staretu <unclejacksons@gmail.com>
Damian Gryski <dgryski@gmail.com>
Damien Neil <dneil@google.com>
Dan Callahan <dan.callahan@gmail.com>
Dan Peterson <dpiddy@gmail.com>
Dan Sinclair <dan.sinclair@gmail.com>
Daniel Fleischman <danielfleischman@gmail.com>
Daniel Krech <eikeon@eikeon.com>
Daniel Lidén <daniel.liden.87@gmail.com>
Daniel Morsing <daniel.morsing@gmail.com>
Daniel Nadasi <dnadasi@google.com>
Daniel Theophanes <kardianos@gmail.com>
Darren Elwood <darren@textnode.com>
Dave Borowitz <dborowitz@google.com>
Dave Cheney <dave@cheney.net>
Dave Day <djd@golang.org>
Dave Grijalva <dgrijalva@ngmoco.com>
David Anderson <danderson@google.com>
David Barnett <dbarnett@google.com>
David Bürgin <676c7473@gmail.com>
David Calavera <david.calavera@gmail.com>
David Covert <davidhcovert@gmail.com>
David Crawshaw <david.crawshaw@zentus.com> <crawshaw@google.com> <crawshaw@golang.org>
David Crawshaw <david.crawshaw@zentus.com> <crawshaw@google.com>
David du Colombier <0intro@gmail.com>
David Forsythe <dforsythe@gmail.com>
David G. Andersen <dave.andersen@gmail.com>
David Jakob Fritz <david.jakob.fritz@gmail.com>
David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
David McLeish <davemc@google.com>
David Presotto <presotto@gmail.com>
David Symonds <dsymonds@golang.org>
David Thomas <davidthomas426@gmail.com>
David Titarenco <david.titarenco@gmail.com>
Dean Prichard <dean.prichard@gmail.com>
Denis Brandolini <denis.brandolini@gmail.com>
Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
Devon H. O'Dell <devon.odell@gmail.com>
Dhiru Kholia <dhiru.kholia@gmail.com>
Dimitri Tcaciuc <dtcaciuc@gmail.com>
Dmitri Shuralyov <shurcooL@gmail.com>
Dmitriy Shelenin <deemok@googlemail.com> <deemok@gmail.com>
Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Dmitry Chestnykh <dchest@gmail.com>
Dominik Honnef <dominik.honnef@gmail.com>
Donovan Hide <donovanhide@gmail.com>
Drew Hintz <adhintz@google.com>
Duncan Holm <mail@frou.org>
Dustin Long <dustmop@gmail.com>
Dustin Sallings <dsallings@gmail.com>
Dustin Shields-Cloues <dcloues@gmail.com>
Eden Li <eden.li@gmail.com>
Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
Ehren Kret <ehren.kret@gmail.com>
Eivind Uggedal <eivind@uggedal.com>
Elias Naur <elias.naur@gmail.com>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com> <emil@hessman.se>
Emil Hessman <c.emil.hessman@gmail.com>
Eoghan Sherry <ejsherry@gmail.com>
Eric Clark <zerohp@gmail.com>
Eric Milliken <emilliken@gmail.com>
Eric Roshan-Eisner <eric.d.eisner@gmail.com>
Erik St. Martin <alakriti@gmail.com>
Erik Westrup <erik.westrup@gmail.com>
Esko Luontola <esko.luontola@gmail.com>
Evan Kroske <evankroske@google.com>
Evan Martin <evan.martin@gmail.com>
Evan Shaw <chickencha@gmail.com>
Ewan Chou <coocood@gmail.com>
Fabrizio Milo <mistobaan@gmail.com>
Fan Hongjian <fan.howard@gmail.com>
Fatih Arslan <fatih@arslan.io>
Fazlul Shahriar <fshahriar@gmail.com>
Felix Geisendörfer <haimuiba@gmail.com>
Firmansyah Adiputra <frm.adiputra@gmail.com>
Florian Uekermann <florian@uekermann-online.de> <f1@uekermann-online.de>
Florian Weimer <fw@deneb.enyo.de>
Folke Behrens <folke@google.com>
Francesc Campoy <campoy@golang.org>
Francisco Souza <franciscossouza@gmail.com>
Frederick Kelly Mayle III <frederickmayle@gmail.com>
Fredrik Enestad <fredrik.enestad@soundtrackyourbrand.com>
Frithjof Schulze <schulze@math.uni-hannover.de> <sfrithjof@gmail.com>
Frithjof Schulze <schulze@math.uni-hannover.de>
Fumitoshi Ukai <ukai@google.com>
Gaal Yahas <gaal@google.com>
Gabriel Aszalos <gabriel.aszalos@gmail.com>
Gary Burd <gary@beagledreams.com> <gary.burd@gmail.com>
Gautham Thambidorai <gautham.dorai@gmail.com>
Georg Reinke <guelfey@gmail.com>
Gerasimos Dimitriadis <gedimitr@gmail.com>
Gideon Jan-Wessel Redelinghuys <gjredelinghuys@gmail.com>
Giles Lean <giles.lean@pobox.com>
Glenn Lewis <gmlewis@google.com>
Gordon Klaus <gordon.klaus@gmail.com>
Graham King <graham4king@gmail.com>
Graham Miller <graham.miller@gmail.com>
Greg Ward <greg@gerg.ca>
Guillaume J. Charmes <guillaume@charmes.net>
Gustav Paul <gustav.paul@gmail.com>
Gustavo Franco <gustavorfranco@gmail.com>
Gustavo Niemeyer <gustavo@niemeyer.net> <n13m3y3r@gmail.com>
Gwenael Treguier <gwenn.kahz@gmail.com>
Hana Kim <hyangah@gmail.com>
Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@google.com>
Harley Laue <losinggeneration@gmail.com>
Hector Chu <hectorchu@gmail.com>
Hector Martin Cantero <hector@marcansoft.com>
Henning Schmiedehausen <henning@schmiedehausen.org>
Henrik Edwards <henrik.edwards@gmail.com>
Herbert Georg Fischer <herbert.fischer@gmail.com>
Hong Ruiqi <hongruiqi@gmail.com>
Hossein Sheikh Attar <hattar@google.com>
@@ -275,38 +193,27 @@ Ingo Oeser <nightlyone@googlemail.com> <nightlyone@gmail.com>
Isaac Wagner <ibw@isaacwagner.me>
Ivan Krasin <krasin@golang.org>
Jacob Baskin <jbaskin@google.com>
Jakob Borg <jakob@nym.se>
Jakub Ryszard Czarnowicz <j.czarnowicz@gmail.com>
James Aguilar <jaguilar@google.com>
James David Chalfant <james.chalfant@gmail.com>
James Fysh <james.fysh@gmail.com>
James Gray <james@james4k.com>
James Meneghello <rawrz0r@gmail.com>
James P. Cooper <jamespcooper@gmail.com>
James Robinson <jamesr@google.com> <jamesr.gatech@gmail.com>
James Toy <nil@opensesame.st>
James Tucker <raggi@google.com>
James Whitehead <jnwhiteh@gmail.com>
Jamie Gennis <jgennis@google.com> <jgennis@gmail.com>
Jamie Turner <jamwt@dropbox.com>
Jamie Wilkinson <jaq@spacepants.org>
Jan H. Hosang <jan.hosang@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <0xjnml@gmail.com>
Jan Mercl <befelemepeseveze@gmail.com>
Jan Newmarch <jan.newmarch@gmail.com>
Jan Ziak <0xe2.0x9a.0x9b@gmail.com>
Jani Monoses <jani.monoses@ubuntu.com> <jani.monoses@gmail.com>
Jaroslavas Počepko <jp@webmaster.ms>
Jason Del Ponte <delpontej@gmail.com>
Jason Travis <infomaniac7@gmail.com>
Jay Weisskopf <jay@jayschwa.net>
Jean-Marc Eurin <jmeurin@google.com>
Jed Denlea <jed@fastly.com>
Jeff Hodges <jeff@somethingsimilar.com>
Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org> <jeff.allen@gmail.com>
Jeff Sickel <jas@corpus-callosum.com>
Jeff Wendling <jeff@spacemonkey.com>
Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
Jeremiah Harmsen <jeremiah@google.com>
Jeremy Jackins <jeremyjackins@gmail.com>
Jeremy Schlatter <jeremy.schlatter@gmail.com>
@@ -315,19 +222,13 @@ Jimmy Zelinskie <jimmyzelinskie@gmail.com>
Jingcheng Zhang <diogin@gmail.com>
Joakim Sernbrant <serbaut@gmail.com>
Joe Poirier <jdpoirier@gmail.com>
Joe Shaw <joe@joeshaw.org>
Joel Sing <jsing@google.com>
Joel Stemmer <stemmertech@gmail.com>
Johan Euphrosine <proppy@google.com>
John Asmuth <jasmuth@gmail.com>
John Beisley <huin@google.com>
John C Barstow <jbowtie@amathaine.com>
John DeNero <denero@google.com>
John Graham-Cumming <jgc@jgc.org> <jgrahamc@gmail.com>
John Howard Palevich <jack.palevich@gmail.com>
John Newlin <jnewlin@google.com>
John Shahid <jvshahid@gmail.com>
John Tuley <john@tuley.org>
Jonathan Allie <jonallie@google.com>
Jonathan Feinberg <feinberg@google.com>
Jonathan Gold <jgold.bg@gmail.com>
@@ -341,34 +242,22 @@ Jongmin Kim <atomaths@gmail.com>
Jos Visser <josv@google.com>
Jose Luis Vázquez González <josvazg@gmail.com>
Joseph Bonneau <jcb@google.com>
Joseph Holsten <joseph@josephholsten.com>
Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Josh Goebel <dreamer3@gmail.com>
Josh Hoak <jhoak@google.com>
Josh Holland <jrh@joshh.co.uk>
Joshua Chase <jcjoshuachase@gmail.com>
JP Sugarbroad <jpsugar@google.com>
JT Olds <jtolds@xnet5.com>
Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen <karatepekka@gmail.com>
Julian Phillips <julian@quantumfyre.co.uk>
Julien Schmidt <google@julienschmidt.com>
Kai Backman <kaib@golang.org>
Kamil Kisiel <kamil@kamilkisiel.net> <kamil.kisiel@gmail.com>
Katrina Owen <katrina.owen@gmail.com>
Kay Zhu <kayzhu@google.com>
Kei Son <hey.calmdown@gmail.com>
Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Keith Rarick <kr@xph.us>
Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
Kelvin Foo Chuan Lyi <vmirage@gmail.com>
Ken Friedenbach <kenliz@cruzio.com>
Ken Rockot <ken@oz.gs> <ken.rockot@gmail.com>
Ken Thompson <ken@golang.org>
Kevin Ballard <kevin@sb.org>
Kevin Klues <klueska@gmail.com> <klueska@google.com>
Kirklin McDonald <kirklin.mcdonald@gmail.com>
Kyle Consalus <consalus@gmail.com>
Kyle Isom <kyle@gokyle.net>
Kyle Lemons <kyle@kylelemons.net> <kevlar@google.com>
L Campbell <unpantsu@gmail.com>
Lai Jiangshan <eag0628@gmail.com>
@@ -378,89 +267,52 @@ Louis Kruger <louisk@google.com>
Luca Greco <luca.greco@alcacoop.it>
Lucio De Re <lucio.dere@gmail.com>
Luit van Drongelen <luitvd@gmail.com>
Luka Zakrajšek <tr00.g33k@gmail.com>
Luke Curley <qpingu@gmail.com>
Luuk van Dijk <lvd@golang.org> <lvd@google.com>
Manoj Dayaram <platform-dev@moovweb.com> <manoj.dayaram@moovweb.com>
Manu Garg <manugarg@google.com>
Manuel Mendez <mmendez534@gmail.com>
Marc Weistroff <marc@weistroff.net>
Marcel van Lohuizen <mpvl@golang.org>
Marco Hennings <marco.hennings@freiheit.com>
Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
Mark Zavislak <zavislak@google.com>
Marko Juhani Silokunnas <marko.silokunnas@gmail.com>
Marko Mikulicic <mkm@google.com>
Marko Tiikkaja <marko@joh.to>
Markus Duft <markus.duft@salomon.at>
Markus Sonderegger <marraison@gmail.com>
Markus Zimmermann <zimmski@gmail.com>
Martin Neubauer <m.ne@gmx.net>
Martin Olsson <martin@minimum.se>
Mateusz Czapliński <czapkofan@gmail.com>
Mathieu Lonjaret <mathieu.lonjaret@gmail.com>
Mats Lidell <mats.lidell@cag.se> <mats.lidell@gmail.com>
Matt Aimonetti <mattaimonetti@gmail.com>
Matt Brown <mdbrown@google.com>
Matt Jibson <matt.jibson@gmail.com>
Matt Joiner <anacrolix@gmail.com>
Matt Jones <mrjones@google.com>
Matt Reiferson <mreiferson@gmail.com>
Matthew Cottingham <mattcottingham@gmail.com>
Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Matthew Horsnell <matthew.horsnell@gmail.com>
Maxim Khitrov <max@mxcrypt.com>
Maxim Pimenov <mpimenov@google.com>
Maxim Ushakov <ushakov@google.com>
Micah Stetson <micah.stetson@gmail.com>
Michael Chaten <mchaten@gmail.com>
Michael Elkins <michael.elkins@gmail.com>
Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org> <gnirheg.leahcim@gmail.com>
Michael Gehring <mg@ebfe.org>
Michael Hoisie <hoisie@gmail.com>
Michael Hudson-Doyle <michael.hudson@linaro.org>
Michael Kelly <mjk@google.com>
Michael Lewis <mikelikespie@gmail.com>
Michael MacInnis <Michael.P.MacInnis@gmail.com>
Michael Matloob <matloob@google.com>
Michael Pearson <mipearson@gmail.com>
Michael Piatek <piatek@google.com>
Michael Shields <mshields@google.com>
Michael Stapelberg <michael@stapelberg.de> <mstplbrg@googlemail.com>
Michael T. Jones <mtj@google.com> <michael.jones@gmail.com>
Michael Teichgräber <mteichgraeber@gmx.de> <mt4swm@googlemail.com>
Michał Derkacz <ziutek@lnet.pl>
Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl> <remigius.gieben@gmail.com>
Mihai Borobocea <MihaiBorobocea@gmail.com>
Mikael Tillenius <mikti42@gmail.com>
Mike Andrews <mra@xoba.com>
Mike Rosset <mike.rosset@gmail.com>
Mike Samuel <mikesamuel@gmail.com>
Mike Solomon <msolo@gmail.com>
Mikhail Panchenko <m@mihasya.com>
Miki Tebeka <miki.tebeka@gmail.com>
Mikio Hara <mikioh.mikioh@gmail.com>
Mikkel Krautz <mikkel@krautz.dk> <krautz@gmail.com>
Miquel Sabaté Solà <mikisabate@gmail.com>
Moriyoshi Koizumi <mozo@mozo.jp>
Môshe van der Sterre <moshevds@gmail.com>
Mrunal Patel <mrunalp@gmail.com>
Nan Deng <monnand@gmail.com>
Nathan John Youngman <nj@nathany.com>
Nathan P Finch <nate.finch@gmail.com>
Nicholas Katsaros <nick@nickkatsaros.com>
Nicholas Presta <nick@nickpresta.ca> <nick1presta@gmail.com>
Nicholas Sullivan <nicholas.sullivan@gmail.com>
Nicholas Waples <nwaples@gmail.com>
Nick Cooper <nmvc@google.com>
Nick Craig-Wood <nick@craig-wood.com> <nickcw@gmail.com>
Nicolas Kaiser <nikai@nikai.net>
Nicolas Owens <mischief@offblast.org>
Nigel Kerr <nigel.kerr@gmail.com>
Nigel Tao <nigeltao@golang.org>
Noah Campbell <noahcampbell@gmail.com>
Oling Cat <olingcat@gmail.com>
Oliver Hookins <ohookins@gmail.com>
Olivier Antoine <olivier.antoine@gmail.com>
Olivier Duperray <duperray.olivier@gmail.com>
Olivier Saingre <osaingre@gmail.com>
@@ -470,81 +322,57 @@ Pascal S. de Kloe <pascal@quies.net>
Patrick Crosby <patrick@stathat.com>
Patrick Gavlin <pgavlin@gmail.com>
Patrick Higgins <patrick.allen.higgins@gmail.com>
Patrick Mézard <patrick@mezard.eu>
Patrick Mylund Nielsen <patrick@patrickmn.com>
Patrick Riley <pfr@google.com>
Patrick Smith <pat42smith@gmail.com>
Paul A Querna <paul.querna@gmail.com>
Paul Borman <borman@google.com>
Paul Chang <paulchang@google.com>
Paul Hammond <paul@paulhammond.org>
Paul Lalonde <paul.a.lalonde@gmail.com>
Paul Nasrat <pnasrat@google.com>
Paul Sbarra <Sbarra.Paul@gmail.com>
Paul van Brouwershaven <paul@vanbrouwershaven.com>
Pavel Zinovkin <pavel.zinovkin@gmail.com>
Pawel Szczur <filemon@google.com>
Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
Petar Maymounkov <petarm@gmail.com>
Peter Armitage <peter.armitage@gmail.com>
Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com>
Peter Froehlich <peter.hans.froehlich@gmail.com>
Peter Kleiweg <pkleiweg@xs4all.nl>
Peter McKenzie <petermck@google.com>
Peter Mundy <go.peter.90@gmail.com>
Péter Surányi <speter.go1@gmail.com>
Péter Szabó <pts@google.com>
Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>
Peter Waller <peter.waller@gmail.com>
Peter Weinberger <pjw@golang.org>
Peter Williams <pwil3058@gmail.com>
Phil Pennock <pdp@golang.org>
Philip K. Warren <pkwarren@gmail.com>
Pieter Droogendijk <pieter@binky.org.uk>
Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
Preetam Jinka <pj@preet.am>
Quan Yong Zhai <qyzhai@gmail.com>
Raif S. Naffah <go@naffah-raif.name>
Raph Levien <raph@google.com>
Raul Silvera <rsilvera@google.com>
Rémy Oudompheng <oudomphe@phare.normalesup.org> <remyoudompheng@gmail.com>
Richard Crowley <r@rcrowley.org>
Richard Eric Gavaletz <gavaletz@gmail.com>
Richard Musiol <mail@richard-musiol.de> <neelance@gmail.com>
Rick Arnold <rickarnoldjr@gmail.com>
Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>
Risto Jaakko Saarelma <rsaarelm@gmail.com>
Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
Robert Daniel Kortschak <dan.kortschak@adelaide.edu.au>
Robert Dinu <r@varp.se>
Robert Dinu <r@oktett.se>
Robert Figueiredo <robfig@gmail.com>
Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Robert Hencke <robert.hencke@gmail.com>
Robert Obryk <robryk@gmail.com>
Robert Sesek <rsesek@google.com>
Robert Snedegar <roberts@google.com>
Robin Eklind <r.eklind.87@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira <rodrigo.moraes@gmail.com>
Rodrigo Rafael Monti Kochenburger <divoxx@gmail.com>
Roger Pau Monné <royger@gmail.com>
Roger Peppe <rogpeppe@gmail.com>
Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
Ron Minnich <rminnich@gmail.com>
Ross Light <rlight2@gmail.com>
Rowan Worth <sqweek@gmail.com>
Rui Ueyama <ruiu@google.com>
Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Ryan Barrett <ryanb@google.com>
Ryan Hitchman <hitchmanr@gmail.com>
Ryan Slade <ryanslade@gmail.com>
S.Çağlar Onur <caglar@10ur.org>
Sam Thorogood <thorogood@google.com> <sam.thorogood@gmail.com>
Sameer Ajmani <sameer@golang.org> <ajmani@gmail.com>
Sanjay Menakuru <balasanjay@gmail.com>
Scott Ferguson <scottwferg@gmail.com>
Scott Lawrence <bytbox@gmail.com>
Scott Schwartz <scotts@golang.org>
Sean Burford <sburford@google.com>
Sebastien Binet <seb.binet@gmail.com>
Sébastien Paolacci <sebastien.paolacci@gmail.com>
Sergei Skorobogatov <skorobo@rambler.ru>
@@ -553,12 +381,9 @@ Sergio Luis O. B. Correia <sergio@correia.cc>
Shane Hansen <shanemhansen@gmail.com>
Shawn Ledbetter <sledbetter@google.com>
Shawn Smith <shawn.p.smith@gmail.com>
Shenghou Ma <minux@golang.org> <minux.ma@gmail.com>
Shenghou Ma <minux.ma@gmail.com>
Shivakumar GN <shivakumar.gn@gmail.com>
Simon Whitehead <chemnova@gmail.com>
Sokolov Yura <funny.falcon@gmail.com>
Spring Mc <heresy.mc@gmail.com>
StalkR <stalkr@stalkr.net>
Stefan Nilsson <snilsson@nada.kth.se> <trolleriprofessorn@gmail.com>
Stéphane Travostino <stephane.travostino@gmail.com>
Stephen Ma <stephenm@golang.org>
@@ -566,33 +391,21 @@ Stephen McQuay <stephen@mcquay.me>
Stephen Weinberg <stephen@q5comm.com>
Steve McCoy <mccoyst@gmail.com>
Steven Elliot Harris <seharris@gmail.com>
Steven Hartland <steven.hartland@multiplay.co.uk>
Sugu Sougoumarane <ssougou@gmail.com>
Sven Almgren <sven@tras.se>
Szabolcs Nagy <nsz@port70.net>
Tad Glines <tad.glines@gmail.com>
Taj Khattra <taj.khattra@gmail.com>
Tarmigan Casebolt <tarmigan@gmail.com>
Taru Karttunen <taruti@taruti.net>
Tetsuo Kiso <tetsuokiso9@gmail.com>
Thiago Fransosi Farina <thiago.farina@gmail.com> <tfarina@chromium.org>
Thomas Alan Copeland <talan.copeland@gmail.com>
Thomas Habets <habets@google.com>
Thomas Kappler <tkappler@gmail.com>
Timo Savola <timo.savola@gmail.com>
Timo Truyts <alkaloid.btx@gmail.com>
Tobias Columbus <tobias.columbus@gmail.com> <tobias.columbus@googlemail.com>
Todd Wang <toddwang@gmail.com>
Tom Linford <tomlinford@gmail.com>
Tom Szymanski <tgs@google.com>
Tor Andersson <tor.andersson@gmail.com>
Travis Cline <travis.cline@gmail.com>
Trevor Strohman <trevor.strohman@gmail.com>
Tudor Golubenco <tudor.g@gmail.com>
Tw <tw19881113@gmail.com>
Tyler Bunnell <tylerbunnell@gmail.com>
Ugorji Nwoke <ugorji@gmail.com>
Ulf Holm Nielsen <doktor@dyregod.dk>
Uriel Mangado <uriel@berlinblue.org>
Vadim Vygonets <unixdj@gmail.com>
Vega Garcia Luis Alfonso <vegacom@gmail.com>
@@ -603,14 +416,10 @@ Vish Subramanian <vish@google.com>
Vladimir Nikishenko <vova616@gmail.com>
Volker Dobler <dr.volker.dobler@gmail.com>
Wei Guangjing <vcc.163@gmail.com>
Will Norris <willnorris@google.com>
Willem van der Schyff <willemvds@gmail.com>
William Chan <willchan@chromium.org>
William Josephson <wjosephson@gmail.com>
William Orr <will@worrbase.com> <ay1244@gmail.com>
Xia Bin <snyh@snyh.org>
Xing Xing <mikespook@gmail.com>
Yan Zou <yzou@google.com>
Yasuhiro Matsumoto <mattn.jp@gmail.com>
Yissakhar Z. Beck <yissakhar.beck@gmail.com>
Yongjian Xu <i3dmaster@gmail.com>
@@ -621,4 +430,3 @@ Yuval Pavel Zholkover <paulzhol@gmail.com>
Yves Junqueira <yves.junqueira@gmail.com>
Ziad Hatahet <hatahet@gmail.com>
Zorion Arrizabalaga <zorionk@gmail.com>
申习之 <bronze1man@gmail.com>

31
README Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
This is the source code repository for the Go programming language.
For documentation about how to install and use Go,
visit http://golang.org/ or load doc/install.html in your web browser.
After installing Go, you can view a nicely formatted
doc/install.html by running godoc --http=:6060
and then visiting http://localhost:6060/doc/install.html.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed
under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
--
Binary Distribution Notes
If you have just untarred a binary Go distribution, you need to set
the environment variable $GOROOT to the full path of the go
directory (the one containing this README). You can omit the
variable if you unpack it into /usr/local/go, or if you rebuild
from sources by running all.bash (see doc/install.html).
You should also add the Go binary directory $GOROOT/bin
to your shell's path.
For example, if you extracted the tar file into $HOME/go, you might
put the following in your .profile:
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
See doc/install.html for more details.

View File

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
# The Go Programming Language
Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple,
reliable, and efficient software.
![Gopher image](doc/gopher/fiveyears.jpg)
For documentation about how to install and use Go,
visit https://golang.org/ or load doc/install-source.html
in your web browser.
Our canonical Git repository is located at https://go.googlesource.com/go.
There is a mirror of the repository at https://github.com/golang/go.
Please report issues here: https://golang.org/issue/new
Go is the work of hundreds of contributors. We appreciate your help!
To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines:
https://golang.org/doc/contribute.html
##### Please note that we do not use pull requests.
Unless otherwise noted, the Go source files are distributed
under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.
--
## Binary Distribution Notes
If you have just untarred a binary Go distribution, you need to set
the environment variable $GOROOT to the full path of the go
directory (the one containing this file). You can omit the
variable if you unpack it into /usr/local/go, or if you rebuild
from sources by running all.bash (see doc/install-source.html).
You should also add the Go binary directory $GOROOT/bin
to your shell's path.
For example, if you extracted the tar file into $HOME/go, you might
put the following in your .profile:
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
See https://golang.org/doc/install or doc/install.html for more details.

1
VERSION Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
go1.1rc2

View File

@@ -5,326 +5,5 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), func Fchflags(string, int) error
pkg testing, func RegisterCover(Cover)
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode bool
pkg text/template/parse, type Node interface { Copy, String, Type }
pkg os (linux-arm), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg os (linux-arm-cgo), const O_SYNC = 4096
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ImplementsGetwd = false
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074283118
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148024941
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGGPARAM = 3224922456
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofIfData = 208
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), const TIOCGTSTAMP = 1074295899
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386), type Timeval struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074283118
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148024941
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGGPARAM = 3224922456
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 208
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), const TIOCGTSTAMP = 1074295899
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-386-cgo), type Timeval struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CCR0_FLUSH = 16
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CCR0_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CPUID_CFLUSH = 524288
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const CPUID_CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LMA = 1024
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LMA ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LME = 256
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_LME ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_NXE = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_NXE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_SCE = 1
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const EFER_SCE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH = 21
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Kevent_t struct, Ident uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CCR0_FLUSH = 16
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CCR0_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CPUID_CFLUSH = 524288
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CPUID_CFLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LMA = 1024
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LMA ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LME = 256
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_LME ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_NXE = 2048
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_NXE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_SCE = 1
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EFER_SCE ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH = 21
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const PMC5_PIPELINE_FLUSH ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const RTF_FMASK = 63496
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const RTM_VERSION = 4
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SIOCBRDGDADDR = 2150132039
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SIOCBRDGSADDR = 3223873860
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETRES = 234
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_GETTIME = 232
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_CLOCK_SETTIME = 233
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FHSTATFS = 309
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTAT = 292
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTATAT = 316
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FSTATFS = 308
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMENS = 327
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_FUTIMES = 206
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES = 312
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETDIRENTRIES ideal-int
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETFSSTAT = 306
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETITIMER = 86
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETRUSAGE = 117
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_GETTIMEOFDAY = 116
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_KEVENT = 270
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_LSTAT = 293
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_NANOSLEEP = 240
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SELECT = 93
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SETITIMER = 83
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_SETTIMEOFDAY = 122
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_STAT = 291
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_STATFS = 307
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_UTIMENSAT = 326
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_UTIMES = 138
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS_WAIT4 = 7
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SYS___THRSLEEP = 300
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SizeofRtMetrics = 48
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const SizeofRtMsghdr = 88
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Dirent struct, Fileno uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type FdSet struct, Bits [32]int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Data int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Kevent_t struct, Ident uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Mclpool struct, Grown uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type RtMetrics struct, Expire uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Ino uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare0 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Lspare1 int32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Qspare [2]int64
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_ctime uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, F_spare [3]uint32
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Statfs_t struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (openbsd-amd64-cgo), type Timespec struct, Sec int32
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.2.0"
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-386-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const DLT_MATCHING_MAX = 242
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCAIFADDR = 2151967019
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCGIFSTATUS = 3274991931
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SIOCSIFPHYADDR = 2151967046
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET = 537
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT = 536
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET = 535
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT = 534
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET = 515
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT = 533
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofBpfHdr = 24
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 88
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 104
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const AF_MAX = 38
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCGRTIMEOUT = 1074545262
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const BIOCSRTIMEOUT = 2148287085
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const ELAST = 94
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const O_CLOEXEC = 0
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCAIFADDR = 2151967019
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCGIFSTATUS = 3274991931
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SIOCSIFPHYADDR = 2151967046
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET = 537
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT = 536
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_FCNTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET = 535
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT = 534
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_IOCTLS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET = 515
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_GET ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT = 533
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SYS_CAP_RIGHTS_LIMIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofBpfHdr = 24
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 88
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfMsghdr = 104
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrDatalink = 56
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofSockaddrUnix = 108
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), const TIOCTIMESTAMP = 1074558041
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type BpfHdr struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrDatalink struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type RawSockaddrUnix struct, Pad_cgo_0 [2]uint8
pkg syscall (freebsd-arm-cgo), type Stat_t struct, Pad_cgo_0 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), const SizeofIfData = 132
pkg syscall (netbsd-arm-cgo), type IfMsghdr struct, Pad_cgo_1 [4]uint8
pkg unicode, const Version = "6.3.0"

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@@ -1,604 +0,0 @@
# CL 134210043 archive/zip: add Writer.Flush, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg archive/zip, method (*Writer) Flush() error
# CL 97140043 compress/flate: add Reset() to allow reusing large buffers to compress multiple buffers, James Robinson <jamesr@google.com>
pkg compress/flate, type Resetter interface { Reset }
pkg compress/flate, type Resetter interface, Reset(io.Reader, []uint8) error
pkg compress/zlib, type Resetter interface { Reset }
pkg compress/zlib, type Resetter interface, Reset(io.Reader, []uint8) error
# CL 159120044 compress/gzip: allow stopping at end of first stream, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg compress/gzip, method (*Reader) Multistream(bool)
# CL 138800043 crypto: Add SHA3 functions in go.crypto/sha3 to the Hash enum., David Leon Gil <coruus@gmail.com>
pkg crypto, const SHA3_224 = 10
pkg crypto, const SHA3_224 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_256 = 11
pkg crypto, const SHA3_256 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_384 = 12
pkg crypto, const SHA3_384 Hash
pkg crypto, const SHA3_512 = 13
pkg crypto, const SHA3_512 Hash
# CL 114680043 crypto: add Signer, Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto, method (Hash) HashFunc() Hash
pkg crypto, type Signer interface { Public, Sign }
pkg crypto, type Signer interface, Public() PublicKey
pkg crypto, type Signer interface, Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto, type SignerOpts interface { HashFunc }
pkg crypto, type SignerOpts interface, HashFunc() Hash
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (*PrivateKey) Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PSSOptions) HashFunc() crypto.Hash
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey
pkg crypto/rsa, method (*PrivateKey) Sign(io.Reader, []uint8, crypto.SignerOpts) ([]uint8, error)
pkg crypto/rsa, type PSSOptions struct, Hash crypto.Hash
# CL 157090043 crypto/tls: support TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV as a server., Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV = 22016
pkg crypto/tls, const TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV uint16
# CL 107400043 crypto/tls: Added dynamic alternative to NameToCertificate map for SNI, Percy Wegmann <ox.to.a.cart@gmail.com>
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, CipherSuites []uint16
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, ServerName string
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedCurves []CurveID
pkg crypto/tls, type ClientHelloInfo struct, SupportedPoints []uint8
pkg crypto/tls, type Config struct, GetCertificate func(*ClientHelloInfo) (*Certificate, error)
pkg crypto/tls, type ConnectionState struct, TLSUnique []uint8
# CL 153420045 crypto/x509: continue to recognise MaxPathLen of zero as "no value"., Adam Langley <agl@golang.org>
pkg crypto/x509, type Certificate struct, MaxPathLenZero bool
# CL 158950043 database/sql: add Drivers, returning list of registered drivers, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg database/sql, func Drivers() []string
# CL 117280043 debug/dwarf: fix Reader panic on DW_TAG_unspecified_type, Derek Parker <parkerderek86@gmail.com>
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Basic() *BasicType
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Common() *CommonType
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) Size() int64
pkg debug/dwarf, method (*UnspecifiedType) String() string
pkg debug/dwarf, type UnspecifiedType struct
pkg debug/dwarf, type UnspecifiedType struct, embedded BasicType
# CL 132000043 debug/elf: support arm64 relocations, Michael Hudson-Doyle <michael.hudson@linaro.org>
pkg debug/elf, const EM_AARCH64 = 183
pkg debug/elf, const EM_AARCH64 Machine
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS16 = 259
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS32 = 258
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS64 = 257
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ABS64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC = 277
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_GOT_PAGE = 311
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_GOT_PAGE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_LO21 = 274
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_LO21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 = 275
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21_NC = 276
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CALL26 = 283
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CALL26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CONDBR19 = 280
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_CONDBR19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_COPY = 1024
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_COPY R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT = 1025
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GOT_LD_PREL19 = 309
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_GOT_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE = 1032
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP26 = 282
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT = 1026
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD64_GOT_LO12_NC = 312
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD64_GOT_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC = 299
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC = 284
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC = 285
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC = 286
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC = 278
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD_PREL_LO19 = 273
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_LD_PREL_LO19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G0 = 270
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G1 = 271
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G2 = 272
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_SABS_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0 = 263
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC = 264
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1 = 265
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1_NC = 266
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G1_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2 = 267
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2_NC = 268
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G2_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G3 = 269
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_MOVW_UABS_G3 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NONE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NULL = 256
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_NULL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS16 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS32 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ABS32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_GOT_PAGE = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_GOT_PAGE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_LO21 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_LO21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CALL26 = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CALL26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CONDBR19 = 19
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_CONDBR19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_COPY = 180
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_COPY R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GLOB_DAT = 181
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GLOB_DAT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GOT_LD_PREL19 = 25
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_GOT_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_IRELATIVE = 188
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_IRELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP26 = 20
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP26 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP_SLOT = 182
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_JUMP_SLOT R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD32_GOT_LO12_NC = 27
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD32_GOT_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST128_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST16_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST32_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LDST8_ABS_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD_PREL_LO19 = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_LD_PREL_LO19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_SABS_G0 = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_SABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0 = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G1 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_MOVW_UABS_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL16 = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL32 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_PREL32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_RELATIVE = 183
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_RELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC = 187
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC = 126
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 = 124
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 = 123
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_CALL = 127
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_CALL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD32_LO12_NC = 125
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD32_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 = 122
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC = 82
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 = 81
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 = 103
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD32_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC = 104
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD32_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 = 105
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 = 109
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 = 110
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC = 111
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 = 107
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC = 108
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 = 106
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPMOD = 184
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPMOD R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPREL = 185
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_DTPREL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_TPREL = 186
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TLS_TPREL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TSTBR14 = 18
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_P32_TSTBR14 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL16 = 262
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL16 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL32 = 261
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL32 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL64 = 260
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_PREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_RELATIVE = 1027
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_RELATIVE R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC = 1031
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD = 568
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC = 564
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 = 562
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 = 561
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_ADR_PREL21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_CALL = 569
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_CALL R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD64_LO12_NC = 563
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD64_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LDR = 567
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LDR R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 = 560
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_LD_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G0_NC = 566
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G1 = 565
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSDESC_OFF_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC = 514
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADD_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 = 513
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSGD_ADR_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 = 541
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_ADR_GOTTPREL_PAGE21 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD64_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC = 542
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD64_GOTTPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 = 543
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_LD_GOTTPREL_PREL19 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G0_NC = 540
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G1 = 539
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSIE_MOVW_GOTTPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 = 549
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_HI12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 = 550
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC = 551
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_ADD_TPREL_LO12_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 = 547
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC = 548
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G0_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 = 545
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1_NC = 546
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G1_NC R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G2 = 544
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLSLE_MOVW_TPREL_G2 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPMOD64 = 1028
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPMOD64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL64 = 1029
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64 = 1030
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TSTBR14 = 279
pkg debug/elf, const R_AARCH64_TSTBR14 R_AARCH64
pkg debug/elf, method (R_AARCH64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_AARCH64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_AARCH64 int
# CL 107530043 debug/elf: add (*File).DynamicSymbols, ErrNoSymbols, and tests for (*File).Symbols and (*File).DynamicSymbols, and formalize symbol order., Pietro Gagliardi <pietro10@mac.com>
pkg debug/elf, method (*File) DynamicSymbols() ([]Symbol, error)
pkg debug/elf, var ErrNoSymbols error
# CL 106460044 debug/plan9obj, cmd/addr2line: on Plan 9 use a.out header, Aram Hăvărneanu <aram@mgk.ro>
pkg debug/plan9obj, type FileHeader struct, HdrSize uint64
pkg debug/plan9obj, type FileHeader struct, LoadAddress uint64
# CL 122960043 encoding/xml: add InputOffset method to Decoder, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg encoding/xml, method (*Decoder) InputOffset() int64
# CL 124940043 cmd/go, go/build: implement import comment checking, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg go/build, const ImportComment = 4
pkg go/build, const ImportComment ImportMode
pkg go/build, type Package struct, ImportComment string
# CL 155050043 go/build: Return MultiplePackageError on importing a dir containing multiple packages, Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
pkg go/build, method (*MultiplePackageError) Error() string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Dir string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Files []string
pkg go/build, type MultiplePackageError struct, Packages []string
# CL 135110044 go/token: implement PositionFor accessors, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg go/token, method (*File) PositionFor(Pos, bool) Position
pkg go/token, method (*FileSet) PositionFor(Pos, bool) Position
# CL 109000049 image: add RGBAAt, Gray16At, etc., ChaiShushan <chaishushan@gmail.com>
pkg image, method (*Alpha) AlphaAt(int, int) color.Alpha
pkg image, method (*Alpha16) Alpha16At(int, int) color.Alpha16
pkg image, method (*Gray) GrayAt(int, int) color.Gray
pkg image, method (*Gray16) Gray16At(int, int) color.Gray16
pkg image, method (*NRGBA) NRGBAAt(int, int) color.NRGBA
pkg image, method (*NRGBA64) NRGBA64At(int, int) color.NRGBA64
pkg image, method (*RGBA) RGBAAt(int, int) color.RGBA
pkg image, method (*RGBA64) RGBA64At(int, int) color.RGBA64
pkg image, method (*YCbCr) YCbCrAt(int, int) color.YCbCr
# CL 129190043 png: make the encoder configurable, Jeff R. Allen <jra@nella.org>
pkg image/png, const BestCompression = -3
pkg image/png, const BestCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const BestSpeed = -2
pkg image/png, const BestSpeed CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const DefaultCompression = 0
pkg image/png, const DefaultCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, const NoCompression = -1
pkg image/png, const NoCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, method (*Encoder) Encode(io.Writer, image.Image) error
pkg image/png, type CompressionLevel int
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct, CompressionLevel CompressionLevel
# CL 101750048 math: implement Nextafter32, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg math, func Nextafter32(float32, float32) float32
# CL 93550043 math/big: implement Rat.Float32, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg math/big, method (*Rat) Float32() (float32, bool)
# CL 76540043 net/http: add BasicAuth method to *http.Request, Kelsey Hightower <kelsey.hightower@gmail.com>
pkg net/http, method (*Request) BasicAuth() (string, string, bool)
# CL 137940043 net/http: add Transport.DialTLS hook, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg net/http, type Transport struct, DialTLS func(string, string) (net.Conn, error)
# CL 132750043 net/http/httputil: Pass a Logger to ReverseProxy, allowing the user to control logging., Mark Theunissen <mark.theunissen@gmail.com>
pkg net/http/httputil, type ReverseProxy struct, ErrorLog *log.Logger
# CL 148370043 os, syscall: add Unsetenv, Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
pkg os, func Unsetenv(string) error
pkg syscall, func Unsetenv(string) error
# CL 144020043 reflect: add Type.Comparable, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg reflect, type Type interface, Comparable() bool
# CL 153670043 runtime: add PauseEnd array to MemStats and GCStats, Jens Frederich <jfrederich@gmail.com>
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, PauseEnd [256]uint64
pkg runtime/debug, type GCStats struct, PauseEnd []time.Time
# CL 136710045 sync/atomic: add Value, Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Load() interface{}
pkg sync/atomic, method (*Value) Store(interface{})
pkg sync/atomic, type Value struct
# CL 126190043 syscall: support UID/GID map files for Linux user namespaces, Mrunal Patel <mrunalp@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-386), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, GidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcAttr struct, UidMappings []SysProcIDMap
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, ContainerID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, HostID int
pkg syscall (linux-arm-cgo), type SysProcIDMap struct, Size int
# CL 122200043 net: fix CNAME resolving on Windows, Egon Elbre <egonelbre@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS = 9501
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAdditional = 3
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAdditional ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAnswer = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAnswer ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAuthority = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionAuthority ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionQuestion = 0
pkg syscall (windows-386), const DnsSectionQuestion ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func DnsNameCompare(*uint16, *uint16) bool
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS = 9501
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DNS_INFO_NO_RECORDS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAdditional = 3
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAdditional ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAnswer = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAnswer ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAuthority = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionAuthority ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionQuestion = 0
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DnsSectionQuestion ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func DnsNameCompare(*uint16, *uint16) bool
# CL 86160044 os: Implement symlink support for Windows, Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD = 1314
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD = 1314
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD Errno
# CL 86160044 os: Implement symlink support for Windows, Michael Fraenkel <michael.fraenkel@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 589992
pkg syscall (windows-386), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
pkg syscall (windows-386), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384
pkg syscall (windows-386), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateHardLink(*uint16, *uint16, uintptr) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateSymbolicLink(*uint16, *uint16, uint32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func DeviceIoControl(Handle, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint32, *Overlapped) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 1024
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 2097152
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT = 589992
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK = 2684354572
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE = 16384
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SYMBOLIC_LINK_FLAG_DIRECTORY ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateHardLink(*uint16, *uint16, uintptr) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateSymbolicLink(*uint16, *uint16, uint32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func DeviceIoControl(Handle, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint8, uint32, *uint32, *Overlapped) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func LoadCreateSymbolicLink() error
# CL 149510043 net: disable SIO_UDP_CONNRESET behavior on windows., Ron Hashimoto <mail@h2so5.net>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET = 2550136844
pkg syscall (windows-386), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET = 2550136844
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const SIO_UDP_CONNRESET ideal-int
# CL 102320044 syscall: implement syscall.Getppid() on Windows, Alan Shreve <alan@inconshreveable.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_INHERIT = 2147483648
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_INHERIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPALL = 15
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPALL ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST = 1
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE = 8
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 = 16
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 2
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD = 4
pkg syscall (windows-386), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), func CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(uint32, uint32) (Handle, error)
pkg syscall (windows-386), func Process32First(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), func Process32Next(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, DefaultHeapID uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ExeFile [260]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ModuleID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ParentProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, PriClassBase int32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Size uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Threads uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Usage uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_INHERIT = 2147483648
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_INHERIT ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPALL = 15
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPALL ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST = 1
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPHEAPLIST ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE = 8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 = 16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPMODULE32 ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 2
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD = 4
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const TH32CS_SNAPTHREAD ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(uint32, uint32) (Handle, error)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func Process32First(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func Process32Next(Handle, *ProcessEntry32) error
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, DefaultHeapID uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ExeFile [260]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ModuleID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ParentProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, PriClassBase int32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, ProcessID uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Size uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Threads uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type ProcessEntry32 struct, Usage uint32
# CL 127740043 os: make SameFile handle paths like c:a.txt properly, Alex Brainman <alex.brainman@gmail.com>
pkg syscall (windows-386), func FullPath(string) (string, error)
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), func FullPath(string) (string, error)
# CL 98150043 testing: add Coverage function, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg testing, func Coverage() float64
# CL 148770043 cmd/go, testing: add TestMain support, Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
pkg testing, func MainStart(func(string, string) (bool, error), []InternalTest, []InternalBenchmark, []InternalExample) *M
pkg testing, method (*M) Run() int
pkg testing, type M struct
# CL 108030044 text/scanner: provide facility for custom identifiers, Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
pkg text/scanner, type Scanner struct, IsIdentRune func(int32, int) bool
# CL 130620043 text/template: add back pointer to Nodes for better error generation, Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
pkg text/template/parse, type DotNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, type NilNode struct, embedded NodeType
pkg text/template/parse, method (*BranchNode) Copy() Node
pkg text/template/parse, method (*IdentifierNode) SetTree(*Tree) *IdentifierNode
pkg html/template, type Error struct, Node parse.Node
# CL 127470043 unicode: strconv: regexp: Upgrade to Unicode 7.0.0., Marcel van Lohuizen <mpvl@golang.org>
pkg unicode, const Version = "7.0.0"
pkg unicode, var Bassa_Vah *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Caucasian_Albanian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Duployan *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Elbasan *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Grantha *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khojki *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Khudawadi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Linear_A *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mahajani *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Manichaean *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mende_Kikakui *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Modi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Mro *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Nabataean *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_North_Arabian *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Old_Permic *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Pahawh_Hmong *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Palmyrene *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Pau_Cin_Hau *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Psalter_Pahlavi *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Siddham *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Tirhuta *RangeTable
pkg unicode, var Warang_Citi *RangeTable

View File

@@ -391,18 +391,6 @@ pkg crypto/dsa, var ErrInvalidPublicKey error
pkg crypto/ecdsa, func GenerateKey(elliptic.Curve, io.Reader) (*PrivateKey, error)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, func Sign(io.Reader, *PrivateKey, []uint8) (*big.Int, *big.Int, error)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, func Verify(*PublicKey, []uint8, *big.Int, *big.Int) bool
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PrivateKey) Add(*big.Int, *big.Int, *big.Int, *big.Int) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PrivateKey) Double(*big.Int, *big.Int) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PrivateKey) IsOnCurve(*big.Int, *big.Int) bool
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PrivateKey) Params() *elliptic.CurveParams
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PrivateKey) ScalarBaseMult([]uint8) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PrivateKey) ScalarMult(*big.Int, *big.Int, []uint8) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PublicKey) Add(*big.Int, *big.Int, *big.Int, *big.Int) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PublicKey) Double(*big.Int, *big.Int) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PublicKey) IsOnCurve(*big.Int, *big.Int) bool
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PublicKey) Params() *elliptic.CurveParams
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PublicKey) ScalarBaseMult([]uint8) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, method (PublicKey) ScalarMult(*big.Int, *big.Int, []uint8) (*big.Int, *big.Int)
pkg crypto/ecdsa, type PrivateKey struct
pkg crypto/ecdsa, type PrivateKey struct, D *big.Int
pkg crypto/ecdsa, type PrivateKey struct, embedded PublicKey
@@ -1626,7 +1614,6 @@ pkg debug/elf, method (NType) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (NType) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (OSABI) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (OSABI) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (Prog) ReadAt([]uint8, int64) (int, error)
pkg debug/elf, method (ProgFlag) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (ProgFlag) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (ProgType) GoString() string
@@ -1643,7 +1630,6 @@ pkg debug/elf, method (R_SPARC) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_SPARC) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_X86_64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_X86_64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (Section) ReadAt([]uint8, int64) (int, error)
pkg debug/elf, method (SectionFlag) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (SectionFlag) String() string
pkg debug/elf, method (SectionIndex) GoString() string
@@ -1688,7 +1674,7 @@ pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Ehsize uint16
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Entry uint32
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Flags uint32
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Ident [16]uint8
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Ident [EI_NIDENT]uint8
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Machine uint16
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Phentsize uint16
pkg debug/elf, type Header32 struct, Phnum uint16
@@ -1703,7 +1689,7 @@ pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Ehsize uint16
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Entry uint64
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Flags uint32
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Ident [16]uint8
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Ident [EI_NIDENT]uint8
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Machine uint16
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Phentsize uint16
pkg debug/elf, type Header64 struct, Phnum uint16
@@ -1925,9 +1911,7 @@ pkg debug/macho, method (Dysymtab) Raw() []uint8
pkg debug/macho, method (LoadBytes) Raw() []uint8
pkg debug/macho, method (LoadCmd) GoString() string
pkg debug/macho, method (LoadCmd) String() string
pkg debug/macho, method (Section) ReadAt([]uint8, int64) (int, error)
pkg debug/macho, method (Segment) Raw() []uint8
pkg debug/macho, method (Segment) ReadAt([]uint8, int64) (int, error)
pkg debug/macho, method (Symtab) Raw() []uint8
pkg debug/macho, type Cpu uint32
pkg debug/macho, type Dylib struct
@@ -2170,7 +2154,6 @@ pkg debug/pe, method (*File) Section(string) *Section
pkg debug/pe, method (*FormatError) Error() string
pkg debug/pe, method (*Section) Data() ([]uint8, error)
pkg debug/pe, method (*Section) Open() io.ReadSeeker
pkg debug/pe, method (Section) ReadAt([]uint8, int64) (int, error)
pkg debug/pe, type File struct
pkg debug/pe, type File struct, Sections []*Section
pkg debug/pe, type File struct, embedded FileHeader
@@ -3676,7 +3659,7 @@ pkg image/draw, func Draw(Image, image.Rectangle, image.Image, image.Point, Op)
pkg image/draw, func DrawMask(Image, image.Rectangle, image.Image, image.Point, image.Image, image.Point, Op)
pkg image/draw, type Image interface { At, Bounds, ColorModel, Set }
pkg image/draw, type Image interface, At(int, int) color.Color
pkg image/draw, type Image interface, Bounds() image.Rectangle
pkg image/draw, type Image interface, Bounds() Rectangle
pkg image/draw, type Image interface, ColorModel() color.Model
pkg image/draw, type Image interface, Set(int, int, color.Color)
pkg image/draw, type Op int
@@ -4181,7 +4164,7 @@ pkg math, func Trunc(float64) float64
pkg math, func Y0(float64) float64
pkg math, func Y1(float64) float64
pkg math, func Yn(int, float64) float64
pkg math/big, const MaxBase ideal-char
pkg math/big, const MaxBase ideal-int
pkg math/big, func NewInt(int64) *Int
pkg math/big, func NewRat(int64, int64) *Rat
pkg math/big, method (*Int) Abs(*Int) *Int
@@ -5283,14 +5266,6 @@ pkg os/exec, method (*Cmd) StdoutPipe() (io.ReadCloser, error)
pkg os/exec, method (*Cmd) Wait() error
pkg os/exec, method (*Error) Error() string
pkg os/exec, method (*ExitError) Error() string
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) Exited() bool
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) Pid() int
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) String() string
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) Success() bool
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) Sys() interface{}
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) SysUsage() interface{}
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) SystemTime() time.Duration
pkg os/exec, method (ExitError) UserTime() time.Duration
pkg os/exec, type Cmd struct
pkg os/exec, type Cmd struct, Args []string
pkg os/exec, type Cmd struct, Dir string
@@ -5712,7 +5687,6 @@ pkg runtime, type MemProfileRecord struct, Stack0 [32]uintptr
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, Alloc uint64
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, BuckHashSys uint64
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, BySize [61]struct
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, DebugGC bool
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, EnableGC bool
pkg runtime, type MemStats struct, Frees uint64
@@ -6061,7 +6035,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EBADARCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EBADEXEC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EBADMACHO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EBADRPC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ECHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ECHOCTL ideal-int
@@ -6073,11 +6046,9 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ECHOPRT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EDEVERR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EFTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ELAST Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENEEDAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENOATTR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENOPOLICY Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENOSR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ENOSTR Errno
@@ -6087,7 +6058,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EPROCLIM Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EPROCUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EPROGMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EPROGUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const EPWROFF Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ERPCMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386), const ESHLIBVERS Errno
@@ -7883,7 +7853,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EBADARCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EBADEXEC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EBADMACHO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EBADRPC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ECHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ECHOCTL ideal-int
@@ -7895,11 +7864,9 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ECHOPRT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EDEVERR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EFTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ELAST Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENEEDAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENOATTR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENOPOLICY Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENOSR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ENOSTR Errno
@@ -7909,7 +7876,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EPROCLIM Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EPROCUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EPROGMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EPROGUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const EPWROFF Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ERPCMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-386-cgo), const ESHLIBVERS Errno
@@ -9705,7 +9671,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EBADARCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EBADEXEC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EBADMACHO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EBADRPC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ECHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ECHOCTL ideal-int
@@ -9717,11 +9682,9 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ECHOPRT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EDEVERR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EFTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ELAST Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENEEDAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENOATTR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENOPOLICY Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENOSR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ENOSTR Errno
@@ -9731,7 +9694,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EPROCLIM Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EPROCUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EPROGMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EPROGUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const EPWROFF Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ERPCMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64), const ESHLIBVERS Errno
@@ -11534,7 +11496,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EBADARCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EBADEXEC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EBADMACHO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EBADRPC Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ECHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ECHOCTL ideal-int
@@ -11546,11 +11507,9 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ECHOPRT ideal-int
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EDEVERR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EFTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ELAST Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENEEDAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENOATTR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENOPOLICY Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENOSR Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ENOSTR Errno
@@ -11560,7 +11519,6 @@ pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EPROCLIM Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EPROCUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EPROGMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EPROGUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const EPWROFF Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ERPCMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (darwin-amd64-cgo), const ESHLIBVERS Errno
@@ -13525,7 +13483,6 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const DT_SOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const DT_UNKNOWN ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EBADRPC Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ECHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ECHOCTL ideal-int
@@ -13537,16 +13494,13 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ECHOPRT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EDOOFUS Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EFTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ELAST Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ENEEDAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ENOATTR Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ENOTCAPABLE Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EPROCLIM Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EPROCUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EPROGMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EPROGUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const ERPCMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EVFILT_AIO ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-386), const EVFILT_FS ideal-int
@@ -15501,7 +15455,6 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DT_SOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DT_UNKNOWN ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EBADRPC Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ECHO ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ECHOCTL ideal-int
@@ -15513,16 +15466,13 @@ pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ECHOPRT ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EDOOFUS Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EFTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ELAST Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ENEEDAUTH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ENOATTR Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ENOTCAPABLE Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EPROCLIM Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EPROCUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EPROGMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EPROGUNAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const ERPCMISMATCH Errno
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EVFILT_AIO ideal-int
pkg syscall (freebsd-amd64), const EVFILT_FS ideal-int
@@ -17365,7 +17315,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-386), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -17396,13 +17345,11 @@ pkg syscall (linux-386), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -17430,7 +17377,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-386), const EPOLL_CTL_ADD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EPOLL_CTL_DEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EPOLL_CTL_MOD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EPOLL_NONBLOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -19554,7 +19500,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -19585,13 +19530,11 @@ pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -19619,7 +19562,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EPOLL_CTL_ADD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EPOLL_CTL_DEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EPOLL_CTL_MOD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EPOLL_NONBLOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-386-cgo), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -21743,7 +21685,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -21774,13 +21715,11 @@ pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -21808,7 +21747,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EPOLL_CTL_ADD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EPOLL_CTL_DEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EPOLL_CTL_MOD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EPOLL_NONBLOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -23914,7 +23852,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -23945,13 +23882,11 @@ pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -23979,7 +23914,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EPOLL_CTL_ADD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EPOLL_CTL_DEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EPOLL_CTL_MOD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EPOLL_NONBLOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-amd64-cgo), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -26085,7 +26019,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-arm), const DT_WHT ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -26119,13 +26052,11 @@ pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -26153,7 +26084,6 @@ pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EPOLL_CTL_ADD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EPOLL_CTL_DEL ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EPOLL_CTL_MOD ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EPOLL_NONBLOCK ideal-int
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (linux-arm), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -28208,7 +28138,6 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), const DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -28232,13 +28161,11 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -28248,7 +28175,6 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOTNAM Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOTRECOVERABLE Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ENOTUNIQ Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EOWNERDEAD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (windows-386), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -28829,12 +28755,12 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type InterfaceInfo struct, BroadcastAddress SockaddrG
pkg syscall (windows-386), type InterfaceInfo struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type InterfaceInfo struct, Netmask SockaddrGen
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, AdapterName [260]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Address [8]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, AdapterName [MAX_ADAPTER_NAME_LENGTH + 4]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Address [MAX_ADAPTER_ADDRESS_LENGTH]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, AddressLength uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, ComboIndex uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, CurrentIpAddress *IpAddrString
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Description [132]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Description [MAX_ADAPTER_DESCRIPTION_LENGTH + 4]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, DhcpEnabled uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, DhcpServer IpAddrString
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAdapterInfo struct, GatewayList IpAddrString
@@ -28854,14 +28780,14 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAddrString struct, IpMask IpMaskString
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAddrString struct, Next *IpAddrString
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAddressString struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpAddressString struct, String [16]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpMaskString struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type IpMaskString IpAddressString
pkg syscall (windows-386), type LazyDLL struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type LazyDLL struct, Name string
pkg syscall (windows-386), type LazyProc struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type LazyProc struct, Name string
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, AdminStatus uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Descr [256]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Descr [MAXLEN_IFDESCR]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, DescrLen uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, InDiscards uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, InErrors uint32
@@ -28872,7 +28798,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, InUnknownProtos uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Index uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, LastChange uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Mtu uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Name [256]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Name [MAX_INTERFACE_NAME_LEN]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OperStatus uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OutDiscards uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OutErrors uint32
@@ -28880,7 +28806,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OutNUcastPkts uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OutOctets uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OutQLen uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, OutUcastPkts uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, PhysAddr [8]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, PhysAddr [MAXLEN_PHYSADDR]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, PhysAddrLen uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Speed uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type MibIfRow struct, Type uint32
@@ -28969,7 +28895,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type Timezoneinformation struct, DaylightName [32]uin
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Timezoneinformation struct, StandardBias int32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Timezoneinformation struct, StandardDate Systemtime
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Timezoneinformation struct, StandardName [32]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Token uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Token Handle
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Tokenprimarygroup struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Tokenprimarygroup struct, PrimaryGroup *SID
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Tokenuser struct
@@ -28988,11 +28914,11 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSABuf struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSABuf struct, Buf *uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSABuf struct, Len uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, Description [257]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, Description [WSADESCRIPTION_LEN + 1]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, HighVersion uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, MaxSockets uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, MaxUdpDg uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, SystemStatus [129]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, SystemStatus [WSASYS_STATUS_LEN + 1]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, VendorInfo *uint8
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WSAData struct, Version uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type WaitStatus struct
@@ -29008,7 +28934,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, AlternateFileName [13]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, CreationTime Filetime
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, FileAttributes uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, FileName [259]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, FileName [MAX_PATH - 1]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, FileSizeHigh uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, FileSizeLow uint32
pkg syscall (windows-386), type Win32finddata struct, LastAccessTime Filetime
@@ -29137,7 +29063,6 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS ideal-int
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EADV Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EBADE Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EBADFD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EBADR Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EBADRQC Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EBADSLT Errno
@@ -29161,13 +29086,11 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ELIBMAX Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ELIBSCN Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ELNRNG Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EMEDIUMTYPE Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENAVAIL Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOANO Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOCSI Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENODATA Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOKEY Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOMEDIUM Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENONET Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOPKG Errno
@@ -29177,7 +29100,6 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOTNAM Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOTRECOVERABLE Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ENOTUNIQ Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EOWNERDEAD Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EREMCHG Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const EREMOTEIO Errno
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), const ERESTART Errno
@@ -29758,12 +29680,12 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type InterfaceInfo struct, BroadcastAddress Sockadd
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type InterfaceInfo struct, Flags uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type InterfaceInfo struct, Netmask SockaddrGen
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, AdapterName [260]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Address [8]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, AdapterName [MAX_ADAPTER_NAME_LENGTH + 4]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Address [MAX_ADAPTER_ADDRESS_LENGTH]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, AddressLength uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, ComboIndex uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, CurrentIpAddress *IpAddrString
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Description [132]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, Description [MAX_ADAPTER_DESCRIPTION_LENGTH + 4]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, DhcpEnabled uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, DhcpServer IpAddrString
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAdapterInfo struct, GatewayList IpAddrString
@@ -29783,14 +29705,14 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAddrString struct, IpMask IpMaskString
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAddrString struct, Next *IpAddrString
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAddressString struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpAddressString struct, String [16]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpMaskString struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type IpMaskString IpAddressString
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type LazyDLL struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type LazyDLL struct, Name string
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type LazyProc struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type LazyProc struct, Name string
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, AdminStatus uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Descr [256]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Descr [MAXLEN_IFDESCR]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, DescrLen uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, InDiscards uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, InErrors uint32
@@ -29801,7 +29723,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, InUnknownProtos uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Index uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, LastChange uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Mtu uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Name [256]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Name [MAX_INTERFACE_NAME_LEN]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OperStatus uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OutDiscards uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OutErrors uint32
@@ -29809,7 +29731,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OutNUcastPkts uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OutOctets uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OutQLen uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, OutUcastPkts uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, PhysAddr [8]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, PhysAddr [MAXLEN_PHYSADDR]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, PhysAddrLen uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Speed uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type MibIfRow struct, Type uint32
@@ -29898,7 +29820,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Timezoneinformation struct, DaylightName [32]u
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Timezoneinformation struct, StandardBias int32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Timezoneinformation struct, StandardDate Systemtime
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Timezoneinformation struct, StandardName [32]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Token uintptr
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Token Handle
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Tokenprimarygroup struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Tokenprimarygroup struct, PrimaryGroup *SID
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Tokenuser struct
@@ -29917,11 +29839,11 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSABuf struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSABuf struct, Buf *uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSABuf struct, Len uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, Description [257]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, Description [WSADESCRIPTION_LEN + 1]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, HighVersion uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, MaxSockets uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, MaxUdpDg uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, SystemStatus [129]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, SystemStatus [WSASYS_STATUS_LEN + 1]uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, VendorInfo *uint8
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WSAData struct, Version uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type WaitStatus struct
@@ -29937,7 +29859,7 @@ pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, AlternateFileName [13]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, CreationTime Filetime
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, FileAttributes uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, FileName [259]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, FileName [MAX_PATH - 1]uint16
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, FileSizeHigh uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, FileSizeLow uint32
pkg syscall (windows-amd64), type Win32finddata struct, LastAccessTime Filetime
@@ -29962,6 +29884,7 @@ pkg syscall, const EAFNOSUPPORT Errno
pkg syscall, const EAGAIN Errno
pkg syscall, const EALREADY Errno
pkg syscall, const EBADF Errno
pkg syscall, const EBADMSG Errno
pkg syscall, const EBUSY Errno
pkg syscall, const ECANCELED Errno
pkg syscall, const ECHILD Errno
@@ -29989,6 +29912,7 @@ pkg syscall, const ELOOP Errno
pkg syscall, const EMFILE Errno
pkg syscall, const EMLINK Errno
pkg syscall, const EMSGSIZE Errno
pkg syscall, const EMULTIHOP Errno
pkg syscall, const ENAMETOOLONG Errno
pkg syscall, const ENETDOWN Errno
pkg syscall, const ENETRESET Errno
@@ -29999,6 +29923,7 @@ pkg syscall, const ENODEV Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOENT Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOEXEC Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOLCK Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOLINK Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOMEM Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOMSG Errno
pkg syscall, const ENOPROTOOPT Errno
@@ -30017,6 +29942,7 @@ pkg syscall, const EOVERFLOW Errno
pkg syscall, const EPERM Errno
pkg syscall, const EPFNOSUPPORT Errno
pkg syscall, const EPIPE Errno
pkg syscall, const EPROTO Errno
pkg syscall, const EPROTONOSUPPORT Errno
pkg syscall, const EPROTOTYPE Errno
pkg syscall, const ERANGE Errno
@@ -30055,7 +29981,7 @@ pkg syscall, const IP_MULTICAST_LOOP ideal-int
pkg syscall, const IP_MULTICAST_TTL ideal-int
pkg syscall, const IP_TOS ideal-int
pkg syscall, const IP_TTL ideal-int
pkg syscall, const ImplementsGetwd ideal-bool
pkg syscall, const ImplementsGetwd bool
pkg syscall, const O_APPEND ideal-int
pkg syscall, const O_ASYNC ideal-int
pkg syscall, const O_CLOEXEC ideal-int
@@ -30622,7 +30548,7 @@ pkg unicode, const MaxRune ideal-char
pkg unicode, const ReplacementChar ideal-char
pkg unicode, const TitleCase ideal-int
pkg unicode, const UpperCase ideal-int
pkg unicode, const UpperLower ideal-char
pkg unicode, const UpperLower ideal-int
pkg unicode, const Version ideal-string
pkg unicode, func Is(*RangeTable, int32) bool
pkg unicode, func IsControl(int32) bool
@@ -30869,3 +30795,8 @@ pkg unicode/utf8, func RuneLen(int32) int
pkg unicode/utf8, func RuneStart(uint8) bool
pkg unicode/utf8, func Valid([]uint8) bool
pkg unicode/utf8, func ValidString(string) bool
pkg unsafe, func Alignof(ArbitraryType) uintptr
pkg unsafe, func Offsetof(ArbitraryType) uintptr
pkg unsafe, func Sizeof(ArbitraryType) uintptr
pkg unsafe, type ArbitraryType int
pkg unsafe, type Pointer *ArbitraryType

View File

@@ -1,249 +0,0 @@
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14 = 7
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN = 9
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRNTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN = 8
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR14_BRTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16 = 3
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_DS = 56
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HA = 6
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HI = 5
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHER = 39
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHERA = 40
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHEST = 41
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHESTA = 42
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO = 4
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS = 57
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR24 = 2
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR24 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR32 = 1
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR32 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR64 = 38
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_ADDR64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPMOD64 = 68
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPMOD64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16 = 74
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_DS = 101
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HA = 77
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HI = 76
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHER = 103
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHERA = 104
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHEST = 105
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHESTA = 106
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO = 75
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO_DS = 102
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL64 = 78
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_DTPREL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16 = 14
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_DS = 58
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HA = 17
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HI = 16
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO = 15
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS = 59
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_DS = 91
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA = 94
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI = 93
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS = 92
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_DTPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16 = 79
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA = 82
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI = 81
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO = 80
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSGD16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16 = 83
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA = 86
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI = 85
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO = 84
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TLSLD16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS = 87
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA = 90
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI = 89
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS = 88
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_GOT_TPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_JMP_SLOT = 21
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_JMP_SLOT R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_NONE = 0
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_NONE R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14 = 11
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN = 13
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRNTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN = 12
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL14_BRTAKEN R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16 = 249
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HA = 252
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HI = 251
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_LO = 250
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL24 = 10
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL24 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL32 = 26
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL32 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL64 = 44
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_REL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLS = 67
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSGD = 107
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSGD R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSLD = 108
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TLSLD R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC = 51
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16 = 47
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_DS = 63
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HA = 50
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HI = 49
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO = 48
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS = 64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16 = 69
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_DS = 95
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HA = 72
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HI = 71
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HI R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHER = 97
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHER R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHERA = 98
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHERA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHEST = 99
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHEST R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHESTA = 100
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_HIGHESTA R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO = 70
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO_DS = 96
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL16_LO_DS R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL64 = 73
pkg debug/elf, const R_PPC64_TPREL64 R_PPC64
pkg debug/elf, method (R_PPC64) GoString() string
pkg debug/elf, method (R_PPC64) String() string
pkg debug/elf, type R_PPC64 int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-386-cgo), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64), const HW_NCPU ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_MONOTONIC ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF = 2
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_PROF ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME = 0
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_REALTIME ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL = 1
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CLOCK_VIRTUAL ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CTL_HW = 6
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const CTL_HW ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EAGAIN = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EAGAIN ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ENOTSUP = 91
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ENOTSUP ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ESRCH = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const ESRCH ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK = 35
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const EWOULDBLOCK ideal-int
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const HW_NCPU = 3
pkg runtime (openbsd-amd64-cgo), const HW_NCPU ideal-int

32
doc/Makefile Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
# Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
RAWHTML=\
articles/defer_panic_recover.rawhtml\
articles/error_handling.rawhtml\
articles/slices_usage_and_internals.rawhtml\
articles/laws_of_reflection.rawhtml\
articles/c_go_cgo.rawhtml\
articles/concurrency_patterns.rawhtml\
articles/godoc_documenting_go_code.rawhtml\
articles/gobs_of_data.rawhtml\
articles/json_and_go.rawhtml\
articles/json_rpc_tale_of_interfaces.rawhtml\
articles/image_draw.rawhtml\
articles/image_package.rawhtml\
effective_go.rawhtml\
go1.rawhtml\
all: $(RAWHTML)
%.rawhtml: %.html
godoc -url /doc/$< >$@
clean:
rm -f $(RAWHTML)
compare:
for i in $(RAWHTML); do \
godoc -url /doc/$${i/.rawhtml/.html} | diff -u $$i -; \
done

179
doc/articles/c_go_cgo.html Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
<!--{
"Title": "C? Go? Cgo!",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Cgo lets Go packages call C code. Given a Go source file written with some
special features, cgo outputs Go and C files that can be combined into a
single Go package.
</p>
<p>
To lead with an example, here's a Go package that provides two functions -
<code>Random</code> and <code>Seed</code> - that wrap C's <code>random</code>
and <code>srandom</code> functions.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/package rand/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Let's look at what's happening here, starting with the import statement.
</p>
<p>
The <code>rand</code> package imports <code>"C"</code>, but you'll find there's
no such package in the standard Go library. That's because <code>C</code> is a
"pseudo-package", a special name interpreted by cgo as a reference to C's
name space.
</p>
<p>
The <code>rand</code> package contains four references to the <code>C</code>
package: the calls to <code>C.random</code> and <code>C.srandom</code>, the
conversion <code>C.uint(i)</code>, and the <code>import</code> statement.
</p>
<p>
The <code>Random</code> function calls the standard C library's <code>random</code>
function and returns the result. In C, <code>random</code> returns a value of the
C type <code>long</code>, which cgo represents as the type <code>C.long</code>.
It must be converted to a Go type before it can be used by Go code outside this
package, using an ordinary Go type conversion:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/func Random/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Here's an equivalent function that uses a temporary variable to illustrate
the type conversion more explicitly:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo2.go" `/func Random/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>Seed</code> function does the reverse, in a way. It takes a
regular Go <code>int</code>, converts it to the C <code>unsigned int</code>
type, and passes it to the C function <code>srandom</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/func Seed/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Note that cgo knows the <code>unsigned int</code> type as <code>C.uint</code>;
see the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo documentation</a> for a complete list of
these numeric type names.
</p>
<p>
The one detail of this example we haven't examined yet is the comment
above the <code>import</code> statement.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo1.go" `/\/\*/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Cgo recognizes this comment. Any lines starting
with <code>#cgo</code>
followed
by a space character are removed; these become directives for cgo.
The remaining lines are used as a header when compiling the C parts of
the package. In this case those lines are just a
single <code>#include</code>
statement, but they can be almost any C code. The <code>#cgo</code>
directives are
used to provide flags for the compiler and linker when building the C
parts of the package.
</p>
<p>
There is a limitation: if your program uses any <code>//export</code>
directives, then the C code in the comment may only include declarations
(<code>extern int f();</code>), not definitions (<code>int f() {
return 1; }</code>). You can use <code>//export</code> directives to
make Go functions accessible to C code.
</p>
<p>
The <code>#cgo</code> and <code>//export</code> directives are
documented in
the <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo documentation</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Strings and things</b>
</p>
<p>
Unlike Go, C doesn't have an explicit string type. Strings in C are
represented by a zero-terminated array of chars.
</p>
<p>
Conversion between Go and C strings is done with the
<code>C.CString</code>, <code>C.GoString</code>, and
<code>C.GoStringN</code> functions. These conversions make a copy of the
string data.
</p>
<p>
This next example implements a <code>Print</code> function that writes a
string to standard output using C's <code>fputs</code> function from the
<code>stdio</code> library:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo3.go" `/package print/` `/END/`}}
<p>
Memory allocations made by C code are not known to Go's memory manager.
When you create a C string with <code>C.CString</code> (or any C memory
allocation) you must remember to free the memory when you're done with it
by calling <code>C.free</code>.
</p>
<p>
The call to <code>C.CString</code> returns a pointer to the start of the
char array, so before the function exits we convert it to an
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code></a> and release
the memory allocation with <code>C.free</code>. A common idiom in cgo programs
is to <a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html"><code>defer</code></a>
the free immediately after allocating (especially when the code that follows
is more complex than a single function call), as in this rewrite of
<code>Print</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/cgo4.go" `/func Print/` `/END/`}}
<p>
<b>Building cgo packages</b>
</p>
<p>
To build cgo packages, just use <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_packages_and_dependencies">"
<code>go build</code>"</a> or
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_and_install_packages_and_dependencies">"<code>go install</code>
"</a> as usual. The go tool recognizes the special <code>"C"</code> import and automatically
uses cgo for those files.
</p>
<p>
<b>More cgo resources</b>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo command</a> documentation has more detail about
the C pseudo-package and the build process. The <a href="/misc/cgo/">cgo examples</a>
in the Go tree demonstrate more advanced concepts.
</p>
<p>
For a simple, idiomatic example of a cgo-based package, see Russ Cox's <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gosqlite/source/browse/sqlite/sqlite.go">gosqlite</a>.
Also, the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/Projects">Go Community Wiki</a>
lists many packages, some of which use cgo.
</p>
<p>
Finally, if you're curious as to how all this works internally, take a look
at the introductory comment of the runtime package's <a href="/src/pkg/runtime/cgocall.c">cgocall.c</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Concurrent programming has its own idioms. A good example is timeouts. Although
Go's channels do not support them directly, they are easy to implement. Say we
want to receive from the channel <code>ch</code>, but want to wait at most one
second for the value to arrive. We would start by creating a signalling channel
and launching a goroutine that sleeps before sending on the channel:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout1.go" `/timeout :=/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
We can then use a <code>select</code> statement to receive from either
<code>ch</code> or <code>timeout</code>. If nothing arrives on <code>ch</code>
after one second, the timeout case is selected and the attempt to read from
<code>ch</code> is abandoned.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout1.go" `/select {/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>timeout</code> channel is buffered with space for 1 value, allowing
the timeout goroutine to send to the channel and then exit. The goroutine
doesn't know (or care) whether the value is received. This means the goroutine
won't hang around forever if the <code>ch</code> receive happens before the
timeout is reached. The <code>timeout</code> channel will eventually be
deallocated by the garbage collector.
</p>
<p>
(In this example we used <code>time.Sleep</code> to demonstrate the mechanics
of goroutines and channels. In real programs you should use <code>
<a href="/pkg/time/#After">time.After</a></code>, a function that returns
a channel and sends on that channel after the specified duration.)
</p>
<p>
Let's look at another variation of this pattern. In this example we have a
program that reads from multiple replicated databases simultaneously. The
program needs only one of the answers, and it should accept the answer that
arrives first.
</p>
<p>
The function <code>Query</code> takes a slice of database connections and a
<code>query</code> string. It queries each of the databases in parallel and
returns the first response it receives:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/timeout2.go" `/func Query/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In this example, the closure does a non-blocking send, which it achieves by
using the send operation in <code>select</code> statement with a
<code>default</code> case. If the send cannot go through immediately the
default case will be selected. Making the send non-blocking guarantees that
none of the goroutines launched in the loop will hang around. However, if the
result arrives before the main function has made it to the receive, the send
could fail since no one is ready.
</p>
<p>
This problem is a textbook example of what is known as a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition">race condition</a>, but
the fix is trivial. We just make sure to buffer the channel <code>ch</code> (by
adding the buffer length as the second argument to <a href="/pkg/builtin/#make">make</a>),
guaranteeing that the first send has a place to put the value. This ensures the
send will always succeed, and the first value to arrive will be retrieved
regardless of the order of execution.
</p>
<p>
These two examples demonstrate the simplicity with which Go can express complex
interactions between goroutines.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Defer, Panic, and Recover",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Go has the usual mechanisms for control flow: if, for, switch, goto. It also
has the go statement to run code in a separate goroutine. Here I'd like to
discuss some of the less common ones: defer, panic, and recover.
</p>
<p>
A <b>defer statement</b> pushes a function call onto a list. The list of saved
calls is executed after the surrounding function returns. Defer is commonly
used to simplify functions that perform various clean-up actions.
</p>
<p>
For example, let's look at a function that opens two files and copies the
contents of one file to the other:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func CopyFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This works, but there is a bug. If the call to os.Create fails, the
function will return without closing the source file. This can be easily
remedied by putting a call to src.Close before the second return statement,
but if the function were more complex the problem might not be so easily
noticed and resolved. By introducing defer statements we can ensure that the
files are always closed:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer2.go" `/func CopyFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Defer statements allow us to think about closing each file right after opening
it, guaranteeing that, regardless of the number of return statements in the
function, the files <i>will</i> be closed.
</p>
<p>
The behavior of defer statements is straightforward and predictable. There are
three simple rules:
</p>
<p>
1. <i>A deferred function's arguments are evaluated when the defer statement is
evaluated.</i>
</p>
<p>
In this example, the expression "i" is evaluated when the Println call is
deferred. The deferred call will print "0" after the function returns.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func a/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
2. <i>Deferred function calls are executed in Last In First Out order
</i>after<i> the surrounding function returns.</i>
</p>
<p>
This function prints "3210":
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
3. <i>Deferred functions may read and assign to the returning function's named
return values.</i>
</p>
<p>
In this example, a deferred function increments the return value i <i>after</i>
the surrounding function returns. Thus, this function returns 2:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer.go" `/func c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This is convenient for modifying the error return value of a function; we will
see an example of this shortly.
</p>
<p>
<b>Panic</b> is a built-in function that stops the ordinary flow of control and
begins <i>panicking</i>. When the function F calls panic, execution of F stops,
any deferred functions in F are executed normally, and then F returns to its
caller. To the caller, F then behaves like a call to panic. The process
continues up the stack until all functions in the current goroutine have
returned, at which point the program crashes. Panics can be initiated by
invoking panic directly. They can also be caused by runtime errors, such as
out-of-bounds array accesses.
</p>
<p>
<b>Recover</b> is a built-in function that regains control of a panicking
goroutine. Recover is only useful inside deferred functions. During normal
execution, a call to recover will return nil and have no other effect. If the
current goroutine is panicking, a call to recover will capture the value given
to panic and resume normal execution.
</p>
<p>
Here's an example program that demonstrates the mechanics of panic and defer:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/defer2.go" `/package main/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The function g takes the int i, and panics if i is greater than 3, or else it
calls itself with the argument i+1. The function f defers a function that calls
recover and prints the recovered value (if it is non-nil). Try to picture what
the output of this program might be before reading on.
</p>
<p>
The program will output:
</p>
<pre>Calling g.
Printing in g 0
Printing in g 1
Printing in g 2
Printing in g 3
Panicking!
Defer in g 3
Defer in g 2
Defer in g 1
Defer in g 0
Recovered in f 4
Returned normally from f.</pre>
<p>
If we remove the deferred function from f the panic is not recovered and
reaches the top of the goroutine's call stack, terminating the program. This
modified program will output:
</p>
<pre>Calling g.
Printing in g 0
Printing in g 1
Printing in g 2
Printing in g 3
Panicking!
Defer in g 3
Defer in g 2
Defer in g 1
Defer in g 0
panic: 4
panic PC=0x2a9cd8
[stack trace omitted]</pre>
<p>
For a real-world example of <b>panic</b> and <b>recover</b>, see the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package</a> from the Go standard library.
It decodes JSON-encoded data with a set of recursive functions.
When malformed JSON is encountered, the parser calls panic to unwind the
stack to the top-level function call, which recovers from the panic and returns
an appropriate error value (see the 'error' and 'unmarshal' methods of
the decodeState type in
<a href="/src/pkg/encoding/json/decode.go">decode.go</a>).
</p>
<p>
The convention in the Go libraries is that even when a package uses panic
internally, its external API still presents explicit error return values.
</p>
<p>
Other uses of <b>defer</b> (beyond the file.Close example given earlier)
include releasing a mutex:
</p>
<pre>mu.Lock()
defer mu.Unlock()</pre>
<p>
printing a footer:
</p>
<pre>printHeader()
defer printFooter()</pre>
<p>
and more.
</p>
<p>
In summary, the defer statement (with or without panic and recover) provides an
unusual and powerful mechanism for control flow. It can be used to model a
number of features implemented by special-purpose structures in other
programming languages. Try it out.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Error Handling and Go",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
If you have written any Go code you have probably encountered the built-in
<code>error</code> type. Go code uses <code>error</code> values to
indicate an abnormal state. For example, the <code>os.Open</code> function
returns a non-nil <code>error</code> value when it fails to open a file.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func Open/`}}
<p>
The following code uses <code>os.Open</code> to open a file. If an error
occurs it calls <code>log.Fatal</code> to print the error message and stop.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func openFile/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
You can get a lot done in Go knowing just this about the <code>error</code>
type, but in this article we'll take a closer look at <code>error</code> and
discuss some good practices for error handling in Go.
</p>
<p>
<b>The error type</b>
</p>
<p>
The <code>error</code> type is an interface type. An <code>error</code>
variable represents any value that can describe itself as a string. Here is the
interface's declaration:
</p>
<pre>type error interface {
Error() string
}</pre>
<p>
The <code>error</code> type, as with all built in types, is
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclared</a> in the
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Blocks">universe block</a>.
</p>
<p>
The most commonly-used <code>error</code> implementation is the
<a href="/pkg/errors/">errors</a> package's unexported <code>errorString</code> type.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/errorString/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
You can construct one of these values with the <code>errors.New</code>
function. It takes a string that it converts to an <code>errors.errorString</code>
and returns as an <code>error</code> value.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/New/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Here's how you might use <code>errors.New</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func Sqrt/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A caller passing a negative argument to <code>Sqrt</code> receives a non-nil
<code>error</code> value (whose concrete representation is an
<code>errors.errorString</code> value). The caller can access the error string
("math: square root of...") by calling the <code>error</code>'s
<code>Error</code> method, or by just printing it:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func printErr/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package formats an <code>error</code> value
by calling its <code>Error() string</code> method.
</p>
<p>
It is the error implementation's responsibility to summarize the context.
The error returned by <code>os.Open</code> formats as "open /etc/passwd:
permission denied," not just "permission denied." The error returned by our
<code>Sqrt</code> is missing information about the invalid argument.
</p>
<p>
To add that information, a useful function is the <code>fmt</code> package's
<code>Errorf</code>. It formats a string according to <code>Printf</code>'s
rules and returns it as an <code>error</code> created by
<code>errors.New</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/fmtError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In many cases <code>fmt.Errorf</code> is good enough, but since
<code>error</code> is an interface, you can use arbitrary data structures as
error values, to allow callers to inspect the details of the error.
</p>
<p>
For instance, our hypothetical callers might want to recover the invalid
argument passed to <code>Sqrt</code>. We can enable that by defining a new
error implementation instead of using <code>errors.errorString</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/type NegativeSqrtError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A sophisticated caller can then use a
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Type_assertions">type assertion</a> to check for a
<code>NegativeSqrtError</code> and handle it specially, while callers that just
pass the error to <code>fmt.Println</code> or <code>log.Fatal</code> will see
no change in behavior.
</p>
<p>
As another example, the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package specifies a
<code>SyntaxError</code> type that the <code>json.Decode</code> function
returns when it encounters a syntax error parsing a JSON blob.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/type SyntaxError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>Offset</code> field isn't even shown in the default formatting of the
error, but callers can use it to add file and line information to their error
messages:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func decodeError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(This is a slightly simplified version of some
<a href="http://golang.org/s/camjsondecode">actual code</a>
from the <a href="http://camlistore.org">Camlistore</a> project.)
</p>
<p>
The <code>error</code> interface requires only a <code>Error</code> method;
specific error implementations might have additional methods. For instance, the
<a href="/pkg/net/">net</a> package returns errors of type
<code>error</code>, following the usual convention, but some of the error
implementations have additional methods defined by the <code>net.Error</code>
interface:
</p>
<pre>package net
type Error interface {
error
Timeout() bool // Is the error a timeout?
Temporary() bool // Is the error temporary?
}</pre>
<p>
Client code can test for a <code>net.Error</code> with a type assertion and
then distinguish transient network errors from permanent ones. For instance, a
web crawler might sleep and retry when it encounters a temporary error and give
up otherwise.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error.go" `/func netError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<b>Simplifying repetitive error handling</b>
</p>
<p>
In Go, error handling is important. The language's design and conventions
encourage you to explicitly check for errors where they occur (as distinct from
the convention in other languages of throwing exceptions and sometimes catching
them). In some cases this makes Go code verbose, but fortunately there are some
techniques you can use to minimize repetitive error handling.
</p>
<p>
Consider an <a href="http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/go/">App Engine</a>
application with an HTTP handler that retrieves a record from the datastore and
formats it with a template.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error2.go" `/func init/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This function handles errors returned by the <code>datastore.Get</code>
function and <code>viewTemplate</code>'s <code>Execute</code> method. In both
cases, it presents a simple error message to the user with the HTTP status code
500 ("Internal Server Error"). This looks like a manageable amount of code, but
add some more HTTP handlers and you quickly end up with many copies of
identical error handling code.
</p>
<p>
To reduce the repetition we can define our own HTTP <code>appHandler</code>
type that includes an <code>error</code> return value:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/type appHandler/`}}
<p>
Then we can change our <code>viewRecord</code> function to return errors:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/func viewRecord/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This is simpler than the original version, but the <a
href="/pkg/net/http/">http</a> package doesn't understand functions that return
<code>error</code>.
To fix this we can implement the <code>http.Handler</code> interface's
<code>ServeHTTP</code> method on <code>appHandler</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/ServeHTTP/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The <code>ServeHTTP</code> method calls the <code>appHandler</code> function
and displays the returned error (if any) to the user. Notice that the method's
receiver, <code>fn</code>, is a function. (Go can do that!) The method invokes
the function by calling the receiver in the expression <code>fn(w, r)</code>.
</p>
<p>
Now when registering <code>viewRecord</code> with the http package we use the
<code>Handle</code> function (instead of <code>HandleFunc</code>) as
<code>appHandler</code> is an <code>http.Handler</code> (not an
<code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error3.go" `/func init/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
With this basic error handling infrastructure in place, we can make it more
user friendly. Rather than just displaying the error string, it would be better
to give the user a simple error message with an appropriate HTTP status code,
while logging the full error to the App Engine developer console for debugging
purposes.
</p>
<p>
To do this we create an <code>appError</code> struct containing an
<code>error</code> and some other fields:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/type appError/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Next we modify the appHandler type to return <code>*appError</code> values:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/type appHandler/`}}
<p>
(It's usually a mistake to pass back the concrete type of an error rather than
<code>error</code>,
for reasons discussed in <a href="/doc/go_faq.html#nil_error">the Go FAQ</a>,
but it's the right thing to do here because <code>ServeHTTP</code> is the only
place that sees the value and uses its contents.)
</p>
<p>
And make <code>appHandler</code>'s <code>ServeHTTP</code> method display the
<code>appError</code>'s <code>Message</code> to the user with the correct HTTP
status <code>Code</code> and log the full <code>Error</code> to the developer
console:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/ServeHTTP/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Finally, we update <code>viewRecord</code> to the new function signature and
have it return more context when it encounters an error:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/error4.go" `/func viewRecord/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This version of <code>viewRecord</code> is the same length as the original, but
now each of those lines has specific meaning and we are providing a friendlier
user experience.
</p>
<p>
It doesn't end there; we can further improve the error handling in our
application. Some ideas:
</p>
<ul>
<li>give the error handler a pretty HTML template,
<li>make debugging easier by writing the stack trace to the HTTP response when
the user is an administrator,
<li>write a constructor function for <code>appError</code> that stores the
stack trace for easier debugging,
<li>recover from panics inside the <code>appHandler</code>, logging the error
to the console as "Critical," while telling the user "a serious error
has occurred." This is a nice touch to avoid exposing the user to inscrutable
error messages caused by programming errors.
See the <a href="defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a>
article for more details.
</ul>
<p>
<b>Conclusion</b>
</p>
<p>
Proper error handling is an essential requirement of good software. By
employing the techniques described in this post you should be able to write
more reliable and succinct Go code.
</p>

View File

@@ -78,18 +78,17 @@ well-established conventions.</p>
source code. For Bitbucket, GitHub, Google Code, and Launchpad, the
root directory of the repository is identified by the repository's
main URL, without the <code>http://</code> prefix. Subdirectories are named by
adding to that path.
For example, the Go example programs are obtained by running</p>
adding to that path. For example, the supplemental networking
libraries for Go are obtained by running</p>
<pre>
git clone https://github.com/golang/example
hg clone http://code.google.com/p/go.net
</pre>
<p>and thus the import path for the root directory of that repository is
"<code>github.com/golang/example</code>".
The <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/golang/example/stringutil">stringutil</a>
package is stored in a subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>github.com/golang/example/stringutil</code>".</p>
"<code>code.google.com/p/go.net</code>". The websocket package is stored in a
subdirectory, so its import path is
"<code>code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket</code>".</p>
<p>These paths are on the long side, but in exchange we get an
automatically managed name space for import paths and the ability for
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ deduce where to obtain the source code.</p>
in a known way from the import path. Specifically, the first choice
is <code>$GOPATH/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>. If <code>$GOPATH</code> is
unset, the go command will fall back to storing source code alongside the
standard Go packages, in <code>$GOROOT/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
standard Go packages, in <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/&lt;import-path&gt;</code>.
If <code>$GOPATH</code> is set to a list of paths, the go command tries
<code>&lt;dir&gt;/src/&lt;import-path&gt;</code> for each of the directories in
that list.</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Gobs of data",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
To transmit a data structure across a network or to store it in a file, it must
be encoded and then decoded again. There are many encodings available, of
course: <a href="http://www.json.org/">JSON</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML</a>, Google's
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/protobuf">protocol buffers</a>, and more.
And now there's another, provided by Go's <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a>
package.
</p>
<p>
Why define a new encoding? It's a lot of work and redundant at that. Why not
just use one of the existing formats? Well, for one thing, we do! Go has
<a href="/pkg/">packages</a> supporting all the encodings just mentioned (the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf">protocol buffer package</a> is in
a separate repository but it's one of the most frequently downloaded). And for
many purposes, including communicating with tools and systems written in other
languages, they're the right choice.
</p>
<p>
But for a Go-specific environment, such as communicating between two servers
written in Go, there's an opportunity to build something much easier to use and
possibly more efficient.
</p>
<p>
Gobs work with the language in a way that an externally-defined,
language-independent encoding cannot. At the same time, there are lessons to be
learned from the existing systems.
</p>
<p>
<b>Goals</b>
</p>
<p>
The gob package was designed with a number of goals in mind.
</p>
<p>
First, and most obvious, it had to be very easy to use. First, because Go has
reflection, there is no need for a separate interface definition language or
"protocol compiler". The data structure itself is all the package should need
to figure out how to encode and decode it. On the other hand, this approach
means that gobs will never work as well with other languages, but that's OK:
gobs are unashamedly Go-centric.
</p>
<p>
Efficiency is also important. Textual representations, exemplified by XML and
JSON, are too slow to put at the center of an efficient communications network.
A binary encoding is necessary.
</p>
<p>
Gob streams must be self-describing. Each gob stream, read from the beginning,
contains sufficient information that the entire stream can be parsed by an
agent that knows nothing a priori about its contents. This property means that
you will always be able to decode a gob stream stored in a file, even long
after you've forgotten what data it represents.
</p>
<p>
There were also some things to learn from our experiences with Google protocol
buffers.
</p>
<p>
<b>Protocol buffer misfeatures</b>
</p>
<p>
Protocol buffers had a major effect on the design of gobs, but have three
features that were deliberately avoided. (Leaving aside the property that
protocol buffers aren't self-describing: if you don't know the data definition
used to encode a protocol buffer, you might not be able to parse it.)
</p>
<p>
First, protocol buffers only work on the data type we call a struct in Go. You
can't encode an integer or array at the top level, only a struct with fields
inside it. That seems a pointless restriction, at least in Go. If all you want
to send is an array of integers, why should you have to put it into a
struct first?
</p>
<p>
Next, a protocol buffer definition may specify that fields <code>T.x</code> and
<code>T.y</code> are required to be present whenever a value of type
<code>T</code> is encoded or decoded. Although such required fields may seem
like a good idea, they are costly to implement because the codec must maintain a
separate data structure while encoding and decoding, to be able to report when
required fields are missing. They're also a maintenance problem. Over time, one
may want to modify the data definition to remove a required field, but that may
cause existing clients of the data to crash. It's better not to have them in the
encoding at all. (Protocol buffers also have optional fields. But if we don't
have required fields, all fields are optional and that's that. There will be
more to say about optional fields a little later.)
</p>
<p>
The third protocol buffer misfeature is default values. If a protocol buffer
omits the value for a "defaulted" field, then the decoded structure behaves as
if the field were set to that value. This idea works nicely when you have
getter and setter methods to control access to the field, but is harder to
handle cleanly when the container is just a plain idiomatic struct. Required
fields are also tricky to implement: where does one define the default values,
what types do they have (is text UTF-8? uninterpreted bytes? how many bits in a
float?) and despite the apparent simplicity, there were a number of
complications in their design and implementation for protocol buffers. We
decided to leave them out of gobs and fall back to Go's trivial but effective
defaulting rule: unless you set something otherwise, it has the "zero value"
for that type - and it doesn't need to be transmitted.
</p>
<p>
So gobs end up looking like a sort of generalized, simplified protocol buffer.
How do they work?
</p>
<p>
<b>Values</b>
</p>
<p>
The encoded gob data isn't about <code>int8</code>s and <code>uint16</code>s.
Instead, somewhat analogous to constants in Go, its integer values are abstract,
sizeless numbers, either signed or unsigned. When you encode an
<code>int8</code>, its value is transmitted as an unsized, variable-length
integer. When you encode an <code>int64</code>, its value is also transmitted as
an unsized, variable-length integer. (Signed and unsigned are treated
distinctly, but the same unsized-ness applies to unsigned values too.) If both
have the value 7, the bits sent on the wire will be identical. When the receiver
decodes that value, it puts it into the receiver's variable, which may be of
arbitrary integer type. Thus an encoder may send a 7 that came from an
<code>int8</code>, but the receiver may store it in an <code>int64</code>. This
is fine: the value is an integer and as a long as it fits, everything works. (If
it doesn't fit, an error results.) This decoupling from the size of the variable
gives some flexibility to the encoding: we can expand the type of the integer
variable as the software evolves, but still be able to decode old data.
</p>
<p>
This flexibility also applies to pointers. Before transmission, all pointers are
flattened. Values of type <code>int8</code>, <code>*int8</code>,
<code>**int8</code>, <code>****int8</code>, etc. are all transmitted as an
integer value, which may then be stored in <code>int</code> of any size, or
<code>*int</code>, or <code>******int</code>, etc. Again, this allows for
flexibility.
</p>
<p>
Flexibility also happens because, when decoding a struct, only those fields
that are sent by the encoder are stored in the destination. Given the value
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type T/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
the encoding of <code>t</code> sends only the 7 and 8. Because it's zero, the
value of <code>Y</code> isn't even sent; there's no need to send a zero value.
</p>
<p>
The receiver could instead decode the value into this structure:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type U/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and acquire a value of <code>u</code> with only <code>X</code> set (to the
address of an <code>int8</code> variable set to 7); the <code>Z</code> field is
ignored - where would you put it? When decoding structs, fields are matched by
name and compatible type, and only fields that exist in both are affected. This
simple approach finesses the "optional field" problem: as the type
<code>T</code> evolves by adding fields, out of date receivers will still
function with the part of the type they recognize. Thus gobs provide the
important result of optional fields - extensibility - without any additional
mechanism or notation.
</p>
<p>
From integers we can build all the other types: bytes, strings, arrays, slices,
maps, even floats. Floating-point values are represented by their IEEE 754
floating-point bit pattern, stored as an integer, which works fine as long as
you know their type, which we always do. By the way, that integer is sent in
byte-reversed order because common values of floating-point numbers, such as
small integers, have a lot of zeros at the low end that we can avoid
transmitting.
</p>
<p>
One nice feature of gobs that Go makes possible is that they allow you to define
your own encoding by having your type satisfy the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces, in a manner
analogous to the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">JSON</a> package's
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshaler">Marshaler</a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshaler">Unmarshaler</a> and also to the
<a href="/pkg/fmt/#Stringer">Stringer</a> interface from
<a href="/pkg/fmt/">package fmt</a>. This facility makes it possible to
represent special features, enforce constraints, or hide secrets when you
transmit data. See the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">documentation</a> for
details.
</p>
<p>
<b>Types on the wire</b>
</p>
<p>
The first time you send a given type, the gob package includes in the data
stream a description of that type. In fact, what happens is that the encoder is
used to encode, in the standard gob encoding format, an internal struct that
describes the type and gives it a unique number. (Basic types, plus the layout
of the type description structure, are predefined by the software for
bootstrapping.) After the type is described, it can be referenced by its type
number.
</p>
<p>
Thus when we send our first type <code>T</code>, the gob encoder sends a
description of <code>T</code> and tags it with a type number, say 127. All
values, including the first, are then prefixed by that number, so a stream of
<code>T</code> values looks like:
</p>
<pre>
("define type id" 127, definition of type T)(127, T value)(127, T value), ...
</pre>
<p>
These type numbers make it possible to describe recursive types and send values
of those types. Thus gobs can encode types such as trees:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs1.go" `/type Node/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(It's an exercise for the reader to discover how the zero-defaulting rule makes
this work, even though gobs don't represent pointers.)
</p>
<p>
With the type information, a gob stream is fully self-describing except for the
set of bootstrap types, which is a well-defined starting point.
</p>
<p>
<b>Compiling a machine</b>
</p>
<p>
The first time you encode a value of a given type, the gob package builds a
little interpreted machine specific to that data type. It uses reflection on
the type to construct that machine, but once the machine is built it does not
depend on reflection. The machine uses package unsafe and some trickery to
convert the data into the encoded bytes at high speed. It could use reflection
and avoid unsafe, but would be significantly slower. (A similar high-speed
approach is taken by the protocol buffer support for Go, whose design was
influenced by the implementation of gobs.) Subsequent values of the same type
use the already-compiled machine, so they can be encoded right away.
</p>
<p>
Decoding is similar but harder. When you decode a value, the gob package holds
a byte slice representing a value of a given encoder-defined type to decode,
plus a Go value into which to decode it. The gob package builds a machine for
that pair: the gob type sent on the wire crossed with the Go type provided for
decoding. Once that decoding machine is built, though, it's again a
reflectionless engine that uses unsafe methods to get maximum speed.
</p>
<p>
<b>Use</b>
</p>
<p>
There's a lot going on under the hood, but the result is an efficient,
easy-to-use encoding system for transmitting data. Here's a complete example
showing differing encoded and decoded types. Note how easy it is to send and
receive values; all you need to do is present values and variables to the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package</a> and it does all the work.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/gobs2.go" `/package main/` `$`}}
<p>
You can compile and run this example code in the
<a href="http://play.golang.org/p/_-OJV-rwMq">Go Playground</a>.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/">rpc package</a> builds on gobs to turn this
encode/decode automation into transport for method calls across the network.
That's a subject for another article.
</p>
<p>
<b>Details</b>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob package documentation</a>, especially the
file <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a>, expands on many of the
details described here and includes a full worked example showing how the
encoding represents data. If you are interested in the innards of the gob
implementation, that's a good place to start.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Godoc: documenting Go code",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The Go project takes documentation seriously. Documentation is a huge part of
making software accessible and maintainable. Of course it must be well-written
and accurate, but it also must be easy to write and to maintain. Ideally, it
should be coupled to the code itself so the documentation evolves along with the
code. The easier it is for programmers to produce good documentation, the better
for everyone.
</p>
<p>
To that end, we have developed the <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a> documentation
tool. This article describes godoc's approach to documentation, and explains how
you can use our conventions and tools to write good documentation for your own
projects.
</p>
<p>
Godoc parses Go source code - including comments - and produces documentation as
HTML or plain text. The end result is documentation tightly coupled with the
code it documents. For example, through godoc's web interface you can navigate
from a function's <a href="/pkg/strings/#HasPrefix">documentation</a> to its
<a href="/src/pkg/strings/strings.go?#L312">implementation</a> with one click.
</p>
<p>
Godoc is conceptually related to Python's
<a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/">Docstring</a> and Java's
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index-jsp-135444.html">Javadoc</a>,
but its design is simpler. The comments read by godoc are not language
constructs (as with Docstring) nor must they have their own machine-readable
syntax (as with Javadoc). Godoc comments are just good comments, the sort you
would want to read even if godoc didn't exist.
</p>
<p>
The convention is simple: to document a type, variable, constant, function, or
even a package, write a regular comment directly preceding its declaration, with
no intervening blank line. Godoc will then present that comment as text
alongside the item it documents. For example, this is the documentation for the
<code>fmt</code> package's <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Fprint"><code>Fprint</code></a>
function:
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/fmt/print.go" `/Fprint formats using the default/` `/func Fprint/`}}
<p>
Notice this comment is a complete sentence that begins with the name of the
element it describes. This important convention allows us to generate
documentation in a variety of formats, from plain text to HTML to UNIX man
pages, and makes it read better when tools truncate it for brevity, such as when
they extract the first line or sentence.
</p>
<p>
Comments on package declarations should provide general package documentation.
These comments can be short, like the <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a>
package's brief description:
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/sort/sort.go" `/Package sort provides/` `/package sort/`}}
<p>
They can also be detailed like the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>gob</code></a>
package's overview. That package uses another convention for packages
that need large amounts of introductory documentation: the package comment is
placed in its own file, <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a>, which
contains only those comments and a package clause.
</p>
<p>
When writing package comments of any size, keep in mind that their first
sentence will appear in godoc's <a href="/pkg/">package list</a>.
</p>
<p>
Comments that are not adjacent to a top-level declaration are omitted from
godoc's output, with one notable exception. Top-level comments that begin with
the word <code>"BUG(who)"</code> are recognized as known bugs, and included in
the "Bugs" section of the package documentation. The "who" part should be the
user name of someone who could provide more information. For example, this is a
known issue from the <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#pkg-note-BUG"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package:
</p>
<pre>
// BUG(rsc): On x86-32, the 64-bit functions use instructions
// unavailable before the Pentium MMX. On both ARM and x86-32, it is the
// caller's responsibility to arrange for 64-bit alignment of 64-bit
// words accessed atomically.
</pre>
<p>
Godoc treats executable commands in the same way. It looks for a comment on
package main, which is sometimes put in a separate file called <code>doc.go</code>.
For example, see the
<a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc documentation</a> and its corresponding
<a href="/src/cmd/godoc/doc.go">doc.go</a> file.
</p>
<p>
There are a few formatting rules that Godoc uses when converting comments to
HTML:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Subsequent lines of text are considered part of the same paragraph; you must
leave a blank line to separate paragraphs.
</li>
<li>
Pre-formatted text must be indented relative to the surrounding comment text
(see gob's <a href="/src/pkg/encoding/gob/doc.go">doc.go</a> for an example).
</li>
<li>
URLs will be converted to HTML links; no special markup is necessary.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Note that none of these rules requires you to do anything out of the ordinary.
</p>
<p>
In fact, the best thing about godoc's minimal approach is how easy it is to use.
As a result, a lot of Go code, including all of the standard library, already
follows the conventions.
</p>
<p>
Your own code can present good documentation just by having comments as
described above. Any Go packages installed inside <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg</code>
and any <code>GOPATH</code> work spaces will already be accessible via godoc's
command-line and HTTP interfaces, and you can specify additional paths for
indexing via the <code>-path</code> flag or just by running <code>"godoc ."</code>
in the source directory. See the <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc documentation</a>
for more details.
</p>
<p>
Godoc recognizes example functions written according to the
<a href="/pkg/testing/#pkg-overview"><code>testing</code></a> package's naming
conventions and presents them appropriately.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go's Declaration Syntax"
}-->
<p>
Newcomers to Go wonder why the declaration syntax is different from the
tradition established in the C family. In this post we'll compare the
two approaches and explain why Go's declarations look as they do.
</p>
<p>
<b>C syntax</b>
</p>
<p>
First, let's talk about C syntax. C took an unusual and clever approach
to declaration syntax. Instead of describing the types with special
syntax, one writes an expression involving the item being declared, and
states what type that expression will have. Thus
</p>
<pre>
int x;
</pre>
<p>
declares x to be an int: the expression 'x' will have type int. In
general, to figure out how to write the type of a new variable, write an
expression involving that variable that evaluates to a basic type, then
put the basic type on the left and the expression on the right.
</p>
<p>
Thus, the declarations
</p>
<pre>
int *p;
int a[3];
</pre>
<p>
state that p is a pointer to int because '*p' has type int, and that a
is an array of ints because a[3] (ignoring the particular index value,
which is punned to be the size of the array) has type int.
</p>
<p>
What about functions? Originally, C's function declarations wrote the
types of the arguments outside the parens, like this:
</p>
<pre>
int main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{ /* ... */ }
</pre>
<p>
Again, we see that main is a function because the expression main(argc,
argv) returns an int. In modern notation we'd write
</p>
<pre>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }
</pre>
<p>
but the basic structure is the same.
</p>
<p>
This is a clever syntactic idea that works well for simple types but can
get confusing fast. The famous example is declaring a function pointer.
Follow the rules and you get this:
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int a, int b);
</pre>
<p>
Here, fp is a pointer to a function because if you write the expression
(*fp)(a, b) you'll call a function that returns int. What if one of fp's
arguments is itself a function?
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int (*ff)(int x, int y), int b)
</pre>
<p>
That's starting to get hard to read.
</p>
<p>
Of course, we can leave out the name of the parameters when we declare a
function, so main can be declared
</p>
<pre>
int main(int, char *[])
</pre>
<p>
Recall that argv is declared like this,
</p>
<pre>
char *argv[]
</pre>
<p>
so you drop the name from the <em>middle</em> of its declaration to construct
its type. It's not obvious, though, that you declare something of type
char *[] by putting its name in the middle.
</p>
<p>
And look what happens to fp's declaration if you don't name the
parameters:
</p>
<pre>
int (*fp)(int (*)(int, int), int)
</pre>
<p>
Not only is it not obvious where to put the name inside
</p>
<pre>
int (*)(int, int)
</pre>
<p>
it's not exactly clear that it's a function pointer declaration at all.
And what if the return type is a function pointer?
</p>
<pre>
int (*(*fp)(int (*)(int, int), int))(int, int)
</pre>
<p>
It's hard even to see that this declaration is about fp.
</p>
<p>
You can construct more elaborate examples but these should illustrate
some of the difficulties that C's declaration syntax can introduce.
</p>
<p>
There's one more point that needs to be made, though. Because type and
declaration syntax are the same, it can be difficult to parse
expressions with types in the middle. This is why, for instance, C casts
always parenthesize the type, as in
</p>
<pre>
(int)M_PI
</pre>
<p>
<b>Go syntax</b>
</p>
<p>
Languages outside the C family usually use a distinct type syntax in
declarations. Although it's a separate point, the name usually comes
first, often followed by a colon. Thus our examples above become
something like (in a fictional but illustrative language)
</p>
<pre>
x: int
p: pointer to int
a: array[3] of int
</pre>
<p>
These declarations are clear, if verbose - you just read them left to
right. Go takes its cue from here, but in the interests of brevity it
drops the colon and removes some of the keywords:
</p>
<pre>
x int
p *int
a [3]int
</pre>
<p>
There is no direct correspondence between the look of [3]int and how to
use a in an expression. (We'll come back to pointers in the next
section.) You gain clarity at the cost of a separate syntax.
</p>
<p>
Now consider functions. Let's transcribe the declaration for main, even
though the main function in Go takes no arguments:
</p>
<pre>
func main(argc int, argv *[]byte) int
</pre>
<p>
Superficially that's not much different from C, but it reads well from
left to right:
</p>
<p>
<em>function main takes an int and a pointer to a slice of bytes and returns an int.</em>
</p>
<p>
Drop the parameter names and it's just as clear - they're always first
so there's no confusion.
</p>
<pre>
func main(int, *[]byte) int
</pre>
<p>
One value of this left-to-right style is how well it works as the types
become more complex. Here's a declaration of a function variable
(analogous to a function pointer in C):
</p>
<pre>
f func(func(int,int) int, int) int
</pre>
<p>
Or if f returns a function:
</p>
<pre>
f func(func(int,int) int, int) func(int, int) int
</pre>
<p>
It still reads clearly, from left to right, and it's always obvious
which name is being declared - the name comes first.
</p>
<p>
The distinction between type and expression syntax makes it easy to
write and invoke closures in Go:
</p>
<pre>
sum := func(a, b int) int { return a+b } (3, 4)
</pre>
<p>
<b>Pointers</b>
</p>
<p>
Pointers are the exception that proves the rule. Notice that in arrays
and slices, for instance, Go's type syntax puts the brackets on the left
of the type but the expression syntax puts them on the right of the
expression:
</p>
<pre>
var a []int
x = a[1]
</pre>
<p>
For familiarity, Go's pointers use the * notation from C, but we could
not bring ourselves to make a similar reversal for pointer types. Thus
pointers work like this
</p>
<pre>
var p *int
x = *p
</pre>
<p>
We couldn't say
</p>
<pre>
var p *int
x = p*
</pre>
<p>
because that postfix * would conflate with multiplication. We could have
used the Pascal ^, for example:
</p>
<pre>
var p ^int
x = p^
</pre>
<p>
and perhaps we should have (and chosen another operator for xor),
because the prefix asterisk on both types and expressions complicates
things in a number of ways. For instance, although one can write
</p>
<pre>
[]int("hi")
</pre>
<p>
as a conversion, one must parenthesize the type if it starts with a *:
</p>
<pre>
(*int)(nil)
</pre>
<p>
Had we been willing to give up * as pointer syntax, those parentheses
would be unnecessary.
</p>
<p>
So Go's pointer syntax is tied to the familiar C form, but those ties
mean that we cannot break completely from using parentheses to
disambiguate types and expressions in the grammar.
</p>
<p>
Overall, though, we believe Go's type syntax is easier to understand
than C's, especially when things get complicated.
</p>
<p>
<b>Notes</b>
</p>
<p>
Go's declarations read left to right. It's been pointed out that C's
read in a spiral! See <a href="http://c-faq.com/decl/spiral.anderson.html">
The "Clockwise/Spiral Rule"</a> by David Anderson.
</p>

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<!--{
"Title": "The Go image/draw package",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> defines
only one operation: drawing a source image onto a destination
image, through an optional mask image. This one operation is
surprisingly versatile and can perform a number of common image
manipulation tasks elegantly and efficiently.
</p>
<p>
Composition is performed pixel by pixel in the style of the Plan 9
graphics library and the X Render extension. The model is based on
the classic "Compositing Digital Images" paper by Porter and Duff,
with an additional mask parameter: <code>dst = (src IN mask) OP dst</code>.
For a fully opaque mask, this reduces to the original Porter-Duff
formula: <code>dst = src OP dst</code>. In Go, a nil mask image is equivalent
to an infinitely sized, fully opaque mask image.
</p>
<p>
The Porter-Duff paper presented
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVGCompositing/examples/compop-porterduff-examples.png">12 different composition operators</a>,
but with an explicit mask, only 2 of these are needed in practice:
source-over-destination and source. In Go, these operators are
represented by the <code>Over</code> and <code>Src</code> constants. The <code>Over</code> operator
performs the natural layering of a source image over a destination
image: the change to the destination image is smaller where the
source (after masking) is more transparent (that is, has lower
alpha). The <code>Src</code> operator merely copies the source (after masking)
with no regard for the destination image's original content. For
fully opaque source and mask images, the two operators produce the
same output, but the <code>Src</code> operator is usually faster.
</p>
<p><b>Geometric Alignment</b></p>
<p>
Composition requires associating destination pixels with source and
mask pixels. Obviously, this requires destination, source and mask
images, and a composition operator, but it also requires specifying
what rectangle of each image to use. Not every drawing should write
to the entire destination: when updating an animating image, it is
more efficient to only draw the parts of the image that have
changed. Not every drawing should read from the entire source: when
using a sprite that combines many small images into one large one,
only a part of the image is needed. Not every drawing should read
from the entire mask: a mask image that collects a font's glyphs is
similar to a sprite. Thus, drawing also needs to know three
rectangles, one for each image. Since each rectangle has the same
width and height, it suffices to pass a destination rectangle `r`
and two points <code>sp</code> and <code>mp</code>: the source rectangle is equal to <code>r</code>
translated so that <code>r.Min</code> in the destination image aligns with
<code>sp</code> in the source image, and similarly for <code>mp</code>. The effective
rectangle is also clipped to each image's bounds in their
respective co-ordinate space.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-20.png">
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#DrawMask"><code>DrawMask</code></a>
function takes seven arguments, but an explicit mask and mask-point
are usually unnecessary, so the
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw"><code>Draw</code></a> function takes five:
</p>
<pre>
// Draw calls DrawMask with a nil mask.
func Draw(dst Image, r image.Rectangle, src image.Image, sp image.Point, op Op)
func DrawMask(dst Image, r image.Rectangle, src image.Image, sp image.Point,
mask image.Image, mp image.Point, op Op)
</pre>
<p>
The destination image must be mutable, so the image/draw package
defines a <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Image"><code>draw.Image</code></a>
interface which has a <code>Set</code> method.
</p>
{{code "../src/pkg/image/draw/draw.go" `/type Image/` `/}/`}}
<p><b>Filling a Rectangle</b></p>
<p>
To fill a rectangle with a solid color, use an <code>image.Uniform</code>
source. The <code>Uniform</code> type re-interprets a <code>Color</code> as a
practically infinite-sized <code>Image</code> of that color. For those
familiar with the design of Plan 9's draw library, there is no need
for an explicit "repeat bit" in Go's slice-based image types; the
concept is subsumed by <code>Uniform</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/ZERO/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To initialize a new image to all-blue:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/BLUE/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To reset an image to transparent (or black, if the destination
image's color model cannot represent transparency), use
<code>image.Transparent</code>, which is an <code>image.Uniform</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RESET/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2a.png">
</p>
<p><b>Copying an Image</b></p>
<p>
To copy from a rectangle <code>sr</code> in the source image to a rectangle
starting at a point <code>dp</code> in the destination, convert the source
rectangle into the destination image's co-ordinate space:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RECT/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Alternatively:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/RECT2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To copy the entire source image, use <code>sr = src.Bounds()</code>.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-2b.png">
</p>
<p><b>Scrolling an Image</b></p>
<p>
Scrolling an image is just copying an image to itself, with
different destination and source rectangles. Overlapping
destination and source images are perfectly valid, just as Go's
built-in copy function can handle overlapping destination and
source slices. To scroll an image m by 20 pixels:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/SCROLL/` `/STOP/`}}
<p><img src="image-2c.png"></p>
<p><b>Converting an Image to RGBA</b></p>
<p>
The result of decoding an image format might not be an
<code>image.RGBA</code>: decoding a GIF results in an <code>image.Paletted</code>,
decoding a JPEG results in a <code>ycbcr.YCbCr</code>, and the result of
decoding a PNG depends on the image data. To convert any image to
an <code>image.RGBA</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CONV/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2d.png">
</p>
<p><b>Drawing Through a Mask</b></p>
<p>
To draw an image through a circular mask with center <code>p</code> and radius
<code>r</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CIRCLESTRUCT/` `/STOP/`}}
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/CIRCLE2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2e.png">
</p>
<p><b>Drawing Font Glyphs</b></p>
<p>
To draw a font glyph in blue starting from a point <code>p</code>, draw with
an <code>image.Uniform</code> source and an <code>image.Alpha mask</code>. For
simplicity, we aren't performing any sub-pixel positioning or
rendering, or correcting for a font's height above a baseline.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_draw.go" `/GLYPH/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-2f.png">
</p>
<p><b>Performance</b></p>
<p>
The image/draw package implementation demonstrates how to provide
an image manipulation function that is both general purpose, yet
efficient for common cases. The <code>DrawMask</code> function takes arguments
of interface types, but immediately makes type assertions that its
arguments are of specific struct types, corresponding to common
operations like drawing one <code>image.RGBA</code> image onto another, or
drawing an <code>image.Alpha</code> mask (such as a font glyph) onto an
<code>image.RGBA</code> image. If a type assertion succeeds, that type
information is used to run a specialized implementation of the
general algorithm. If the assertions fail, the fallback code path
uses the generic <code>At</code> and <code>Set</code> methods. The fast-paths are purely
a performance optimization; the resultant destination image is the
same either way. In practice, only a small number of special cases
are necessary to support typical applications.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Go image package",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/color/">image/color</a> packages define a number of types:
<code>color.Color</code> and <code>color.Model</code> describe colors,
<code>image.Point</code> and <code>image.Rectangle</code> describe basic 2-D
geometry, and <code>image.Image</code> brings the two concepts together to
represent a rectangular grid of colors. A
<a href="/doc/articles/image_draw.html">separate article</a> covers image
composition with the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.
</p>
<p>
<b>Colors and Color Models</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Color">Color</a> is an interface that defines the minimal
method set of any type that can be considered a color: one that can be converted
to red, green, blue and alpha values. The conversion may be lossy, such as
converting from CMYK or YCbCr color spaces.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Color interface/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
There are three important subtleties about the return values. First, the red,
green and blue are alpha-premultiplied: a fully saturated red that is also 25%
transparent is represented by RGBA returning a 75% r. Second, the channels have
a 16-bit effective range: 100% red is represented by RGBA returning an r of
65535, not 255, so that converting from CMYK or YCbCr is not as lossy. Third,
the type returned is <code>uint32</code>, even though the maximum value is 65535, to
guarantee that multiplying two values together won't overflow. Such
multiplications occur when blending two colors according to an alpha mask from a
third color, in the style of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing">Porter and Duff's</a>
classic algebra:
</p>
<pre>
dstr, dstg, dstb, dsta := dst.RGBA()
srcr, srcg, srcb, srca := src.RGBA()
_, _, _, m := mask.RGBA()
const M = 1&lt;&lt;16 - 1
// The resultant red value is a blend of dstr and srcr, and ranges in [0, M].
// The calculation for green, blue and alpha is similar.
dstr = (dstr*(M-m) + srcr*m) / M
</pre>
<p>
The last line of that code snippet would have been more complicated if we worked
with non-alpha-premultiplied colors, which is why <code>Color</code> uses
alpha-premultiplied values.
</p>
<p>
The image/color package also defines a number of concrete types that implement
the <code>Color</code> interface. For example,
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> is a struct that represents
the classic "8 bits per channel" color.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type RGBA struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Note that the <code>R</code> field of an <code>RGBA</code> is an 8-bit
alpha-premultiplied color in the range [0, 255]. <code>RGBA</code> satisfies the
<code>Color</code> interface by multiplying that value by 0x101 to generate a
16-bit alpha-premultiplied color in the range [0, 65535]. Similarly, the
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#NRGBA"><code>NRGBA</code></a> struct type represents
an 8-bit non-alpha-premultiplied color, as used by the PNG image format. When
manipulating an <code>NRGBA</code>'s fields directly, the values are
non-alpha-premultiplied, but when calling the <code>RGBA</code> method, the
return values are alpha-premultiplied.
</p>
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/color/#Model"><code>Model</code></a> is simply
something that can convert <code>Color</code>s to other <code>Color</code>s, possibly lossily. For
example, the <code>GrayModel</code> can convert any <code>Color</code> to a
desaturated <a href="/pkg/image/color/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a>. A
<code>Palette</code> can convert any <code>Color</code> to one from a
limited palette.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Model interface/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "/src/pkg/image/color/color.go" `/type Palette \[\]Color/`}}
<p>
<b>Points and Rectangles</b>
</p>
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/#Point"><code>Point</code></a> is an (x, y) co-ordinate
on the integer grid, with axes increasing right and down. It is neither a pixel
nor a grid square. A <code>Point</code> has no intrinsic width, height or
color, but the visualizations below use a small colored square.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/geom.go" `/type Point struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
<img src="image-package-01.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package1.go" `/p := image.Point/`}}
<p>
A <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle"><code>Rectangle</code></a> is an axis-aligned
rectangle on the integer grid, defined by its top-left and bottom-right
<code>Point</code>. A <code>Rectangle</code> also has no intrinsic color, but
the visualizations below outline rectangles with a thin colored line, and call
out their <code>Min</code> and <code>Max</code> <code>Point</code>s.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/geom.go" `/type Rectangle struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
For convenience, <code>image.Rect(x0, y0, x1, y1)</code> is equivalent to
<code>image.Rectangle{image.Point{x0, y0}, image.Point{x1, y1}}</code>, but is
much easier to type.
</p>
<p>
A <code>Rectangle</code> is inclusive at the top-left and exclusive at the
bottom-right. For a <code>Point p</code> and a <code>Rectangle r</code>,
<code>p.In(r)</code> if and only if
<code>r.Min.X &lt;= p.X &amp;&amp; p.X &lt; r.Max.X</code>, and similarly for <code>Y</code>. This is analogous to how
a slice <code>s[i0:i1]</code> is inclusive at the low end and exclusive at the
high end. (Unlike arrays and slices, a <code>Rectangle</code> often has a
non-zero origin.)
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-02.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package2.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Println/`}}
<p>
Adding a <code>Point</code> to a <code>Rectangle</code> translates the
<code>Rectangle</code>. Points and Rectangles are not restricted to be in the
bottom-right quadrant.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-03.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package3.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Println/`}}
<p>
Intersecting two Rectangles yields another Rectangle, which may be empty.
</p>
<p>
<img src="image-package-04.png" width="400" height="300">
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package4.go" `/r := image.Rect/` `/fmt.Printf/`}}
<p>
Points and Rectangles are passed and returned by value. A function that takes a
<code>Rectangle</code> argument will be as efficient as a function that takes
two <code>Point</code> arguments, or four <code>int</code> arguments.
</p>
<p>
<b>Images</b>
</p>
<p>
An <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">Image</a> maps every grid square in a
<code>Rectangle</code> to a <code>Color</code> from a <code>Model</code>.
"The pixel at (x, y)" refers to the color of the grid square defined by the
points (x, y), (x+1, y), (x+1, y+1) and (x, y+1).
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/image.go" `/type Image interface/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
A common mistake is assuming that an <code>Image</code>'s bounds start at (0,
0). For example, an animated GIF contains a sequence of Images, and each
<code>Image</code> after the first typically only holds pixel data for the area
that changed, and that area doesn't necessarily start at (0, 0). The correct
way to iterate over an <code>Image</code> m's pixels looks like:
</p>
<pre>
b := m.Bounds()
for y := b.Min.Y; y &lt; b.Max.Y; y++ {
for x := b.Min.X; x &lt; b.Max.X; x++ {
doStuffWith(m.At(x, y))
}
}
</pre>
<p>
<code>Image</code> implementations do not have to be based on an in-memory
slice of pixel data. For example, a
<a href="/pkg/image/#Uniform"><code>Uniform</code></a> is an
<code>Image</code> of enormous bounds and uniform color, whose in-memory
representation is simply that color.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/names.go" `/type Uniform struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
Typically, though, programs will want an image based on a slice. Struct types
like <a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a> (which other packages refer
to as <code>image.RGBA</code> and <code>image.Gray</code>) hold slices of pixel
data and implement the <code>Image</code> interface.
</p>
{{code "/src/pkg/image/image.go" `/type RGBA struct/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
These types also provide a <code>Set(x, y int, c color.Color)</code> method
that allows modifying the image one pixel at a time.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package5.go" `/m := image.New/` `/m.Set/`}}
<p>
If you're reading or writing a lot of pixel data, it can be more efficient, but
more complicated, to access these struct type's <code>Pix</code> field directly.
</p>
<p>
The slice-based <code>Image</code> implementations also provide a
<code>SubImage</code> method, which returns an <code>Image</code> backed by the
same array. Modifying the pixels of a sub-image will affect the pixels of the
original image, analogous to how modifying the contents of a sub-slice
<code>s[i0:i1]</code> will affect the contents of the original slice
<code>s</code>.
</p>
<img src="image-package-05.png" width="400" height="300">
{{code "/doc/progs/image_package6.go" `/m0 := image.New/` `/fmt.Println\(m0.Stride/`}}
<p>
For low-level code that works on an image's <code>Pix</code> field, be aware
that ranging over <code>Pix</code> can affect pixels outside an image's bounds.
In the example above, the pixels covered by <code>m1.Pix</code> are shaded in
blue. Higher-level code, such as the <code>At</code> and <code>Set</code>
methods or the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw package</a>, will clip
their operations to the image's bounds.
</p>
<p>
<b>Image Formats</b>
</p>
<p>
The standard package library supports a number of common image formats, such as
GIF, JPEG and PNG. If you know the format of a source image file, you can
decode from an <a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a> directly.
</p>
<pre>
import (
"image/jpeg"
"image/png"
"io"
)
// convertJPEGToPNG converts from JPEG to PNG.
func convertJPEGToPNG(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
img, err := jpeg.Decode(r)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return png.Encode(w, img)
}
</pre>
<p>
If you have image data of unknown format, the
<a href="/pkg/image/#Decode"><code>image.Decode</code></a> function can detect
the format. The set of recognized formats is constructed at run time and is not
limited to those in the standard package library. An image format package
typically registers its format in an init function, and the main package will
"underscore import" such a package solely for the side effect of format
registration.
</p>
<pre>
import (
"image"
"image/png"
"io"
_ "code.google.com/p/vp8-go/webp"
_ "image/jpeg"
)
// convertToPNG converts from any recognized format to PNG.
func convertToPNG(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) error {
img, _, err := image.Decode(r)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return png.Encode(w, img)
}
</pre>

View File

@@ -3,6 +3,5 @@
}-->
<p>
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> and the
<a href="/blog/index">Blog index</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
<!--{
"Title": "JSON and Go",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a simple data interchange format.
Syntactically it resembles the objects and lists of JavaScript. It is most
commonly used for communication between web back-ends and JavaScript programs
running in the browser, but it is used in many other places, too. Its home page,
<a href="http://json.org">json.org</a>, provides a wonderfully clear and concise
definition of the standard.
</p>
<p>
With the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package</a> it's a snap to read and
write JSON data from your Go programs.
</p>
<p>
<b>Encoding</b>
</p>
<p>
To encode JSON data we use the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a> function.
</p>
<pre>
func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error)
</pre>
<p>
Given the Go data structure, <code>Message</code>,
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/type Message/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and an instance of <code>Message</code>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/m :=/`}}
<p>
we can marshal a JSON-encoded version of <code>m</code> using <code>json.Marshal</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/b, err :=/`}}
<p>
If all is well, <code>err</code> will be <code>nil</code> and <code>b</code>
will be a <code>[]byte</code> containing this JSON data:
</p>
<pre>
b == []byte(`{"Name":"Alice","Body":"Hello","Time":1294706395881547000}`)
</pre>
<p>
Only data structures that can be represented as valid JSON will be encoded:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
JSON objects only support strings as keys; to encode a Go map type it must be
of the form <code>map[string]T</code> (where <code>T</code> is any Go type
supported by the json package).
</li>
<li>
Channel, complex, and function types cannot be encoded.
</li>
<li>
Cyclic data structures are not supported; they will cause <code>Marshal</code>
to go into an infinite loop.
</li>
<li>
Pointers will be encoded as the values they point to (or 'null' if the pointer
is <code>nil</code>).
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The json package only accesses the exported fields of struct types (those that
begin with an uppercase letter). Therefore only the exported fields of a struct
will be present in the JSON output.
</p>
<p>
<b>Decoding</b>
</p>
<p>
To decode JSON data we use the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a> function.
</p>
<pre>
func Unmarshal(data []byte, v interface{}) error
</pre>
<p>
We must first create a place where the decoded data will be stored
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/var m Message/`}}
<p>
and call <code>json.Unmarshal</code>, passing it a <code>[]byte</code> of JSON
data and a pointer to <code>m</code>
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/err := json.Unmarshal/`}}
<p>
If <code>b</code> contains valid JSON that fits in <code>m</code>, after the
call <code>err</code> will be <code>nil</code> and the data from <code>b</code>
will have been stored in the struct <code>m</code>, as if by an assignment
like:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/m = Message/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
How does <code>Unmarshal</code> identify the fields in which to store the
decoded data? For a given JSON key <code>"Foo"</code>, <code>Unmarshal</code>
will look through the destination struct's fields to find (in order of
preference):
</p>
<ul>
<li>
An exported field with a tag of <code>`json:"Foo"`</code> (see the
<a href="/ref/spec#Struct_types">Go spec</a> for more on struct tags),
</li>
<li>
An exported field named <code>"Foo"</code>, or
</li>
<li>
An exported field named <code>"FOO"</code> or <code>"FoO"</code> or some other
case-insensitive match of <code>"Foo"</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
What happens when the structure of the JSON data doesn't exactly match the Go
type?
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json1.go" `/"Food":"Pickle"/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<code>Unmarshal</code> will decode only the fields that it can find in the
destination type. In this case, only the <code>Name</code> field of m will be
populated, and the <code>Food</code> field will be ignored. This behavior is
particularly useful when you wish to pick only a few specific fields out of a
large JSON blob. It also means that any unexported fields in the destination
struct will be unaffected by <code>Unmarshal</code>.
</p>
<p>
But what if you don't know the structure of your JSON data beforehand?
</p>
<p>
<b>Generic JSON with <code>interface{}</code></b>
</p>
<p>
The <code>interface{}</code> (empty interface) type describes an interface with
zero methods. Every Go type implements at least zero methods and therefore
satisfies the empty interface.
</p>
<p>
The empty interface serves as a general container type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/var i interface{}/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A type assertion accesses the underlying concrete type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/r := i/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Or, if the underlying type is unknown, a type switch determines the type:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json2.go" `/switch v/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The json package uses <code>map[string]interface{}</code> and
<code>[]interface{}</code> values to store arbitrary JSON objects and arrays;
it will happily unmarshal any valid JSON blob into a plain
<code>interface{}</code> value. The default concrete Go types are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>bool</code> for JSON booleans,
</li>
<li>
<code>float64</code> for JSON numbers,
</li>
<li>
<code>string</code> for JSON strings, and
</li>
<li>
<code>nil</code> for JSON null.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<b>Decoding arbitrary data</b>
</p>
<p>
Consider this JSON data, stored in the variable <code>b</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/b :=/`}}
<p>
Without knowing this data's structure, we can decode it into an
<code>interface{}</code> value with <code>Unmarshal</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/var f interface/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
At this point the Go value in <code>f</code> would be a map whose keys are
strings and whose values are themselves stored as empty interface values:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/f = map/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
To access this data we can use a type assertion to access <code>f</code>'s
underlying <code>map[string]interface{}</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/m := f/`}}
<p>
We can then iterate through the map with a range statement and use a type switch
to access its values as their concrete types:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json3.go" `/for k, v/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
In this way you can work with unknown JSON data while still enjoying the
benefits of type safety.
</p>
<p>
<b>Reference Types</b>
</p>
<p>
Let's define a Go type to contain the data from the previous example:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json4.go" `/type FamilyMember/` `/STOP/`}}
{{code "/doc/progs/json4.go" `/var m FamilyMember/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Unmarshaling that data into a <code>FamilyMember</code> value works as
expected, but if we look closely we can see a remarkable thing has happened.
With the var statement we allocated a <code>FamilyMember</code> struct, and
then provided a pointer to that value to <code>Unmarshal</code>, but at that
time the <code>Parents</code> field was a <code>nil</code> slice value. To
populate the <code>Parents</code> field, <code>Unmarshal</code> allocated a new
slice behind the scenes. This is typical of how <code>Unmarshal</code> works
with the supported reference types (pointers, slices, and maps).
</p>
<p>
Consider unmarshaling into this data structure:
</p>
<pre>
type Foo struct {
Bar *Bar
}
</pre>
<p>
If there were a <code>Bar</code> field in the JSON object,
<code>Unmarshal</code> would allocate a new <code>Bar</code> and populate it.
If not, <code>Bar</code> would be left as a <code>nil</code> pointer.
</p>
<p>
From this a useful pattern arises: if you have an application that receives a
few distinct message types, you might define "receiver" structure like
</p>
<pre>
type IncomingMessage struct {
Cmd *Command
Msg *Message
}
</pre>
<p>
and the sending party can populate the <code>Cmd</code> field and/or the
<code>Msg</code> field of the top-level JSON object, depending on the type of
message they want to communicate. <code>Unmarshal</code>, when decoding the
JSON into an <code>IncomingMessage</code> struct, will only allocate the data
structures present in the JSON data. To know which messages to process, the
programmer need simply test that either <code>Cmd</code> or <code>Msg</code> is
not <code>nil</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Streaming Encoders and Decoders</b>
</p>
<p>
The json package provides <code>Decoder</code> and <code>Encoder</code> types
to support the common operation of reading and writing streams of JSON data.
The <code>NewDecoder</code> and <code>NewEncoder</code> functions wrap the
<a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/io/#Writer"><code>io.Writer</code></a> interface types.
</p>
<pre>
func NewDecoder(r io.Reader) *Decoder
func NewEncoder(w io.Writer) *Encoder
</pre>
<p>
Here's an example program that reads a series of JSON objects from standard
input, removes all but the <code>Name</code> field from each object, and then
writes the objects to standard output:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/json5.go" `/package main/` `$`}}
<p>
Due to the ubiquity of Readers and Writers, these <code>Encoder</code> and
<code>Decoder</code> types can be used in a broad range of scenarios, such as
reading and writing to HTTP connections, WebSockets, or files.
</p>
<p>
<b>References</b>
</p>
<p>
For more information see the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json package documentation</a>. For an example usage of
json see the source files of the <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/jsonrpc/">jsonrpc package</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
<!--{
"Title": "JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces"
}-->
<p>
Here we present an example where Go's
<a href="/doc/effective_go.html#interfaces_and_types">interfaces</a> made it
easy to refactor some existing code to make it more flexible and extensible.
Originally, the standard library's <a href="/pkg/net/rpc/">RPC package</a> used
a custom wire format called <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a>. For a
particular application, we wanted to use <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">JSON</a>
as an alternate wire format.
</p>
<p>
We first defined a pair of interfaces to describe the functionality of the
existing wire format, one for the client, and one for the server (depicted
below).
</p>
<pre>
type ServerCodec interface {
ReadRequestHeader(*Request) error
ReadRequestBody(interface{}) error
WriteResponse(*Response, interface{}) error
Close() error
}
</pre>
<p>
On the server side, we then changed two internal function signatures to accept
the <code>ServerCodec</code> interface instead of our existing
<code>gob.Encoder</code>. Here's one of them:
</p>
<pre>
func sendResponse(sending *sync.Mutex, req *Request,
reply interface{}, enc *gob.Encoder, errmsg string)
</pre>
<p>
became
</p>
<pre>
func sendResponse(sending *sync.Mutex, req *Request,
reply interface{}, enc ServerCodec, errmsg string)
</pre>
<p>
We then wrote a trivial <code>gobServerCodec</code> wrapper to reproduce the
original functionality. From there it is simple to build a
<code>jsonServerCodec</code>.
</p>
<p>
After some similar changes to the client side, this was the full extent of the
work we needed to do on the RPC package. This whole exercise took about 20
minutes! After tidying up and testing the new code, the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/diff?spec=svn9daf796ebf1cae97b2fcf760a4ab682f1f063f29&amp;r=9daf796ebf1cae97b2fcf760a4ab682f1f063f29&amp;format=side&amp;path=/src/pkg/rpc/server.go">final changeset</a>
was submitted.
</p>
<p>
In an inheritance-oriented language like Java or C++, the obvious path would be
to generalize the RPC class, and create JsonRPC and GobRPC subclasses. However,
this approach becomes tricky if you want to make a further generalization
orthogonal to that hierarchy. (For example, if you were to implement an
alternate RPC standard). In our Go package, we took a route that is both
conceptually simpler and requires less code be written or changed.
</p>
<p>
A vital quality for any codebase is maintainability. As needs change, it is
essential to adapt your code easily and cleanly, lest it become unwieldy to work
with. We believe Go's lightweight, composition-oriented type system provides a
means of structuring code that scales.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Laws of Reflection",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Reflection in computing is the
ability of a program to examine its own structure, particularly
through types; it's a form of metaprogramming. It's also a great
source of confusion.
</p>
<p>
In this article we attempt to clarify things by explaining how
reflection works in Go. Each language's reflection model is
different (and many languages don't support it at all), but
this article is about Go, so for the rest of this article the word
"reflection" should be taken to mean "reflection in Go".
</p>
<p><b>Types and interfaces</b></p>
<p>
Because reflection builds on the type system, let's start with a
refresher about types in Go.
</p>
<p>
Go is statically typed. Every variable has a static type, that is,
exactly one type known and fixed at compile time: <code>int</code>,
<code>float32</code>, <code>*MyType</code>, <code>[]byte</code>,
and so on. If we declare
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/type MyInt/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
then <code>i</code> has type <code>int</code> and <code>j</code>
has type <code>MyInt</code>. The variables <code>i</code> and
<code>j</code> have distinct static types and, although they have
the same underlying type, they cannot be assigned to one another
without a conversion.
</p>
<p>
One important category of type is interface types, which represent
fixed sets of methods. An interface variable can store any concrete
(non-interface) value as long as that value implements the
interface's methods. A well-known pair of examples is
<code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>, the types
<code>Reader</code> and <code>Writer</code> from the
<a href="/pkg/io/">io package</a>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/// Reader/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Any type that implements a <code>Read</code> (or
<code>Write</code>) method with this signature is said to implement
<code>io.Reader</code> (or <code>io.Writer</code>). For the
purposes of this discussion, that means that a variable of type
<code>io.Reader</code> can hold any value whose type has a
<code>Read</code> method:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/func readers/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
It's important to be clear that whatever concrete value
<code>r</code> may hold, <code>r</code>'s type is always
<code>io.Reader</code>: Go is statically typed and the static type
of <code>r</code> is <code>io.Reader</code>.</p>
<p>
An extremely important example of an interface type is the empty
interface:
</p>
<pre>
interface{}
</pre>
<p>
It represents the empty set of methods and is satisfied by any
value at all, since any value has zero or more methods.
</p>
<p>
Some people say that Go's interfaces are dynamically typed, but
that is misleading. They are statically typed: a variable of
interface type always has the same static type, and even though at
run time the value stored in the interface variable may change
type, that value will always satisfy the interface.
</p>
<p>
We need to be precise about all this because reflection and
interfaces are closely related.
</p>
<p><b>The representation of an interface</b></p>
<p>
Russ Cox has written a
<a href="http://research.swtch.com/2009/12/go-data-structures-interfaces.html">detailed blog post</a>
about the representation of interface values in Go. It's not necessary to
repeat the full story here, but a simplified summary is in order.
</p>
<p>
A variable of interface type stores a pair: the concrete value
assigned to the variable, and that value's type descriptor.
To be more precise, the value is the underlying concrete data item
that implements the interface and the type describes the full type
of that item. For instance, after
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/func typeAssertions/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<code>r</code> contains, schematically, the (value, type) pair,
(<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). Notice that the type
<code>*os.File</code> implements methods other than
<code>Read</code>; even though the interface value provides access
only to the <code>Read</code> method, the value inside carries all
the type information about that value. That's why we can do things
like this:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/var w io.Writer/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The expression in this assignment is a type assertion; what it
asserts is that the item inside <code>r</code> also implements
<code>io.Writer</code>, and so we can assign it to <code>w</code>.
After the assignment, <code>w</code> will contain the pair
(<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). That's the same pair as
was held in <code>r</code>. The static type of the interface
determines what methods may be invoked with an interface variable,
even though the concrete value inside may have a larger set of
methods.
</p>
<p>
Continuing, we can do this:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface.go" `/var empty interface{}/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and our empty interface value <code>e</code> will again contain
that same pair, (<code>tty</code>, <code>*os.File</code>). That's
handy: an empty interface can hold any value and contains all the
information we could ever need about that value.
</p>
<p>
(We don't need a type assertion here because it's known statically
that <code>w</code> satisfies the empty interface. In the example
where we moved a value from a <code>Reader</code> to a
<code>Writer</code>, we needed to be explicit and use a type
assertion because <code>Writer</code>'s methods are not a
subset of <code>Reader</code>'s.)
</p>
<p>
One important detail is that the pair inside an interface always
has the form (value, concrete type) and cannot have the form
(value, interface type). Interfaces do not hold interface
values.
</p>
<p>
Now we're ready to reflect.
</p>
<p><b>The first law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>1. Reflection goes from interface value to reflection object.</b></p>
<p>
At the basic level, reflection is just a mechanism to examine the
type and value pair stored inside an interface variable. To get
started, there are two types we need to know about in
<a href="/pkg/reflect/">package reflect</a>:
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> and
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a>. Those two types
give access to the contents of an interface variable, and two
simple functions, called <code>reflect.TypeOf</code> and
<code>reflect.ValueOf</code>, retrieve <code>reflect.Type</code>
and <code>reflect.Value</code> pieces out of an interface value.
(Also, from the <code>reflect.Value</code> it's easy to get
to the <code>reflect.Type</code>, but let's keep the
<code>Value</code> and <code>Type</code> concepts separate for
now.)
</p>
<p>
Let's start with <code>TypeOf</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/package main/` `/STOP main/`}}
<p>
This program prints
</p>
<pre>
type: float64
</pre>
<p>
You might be wondering where the interface is here, since the program looks
like it's passing the <code>float64</code> variable <code>x</code>, not an
interface value, to <code>reflect.TypeOf</code>. But it's there; as
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#TypeOf">godoc reports</a>, the signature of
<code>reflect.TypeOf</code> includes an empty interface:
</p>
<pre>
// TypeOf returns the reflection Type of the value in the interface{}.
func TypeOf(i interface{}) Type
</pre>
<p>
When we call <code>reflect.TypeOf(x)</code>, <code>x</code> is
first stored in an empty interface, which is then passed as the
argument; <code>reflect.TypeOf</code> unpacks that empty interface
to recover the type information.
</p>
<p>
The <code>reflect.ValueOf</code> function, of course, recovers the
value (from here on we'll elide the boilerplate and focus just on
the executable code):
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f9/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
value: &lt;float64 Value&gt;
</pre>
<p>
Both <code>reflect.Type</code> and <code>reflect.Value</code> have
lots of methods to let us examine and manipulate them. One
important example is that <code>Value</code> has a
<code>Type</code> method that returns the <code>Type</code> of a
<code>reflect.Value</code>. Another is that both <code>Type</code>
and <code>Value</code> have a <code>Kind</code> method that returns
a constant indicating what sort of item is stored:
<code>Uint</code>, <code>Float64</code>, <code>Slice</code>, and so
on. Also methods on <code>Value</code> with names like
<code>Int</code> and <code>Float</code> let us grab values (as
<code>int64</code> and <code>float64</code>) stored inside:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f1/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
type: float64
kind is float64: true
value: 3.4
</pre>
<p>
There are also methods like <code>SetInt</code> and
<code>SetFloat</code> but to use them we need to understand
settability, the subject of the third law of reflection, discussed
below.
</p>
<p>
The reflection library has a couple of properties worth singling
out. First, to keep the API simple, the "getter" and "setter"
methods of <code>Value</code> operate on the largest type that can
hold the value: <code>int64</code> for all the signed integers, for
instance. That is, the <code>Int</code> method of
<code>Value</code> returns an <code>int64</code> and the
<code>SetInt</code> value takes an <code>int64</code>; it may be
necessary to convert to the actual type involved:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f2/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The second property is that the <code>Kind</code> of a reflection
object describes the underlying type, not the static type. If a
reflection object contains a value of a user-defined integer type,
as in
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
the <code>Kind</code> of <code>v</code> is still
<code>reflect.Int</code>, even though the static type of
<code>x</code> is <code>MyInt</code>, not <code>int</code>. In
other words, the <code>Kind</code> cannot discriminate an int from
a <code>MyInt</code> even though the <code>Type</code> can.
</p>
<p><b>The second law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>2. Reflection goes from reflection object to interface
value.</b></p>
<p>
Like physical reflection, reflection in Go generates its own
inverse.
</p>
<p>
Given a <code>reflect.Value</code> we can recover an interface
value using the <code>Interface</code> method; in effect the method
packs the type and value information back into an interface
representation and returns the result:
</p>
<pre>
// Interface returns v's value as an interface{}.
func (v Value) Interface() interface{}
</pre>
<p>
As a consequence we can say
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
to print the <code>float64</code> value represented by the
reflection object <code>v</code>.
</p>
<p>
We can do even better, though. The arguments to
<code>fmt.Println</code>, <code>fmt.Printf</code> and so on are all
passed as empty interface values, which are then unpacked by the
<code>fmt</code> package internally just as we have been doing in
the previous examples. Therefore all it takes to print the contents
of a <code>reflect.Value</code> correctly is to pass the result of
the <code>Interface</code> method to the formatted print
routine:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
(Why not <code>fmt.Println(v)</code>? Because <code>v</code> is a
<code>reflect.Value</code>; we want the concrete value it holds.)
Since our value is a <code>float64</code>, we can even use a
floating-point format if we want:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f3d/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
and get in this case
</p>
<pre>
3.4e+00
</pre>
<p>
Again, there's no need to type-assert the result of
<code>v.Interface()</code> to <code>float64</code>; the empty
interface value has the concrete value's type information inside
and <code>Printf</code> will recover it.
</p>
<p>
In short, the <code>Interface</code> method is the inverse of the
<code>ValueOf</code> function, except that its result is always of
static type <code>interface{}</code>.
</p>
<p>
Reiterating: Reflection goes from interface values to reflection
objects and back again.
</p>
<p><b>The third law of reflection</b></p>
<p><b>3. To modify a reflection object, the value must be settable.</b></p>
<p>
The third law is the most subtle and confusing, but it's easy
enough to understand if we start from first principles.
</p>
<p>
Here is some code that does not work, but is worth studying.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f4/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
If you run this code, it will panic with the cryptic message
</p>
<pre>
panic: reflect.Value.SetFloat using unaddressable value
</pre>
<p>
The problem is not that the value <code>7.1</code> is not
addressable; it's that <code>v</code> is not settable. Settability
is a property of a reflection <code>Value</code>, and not all
reflection <code>Values</code> have it.
</p>
<p>
The <code>CanSet</code> method of <code>Value</code> reports the
settability of a <code>Value</code>; in our case,
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f5/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
prints
</p>
<pre>
settability of v: false
</pre>
<p>
It is an error to call a <code>Set</code> method on an non-settable
<code>Value</code>. But what is settability?
</p>
<p>
Settability is a bit like addressability, but stricter. It's the
property that a reflection object can modify the actual storage
that was used to create the reflection object. Settability is
determined by whether the reflection object holds the original
item. When we say
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f6/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
we pass a <em>copy</em> of <code>x</code> to
<code>reflect.ValueOf</code>, so the interface value created as the
argument to <code>reflect.ValueOf</code> is a <em>copy</em> of
<code>x</code>, not <code>x</code> itself. Thus, if the
statement
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f6b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
were allowed to succeed, it would not update <code>x</code>, even
though <code>v</code> looks like it was created from
<code>x</code>. Instead, it would update the copy of <code>x</code>
stored inside the reflection value and <code>x</code> itself would
be unaffected. That would be confusing and useless, so it is
illegal, and settability is the property used to avoid this
issue.
</p>
<p>
If this seems bizarre, it's not. It's actually a familiar situation
in unusual garb. Think of passing <code>x</code> to a
function:
</p>
<pre>
f(x)
</pre>
<p>
We would not expect <code>f</code> to be able to modify
<code>x</code> because we passed a copy of <code>x</code>'s value,
not <code>x</code> itself. If we want <code>f</code> to modify
<code>x</code> directly we must pass our function the address of
<code>x</code> (that is, a pointer to <code>x</code>):</p>
<p>
<code>f(&amp;x)</code>
</p>
<p>
This is straightforward and familiar, and reflection works the same
way. If we want to modify <code>x</code> by reflection, we must
give the reflection library a pointer to the value we want to
modify.
</p>
<p>
Let's do that. First we initialize <code>x</code> as usual
and then create a reflection value that points to it, called
<code>p</code>.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output so far is
</p>
<pre>
type of p: *float64
settability of p: false
</pre>
<p>
The reflection object <code>p</code> isn't settable, but it's not
<code>p</code> we want to set, it's (in effect) <code>*p</code>. To
get to what <code>p</code> points to, we call the <code>Elem</code>
method of <code>Value</code>, which indirects through the pointer,
and save the result in a reflection <code>Value</code> called
<code>v</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
Now <code>v</code> is a settable reflection object, as the output
demonstrates,
</p>
<pre>
settability of v: true
</pre>
<p>
and since it represents <code>x</code>, we are finally able to use
<code>v.SetFloat</code> to modify the value of
<code>x</code>:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f7c/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output, as expected, is
</p>
<pre>
7.1
7.1
</pre>
<p>
Reflection can be hard to understand but it's doing exactly what
the language does, albeit through reflection <code>Types</code> and
<code>Values</code> that can disguise what's going on. Just keep in
mind that reflection Values need the address of something in order
to modify what they represent.
</p>
<p><b>Structs</b></p>
<p>
In our previous example <code>v</code> wasn't a pointer itself, it
was just derived from one. A common way for this situation to arise
is when using reflection to modify the fields of a structure. As
long as we have the address of the structure, we can modify its
fields.
</p>
<p>
Here's a simple example that analyzes a struct value, <code>t</code>. We create
the reflection object with the address of the struct because we'll want to
modify it later. Then we set <code>typeOfT</code> to its type and iterate over
the fields using straightforward method calls
(see <a href="/pkg/reflect/">package reflect</a> for details).
Note that we extract the names of the fields from the struct type, but the
fields themselves are regular <code>reflect.Value</code> objects.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f8/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
The output of this program is
</p>
<pre>
0: A int = 23
1: B string = skidoo
</pre>
<p>
There's one more point about settability introduced in
passing here: the field names of <code>T</code> are upper case
(exported) because only exported fields of a struct are
settable.
</p>
<p>
Because <code>s</code> contains a settable reflection object, we
can modify the fields of the structure.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/interface2.go" `/START f8b/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
And here's the result:
</p>
<pre>
t is now {77 Sunset Strip}
</pre>
<p>
If we modified the program so that <code>s</code> was created from
<code>t</code>, not <code>&amp;t</code>, the calls to
<code>SetInt</code> and <code>SetString</code> would fail as the
fields of <code>t</code> would not be settable.
</p>
<p><b>Conclusion</b></p>
<p>
Here again are the laws of reflection:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Reflection goes from interface value to reflection
object.</li>
<li>Reflection goes from reflection object to interface
value.</li>
<li>To modify a reflection object, the value must be settable.</li>
</ol>
<p>
Once you understand these laws reflection in Go becomes much easier
to use, although it remains subtle. It's a powerful tool that
should be used with care and avoided unless strictly
necessary.
</p>
<p>
There's plenty more to reflection that we haven't covered &mdash;
sending and receiving on channels, allocating memory, using slices
and maps, calling methods and functions &mdash; but this post is
long enough. We'll cover some of those topics in a later
article.
</p>

View File

@@ -57,35 +57,35 @@ Here is an example:
WARNING: DATA RACE
Read by goroutine 185:
net.(*pollServer).AddFD()
src/net/fd_unix.go:89 +0x398
src/pkg/net/fd_unix.go:89 +0x398
net.(*pollServer).WaitWrite()
src/net/fd_unix.go:247 +0x45
src/pkg/net/fd_unix.go:247 +0x45
net.(*netFD).Write()
src/net/fd_unix.go:540 +0x4d4
src/pkg/net/fd_unix.go:540 +0x4d4
net.(*conn).Write()
src/net/net.go:129 +0x101
src/pkg/net/net.go:129 +0x101
net.func·060()
src/net/timeout_test.go:603 +0xaf
src/pkg/net/timeout_test.go:603 +0xaf
Previous write by goroutine 184:
net.setWriteDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:135 +0xdf
src/pkg/net/sockopt_posix.go:135 +0xdf
net.setDeadline()
src/net/sockopt_posix.go:144 +0x9c
src/pkg/net/sockopt_posix.go:144 +0x9c
net.(*conn).SetDeadline()
src/net/net.go:161 +0xe3
src/pkg/net/net.go:161 +0xe3
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:616 +0x3ed
src/pkg/net/timeout_test.go:616 +0x3ed
Goroutine 185 (running) created at:
net.func·061()
src/net/timeout_test.go:609 +0x288
src/pkg/net/timeout_test.go:609 +0x288
Goroutine 184 (running) created at:
net.TestProlongTimeout()
src/net/timeout_test.go:618 +0x298
src/pkg/net/timeout_test.go:618 +0x298
testing.tRunner()
src/testing/testing.go:301 +0xe8
src/pkg/testing/testing.go:301 +0xe8
</pre>
<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
@@ -128,11 +128,6 @@ access history is <code>32K * 2**history_size elements</code>.
Increasing this value can avoid a "failed to restore the stack" error in reports, at the
cost of increased memory usage.
</li>
<li>
<code>halt_on_error</code> (default <code>0</code>): Controls whether the program
exits after reporting first data race.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -377,8 +372,7 @@ func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
<h2 id="Supported_Systems">Supported Systems</h2>
<p>
The race detector runs on <code>darwin/amd64</code>, <code>freebsd/amd64</code>,
<code>linux/amd64</code>, and <code>windows/amd64</code>.
The race detector runs on <code>darwin/amd64</code>, <code>linux/amd64</code>, and <code>windows/amd64</code>.
</p>
<h2 id="Runtime_Overheads">Runtime Overhead</h2>

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@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Slices: usage and internals",
"Template": true
}-->
<p>
Go's slice type provides a convenient and efficient means of working with
sequences of typed data. Slices are analogous to arrays in other languages, but
have some unusual properties. This article will look at what slices are and how
they are used.
</p>
<p>
<b>Arrays</b>
</p>
<p>
The slice type is an abstraction built on top of Go's array type, and so to
understand slices we must first understand arrays.
</p>
<p>
An array type definition specifies a length and an element type. For example,
the type <code>[4]int</code> represents an array of four integers. An array's
size is fixed; its length is part of its type (<code>[4]int</code> and
<code>[5]int</code> are distinct, incompatible types). Arrays can be indexed in
the usual way, so the expression <code>s[n]</code> accesses the <i>n</i>th
element:
</p>
<pre>
var a [4]int
a[0] = 1
i := a[0]
// i == 1
</pre>
<p>
Arrays do not need to be initialized explicitly; the zero value of an array is
a ready-to-use array whose elements are themselves zeroed:
</p>
<pre>
// a[2] == 0, the zero value of the int type
</pre>
<p>
The in-memory representation of <code>[4]int</code> is just four integer values laid out sequentially:
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-array.png">
</p>
<p>
Go's arrays are values. An array variable denotes the entire array; it is not a
pointer to the first array element (as would be the case in C). This means
that when you assign or pass around an array value you will make a copy of its
contents. (To avoid the copy you could pass a <i>pointer</i> to the array, but
then that's a pointer to an array, not an array.) One way to think about arrays
is as a sort of struct but with indexed rather than named fields: a fixed-size
composite value.
</p>
<p>
An array literal can be specified like so:
</p>
<pre>
b := [2]string{"Penn", "Teller"}
</pre>
<p>
Or, you can have the compiler count the array elements for you:
</p>
<pre>
b := [...]string{"Penn", "Teller"}
</pre>
<p>
In both cases, the type of <code>b</code> is <code>[2]string</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Slices</b>
</p>
<p>
Arrays have their place, but they're a bit inflexible, so you don't see them
too often in Go code. Slices, though, are everywhere. They build on arrays to
provide great power and convenience.
</p>
<p>
The type specification for a slice is <code>[]T</code>, where <code>T</code> is
the type of the elements of the slice. Unlike an array type, a slice type has
no specified length.
</p>
<p>
A slice literal is declared just like an array literal, except you leave out
the element count:
</p>
<pre>
letters := []string{"a", "b", "c", "d"}
</pre>
<p>
A slice can be created with the built-in function called <code>make</code>,
which has the signature,
</p>
<pre>
func make([]T, len, cap) []T
</pre>
<p>
where T stands for the element type of the slice to be created. The
<code>make</code> function takes a type, a length, and an optional capacity.
When called, <code>make</code> allocates an array and returns a slice that
refers to that array.
</p>
<pre>
var s []byte
s = make([]byte, 5, 5)
// s == []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
</pre>
<p>
When the capacity argument is omitted, it defaults to the specified length.
Here's a more succinct version of the same code:
</p>
<pre>
s := make([]byte, 5)
</pre>
<p>
The length and capacity of a slice can be inspected using the built-in
<code>len</code> and <code>cap</code> functions.
</p>
<pre>
len(s) == 5
cap(s) == 5
</pre>
<p>
The next two sections discuss the relationship between length and capacity.
</p>
<p>
The zero value of a slice is <code>nil</code>. The <code>len</code> and
<code>cap</code> functions will both return 0 for a nil slice.
</p>
<p>
A slice can also be formed by "slicing" an existing slice or array. Slicing is
done by specifying a half-open range with two indices separated by a colon. For
example, the expression <code>b[1:4]</code> creates a slice including elements
1 through 3 of <code>b</code> (the indices of the resulting slice will be 0
through 2).
</p>
<pre>
b := []byte{'g', 'o', 'l', 'a', 'n', 'g'}
// b[1:4] == []byte{'o', 'l', 'a'}, sharing the same storage as b
</pre>
<p>
The start and end indices of a slice expression are optional; they default to zero and the slice's length respectively:
</p>
<pre>
// b[:2] == []byte{'g', 'o'}
// b[2:] == []byte{'l', 'a', 'n', 'g'}
// b[:] == b
</pre>
<p>
This is also the syntax to create a slice given an array:
</p>
<pre>
x := [3]string{"Лайка", "Белка", "Стрелка"}
s := x[:] // a slice referencing the storage of x
</pre>
<p>
<b>Slice internals</b>
</p>
<p>
A slice is a descriptor of an array segment. It consists of a pointer to the
array, the length of the segment, and its capacity (the maximum length of the
segment).
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-struct.png">
</p>
<p>
Our variable <code>s</code>, created earlier by <code>make([]byte, 5)</code>,
is structured like this:
</p>
<p>
<img src="slice-1.png">
</p>
<p>
The length is the number of elements referred to by the slice. The capacity is
the number of elements in the underlying array (beginning at the element
referred to by the slice pointer). The distinction between length and capacity
will be made clear as we walk through the next few examples.
</p>
<p>
As we slice <code>s</code>, observe the changes in the slice data structure and
their relation to the underlying array:
</p>
<pre>
s = s[2:4]
</pre>
<p>
<img src="slice-2.png">
</p>
<p>
Slicing does not copy the slice's data. It creates a new slice value that
points to the original array. This makes slice operations as efficient as
manipulating array indices. Therefore, modifying the <i>elements</i> (not the
slice itself) of a re-slice modifies the elements of the original slice:
</p>
<pre>
d := []byte{'r', 'o', 'a', 'd'}
e := d[2:]
// e == []byte{'a', 'd'}
e[1] = 'm'
// e == []byte{'a', 'm'}
// d == []byte{'r', 'o', 'a', 'm'}
</pre>
<p>
Earlier we sliced <code>s</code> to a length shorter than its capacity. We can
grow s to its capacity by slicing it again:
</p>
<pre>
s = s[:cap(s)]
</pre>
<p>
<img src="slice-3.png">
</p>
<p>
A slice cannot be grown beyond its capacity. Attempting to do so will cause a
runtime panic, just as when indexing outside the bounds of a slice or array.
Similarly, slices cannot be re-sliced below zero to access earlier elements in
the array.
</p>
<p>
<b>Growing slices (the copy and append functions)</b>
</p>
<p>
To increase the capacity of a slice one must create a new, larger slice and
copy the contents of the original slice into it. This technique is how dynamic
array implementations from other languages work behind the scenes. The next
example doubles the capacity of <code>s</code> by making a new slice,
<code>t</code>, copying the contents of <code>s</code> into <code>t</code>, and
then assigning the slice value <code>t</code> to <code>s</code>:
</p>
<pre>
t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2) // +1 in case cap(s) == 0
for i := range s {
t[i] = s[i]
}
s = t
</pre>
<p>
The looping piece of this common operation is made easier by the built-in copy
function. As the name suggests, copy copies data from a source slice to a
destination slice. It returns the number of elements copied.
</p>
<pre>
func copy(dst, src []T) int
</pre>
<p>
The <code>copy</code> function supports copying between slices of different
lengths (it will copy only up to the smaller number of elements). In addition,
<code>copy</code> can handle source and destination slices that share the same
underlying array, handling overlapping slices correctly.
</p>
<p>
Using <code>copy</code>, we can simplify the code snippet above:
</p>
<pre>
t := make([]byte, len(s), (cap(s)+1)*2)
copy(t, s)
s = t
</pre>
<p>
A common operation is to append data to the end of a slice. This function
appends byte elements to a slice of bytes, growing the slice if necessary, and
returns the updated slice value:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/AppendByte/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
One could use <code>AppendByte</code> like this:
</p>
<pre>
p := []byte{2, 3, 5}
p = AppendByte(p, 7, 11, 13)
// p == []byte{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
</pre>
<p>
Functions like <code>AppendByte</code> are useful because they offer complete
control over the way the slice is grown. Depending on the characteristics of
the program, it may be desirable to allocate in smaller or larger chunks, or to
put a ceiling on the size of a reallocation.
</p>
<p>
But most programs don't need complete control, so Go provides a built-in
<code>append</code> function that's good for most purposes; it has the
signature
</p>
<pre>
func append(s []T, x ...T) []T
</pre>
<p>
The <code>append</code> function appends the elements <code>x</code> to the end
of the slice <code>s</code>, and grows the slice if a greater capacity is
needed.
</p>
<pre>
a := make([]int, 1)
// a == []int{0}
a = append(a, 1, 2, 3)
// a == []int{0, 1, 2, 3}
</pre>
<p>
To append one slice to another, use <code>...</code> to expand the second
argument to a list of arguments.
</p>
<pre>
a := []string{"John", "Paul"}
b := []string{"George", "Ringo", "Pete"}
a = append(a, b...) // equivalent to "append(a, b[0], b[1], b[2])"
// a == []string{"John", "Paul", "George", "Ringo", "Pete"}
</pre>
<p>
Since the zero value of a slice (<code>nil</code>) acts like a zero-length
slice, you can declare a slice variable and then append to it in a loop:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/Filter/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
<b>A possible "gotcha"</b>
</p>
<p>
As mentioned earlier, re-slicing a slice doesn't make a copy of the underlying
array. The full array will be kept in memory until it is no longer referenced.
Occasionally this can cause the program to hold all the data in memory when
only a small piece of it is needed.
</p>
<p>
For example, this <code>FindDigits</code> function loads a file into memory and
searches it for the first group of consecutive numeric digits, returning them
as a new slice.
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/digit/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
This code behaves as advertised, but the returned <code>[]byte</code> points
into an array containing the entire file. Since the slice references the
original array, as long as the slice is kept around the garbage collector can't
release the array; the few useful bytes of the file keep the entire contents in
memory.
</p>
<p>
To fix this problem one can copy the interesting data to a new slice before
returning it:
</p>
{{code "/doc/progs/slices.go" `/CopyDigits/` `/STOP/`}}
<p>
A more concise version of this function could be constructed by using
<code>append</code>. This is left as an exercise for the reader.
</p>
<p>
<b>Further Reading</b>
</p>
<p>
<a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> contains an
in-depth treatment of <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#slices">slices</a>
and <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#arrays">arrays</a>,
and the Go <a href="/doc/go_spec.html">language specification</a>
defines <a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Slice_types">slices</a> and their
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Length_and_capacity">associated</a>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Making_slices_maps_and_channels">helper</a>
<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Appending_and_copying_slices">functions</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
# Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
all: index.html
CLEANFILES:=srcextract.bin htmlify.bin get.bin
index.html: wiki.html srcextract.bin htmlify.bin
PATH=.:$$PATH awk '/^!/{system(substr($$0,2)); next} {print}' < wiki.html | tr -d '\r' > index.html
test: get.bin
bash ./test.sh
rm -f get.6 get.bin
%.bin: %.go
go build -o $@ $^
clean:
rm -f $(CLEANFILES)

View File

@@ -83,15 +83,17 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (string, error) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (title string, err error) {
title = r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return "", errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
err = errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
}
return m[2], nil // The title is the second subexpression.
return
}
func main() {

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
t, _ := template.ParseFiles("view.html")
t.Execute(w, p)

View File

@@ -70,16 +70,18 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
fn(w, r, title)
}
}

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -39,13 +41,13 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
p.save()

View File

@@ -5,19 +5,12 @@
package main
import (
"flag"
"html/template"
"io/ioutil"
"log"
"net"
"net/http"
"regexp"
)
var (
addr = flag.Bool("addr", false, "find open address and print to final-port.txt")
)
type Page struct {
Title string
Body []byte
@@ -74,38 +67,24 @@ func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
}
}
var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
const lenPath = len("/view/")
var titleValidator = regexp.MustCompile("^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$")
func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
if m == nil {
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
if !titleValidator.MatchString(title) {
http.NotFound(w, r)
return
}
fn(w, r, m[2])
fn(w, r, title)
}
}
func main() {
flag.Parse()
http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
if *addr {
l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
err = ioutil.WriteFile("final-port.txt", []byte(l.Addr().String()), 0644)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
s := &http.Server{}
s.Serve(l)
return
}
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"text/template"
)
func main() {
b, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(os.Stdin)
template.HTMLEscape(os.Stdout, b)
}

View File

@@ -128,10 +128,11 @@ In addition to saving pages, we will want to load pages, too:
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from the title
parameter, reads the file's contents into a new variable <code>body</code>, and
returns a pointer to a <code>Page</code> literal constructed with the proper
title and body values.
The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from
the title parameter, reads the file's contents into a new
variable <code>body</code>, and returns two values: a pointer to a
<code>Page</code> literal constructed with the proper title and body
values and <code>nil</code> for the error value.
</p>
<p>
@@ -260,15 +261,18 @@ Let's create a handler, <code>viewHandler</code> that will allow users to
view a wiki page. It will handle URLs prefixed with "/view/".
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^const lenPath/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
First, this function extracts the page title from <code>r.URL.Path</code>,
the path component of the request URL.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[len("/view/"):]</code> to drop
the leading <code>"/view/"</code> component of the request path.
This is because the path will invariably begin with <code>"/view/"</code>,
which is not part of the page's title.
the path component of the request URL. The global constant
<code>lenPath</code> is the length of the leading <code>"/view/"</code>
component of the request path.
The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[lenPath:]</code> to drop the
first 6 characters of the string. This is because the path will invariably
begin with <code>"/view/"</code>, which is not part of the page's title.
</p>
<p>
@@ -428,11 +432,6 @@ to its own function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
<p>
And modify the handlers to use that function:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
@@ -466,7 +465,7 @@ header to the HTTP response.
<p>
The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the submission of forms
located on the edit pages. After uncommenting the related line in
<code>main</code>, let's implement the handler:
<code>main</code>, let's implement the the handler:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
@@ -575,11 +574,10 @@ this, we can write a function to validate the title with a regular expression.
<p>
First, add <code>"regexp"</code> to the <code>import</code> list.
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation
expression:
Then we can create a global variable to store our validation regexp:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var validPath/`}}
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var titleValidator/`}}
<p>
The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
@@ -590,8 +588,9 @@ an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
</p>
<p>
Now, let's write a function that uses the <code>validPath</code>
expression to validate path and extract the page title:
Now, let's write a function, <code>getTitle</code>, that extracts the title
string from the request URL, and tests it against our
<code>TitleValidator</code> expression:
</p>
{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/func getTitle/` `/^}/`}}
@@ -618,7 +617,7 @@ Let's put a call to <code>getTitle</code> in each of the handlers:
Catching the error condition in each handler introduces a lot of repeated code.
What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
validation and error checking? Go's
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_literals">function
<a href="/ref/spec#Function_declarations">function
literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
that can help us here.
</p>

View File

@@ -29,14 +29,16 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}

View File

@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
}

View File

@@ -29,13 +29,15 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
}
func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
body := r.FormValue("body")
p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
err := p.save()

View File

@@ -29,19 +29,21 @@ func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
}
const lenPath = len("/view/")
func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
t.Execute(w, p)
}
func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, _ := loadPage(title)
renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
}
func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
title := r.URL.Path[lenPath:]
p, err := loadPage(title)
if err != nil {
p = &Page{Title: title}

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package main
import (
"bytes"
"flag"
"go/ast"
"go/parser"
"go/printer"
"go/token"
"log"
"os"
"text/template"
)
var (
srcFn = flag.String("src", "", "source filename")
getName = flag.String("name", "", "func/type name to output")
html = flag.Bool("html", true, "output HTML")
showPkg = flag.Bool("pkg", false, "show package in output")
)
func main() {
// handle input
flag.Parse()
if *srcFn == "" || *getName == "" {
flag.Usage()
os.Exit(2)
}
// load file
fs := token.NewFileSet()
file, err := parser.ParseFile(fs, *srcFn, nil, 0)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// create filter
filter := func(name string) bool {
return name == *getName
}
// filter
if !ast.FilterFile(file, filter) {
os.Exit(1)
}
// print the AST
var b bytes.Buffer
printer.Fprint(&b, fs, file)
// drop package declaration
if !*showPkg {
for {
c, err := b.ReadByte()
if c == '\n' || err != nil {
break
}
}
}
// drop leading newlines
for {
b, err := b.ReadByte()
if err != nil {
break
}
if b != '\n' {
os.Stdout.Write([]byte{b})
break
}
}
// output
if *html {
template.HTMLEscape(os.Stdout, b.Bytes())
} else {
b.WriteTo(os.Stdout)
}
}

View File

@@ -7,39 +7,18 @@ set -e
wiki_pid=
cleanup() {
kill $wiki_pid
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final.bin final-port.txt a.out get.bin
rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final-test.bin final-test.go
}
trap cleanup 0 INT
rm -f get.bin final.bin a.out
# If called with -all, check that all code snippets compile.
if [ "$1" == "-all" ]; then
for fn in *.go; do
go build -o a.out $fn
done
fi
go build -o get.bin get.go
go build -o final.bin final.go
(./final.bin --addr) &
addr=$(./get.bin -addr)
sed s/:8080/$addr/ < final.go > final-test.go
go build -o final-test.bin final-test.go
(./final-test.bin) &
wiki_pid=$!
l=0
while [ ! -f ./final-port.txt ]
do
l=$(($l+1))
if [ "$l" -gt 5 ]
then
echo "port not available within 5 seconds"
exit 1
break
fi
sleep 1
done
addr=$(cat final-port.txt)
./get.bin http://$addr/edit/Test > test_edit.out
./get.bin --wait_for_port=5s http://$addr/edit/Test > test_edit.out
diff -u test_edit.out test_edit.good
./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test > test_save.out
diff -u test_save.out test_view.good # should be the same as viewing

View File

@@ -1,541 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler",
"Path": "/doc/asm"
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</h2>
<p>
This document is a quick outline of the unusual form of assembly language used by the <code>gc</code>
suite of Go compilers (<code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code>, etc.).
The document is not comprehensive.
</p>
<p>
The assembler is based on the input to the Plan 9 assemblers, which is documented in detail
<a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/asm.html">on the Plan 9 site</a>.
If you plan to write assembly language, you should read that document although much of it is Plan 9-specific.
This document provides a summary of the syntax and
describes the peculiarities that apply when writing assembly code to interact with Go.
</p>
<p>
The most important thing to know about Go's assembler is that it is not a direct representation of the underlying machine.
Some of the details map precisely to the machine, but some do not.
This is because the compiler suite (see
<a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/compiler.html">this description</a>)
needs no assembler pass in the usual pipeline.
Instead, the compiler emits a kind of incompletely defined instruction set, in binary form, which the linker
then completes.
In particular, the linker does instruction selection, so when you see an instruction like <code>MOV</code>
what the linker actually generates for that operation might not be a move instruction at all, perhaps a clear or load.
Or it might correspond exactly to the machine instruction with that name.
In general, machine-specific operations tend to appear as themselves, while more general concepts like
memory move and subroutine call and return are more abstract.
The details vary with architecture, and we apologize for the imprecision; the situation is not well-defined.
</p>
<p>
The assembler program is a way to generate that intermediate, incompletely defined instruction sequence
as input for the linker.
If you want to see what the instructions look like in assembly for a given architecture, say amd64, there
are many examples in the sources of the standard library, in packages such as
<a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a>.
You can also examine what the compiler emits as assembly code:
</p>
<pre>
$ cat x.go
package main
func main() {
println(3)
}
$ go tool 6g -S x.go # or: go build -gcflags -S x.go
--- prog list "main" ---
0000 (x.go:3) TEXT main+0(SB),$8-0
0001 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $0,gcargs·0+0(SB)
0002 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $1,gclocals·0+0(SB)
0003 (x.go:4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
0004 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$8
0005 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printint+0(SB)
0006 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
0007 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$0
0008 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printnl+0(SB)
0009 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
0010 (x.go:5) RET ,
...
</pre>
<p>
The <code>FUNCDATA</code> and <code>PCDATA</code> directives contain information
for use by the garbage collector; they are introduced by the compiler.
</p>
<!-- Commenting out because the feature is gone but it's popular and may come back.
<p>
To see what gets put in the binary after linking, add the <code>-a</code> flag to the linker:
</p>
<pre>
$ go tool 6l -a x.6 # or: go build -ldflags -a x.go
codeblk [0x2000,0x1d059) at offset 0x1000
002000 main.main | (3) TEXT main.main+0(SB),$8
002000 65488b0c25a0080000 | (3) MOVQ 2208(GS),CX
002009 483b21 | (3) CMPQ SP,(CX)
00200c 7707 | (3) JHI ,2015
00200e e83da20100 | (3) CALL ,1c250+runtime.morestack00
002013 ebeb | (3) JMP ,2000
002015 4883ec08 | (3) SUBQ $8,SP
002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $0,main.gcargs·0+0(SB)
002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $1,main.gclocals·0+0(SB)
002019 48c7042403000000 | (4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
002021 | (4) PCDATA $0,$8
002021 e8aad20000 | (4) CALL ,f2d0+runtime.printint
002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$0
002026 e865d40000 | (4) CALL ,f490+runtime.printnl
00202b | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
00202b 4883c408 | (5) ADDQ $8,SP
00202f c3 | (5) RET ,
...
</pre>
-->
<h3 id="symbols">Symbols</h3>
<p>
Some symbols, such as <code>PC</code>, <code>R0</code> and <code>SP</code>, are predeclared and refer to registers.
There are two other predeclared symbols, <code>SB</code> (static base) and <code>FP</code> (frame pointer).
All user-defined symbols other than jump labels are written as offsets to these pseudo-registers.
</p>
<p>
The <code>SB</code> pseudo-register can be thought of as the origin of memory, so the symbol <code>foo(SB)</code>
is the name <code>foo</code> as an address in memory.
This form is used to name global functions and data.
Adding <code>&lt;&gt;</code> to the name, as in <code>foo&lt;&gt;(SB)</code>, makes the name
visible only in the current source file, like a top-level <code>static</code> declaration in a C file.
</p>
<p>
The <code>FP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual frame pointer
used to refer to function arguments.
The compilers maintain a virtual frame pointer and refer to the arguments on the stack as offsets from that pseudo-register.
Thus <code>0(FP)</code> is the first argument to the function,
<code>8(FP)</code> is the second (on a 64-bit machine), and so on.
When referring to a function argument this way, it is conventional to place the name
at the beginning, as in <code>first_arg+0(FP)</code> and <code>second_arg+8(FP)</code>.
Some of the assemblers enforce this convention, rejecting plain <code>0(FP)</code> and <code>8(FP)</code>.
For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the argument names
and offsets match.
On 32-bit systems, the low and high 32 bits of a 64-bit value are distinguished by adding
a <code>_lo</code> or <code>_hi</code> suffix to the name, as in <code>arg_lo+0(FP)</code> or <code>arg_hi+4(FP)</code>.
If a Go prototype does not name its result, the expected assembly name is <code>ret</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>SP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual stack pointer
used to refer to frame-local variables and the arguments being
prepared for function calls.
It points to the top of the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets
in the range [framesize, 0):
<code>x-8(SP)</code>, <code>y-4(SP)</code>, and so on.
On architectures with a real register named <code>SP</code>, the name prefix distinguishes
references to the virtual stack pointer from references to the architectural <code>SP</code> register.
That is, <code>x-8(SP)</code> and <code>-8(SP)</code> are different memory locations:
the first refers to the virtual stack pointer pseudo-register, while the second refers to the
hardware's <code>SP</code> register.
</p>
<p>
Instructions, registers, and assembler directives are always in UPPER CASE to remind you
that assembly programming is a fraught endeavor.
(Exception: the <code>g</code> register renaming on ARM.)
</p>
<p>
In Go object files and binaries, the full name of a symbol is the
package path followed by a period and the symbol name:
<code>fmt.Printf</code> or <code>math/rand.Int</code>.
Because the assembler's parser treats period and slash as punctuation,
those strings cannot be used directly as identifier names.
Instead, the assembler allows the middle dot character U+00B7
and the division slash U+2215 in identifiers and rewrites them to
plain period and slash.
Within an assembler source file, the symbols above are written as
<code>fmt·Printf</code> and <code>mathrand·Int</code>.
The assembly listings generated by the compilers when using the <code>-S</code> flag
show the period and slash directly instead of the Unicode replacements
required by the assemblers.
</p>
<p>
Most hand-written assembly files do not include the full package path
in symbol names, because the linker inserts the package path of the current
object file at the beginning of any name starting with a period:
in an assembly source file within the math/rand package implementation,
the package's Int function can be referred to as <code>·Int</code>.
This convention avoids the need to hard-code a package's import path in its
own source code, making it easier to move the code from one location to another.
</p>
<h3 id="directives">Directives</h3>
<p>
The assembler uses various directives to bind text and data to symbol names.
For example, here is a simple complete function definition. The <code>TEXT</code>
directive declares the symbol <code>runtime·profileloop</code> and the instructions
that follow form the body of the function.
The last instruction in a <code>TEXT</code> block must be some sort of jump, usually a <code>RET</code> (pseudo-)instruction.
(If it's not, the linker will append a jump-to-itself instruction; there is no fallthrough in <code>TEXTs</code>.)
After the symbol, the arguments are flags (see below)
and the frame size, a constant (but see below):
</p>
<pre>
TEXT runtime·profileloop(SB),NOSPLIT,$8
MOVQ $runtime·profileloop1(SB), CX
MOVQ CX, 0(SP)
CALL runtime·externalthreadhandler(SB)
RET
</pre>
<p>
In the general case, the frame size is followed by an argument size, separated by a minus sign.
(It's not a subtraction, just idiosyncratic syntax.)
The frame size <code>$24-8</code> states that the function has a 24-byte frame
and is called with 8 bytes of argument, which live on the caller's frame.
If <code>NOSPLIT</code> is not specified for the <code>TEXT</code>,
the argument size must be provided.
For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the
argument size is correct.
</p>
<p>
Note that the symbol name uses a middle dot to separate the components and is specified as an offset from the
static base pseudo-register <code>SB</code>.
This function would be called from Go source for package <code>runtime</code> using the
simple name <code>profileloop</code>.
</p>
<p>
Global data symbols are defined by a sequence of initializing
<code>DATA</code> directives followed by a <code>GLOBL</code> directive.
Each <code>DATA</code> directive initializes a section of the
corresponding memory.
The memory not explicitly initialized is zeroed.
The general form of the <code>DATA</code> directive is
<pre>
DATA symbol+offset(SB)/width, value
</pre>
<p>
which initializes the symbol memory at the given offset and width with the given value.
The <code>DATA</code> directives for a given symbol must be written with increasing offsets.
</p>
<p>
The <code>GLOBL</code> directive declares a symbol to be global.
The arguments are optional flags and the size of the data being declared as a global,
which will have initial value all zeros unless a <code>DATA</code> directive
has initialized it.
The <code>GLOBL</code> directive must follow any corresponding <code>DATA</code> directives.
</p>
<p>
For example,
</p>
<pre>
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x00(SB)/4, $0xf4f8fcff
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x04(SB)/4, $0xe6eaedf0
...
DATA divtab&lt;&gt;+0x3c(SB)/4, $0x81828384
GLOBL divtab&lt;&gt;(SB), RODATA, $64
GLOBL runtime·tlsoffset(SB), NOPTR, $4
</pre>
<p>
declares and initializes <code>divtab&lt;&gt;</code>, a read-only 64-byte table of 4-byte integer values,
and declares <code>runtime·tlsoffset</code>, a 4-byte, implicitly zeroed variable that
contains no pointers.
</p>
<p>
There may be one or two arguments to the directives.
If there are two, the first is a bit mask of flags,
which can be written as numeric expressions, added or or-ed together,
or can be set symbolically for easier absorption by a human.
Their values, defined in the standard <code>#include</code> file <code>textflag.h</code>, are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>NOPROF</code> = 1
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't profile the marked function. This flag is deprecated.
</li>
<li>
<code>DUPOK</code> = 2
<br>
It is legal to have multiple instances of this symbol in a single binary.
The linker will choose one of the duplicates to use.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOSPLIT</code> = 4
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
Don't insert the preamble to check if the stack must be split.
The frame for the routine, plus anything it calls, must fit in the
spare space at the top of the stack segment.
Used to protect routines such as the stack splitting code itself.
</li>
<li>
<code>RODATA</code> = 8
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
Put this data in a read-only section.
</li>
<li>
<code>NOPTR</code> = 16
<br>
(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
This data contains no pointers and therefore does not need to be
scanned by the garbage collector.
</li>
<li>
<code>WRAPPER</code> = 32
<br>
(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
This is a wrapper function and should not count as disabling <code>recover</code>.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="runtime">Runtime Coordination</h3>
<p>
For garbage collection to run correctly, the runtime must know the
location of pointers in all global data and in most stack frames.
The Go compiler emits this information when compiling Go source files,
but assembly programs must define it explicitly.
</p>
<p>
A data symbol marked with the <code>NOPTR</code> flag (see above)
is treated as containing no pointers to runtime-allocated data.
A data symbol with the <code>RODATA</code> flag
is allocated in read-only memory and is therefore treated
as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
A data symbol with a total size smaller than a pointer
is also treated as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
It is not possible to define a symbol containing pointers in an assembly source file;
such a symbol must be defined in a Go source file instead.
Assembly source can still refer to the symbol by name
even without <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives.
A good general rule of thumb is to define all non-<code>RODATA</code>
symbols in Go instead of in assembly.
</p>
<p>
Each function also needs annotations giving the location of
live pointers in its arguments, results, and local stack frame.
For an assembly function with no pointer results and
either no local stack frame or no function calls,
the only requirement is to define a Go prototype for the function
in a Go source file in the same package. The name of the assembly
function must not contain the package name component (for example,
function <code>Syscall</code> in package <code>syscall</code> should
use the name <code>·Syscall</code> instead of the equivalent name
<code>syscall·Syscall</code> in its <code>TEXT</code> directive).
For more complex situations, explicit annotation is needed.
These annotations use pseudo-instructions defined in the standard
<code>#include</code> file <code>funcdata.h</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a function has no arguments and no results,
the pointer information can be omitted.
This is indicated by an argument size annotation of <code>$<i>n</i>-0</code>
on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
Otherwise, pointer information must be provided by
a Go prototype for the function in a Go source file,
even for assembly functions not called directly from Go.
(The prototype will also let <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> check the argument references.)
At the start of the function, the arguments are assumed
to be initialized but the results are assumed uninitialized.
If the results will hold live pointers during a call instruction,
the function should start by zeroing the results and then
executing the pseudo-instruction <code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
This instruction records that the results are now initialized
and should be scanned during stack movement and garbage collection.
It is typically easier to arrange that assembly functions do not
return pointers or do not contain call instructions;
no assembly functions in the standard library use
<code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
</p>
<p>
If a function has no local stack frame,
the pointer information can be omitted.
This is indicated by a local frame size annotation of <code>$0-<i>n</i></code>
on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
The pointer information can also be omitted if the
function contains no call instructions.
Otherwise, the local stack frame must not contain pointers,
and the assembly must confirm this fact by executing the
pseudo-instruction <code>NO_LOCAL_POINTERS</code>.
Because stack resizing is implemented by moving the stack,
the stack pointer may change during any function call:
even pointers to stack data must not be kept in local variables.
</p>
<h2 id="architectures">Architecture-specific details</h2>
<p>
It is impractical to list all the instructions and other details for each machine.
To see what instructions are defined for a given machine, say 32-bit Intel x86,
look in the top-level header file for the corresponding linker, in this case <code>8l</code>.
That is, the file <code>$GOROOT/src/cmd/8l/8.out.h</code> contains a C enumeration, called <code>as</code>,
of the instructions and their spellings as known to the assembler and linker for that architecture.
In that file you'll find a declaration that begins
</p>
<pre>
enum as
{
AXXX,
AAAA,
AAAD,
AAAM,
AAAS,
AADCB,
...
</pre>
<p>
Each instruction begins with a initial capital <code>A</code> in this list, so <code>AADCB</code>
represents the <code>ADCB</code> (add carry byte) instruction.
The enumeration is in alphabetical order, plus some late additions (<code>AXXX</code> occupies
the zero slot as an invalid instruction).
The sequence has nothing to do with the actual encoding of the machine instructions.
Again, the linker takes care of that detail.
</p>
<p>
One detail evident in the examples from the previous sections is that data in the instructions flows from left to right:
<code>MOVQ</code> <code>$0,</code> <code>CX</code> clears <code>CX</code>.
This convention applies even on architectures where the usual mode is the opposite direction.
</p>
<p>
Here follows some descriptions of key Go-specific details for the supported architectures.
</p>
<h3 id="x86">32-bit Intel 386</h3>
<p>
The runtime pointer to the <code>g</code> structure is maintained
through the value of an otherwise unused (as far as Go is concerned) register in the MMU.
A OS-dependent macro <code>get_tls</code> is defined for the assembler if the source includes
an architecture-dependent header file, like this:
</p>
<pre>
#include "zasm_GOOS_GOARCH.h"
</pre>
<p>
Within the runtime, the <code>get_tls</code> macro loads its argument register
with a pointer to the <code>g</code> pointer, and the <code>g</code> struct
contains the <code>m</code> pointer.
The sequence to load <code>g</code> and <code>m</code> using <code>CX</code> looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
get_tls(CX)
MOVL g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVL g_m(AX), BX // Move g->m into BX.
</pre>
<h3 id="amd64">64-bit Intel 386 (a.k.a. amd64)</h3>
<p>
The assembly code to access the <code>m</code> and <code>g</code>
pointers is the same as on the 386, except it uses <code>MOVQ</code> rather than
<code>MOVL</code>:
</p>
<pre>
get_tls(CX)
MOVQ g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
MOVQ g_m(AX), BX // Move g->m into BX.
</pre>
<h3 id="arm">ARM</h3>
<p>
The registers <code>R10</code> and <code>R11</code>
are reserved by the compiler and linker.
</p>
<p>
<code>R10</code> points to the <code>g</code> (goroutine) structure.
Within assembler source code, this pointer must be referred to as <code>g</code>;
the name <code>R10</code> is not recognized.
</p>
<p>
To make it easier for people and compilers to write assembly, the ARM linker
allows general addressing forms and pseudo-operations like <code>DIV</code> or <code>MOD</code>
that may not be expressible using a single hardware instruction.
It implements these forms as multiple instructions, often using the <code>R11</code> register
to hold temporary values.
Hand-written assembly can use <code>R11</code>, but doing so requires
being sure that the linker is not also using it to implement any of the other
instructions in the function.
</p>
<p>
When defining a <code>TEXT</code>, specifying frame size <code>$-4</code>
tells the linker that this is a leaf function that does not need to save <code>LR</code> on entry.
</p>
<p>
The name <code>SP</code> always refers to the virtual stack pointer described earlier.
For the hardware register, use <code>R13</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="unsupported_opcodes">Unsupported opcodes</h3>
<p>
The assemblers are designed to support the compiler so not all hardware instructions
are defined for all architectures: if the compiler doesn't generate it, it might not be there.
If you need to use a missing instruction, there are two ways to proceed.
One is to update the assembler to support that instruction, which is straightforward
but only worthwhile if it's likely the instruction will be used again.
Instead, for simple one-off cases, it's possible to use the <code>BYTE</code>
and <code>WORD</code> directives
to lay down explicit data into the instruction stream within a <code>TEXT</code>.
Here's how the 386 runtime defines the 64-bit atomic load function.
</p>
<pre>
// uint64 atomicload64(uint64 volatile* addr);
// so actually
// void atomicload64(uint64 *res, uint64 volatile *addr);
TEXT runtime·atomicload64(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
MOVL ptr+0(FP), AX
LEAL ret_lo+4(FP), BX
BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x6f; BYTE $0x00 // MOVQ (%EAX), %MM0
BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x7f; BYTE $0x03 // MOVQ %MM0, 0(%EBX)
BYTE $0x0F; BYTE $0x77 // EMMS
RET
</pre>

View File

@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ the go <code>tool</code> subcommand.
</p>
<p>
Finally the <code>fmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> commands are installed
as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> because
they are so often referenced.
Finally, two of the commands, <code>fmt</code> and <code>doc</code>, are also
installed as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code>
because they are so often referenced.
</p>
<p>
@@ -61,13 +61,6 @@ details.
<td>Cgo enables the creation of Go packages that call C code.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/cover/">cover</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cover is a program for creating and analyzing the coverage profiles
generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/fix/">fix</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -75,6 +68,13 @@ generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
and rewrites them to use newer ones.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">doc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Doc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages, it is also available as
an independent <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/cmd/go/">fmt</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
@@ -83,13 +83,7 @@ gofmt</a> command with more general options.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Godoc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
<td><a href="/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf
calls whose arguments do not align with the format string.</td>

View File

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ It explains the simplest way to get up and running with your Go installation.
<p>
A similar explanation is available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
</p>
@@ -60,35 +60,37 @@ To give you an idea of how a workspace looks in practice, here's an example:
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
outyet # command executable
streak # command executable
todo # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
github.com/golang/example/
stringutil.a # package object
code.google.com/p/goauth2/
oauth.a # package object
github.com/nf/todo/
task.a # package object
src/
<a href="https://github.com/golang/example/">github.com/golang/example/</a>
.git/ # Git repository metadata
hello/
hello.go # command source
outyet/
main.go # command source
main_test.go # test source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
code.google.com/p/goauth2/
.hg/ # mercurial repository metadata
oauth/
oauth.go # package source
oauth_test.go # test source
github.com/nf/
streak/
.git/ # git repository metadata
oauth.go # command source
streak.go # command source
todo/
.git/ # git repository metadata
task/
task.go # package source
todo.go # command source
</pre>
<p>
This workspace contains one repository (<code>example</code>)
comprising two commands (<code>hello</code> and <code>outyet</code>)
and one library (<code>stringutil</code>).
</p>
<p>
A typical workspace would contain many source repositories containing many
packages and commands. Most Go programmers keep <i>all</i> their Go source code
and dependencies in a single workspace.
This workspace contains three repositories (<code>goauth2</code>,
<code>streak</code>, and <code>todo</code>) comprising two commands
(<code>streak</code> and <code>todo</code>) and two libraries
(<code>oauth</code> and <code>task</code>).
</p>
<p>
@@ -108,14 +110,13 @@ when developing Go code.
<p>
To get started, create a workspace directory and set <code>GOPATH</code>
accordingly. Your workspace can be located wherever you like, but we'll use
<code>$HOME/work</code> in this document. Note that this must <b>not</b> be the
<code>$HOME/go</code> in this document. Note that this must <b>not</b> be the
same path as your Go installation.
(Another common setup is to set <code>GOPATH=$HOME</code>.)
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $HOME/work</b>
$ <b>export GOPATH=$HOME/work</b>
$ <b>mkdir $HOME/go</b>
$ <b>export GOPATH=$HOME/go</b>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -127,11 +128,6 @@ to your <code>PATH</code>:
$ <b>export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin</b>
</pre>
<p>
To learn more about setting up the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable,
please see
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>go help gopath</code></a>
</p>
<h3 id="PackagePaths">Package paths</h3>
@@ -224,7 +220,7 @@ This command builds the <code>hello</code> command, producing an executable
binary. It then installs that binary to the workspace's <code>bin</code>
directory as <code>hello</code> (or, under Windows, <code>hello.exe</code>).
In our example, that will be <code>$GOPATH/bin/hello</code>, which is
<code>$HOME/work/bin/hello</code>.
<code>$HOME/go/bin/hello</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -260,7 +256,7 @@ optional: you do not need to use source control to write Go code.
<pre>
$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
$ <b>git init</b>
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/work/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/go/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
$ <b>git add hello.go</b>
$ <b>git commit -m "initial commit"</b>
[master (root-commit) 0b4507d] initial commit
@@ -281,29 +277,29 @@ Let's write a library and use it from the <code>hello</code> program.
<p>
Again, the first step is to choose a package path (we'll use
<code>github.com/user/stringutil</code>) and create the package directory:
<code>github.com/user/newmath</code>) and create the package directory:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil</b>
$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/newmath</b>
</pre>
<p>
Next, create a file named <code>reverse.go</code> in that directory with the
Next, create a file named <code>sqrt.go</code> in that directory with the
following contents.
</p>
<pre>
// Package stringutil contains utility functions for working with strings.
package stringutil
// Package newmath is a trivial example package.
package newmath
// Reverse returns its argument string reversed rune-wise left to right.
func Reverse(s string) string {
r := []rune(s)
for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i &lt; len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
// Sqrt returns an approximation to the square root of x.
func Sqrt(x float64) float64 {
z := 0.0
for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
z -= (z*z - x) / (2 * x)
}
return string(r)
return z
}
</pre>
@@ -312,7 +308,7 @@ Now, test that the package compiles with <code>go build</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go build github.com/user/stringutil</b>
$ <b>go build github.com/user/newmath</b>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -330,7 +326,7 @@ directory of the workspace.
</p>
<p>
After confirming that the <code>stringutil</code> package builds,
After confirming that the <code>newmath</code> package builds,
modify your original <code>hello.go</code> (which is in
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</code>) to use it:
</p>
@@ -341,18 +337,18 @@ package main
import (
"fmt"
<b>"github.com/user/stringutil"</b>
<b>"github.com/user/newmath"</b>
)
func main() {
fmt.Printf(stringutil.Reverse("!oG ,olleH"))
fmt.Printf("Hello, world. <b>Sqrt(2) = %v\n", newmath.Sqrt(2)</b>)
}
</pre>
<p>
Whenever the <code>go</code> tool installs a package or binary, it also
installs whatever dependencies it has.
So when you install the <code>hello</code> program
installs whatever dependencies it has. So when you install the <code>hello</code>
program
</p>
<pre>
@@ -360,16 +356,16 @@ $ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
</pre>
<p>
the <code>stringutil</code> package will be installed as well, automatically.
the <code>newmath</code> package will be installed as well, automatically.
</p>
<p>
Running the new version of the program, you should see a new, reversed message:
Running the new version of the program, you should see some numerical output:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>hello</b>
Hello, Go!
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
@@ -378,22 +374,22 @@ After the steps above, your workspace should look like this:
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/ # this will reflect your OS and architecture
linux_amd64/ # this will reflect your OS and architecture
github.com/user/
stringutil.a # package object
newmath.a # package object
src/
github.com/user/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
</pre>
<p>
Note that <code>go install</code> placed the <code>stringutil.a</code> object
in a directory inside <code>pkg/linux_amd64</code> that mirrors its source
Note that <code>go install</code> placed the <code>newmath.a</code> object in a
directory inside <code>pkg/linux_amd64</code> that mirrors its source
directory.
This is so that future invocations of the <code>go</code> tool can find the
package object and avoid recompiling the package unnecessarily.
@@ -461,29 +457,20 @@ if the function calls a failure function such as <code>t.Error</code> or
</p>
<p>
Add a test to the <code>stringutil</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil/reverse_test.go</code> containing
the following Go code.
Add a test to the <code>newmath</code> package by creating the file
<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/newmath/sqrt_test.go</code> containing the
following Go code.
</p>
<pre>
package stringutil
package newmath
import "testing"
func TestReverse(t *testing.T) {
cases := []struct {
in, want string
}{
{"Hello, world", "dlrow ,olleH"},
{"Hello, 世界", "界世 ,olleH"},
{"", ""},
}
for _, c := range cases {
got := Reverse(c.in)
if got != c.want {
t.Errorf("Reverse(%q) == %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
}
func TestSqrt(t *testing.T) {
const in, out = 4, 2
if x := Sqrt(in); x != out {
t.Errorf("Sqrt(%v) = %v, want %v", in, x, out)
}
}
</pre>
@@ -493,8 +480,8 @@ Then run the test with <code>go test</code>:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go test github.com/user/stringutil</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
$ <b>go test github.com/user/newmath</b>
ok github.com/user/newmath 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
@@ -504,7 +491,7 @@ directory, you can omit the package path:
<pre>
$ <b>go test</b>
ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
ok github.com/user/newmath 0.165s
</pre>
<p>
@@ -520,16 +507,16 @@ An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a
revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> tool uses
this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories.
For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a
Git repository hosted at GitHub
<code><a href="https://github.com/golang/example">github.com/golang/example</a></code>.
Mercurial repository hosted at Google Code,
<code><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go.example">code.google.com/p/go.example</a></code>.
If you include the repository URL in the package's import path,
<code>go get</code> will fetch, build, and install it automatically:
</p>
<pre>
$ <b>go get github.com/golang/example/hello</b>
$ <b>go get code.google.com/p/go.example/hello</b>
$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
Hello, Go examples!
Hello, world. Sqrt(2) = 1.414213562373095
</pre>
<p>
@@ -546,62 +533,54 @@ tree should now look like this:
<pre>
bin/
hello # command executable
hello # command executable
pkg/
linux_amd64/
github.com/golang/example/
stringutil.a # package object
code.google.com/p/go.example/
newmath.a # package object
github.com/user/
stringutil.a # package object
newmath.a # package object
src/
github.com/golang/example/
.git/ # Git repository metadata
code.google.com/p/go.example/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
sqrt_test.go # test source
github.com/user/
hello/
hello.go # command source
stringutil/
reverse.go # package source
reverse_test.go # test source
hello.go # command source
newmath/
sqrt.go # package source
sqrt_test.go # test source
</pre>
<p>
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at GitHub depends on the
<code>stringutil</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the
<code>go get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent
package, too.
The <code>hello</code> command hosted at Google Code depends on the
<code>newmath</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the <code>go
get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent package, too.
</p>
<pre>
import "github.com/golang/example/stringutil"
import "code.google.com/p/go.example/newmath"
</pre>
<p>
This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for
others to use.
The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
and <a href="//godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
The <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
and <a href="http://godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
provide lists of external Go projects.
</p>
<p>
For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> tool, see
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">go help importpath</a></code>.
<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_path_syntax">go help remote</a></code>.
</p>
<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>
<p>
Subscribe to the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
</p>
<h2 id="more">Further reading</h2>
<p>
See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> for tips on writing
@@ -609,7 +588,7 @@ clear, idiomatic Go code.
</p>
<p>
Take <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
Take <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
proper.
</p>
@@ -617,21 +596,3 @@ proper.
Visit the <a href="/doc/#articles">documentation page</a> for a set of in-depth
articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.
</p>
<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
<p>
For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
<a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
</p>
<p>
The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
</p>
<p>
Report bugs using the
<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>

View File

@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ CodewalkViewer.prototype.updateHeight = function() {
this.sizer.height(codeHeight);
};
window.initFuncs.push(function() {
jQuery(document).ready(function() {
var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery('#codewalk-main'));
viewer.selectFirstComment();
viewer.targetCommentLinksAtBlank();

View File

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
its <code>src</code> is just a file name.
</step>
<step title="Specifying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
<step title="Specifiying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
The most complex part of the codewalk specification is
saying what lines to highlight.
Instead of ordinary line numbers,

View File

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
set -e
function fail {
echo FAIL: doc/codewalk/$1
exit 1
}
# markov.xml
echo foo | go run markov.go | grep foo > /dev/null || fail markov
# functions.xml
go run pig.go | grep 'Wins, losses staying at k = 100: 210/990 (21.2%), 780/990 (78.8%)' > /dev/null || fail pig
# sharemem.xml: only build the example, as it uses the network
go build urlpoll.go || fail urlpoll
rm -f urlpoll

View File

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ and/or writes to a shared map.
<step title="Conclusion" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
In this codewalk we have explored a simple example of using Go's concurrency
primitives to share memory through communication.
primitives to share memory through commmunication.
<br/><br/>
This should provide a starting point from which to explore the ways in which
goroutines and channels can be used to write expressive and concise concurrent

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
<p>
Go is an open source project developed by a team at
<a href="//google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="http://google.com/">Google</a> and many
<a href="/CONTRIBUTORS">contributors</a> from the open source community.
</p>
@@ -17,72 +17,46 @@ Go is an open source project developed by a team at
Go is distributed under a <a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="announce"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>
A low traffic mailing list for important announcements, such as new releases.
</p>
<p>
We encourage all Go users to subscribe to
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">Version history</h2>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A <a href="/doc/devel/release.html">summary</a> of the changes between Go releases. Notes for the major releases:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4</a> <small>(December 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3</a> <small>(June 2014)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2</a> <small>(December 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1</a> <small>(May 2013)</small></li>
<li><a href="/doc/go1">Go 1</a> <small>(March 2012)</small></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h2 id="resources">Developer Resources</h2>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://golang.org/change">Source Code</a></h3>
<h3 id="source"><a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source">Source Code</a></h3>
<p>Check out the Go source code.</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer</a> and
<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">Code Review Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing code changes to the Go project.
The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews</a>
mailing list is for actual reviewing of the code changes (CLs).</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
mailing list is for discussing and reviewing code for the Go project.</p>
<p>For general discussion of Go programming, see <a
href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.</p>
href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.</p>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>A mailing list that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.</p>
<h3 id="golang-bugs"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-bugs">Bugs Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>A mailing list that receives each update to the Go <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.</p>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="//build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<h3 id="build_status"><a href="http://build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
<p>View the status of Go builds across the supported operating
systems and architectures.</p>
<h2 id="howto">How you can help</h2>
<h3><a href="//golang.org/issue">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<h3><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">Reporting issues</a></h3>
<p>
If you spot bugs, mistakes, or inconsistencies in the Go project's code or
documentation, please let us know by
<a href="//golang.org/issue/new">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/entry">filing a ticket</a>
on our <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">issue tracker</a>.
(Of course, you should check it's not an existing issue before creating
a new one.)
</p>
@@ -101,8 +75,34 @@ To get started, read these <a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribution
guidelines</a> for information on design, testing, and our code review process.
</p>
<p>
Check <a href="//golang.org/issue">the tracker</a> for
Check <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues">the tracker</a> for
open issues that interest you. Those labeled
<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3Ahelpwanted">helpwanted</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list?q=status=HelpWanted">HelpWanted</a>
are particularly in need of outside help.
</p>
<h2 id="community">The Go Community</h2>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
mailing list is for general Go discussion.</p>
<h3 id="projects"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki Projects Page</a></h3>
<p>A list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
<p><b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b> is the official Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="pluscom"><a href="https://plus.google.com/communities/114112804251407510571">The Go+ community</a></h3>
<p>The Google+ community for Go enthusiasts.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -9,23 +9,6 @@ Besides this overview you might want to consult the
<a href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/">GDB manual</a>.
</i></p>
<p>
GDB does not understand Go programs well.
The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse
the debugger, even when the program is compiled with gccgo.
As a consequence, although GDB can be useful in some situations, it is
not a reliable debugger for Go programs, particularly heavily concurrent ones.
Moreover, it is not a priority for the Go project to address these issues, which
are difficult.
In short, the instructions below should be taken only as a guide to how
to use GDB when it works, not as a guarantee of success.
</p>
<p>
In time, a more Go-centric debugging architecture may be required.
</p>
<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>
@@ -36,8 +19,8 @@ use to inspect a live process or a core dump.
</p>
<p>
Pass the <code>'-w'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go build -ldflags "-w" prog.go</code>).
Pass the <code>'-s'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
(for example, <code>go build -ldflags "-s" prog.go</code>).
</p>
<p>
@@ -120,7 +103,7 @@ For example:
<p>
If you'd like to see how this works, or want to extend it, take a look at <a
href="/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
href="/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
the Go source distribution. It depends on some special magic types
(<code>hash&lt;T,U&gt;</code>) and variables (<code>runtime.m</code> and
<code>runtime.g</code>) that the linker
@@ -153,7 +136,7 @@ the form <code>pkg.(*MyType).Meth</code>.
<p>
In this tutorial we will inspect the binary of the
<a href="/pkg/regexp/">regexp</a> package's unit tests. To build the binary,
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/regexp</code> and run <code>go test -c</code>.
change to <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/regexp</code> and run <code>go test -c</code>.
This should produce an executable file named <code>regexp.test</code>.
</p>
@@ -172,7 +155,7 @@ License GPLv 3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later &lt;http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.htm
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux".
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test...
Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.test...
done.
Loading Go Runtime support.
(gdb)
@@ -180,7 +163,7 @@ Loading Go Runtime support.
<p>
The message <code>"Loading Go Runtime support"</code> means that GDB loaded the
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -199,7 +182,7 @@ it by hand by telling gdb (assuming you have the go sources in
</p>
<pre>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/pkg/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
Loading Go Runtime support.
</pre>
@@ -259,7 +242,7 @@ Set a breakpoint at the <code>TestFind</code> function:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>b 'regexp.TestFind'</b>
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
</pre>
<p>
@@ -268,9 +251,9 @@ Run the program:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>run</b>
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test
Starting program: /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.test
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148
148 func TestFind(t *testing.T) {
</pre>
@@ -297,9 +280,9 @@ Look at the stack trace for where weve paused the program:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b> <i># backtrace</i>
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:242
#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148
#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:156
#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:242
#3 0x000000f8404a89c0 in ?? ()
#4 0x0000000000573720 in ?? ()
#5 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
@@ -311,18 +294,18 @@ The other goroutine, number 1, is stuck in <code>runtime.gosched</code>, blocked
<pre>
(gdb) <b>goroutine 1 bt</b>
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:873
#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:873
#1 0x00000000004031c9 in runtime.chanrecv (c=void, ep=void, selected=void, received=void)
at /home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:423
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/chan.c:342
#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/chan.c:423
#3 0x000000000043075b in testing.RunTests (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:201
0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:201
#4 0x00000000004302b1 in testing.Main (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
0x7ffff7f9ef80, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}, benchmarks= []testing.InternalBenchmark = {...})
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:168
#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/_testmain.go:98
#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:243
#8 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
</pre>
@@ -333,7 +316,7 @@ The stack frame shows were currently executing the <code>regexp.TestFind</cod
<pre>
(gdb) <b>info frame</b>
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7ffff7f9ff88:
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148);
rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:148);
saved rip 0x430233
called by frame at 0x7ffff7f9ffa8
source language minimal.
@@ -410,7 +393,7 @@ We can step into the <code>String</code>function call with <code>"s"</code>:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>s</b>
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go:97
97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
</pre>
@@ -421,12 +404,12 @@ Get a stack trace to see where we are:
<pre>
(gdb) <b>bt</b>
#0 regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/regexp.go:97
#1 0x0000000000425615 in regexp.TestFind (t=0xf840688b60)
at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:151
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/regexp/find_test.go:151
#2 0x0000000000430233 in testing.tRunner (t=0xf840688b60, test=0x5747b8)
at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
at /home/user/go/src/pkg/testing/testing.go:156
#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/pkg/runtime/proc.c:243
....
</pre>

View File

@@ -3,103 +3,16 @@
}-->
<p>This page summarizes the changes between official stable releases of Go.
The <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> has the full details.</p>
The <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a>
has the full details.</p>
<p>To update to a specific release, use:</p>
<pre>
git pull
git checkout <i>release-branch</i>
hg pull
hg update <i>tag</i>
</pre>
<h2 id="go1.4">go1.4 (released 2014/12/10)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.4 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.4.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.4.1 (released 2015/01/15) includes bug fixes to the linker and the <code>log</code>, <code>syscall</code>, and <code>runtime</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.1">Go 1.4.1 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.4.2 (released 2015/02/17) includes bug fixes to the <code>go</code> command, the compiler and linker, and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>syscall</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>math/big</code> packages.
See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.2">Go 1.4.2 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.3">go1.3 (released 2014/06/18)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.3 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.3.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.3.1 (released 2014/08/13) includes bug fixes to the compiler and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>crypto/rsa</code> packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.3&r=073fc578434bf3e1e22749b559d273c8da728ebb">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.2 (released 2014/09/25) includes bug fixes to cgo and the crypto/tls packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.3&r=go1.3.2">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.3.3 (released 2014/09/30) includes further bug fixes to cgo, the runtime package, and the nacl port.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.3&r=go1.3.3">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<h2 id="go1.2">go1.2 (released 2013/12/01)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.2 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.2.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.2.1 (released 2014/03/02) includes bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>database/sql</code> packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.2&r=7ada9e760ce34e78aee5b476c9621556d0fa5d31">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.2.2 (released 2014/05/05) includes a
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=bda3619e7a2c&repo=tools">security fix</a>
that affects the tour binary included in the binary distributions (thanks to Guillaume T).
</p>
<h2 id="go1.1">go1.1 (released 2013/05/13)</h2>
<p>
Go 1.1 is a major release of Go.
Read the <a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
</p>
<h3 id="go1.1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>
go1.1.1 (released 2013/06/13) includes several compiler and runtime bug fixes.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.1&r=43c4a41d24382a56a90e924800c681e435d9e399">change history</a> for details.
</p>
<p>
go1.1.2 (released 2013/08/13) includes fixes to the <code>gc</code> compiler
and <code>cgo</code>, and the <code>bufio</code>, <code>runtime</code>,
<code>syscall</code>, and <code>time</code> packages.
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1.1&r=a6a9792f94acd4ff686b2bc57383d163608b91cf">change history</a> for details.
If you use package syscall's <code>Getrlimit</code> and <code>Setrlimit</code>
functions under Linux on the ARM or 386 architectures, please note change
<a href="//golang.org/change/55ac276af5a7">55ac276af5a7</a>
that fixes <a href="//golang.org/issue/5949">issue 5949</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="go1">go1 (released 2012/03/28)</h2>
<p>
@@ -123,17 +36,17 @@ The go1 release corresponds to
<p>
go1.0.1 (released 2012/04/25) was issued to
<a href="//golang.org/change/a890477d3dfb">fix</a> an
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3545">escape analysis bug</a>
that can lead to memory corruption.
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=a890477d3dfb">fix</a> an
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3545">escape analysis
bug</a> that can lead to memory corruption.
It also includes several minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
go1.0.2 (released 2012/06/13) was issued to fix two bugs in the implementation
of maps using struct or array keys:
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3695">issue 3695</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/issue/3573">issue 3573</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3695">issue 3695</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=3573">issue 3573</a>.
It also includes many minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
@@ -142,7 +55,7 @@ go1.0.3 (released 2012/09/21) includes minor code and documentation fixes.
</p>
<p>
See the <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?name=release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
</p>
<h2 id="r60">r60 (released 2011/09/07)</h2>
@@ -154,7 +67,7 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r60.lang">Language</h3>
@@ -224,26 +137,26 @@ more accessible.
<p>
r60.1 includes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/1824581bf62d">linker
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=1824581bf62d">linker
fix</a>, a pair of
<a href="//golang.org/change/9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="//golang.org/change/d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
and a <code>json</code> package
<a href="//golang.org/change/d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
a new
<a href="//golang.org/change/4f0e6269213f">struct tag
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=4f0e6269213f">struct tag
option</a>.
</p>
<p>
r60.2
<a href="//golang.org/change/ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
a memory leak involving maps.
</p>
<p>
r60.3 fixes a
<a href="//golang.org/change/01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="r59">r59 (released 2011/08/01)</h2>
@@ -255,7 +168,7 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r59.lang">Language</h3>
@@ -265,7 +178,7 @@ This release includes a language change that restricts the use of
<code>goto</code>. In essence, a <code>goto</code> statement outside a block
cannot jump to a label inside that block. Your code may require changes if it
uses <code>goto</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/dc6d3cf9279d">this
See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=dc6d3cf9279d">this
changeset</a> for how the new rule affected the Go tree.
</p>
@@ -363,13 +276,13 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.lang">Language</h3>
<p>
This release fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
This release fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="r58.pkg">Packages</h3>
@@ -428,8 +341,8 @@ the Go tree (and avoid writing Makefiles).
<h3 id="r58.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r58.1 adds
<a href="//golang.org/change/293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/change/bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=293c25943586">build</a> and
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
changes to make Go run on OS X 10.7 Lion.
</p>
@@ -443,7 +356,7 @@ This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
For a more detailed summary, see the
<a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly release notes</a>.
For complete information, see the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
</p>
<p>The new <a href="/cmd/gofix">gofix</a> tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
@@ -454,7 +367,7 @@ future changes to the libraries.
Gofix cant
handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
committing them.
See <a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
See <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
information.</p>
<h3 id="r57.lang">Language</h3>
@@ -500,7 +413,7 @@ For clients, there are new
<a href="/pkg/http/#Client">Client</a> and <a href="/pkg/http/#Transport">Transport</a>
abstractions that give more control over HTTP details such as headers sent
and redirections followed. These abstractions make it easy to implement
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="//code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="http://code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
For servers, <a href="/pkg/http/#ResponseWriter">ResponseWriter</a>
has dropped its non-essential methods.
The Hijack and Flush methods are no longer required;
@@ -544,7 +457,7 @@ implements all the possible value methods.
Instead of a type switch on a Value <code>v</code>, switch on <code>v.Kind()</code>.
Typeof and NewValue are now called <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">TypeOf</a> and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.ValueOf">ValueOf</a>
To create a writable Value, use <code>New(t).Elem()</code> instead of <code>Zero(t)</code>.
See <a href="//golang.org/change/843855f3c026">the change description</a>
See <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=843855f3c026">the change description</a>
for the full details.
The new API allows a more efficient implementation of Value
that avoids many of the allocations required by the previous API.
@@ -580,8 +493,8 @@ For other uses, see the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a> document
<h3 id="r57.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
<h2 id="r56">r56 (released 2011/03/16)</h2>

View File

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
<p>This page summarizes the changes between tagged weekly snapshots of Go.
Such snapshots are no longer created. This page remains as a historical reference only.</p>
<p>For recent information, see the <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> and <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-dev/">development mailing list</a>.</p>
<p>For recent information, see the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/list">Mercurial change log</a> and <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev/">development mailing list</a>.</p>
<h2 id="2012-03-27">2012-03-27 (<a href="release.html#go1">Go 1</a>)</h2>

View File

@@ -33,20 +33,20 @@ libraries.
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/doc.png"/>
<h3 id="go_tour"><a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a></h3>
<h3 id="go_tour"><a href="http://tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
An interactive introduction to Go in three sections.
The first section covers basic syntax and data structures; the second discusses
methods and interfaces; and the third introduces Go's concurrency primitives.
Each section concludes with a few exercises so you can practice what you've
learned. You can <a href="//tour.golang.org/">take the tour online</a> or
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go-tour/">install it locally</a>.
learned. You can <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">take the tour online</a> or
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-tour/">install it locally</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="code"><a href="code.html">How to write Go code</a></h3>
<p>
Also available as a
<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>, this doc
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>, this doc
explains how to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a> to fetch, build, and
install packages, commands, and run tests.
</p>
@@ -58,52 +58,45 @@ A must read for any new Go programmer. It augments the tour and
the language specification, both of which should be read first.
</p>
<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<h3 id="ref"><a href="/ref/">Go References</a></h3>
<p>Language specification, memory model, and detailed documentation for the commands and packages.</p>
<h3 id="appengine"><a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/docs/go/gettingstarted/">Getting Started with Go on App Engine</a></h3>
<p>
How to develop and deploy a simple Go project with
<a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="go_faq"><a href="go_faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<p>
Answers to common questions about Go.
</p>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Language Community Wiki</a></h3>
<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
<h4 id="learn_more">More</h4>
<h2 id="go1">Go version 1</h2>
<h3 id="go1notes"><a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1 Release Notes</a></h3>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Learn">Learn</a> page at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a>
for more Go learning resources.
A guide for updating your code to work with Go 1.
</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<h3 id="pkg"><a href="/pkg/">Package Documentation</a></h3>
<h3 id="go1.1notes"><a href="/doc/go1.1.html">Go 1.1 Release Notes</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go standard library.
A list of significant changes in Go 1.1, with instructions for updating your
code where necessary.
</p>
<h3 id="cmd"><a href="/doc/cmd">Command Documentation</a></h3>
<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
<p>
The documentation for the Go tools.
What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
Go 1 matures.
</p>
<h3 id="spec"><a href="/ref/spec">Language Specification</a></h3>
<p>
The official Go Language specification.
</p>
<h2 id="articles">Go Articles</h2>
<h3 id="go_mem"><a href="/ref/mem">The Go Memory Model</a></h3>
<p>
A document that specifies the conditions under which reads of a variable in
one goroutine can be guaranteed to observe values produced by writes to the
same variable in a different goroutine.
</p>
<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
<h2 id="articles">Articles</h2>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="//blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>
@@ -120,48 +113,44 @@ Guided tours of Go programs.
<h4>Language</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gos-declaration-syntax">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/defer-panic-and-recover">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/error-handling-and-go">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/organizing-go-code">Organizing Go code</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/json_rpc_tale_of_interfaces.html">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/gos_declaration_syntax.html">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/concurrency_patterns.html">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/05/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces.html">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/error_handling.html">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
</ul>
<h4>Packages</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/blog/json-and-go">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/gobs-of-data">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/laws-of-reflection">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-image-package">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/go-imagedraw-package">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/json_and_go.html">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/gobs_of_data.html">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/laws_of_reflection.html">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/image_package.html">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/image_draw.html">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Tools</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/go_command.html">About the Go command</a> - why we wrote it, what it is, what it's not, and how to use it.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/c-go-cgo">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/c_go_cgo.html">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/gdb">Debugging Go Code with GDB</a></li>
<li><a href="/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">Data Race Detector</a> - a manual for the data race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/blog/race-detector">Introducing the Go Race Detector</a> - an introduction to the race detector.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/asm">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</a> - an introduction to the assembler used by Go.</li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/godoc_documenting_go_code.html">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">Data Race Detector</a> - testing Go programs for race conditions.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="articles_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/Articles">Articles page</a> at the
<a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for more Go articles.
</p>
<h2 id="talks">Talks</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/talks.png"/>
<p>
The talks marked with a red asterisk (<font color="red">*</font>) were written
before Go 1 and contain some examples that are no longer correct, but they are
still of value.
</p>
<h3 id="video_tour_of_go"><a href="http://research.swtch.com/gotour">A Video Tour of Go</a></h3>
<p>
Three things that make Go fast, fun, and productive:
@@ -169,31 +158,63 @@ interfaces, reflection, and concurrency. Builds a toy web crawler to
demonstrate these.
</p>
<h3 id="go_code_that_grows"><a href="//vimeo.com/53221560">Code that grows with grace</a></h3>
<p>
One of Go's key design goals is code adaptability; that it should be easy to take a simple design and build upon it in a clean and natural way. In this talk Andrew Gerrand describes a simple "chat roulette" server that matches pairs of incoming TCP connections, and then use Go's concurrency mechanisms, interfaces, and standard library to extend it with a web interface and other features. While the function of the program changes dramatically, Go's flexibility preserves the original design as it grows.
</p>
<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<p>
Concurrency is the key to designing high performance network services. Go's concurrency primitives (goroutines and channels) provide a simple and efficient means of expressing concurrent execution. In this talk we see how tricky concurrency problems can be solved gracefully with simple Go code.
</p>
<h3 id="advanced_go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw">Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
<h3 id="meet_the_go_team"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sln-gJaURzk">Meet the Go team</a></h3>
<p>
This talk expands on the <i>Go Concurrency Patterns</i> talk to dive deeper into Go's concurrency primitives.
A panel discussion with David Symonds, Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, Ken Thompson, Andrew Gerrand, and Brad Fitzpatrick.
</p>
<h3 id="writing_web_apps"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-i0hat7pdpk">Writing Web Apps in Go</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
A talk by Rob Pike and Andrew Gerrand presented at Google I/O 2011.
It walks through the construction and deployment of a simple web application
and unveils the <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/05/go-and-google-app-engine.html">Go runtime for App Engine</a>.
See the <a href="http://talks.golang.org/2011/Writing_Web_Apps_in_Go.pdf">presentation slides</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="go_programming"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgVhBThJdXc">Go Programming</a><font color="red">*</font></h3>
<p>
A presentation delivered by Rob Pike and Russ Cox at Google I/O 2010. It
illustrates how programming in Go differs from other languages through a set of
examples demonstrating features particular to Go. These include concurrency,
embedded types, methods on any type, and program construction using interfaces.
</p>
<h4 id="talks_more">More</h4>
<p>
See the <a href="/talks">Go Talks site</a> and <a href="/wiki/GoTalks">wiki page</a> for more Go talks.
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/GoTalks">GoTalks
page</a> at the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Wiki</a> for
more Go talks.
</p>
<h2 id="nonenglish">Non-English Documentation</h2>
<p>
See the <a href="/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for localized
See the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
at the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Wiki</a> for localized
documentation.
</p>
<h2 id="community">The Go Community</h2>
<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/project.png"/>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
mailing list is for general Go discussion.</p>
<h3 id="projects"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki Projects Page</a></h3>
<p>A list of external Go projects including programs and libraries.</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
<p><b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b> is the official Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>

View File

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ will be easy for other Go programmers to understand.
<p>
This document gives tips for writing clear, idiomatic Go code.
It augments the <a href="/ref/spec">language specification</a>,
the <a href="//tour.golang.org/">Tour of Go</a>,
the <a href="http://tour.golang.org/">Tour of Go</a>,
and <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a>,
all of which you
should read first.
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ should read first.
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/src/">Go package sources</a>
The <a href="/src/pkg/">Go package sources</a>
are intended to serve not
only as the core library but also as examples of how to
use the language.
Moreover, many of the packages contain working, self-contained
executable examples you can run directly from the
<a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a> web site, such as
<a href="//golang.org/pkg/strings/#example_Map">this one</a> (if
necessary, click on the word "Example" to open it up).
<a href="http://golang.org">golang.org</a> web site, such as
<a href="http://golang.org/pkg/strings/#example_Map">this one</a> (click
on the word "Example" to open it up).
If you have a question about how to approach a problem or how something
might be implemented, the documentation, code and examples in the
library can provide answers, ideas and
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ not be used.
One adjustment <code>godoc</code> does do is to display indented
text in a fixed-width font, suitable for program snippets.
The package comment for the
<a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code> package</a> uses this to good effect.
<a href="http://golang.org/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code> package</a> uses this to good effect.
</p>
<p>
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ var (
</pre>
<p>
Grouping can also indicate relationships between items,
Even for private names, grouping can also indicate relationships between items,
such as the fact that a set of variables is protected by a mutex.
</p>
@@ -344,13 +344,13 @@ determines just which package is being used.
<p>
Another convention is that the package name is the base name of
its source directory;
the package in <code>src/encoding/base64</code>
the package in <code>src/pkg/encoding/base64</code>
is imported as <code>"encoding/base64"</code> but has name <code>base64</code>,
not <code>encoding_base64</code> and not <code>encodingBase64</code>.
</p>
<p>
The importer of a package will use the name to refer to its contents,
The importer of a package will use the name to refer to its contents.
so exported names in the package can use that fact
to avoid stutter.
(Don't use the <code>import .</code> notation, which can simplify
@@ -403,10 +403,8 @@ if owner != user {
<p>
By convention, one-method interfaces are named by
the method name plus an -er suffix or similar modification
to construct an agent noun: <code>Reader</code>,
<code>Writer</code>, <code>Formatter</code>,
<code>CloseNotifier</code> etc.
the method name plus the -er suffix: <code>Reader</code>,
<code>Writer</code>, <code>Formatter</code> etc.
</p>
<p>
@@ -506,8 +504,6 @@ slightly generalized
<code>switch</code> is more flexible;
<code>if</code> and <code>switch</code> accept an optional
initialization statement like that of <code>for</code>;
<code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> statements
take an optional label to identify what to break or continue;
and there are new control structures including a type switch and a
multiway communications multiplexer, <code>select</code>.
The syntax is also slightly different:
@@ -701,7 +697,6 @@ for _, value := range array {
<p>
The blank identifier has many uses, as described in <a href="#blank">a later section</a>.
</p>
<p>
For strings, the <code>range</code> does more work for you, breaking out individual
@@ -710,7 +705,7 @@ Erroneous encodings consume one byte and produce the
replacement rune U+FFFD.
(The name (with associated builtin type) <code>rune</code> is Go terminology for a
single Unicode code point.
See <a href="/ref/spec#Rune_literals">the language specification</a>
See <a href="http://golang.org/ref/spec#Rune_literals">the language specification</a>
for details.)
The loop
</p>
@@ -784,47 +779,7 @@ func shouldEscape(c byte) bool {
</pre>
<p>
Although they are not nearly as common in Go as some other C-like
languages, <code>break</code> statements can be used to terminate
a <code>switch</code> early.
Sometimes, though, it's necessary to break out of a surrounding loop,
not the switch, and in Go that can be accomplished by putting a label
on the loop and "breaking" to that label.
This example shows both uses.
</p>
<pre>
Loop:
for n := 0; n &lt; len(src); n += size {
switch {
case src[n] &lt; sizeOne:
if validateOnly {
break
}
size = 1
update(src[n])
case src[n] &lt; sizeTwo:
if n+1 &gt;= len(src) {
err = errShortInput
break Loop
}
if validateOnly {
break
}
size = 2
update(src[n] + src[n+1]&lt;&lt;shift)
}
}
</pre>
<p>
Of course, the <code>continue</code> statement also accepts an optional label
but it applies only to loops.
</p>
<p>
To close this section, here's a comparison routine for byte slices that uses two
Here's a comparison routine for byte slices that uses two
<code>switch</code> statements:
</p>
<pre>
@@ -841,16 +796,16 @@ func Compare(a, b []byte) int {
}
}
switch {
case len(a) &gt; len(b):
return 1
case len(a) &lt; len(b):
return -1
case len(a) &gt; len(b):
return 1
}
return 0
}
</pre>
<h3 id="type_switch">Type switch</h3>
<h2 id="type_switch">Type switch</h2>
<p>
A switch can also be used to discover the dynamic type of an interface
@@ -925,7 +880,7 @@ func nextInt(b []byte, i int) (int, int) {
}
x := 0
for ; i &lt; len(b) &amp;&amp; isDigit(b[i]); i++ {
x = x*10 + int(b[i]) - '0'
x = x*10 + int(b[i])-'0'
}
return x, i
}
@@ -1386,9 +1341,8 @@ func (file *File) Read(buf []byte) (n int, err error)
</pre>
<p>
The method returns the number of bytes read and an error value, if
any.
To read into the first 32 bytes of a larger buffer
<code>buf</code>, <i>slice</i> (here used as a verb) the buffer.
any. To read into the first 32 bytes of a larger buffer
<code>b</code>, <i>slice</i> (here used as a verb) the buffer.
</p>
<pre>
n, err := f.Read(buf[0:32])
@@ -1489,7 +1443,7 @@ If the slices might grow or shrink, they should be allocated independently
to avoid overwriting the next line; if not, it can be more efficient to construct
the object with a single allocation.
For reference, here are sketches of the two methods.
First, a line at a time:
First, a line a time:
</p>
<pre>
@@ -1540,7 +1494,7 @@ with colon-separated key-value pairs,
so it's easy to build them during initialization.
</p>
<pre>
var timeZone = map[string]int{
var timeZone = map[string] int {
"UTC": 0*60*60,
"EST": -5*60*60,
"CST": -6*60*60,
@@ -1567,7 +1521,7 @@ Set the map entry to <code>true</code> to put the value in the set, and then
test it by simple indexing.
</p>
<pre>
attended := map[string]bool{
attended := map[string] bool {
"Ann": true,
"Joe": true,
...
@@ -1959,7 +1913,7 @@ initializer can be a general expression computed at run time.
var (
home = os.Getenv("HOME")
user = os.Getenv("USER")
gopath = os.Getenv("GOPATH")
goRoot = os.Getenv("GOROOT")
)
</pre>
@@ -1988,11 +1942,11 @@ func init() {
if home == "" {
home = "/home/" + user
}
if gopath == "" {
gopath = home + "/go"
if goRoot == "" {
goRoot = home + "/go"
}
// gopath may be overridden by --gopath flag on command line.
flag.StringVar(&amp;gopath, "gopath", gopath, "override default GOPATH")
// goRoot may be overridden by --goroot flag on command line.
flag.StringVar(&amp;goRoot, "goroot", goRoot, "Go root directory")
}
</pre>
@@ -2056,22 +2010,10 @@ We pass the address of a <code>ByteSlice</code>
because only <code>*ByteSlice</code> satisfies <code>io.Writer</code>.
The rule about pointers vs. values for receivers is that value methods
can be invoked on pointers and values, but pointer methods can only be
invoked on pointers.
invoked on pointers. This is because pointer methods can modify the
receiver; invoking them on a copy of the value would cause those
modifications to be discarded.
</p>
<p>
This rule arises because pointer methods can modify the receiver; invoking
them on a value would cause the method to receive a copy of the value, so
any modifications would be discarded.
The language therefore disallows this mistake.
There is a handy exception, though. When the value is addressable, the
language takes care of the common case of invoking a pointer method on a
value by inserting the address operator automatically.
In our example, the variable <code>b</code> is addressable, so we can call
its <code>Write</code> method with just <code>b.Write</code>. The compiler
will rewrite that to <code>(&amp;b).Write</code> for us.
</p>
<p>
By the way, the idea of using <code>Write</code> on a slice of bytes
is central to the implementation of <code>bytes.Buffer</code>.
@@ -2187,7 +2129,6 @@ A one-case type switch would do, but so would a <em>type assertion</em>.
A type assertion takes an interface value and extracts from it a value of the specified explicit type.
The syntax borrows from the clause opening a type switch, but with an explicit
type rather than the <code>type</code> keyword:
</p>
<pre>
value.(typeName)
@@ -2478,8 +2419,6 @@ It has uses beyond those we've seen already.
<p>
The use of a blank identifier in a <code>for</code> <code>range</code> loop is a
special case of a general situation: multiple assignment.
</p>
<p>
If an assignment requires multiple values on the left side,
but one of the values will not be used by the program,
@@ -2595,7 +2534,7 @@ package, which defines a <code><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshaler">Marshaler
interface. When the JSON encoder receives a value that implements that interface,
the encoder invokes the value's marshaling method to convert it to JSON
instead of doing the standard conversion.
The encoder checks this property at run time with a <a href="#interface_conversions">type assertion</a> like:
The encoder checks this property at run time with a <a href="interface_conversions">type assertion</a> like:
</p>
<pre>
@@ -2619,7 +2558,7 @@ One place this situation arises is when it is necessary to guarantee within the
it actually satisfies the interface.
If a type—for example,
<code><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#RawMessage">json.RawMessage</a></code>—needs
a custom JSON representation, it should implement
a custom its JSON representation, it should implement
<code>json.Marshaler</code>, but there are no static conversions that would
cause the compiler to verify this automatically.
If the type inadvertently fails to satisfy the interface, the JSON encoder will still work,
@@ -2954,19 +2893,26 @@ means waiting until some receiver has retrieved a value.
<p>
A buffered channel can be used like a semaphore, for instance to
limit throughput. In this example, incoming requests are passed
to <code>handle</code>, which sends a value into the channel, processes
the request, and then receives a value from the channel
to ready the &ldquo;semaphore&rdquo; for the next consumer.
to <code>handle</code>, which receives a value from the channel, processes
the request, and then sends a value back to the channel
to ready the "semaphore" for the next consumer.
The capacity of the channel buffer limits the number of
simultaneous calls to <code>process</code>.
simultaneous calls to <code>process</code>,
so during initialization we prime the channel by filling it to capacity.
</p>
<pre>
var sem = make(chan int, MaxOutstanding)
func handle(r *Request) {
sem &lt;- 1 // Wait for active queue to drain.
process(r) // May take a long time.
&lt;-sem // Done; enable next request to run.
&lt;-sem // Wait for active queue to drain.
process(r) // May take a long time.
sem &lt;- 1 // Done; enable next request to run.
}
func init() {
for i := 0; i < MaxOutstanding; i++ {
sem &lt;- 1
}
}
func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
@@ -2978,9 +2924,10 @@ func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
</pre>
<p>
Once <code>MaxOutstanding</code> handlers are executing <code>process</code>,
any more will block trying to send into the filled channel buffer,
until one of the existing handlers finishes and receives from the buffer.
Because data synchronization occurs on a receive from a channel
(that is, the send "happens before" the receive; see
<a href="/ref/mem">The Go Memory Model</a>),
acquisition of the semaphore must be on a channel receive, not a send.
</p>
<p>
@@ -2991,77 +2938,21 @@ of them can run at any moment.
As a result, the program can consume unlimited resources if the requests come in too fast.
We can address that deficiency by changing <code>Serve</code> to
gate the creation of the goroutines.
Here's an obvious solution, but beware it has a bug we'll fix subsequently:
</p>
<pre>
func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
for req := range queue {
sem &lt;- 1
&lt;-sem
go func() {
process(req) // Buggy; see explanation below.
&lt;-sem
process(req)
sem &lt;- 1
}()
}
}</pre>
<p>
The bug is that in a Go <code>for</code> loop, the loop variable
is reused for each iteration, so the <code>req</code>
variable is shared across all goroutines.
That's not what we want.
We need to make sure that <code>req</code> is unique for each goroutine.
Here's one way to do that, passing the value of <code>req</code> as an argument
to the closure in the goroutine:
</p>
<pre>
func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
for req := range queue {
sem &lt;- 1
go func(req *Request) {
process(req)
&lt;-sem
}(req)
}
}</pre>
<p>
Compare this version with the previous to see the difference in how
the closure is declared and run.
Another solution is just to create a new variable with the same
name, as in this example:
</p>
<pre>
func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
for req := range queue {
req := req // Create new instance of req for the goroutine.
sem &lt;- 1
go func() {
process(req)
&lt;-sem
}()
}
}</pre>
<p>
It may seem odd to write
</p>
<pre>
req := req
</pre>
<p>
but it's a legal and idiomatic in Go to do this.
You get a fresh version of the variable with the same name, deliberately
shadowing the loop variable locally but unique to each goroutine.
</p>
<p>
Going back to the general problem of writing the server,
another approach that manages resources well is to start a fixed
Another solution that manages resources well is to start a fixed
number of <code>handle</code> goroutines all reading from the request
channel.
The number of goroutines limits the number of simultaneous
@@ -3214,7 +3105,7 @@ Although the concurrency features of Go can make some problems easy
to structure as parallel computations, Go is a concurrent language,
not a parallel one, and not all parallelization problems fit Go's model.
For a discussion of the distinction, see the talk cited in
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">this
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">this
blog post</a>.
<h3 id="leaky_buffer">A leaky buffer</h3>
@@ -3287,18 +3178,9 @@ the garbage collector for bookkeeping.
<p>
Library routines must often return some sort of error indication to
the caller.
As mentioned earlier, Go's multivalue return makes it
the caller. As mentioned earlier, Go's multivalue return makes it
easy to return a detailed error description alongside the normal
return value.
It is good style to use this feature to provide detailed error information.
For example, as we'll see, <code>os.Open</code> doesn't
just return a <code>nil</code> pointer on failure, it also returns an
error value that describes what went wrong.
</p>
<p>
By convention, errors have type <code>error</code>,
return value. By convention, errors have type <code>error</code>,
a simple built-in interface.
</p>
<pre>
@@ -3310,12 +3192,7 @@ type error interface {
A library writer is free to implement this interface with a
richer model under the covers, making it possible not only
to see the error but also to provide some context.
As mentioned, alongside the usual <code>*os.File</code>
return value, <code>os.Open</code> also returns an
error value.
If the file is opened successfully, the error will be <code>nil</code>,
but when there is a problem, it will hold an
<code>os.PathError</code>:
For example, <code>os.Open</code> returns an <code>os.PathError</code>.
</p>
<pre>
// PathError records an error and the operation and
@@ -3375,7 +3252,7 @@ for try := 0; try &lt; 2; try++ {
</pre>
<p>
The second <code>if</code> statement here is another <a href="#interface_conversions">type assertion</a>.
The second <code>if</code> statement here is another <a href="#interface_conversion">type assertion</a>.
If it fails, <code>ok</code> will be false, and <code>e</code>
will be <code>nil</code>.
If it succeeds, <code>ok</code> will be true, which means the
@@ -3558,7 +3435,7 @@ the parse stack by hand:
</p>
<pre>
if pos == 0 {
if pos==0 {
re.error("'*' illegal at start of expression")
}
</pre>

View File

@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ For information on contributing to parts of Go other than gccgo,
see <a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing to the Go project</a>. For
information on building gccgo for yourself,
see <a href="/doc/gccgo_install.html">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
For more of the gritty details on the process of doing development
with the gccgo frontend,
see <a href="https://code.google.com/p/gofrontend/source/browse/HACKING">the
file HACKING</a> in the gofrontend repository.
</p>
<h2>Legal Prerequisites</h2>
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ contribution rules</a>.
<p>
The master sources for the gccgo frontend may be found at
<a href="//code.google.com/p/gofrontend">http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend">http://code.google.com/p/gofrontend</a>.
The master sources are not buildable by themselves, but only in
conjunction with GCC (in the future, other compilers may be
supported). Changes made to the gccgo frontend are also applied to
@@ -40,7 +36,7 @@ is mirrored to the <code>gcc/go/gofrontend</code> directory in the GCC
repository, and the <code>gofrontend</code> <code>libgo</code>
directory is mirrored to the GCC <code>libgo</code> directory. In
addition, the <code>test</code> directory
from <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>
from <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go">the main Go repository</a>
is mirrored to the <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/test</code> directory
in the GCC repository.
</p>
@@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ from <code>gcc/go/gofrontend</code> to <code>gcc/go</code>.
<p>
The run-time library for gccgo is mostly the same as the library
in <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>.
in <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go">the main Go repository</a>.
The library code in the Go repository is periodically merged into
the <code>libgo/go</code> directory of the <code>gofrontend</code> and
then the GCC repositories, using the shell
@@ -73,7 +69,7 @@ script <code>libgo/merge.sh</code>. Accordingly, most library changes
should be made in the main Go repository. The files outside
of <code>libgo/go</code> are gccgo-specific; that said, some of the
files in <code>libgo/runtime</code> are based on files
in <code>src/runtime</code> in the main Go repository.
in <code>src/pkg/runtime</code> in the main Go repository.
</p>
<h2>Testing</h2>
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ or <code>gcc/testsuite/go.dg</code> directories in the GCC repository.
<p>
Changes to the Go frontend should follow the same process as for the
main Go repository, only for the <code>gofrontend</code> project and
the <code>gofrontend-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list
the<code>gofrontend-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list
rather than the <code>go</code> project and the
<code>golang-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list. Those changes
will then be merged into the GCC sources.

View File

@@ -32,18 +32,10 @@ will include Go support.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 4.7.1 release and all later 4.7 releases include a complete
<a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1</a> compiler and libraries.
</p>
<p>
Due to timing, the GCC 4.8.0 and 4.8.1 releases are close to but not
identical to Go 1.1. The GCC 4.8.2 release includes a complete Go
1.1.2 implementation.
</p>
<p>
The GCC 4.9 releases include a complete Go 1.2 implementation.
The GCC 4.7.0 release includes Go support that is very close to
<a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1</a>. Due to release timing it will not
include the last few changes to the Go 1 libraries. The GCC 4.7.1
release should include a complete Go 1 compiler and libraries.
</p>
<h2 id="Source_code">Source code</h2>
@@ -133,8 +125,6 @@ described on
the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html">gcc web
site</a>. It is important to install all the prerequisites before
running the gcc <code>configure</code> script.
The prerequisite libraries can be conveniently downloaded using the
script <code>contrib/download_prerequisites</code> in the GCC sources.
<h3 id="Build_commands">Build commands</h3>
@@ -157,11 +147,11 @@ make install
<h3 id="Ubuntu">A note on Ubuntu</h3>
<p>
Current versions of Ubuntu and versions of GCC before 4.8 disagree on
Current versions of Ubuntu and current versions of gcc disagree on
where system libraries and header files are found. This is not a
gccgo issue. When building older versions of GCC, setting these
environment variables while configuring and building gccgo may fix the
problem.
gccgo issue, and we hope this will be resolved soon. Until it is,
setting these environment variables while configuring and building
gccgo may fix the problem.
</p>
<pre>
@@ -295,9 +285,9 @@ first one that it finds.
<ul>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.gox</code>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.o</code>
<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.so</code>
<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.a</code>
<li><code><var>FILE</var>.o</code>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -319,7 +309,7 @@ gccgo. Both options take directories to search. The
</p>
<p>
The gccgo compiler does not currently (2013-06-20) record
The gccgo compiler does not currently (2012-03-20) record
the file name of imported packages in the object file. You must
arrange for the imported data to be linked into the program.
</p>
@@ -395,23 +385,23 @@ struct __go_slice {
</pre>
<p>
The type of a Go function is a pointer to a struct (this is
<b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>). The first field in the
struct points to the code of the function, which will be equivalent to
a pointer to a C function whose parameter types are equivalent, with
an additional trailing parameter. The trailing parameter is the
closure, and the argument to pass is a pointer to the Go function
struct.
When a Go function returns more than one value, the C function returns
a struct. For example, these functions are roughly equivalent:
The type of a Go function with no receiver is equivalent to a C function
whose parameter types are equivalent. When a Go function returns more
than one value, the C function returns a struct. For example, these
functions have equivalent types:
</p>
<pre>
func GoFunction(int) (int, float64)
struct { int i; float64 f; } CFunction(int, void*)
struct { int i; float64 f; } CFunction(int)
</pre>
<p>
A pointer to a Go function is equivalent to a pointer to a C function
when the functions have equivalent types (this is
<b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>).
</p>
<p>
Go <code>interface</code>, <code>channel</code>, and <code>map</code>
types have no corresponding C type (<code>interface</code> is a
@@ -467,14 +457,6 @@ i := c_open(&amp;name[0], syscall.O_RDONLY, 0);
<code>os.Open</code> function instead).
</p>
<p>
Note that if the C function can block, such as in a call
to <code>read</code>, calling the C function may block the Go program.
Unless you have a clear understanding of what you are doing, all calls
between C and Go should be implemented through cgo or SWIG, as for
the <code>gc</code> compiler.
</p>
<p>
The name of Go functions accessed from C is subject to change. At present
the name of a Go function that does not have a receiver is
@@ -526,4 +508,4 @@ port is for x86. The goal is to extend the port to most of the
<a href="http://www.rtems.org/wiki/index.php/SupportedCPUs">
architectures supported by <code>RTEMS</code></a>. For more information on the port,
as well as instructions on how to install it, please see this
<a href="http://www.rtems.org/wiki/index.php/GCCGoRTEMS"><code>RTEMS</code> Wiki page</a>.
<a href="http://www.rtems.com/wiki/index.php/GCCGoRTEMS"><code>RTEMS</code> Wiki page</a>.

View File

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func (w *bufio.Writer, p []byte) (n int, err error) {
<h3 id="return">Return requirements</h3>
<p>
Before Go 1.1, a function that returned a value needed an explicit "return"
Before Go 1.1, a function that returned a value needed an explicit "return"
or call to <code>panic</code> at
the end of the function; this was a simple way to make the programmer
be explicit about the meaning of the function. But there are many cases
@@ -129,9 +129,9 @@ only an infinite "for" loop.
<p>
In Go 1.1, the rule about final "return" statements is more permissive.
It introduces the concept of a
<a href="/ref/spec#Terminating_statements"><em>terminating statement</em></a>,
<a href="/ref/spec/#Terminating_statements"><em>terminating statement</em></a>,
a statement that is guaranteed to be the last one a function executes.
Examples include
Examples include
"for" loops with no condition and "if-else"
statements in which each half ends in a "return".
If the final statement of a function can be shown <em>syntactically</em> to
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ The GCC release schedule does not coincide with the Go release schedule, so some
<code>gccgo</code>'s releases.
The 4.8.0 version of GCC shipped in March, 2013 and includes a nearly-Go 1.1 version of <code>gccgo</code>.
Its library is a little behind the release, but the biggest difference is that method values are not implemented.
Sometime around July 2013, we expect 4.8.2 of GCC to ship with a <code>gccgo</code>
Sometime around May 2013, we expect 4.8.1 of GCC to ship with a <code>gccgo</code>
providing a complete Go 1.1 implementaiton.
</p>
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ from the traditional Unix flag parsing. This may affect scripts that invoke
the tool directly.
For example,
<code>go tool 6c -Fw -Dfoo</code> must now be written
<code>go tool 6c -F -w -D foo</code>.
<code>go tool 6c -F -w -D foo</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="int">Size of int on 64-bit platforms</h3>
@@ -191,13 +191,12 @@ more than 2 billion elements on 64-bit platforms.
<em>Updating</em>:
Most programs will be unaffected by this change.
Because Go does not allow implicit conversions between distinct
<a href="/ref/spec#Numeric_types">numeric types</a>,
<a href="/ref/spec/#Numeric_types">numeric types</a>,
no programs will stop compiling due to this change.
However, programs that contain implicit assumptions
that <code>int</code> is only 32 bits may change behavior.
For example, this code prints a positive number on 64-bit systems and
a negative one on 32-bit systems:
</p>
<pre>
x := ^uint32(0) // x is 0xffffffff
@@ -295,7 +294,7 @@ variable, where at least one of the accesses is a write.
This new facility is built into the <code>go</code> tool.
For now, it is only available on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows systems with
64-bit x86 processors.
To enable it, set the <code>-race</code> flag when building or testing your program
To enable it, set the <code>-race</code> flag when building or testing your program
(for instance, <code>go test -race</code>).
The race detector is documented in <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">a separate article</a>.
</p>
@@ -304,7 +303,7 @@ The race detector is documented in <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">a
<p>
Due to the change of the <a href="#int"><code>int</code></a> to 64 bits and
a new internal <a href="//golang.org/s/go11func">representation of functions</a>,
a new internal <a href="http://golang.org/s/go11func">representation of functions</a>,
the arrangement of function arguments on the stack has changed in the gc tool chain.
Functions written in assembly will need to be revised at least
to adjust frame pointer offsets.
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ including a list of paths searched, when a package cannot be located.
$ go build foo/quxx
can't load package: package foo/quxx: cannot find package "foo/quxx" in any of:
/home/you/go/src/pkg/foo/quxx (from $GOROOT)
/home/you/src/foo/quxx (from $GOPATH)
/home/you/src/foo/quxx (from $GOPATH)
</pre>
<p>
@@ -344,12 +343,12 @@ command, a <a href="/doc/code.html#GOPATH">valid <code>$GOPATH</code></a> is now
<pre>
$ GOPATH= go get code.google.com/p/foo/quxx
package code.google.com/p/foo/quxx: cannot download, $GOPATH not set. For more details see: go help gopath
package code.google.com/p/foo/quxx: cannot download, $GOPATH not set. For more details see: go help gopath
</pre>
<p>
Finally, as a result of the previous change, the <code>go get</code> command will also fail
when <code>$GOPATH</code> and <code>$GOROOT</code> are set to the same value.
when <code>$GOPATH</code> and <code>$GOROOT</code> are set to the same value.
</p>
<pre>
@@ -428,7 +427,7 @@ To build a file only with Go 1.0.x, use the converse constraint:
<p>
The Go 1.1 tool chain adds experimental support for <code>freebsd/arm</code>,
<code>netbsd/386</code>, <code>netbsd/amd64</code>, <code>netbsd/arm</code>,
<code>netbsd/386</code>, <code>netbsd/amd64</code>, <code>netbsd/arm</code>,
<code>openbsd/386</code> and <code>openbsd/amd64</code> platforms.
</p>
@@ -547,7 +546,7 @@ The Go 1.1 implementation instead returns a
to allow reading and writing
with its
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.ReadFrom"><code>ReadFrom</code></a>
and
and
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.WriteTo"><code>WriteTo</code></a>
methods.
</p>
@@ -666,7 +665,6 @@ This function addresses a common source of confusion in the time API.
<em>Updating</em>:
Code that needs to read and write times using an external format with
lower precision should be modified to use the new methods.
</p>
<h3 id="exp_old">Exp and old subtrees moved to go.exp and go.text subrepositories</h3>
@@ -696,36 +694,6 @@ The old package <code>exp/norm</code> has also been moved, but to a new reposito
be developed.
</p>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
There are three new packages.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/go/format/"><code>go/format</code></a> package provides
a convenient way for a program to access the formatting capabilities of the
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_gofmt_on_package_sources"><code>go fmt</code></a> command.
It has two functions,
<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Node"><code>Node</code></a> to format a Go parser
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Node"><code>Node</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Source"><code>Source</code></a>
to reformat arbitrary Go source code into the standard format as provided by the
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_gofmt_on_package_sources"><code>go fmt</code></a> command.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/cookiejar/"><code>net/http/cookiejar</code></a> package provides the basics for managing HTTP cookies.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/race/"><code>runtime/race</code></a> package provides low-level facilities for data race detection.
It is internal to the race detector and does not otherwise export any user-visible functionality.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
@@ -734,7 +702,7 @@ See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package has two new functions,
<a href="/pkg/bytes/#TrimPrefix"><code>TrimPrefix</code></a>
and
@@ -747,7 +715,7 @@ provides some control over memory allocation inside the buffer.
Finally, the
<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type now has a
<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.WriteTo"><code>WriteTo</code></a> method
so it implements the
so it implements the
<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>io.WriterTo</code></a> interface.
</li>
@@ -774,7 +742,7 @@ and a new function
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package
has a new
has a new
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.Ping"><code>Ping</code></a>
method for its
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a>
@@ -828,6 +796,17 @@ information that the <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a>
command can filter or present according to the value of the <code>-notes</code> flag.
</li>
<li>
A new package, <a href="/pkg/go/format/"><code>go/format</code></a>, provides
a convenient way for a program to access the formatting capabilities of <code>gofmt</code>.
It has two functions,
<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Node"><code>Node</code></a> to format a Go parser
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Node"><code>Node</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Source"><code>Source</code></a>
to format arbitrary Go source code.
</li>
<li>
The undocumented and only partially implemented "noescape" feature of the
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>
@@ -924,11 +903,11 @@ The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds protocol-specific
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds protocol-specific
packet reading and writing methods to
<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn"><code>IPConn</code></a>
(<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.ReadMsgIP"><code>ReadMsgIP</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.WriteMsgIP"><code>WriteMsgIP</code></a>) and
and <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.WriteMsgIP"><code>WriteMsgIP</code></a>) and
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a>
(<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.ReadMsgUDP"><code>ReadMsgUDP</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.WriteMsgUDP"><code>WriteMsgUDP</code></a>).
@@ -936,15 +915,15 @@ These are specialized versions of <a href="/pkg/net/#PacketConn"><code>PacketCon
<code>ReadFrom</code> and <code>WriteTo</code> methods that provide access to out-of-band data associated
with the packets.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds methods to
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a> to allow closing half of the connection
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a> to allow closing half of the connection
(<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.CloseRead"><code>CloseRead</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.CloseWrite"><code>CloseWrite</code></a>),
matching the existing methods of <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn"><code>TCPConn</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package includes several new additions.
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ParseTime"><code>ParseTime</code></a> parses a time string, trying
@@ -964,6 +943,10 @@ a <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response.Body</code></a> is closed bef
being fully consumed.
</li>
<li>
The new <a href="/pkg/net/http/cookiejar/"><code>net/http/cookiejar</code></a> package provides the basics for managing HTTP cookies.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/mail/"><code>net/mail</code></a> package has two new functions,
<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddress"><code>ParseAddress</code></a> and
@@ -1022,7 +1005,7 @@ including disabling it altogether.
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> package has a new function,
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Reverse"><code>Reverse</code></a>.
Wrapping the argument of a call to
Wrapping the argument of a call to
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Sort"><code>sort.Sort</code></a>
with a call to <code>Reverse</code> causes the sort order to be reversed.
</li>

View File

@@ -1,979 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1.2 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1.2",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.2</h2>
<p>
Since the release of <a href="/doc/go1.1.html">Go version 1.1</a> in April, 2013,
the release schedule has been shortened to make the release process more efficient.
This release, Go version 1.2 or Go 1.2 for short, arrives roughly six months after 1.1,
while 1.1 took over a year to appear after 1.0.
Because of the shorter time scale, 1.2 is a smaller delta than the step from 1.0 to 1.1,
but it still has some significant developments, including
a better scheduler and one new language feature.
Of course, Go 1.2 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
of compatibility</a>.
The overwhelming majority of programs built with Go 1.1 (or 1.0 for that matter)
will run without any changes whatsoever when moved to 1.2,
although the introduction of one restriction
to a corner of the language may expose already-incorrect code
(see the discussion of the <a href="#use_of_nil">use of nil</a>).
</p>
<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
<p>
In the interest of firming up the specification, one corner case has been clarified,
with consequences for programs.
There is also one new language feature.
</p>
<h3 id="use_of_nil">Use of nil</h3>
<p>
The language now specifies that, for safety reasons,
certain uses of nil pointers are guaranteed to trigger a run-time panic.
For instance, in Go 1.0, given code like
</p>
<pre>
type T struct {
X [1<<24]byte
Field int32
}
func main() {
var x *T
...
}
</pre>
<p>
the <code>nil</code> pointer <code>x</code> could be used to access memory incorrectly:
the expression <code>x.Field</code> could access memory at address <code>1<<24</code>.
To prevent such unsafe behavior, in Go 1.2 the compilers now guarantee that any indirection through
a nil pointer, such as illustrated here but also in nil pointers to arrays, nil interface values,
nil slices, and so on, will either panic or return a correct, safe non-nil value.
In short, any expression that explicitly or implicitly requires evaluation of a nil address is an error.
The implementation may inject extra tests into the compiled program to enforce this behavior.
</p>
<p>
Further details are in the
<a href="//golang.org/s/go12nil">design document</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Most code that depended on the old behavior is erroneous and will fail when run.
Such programs will need to be updated by hand.
</p>
<h3 id="three_index">Three-index slices</h3>
<p>
Go 1.2 adds the ability to specify the capacity as well as the length when using a slicing operation
on an existing array or slice.
A slicing operation creates a new slice by describing a contiguous section of an already-created array or slice:
</p>
<pre>
var array [10]int
slice := array[2:4]
</pre>
<p>
The capacity of the slice is the maximum number of elements that the slice may hold, even after reslicing;
it reflects the size of the underlying array.
In this example, the capacity of the <code>slice</code> variable is 8.
</p>
<p>
Go 1.2 adds new syntax to allow a slicing operation to specify the capacity as well as the length.
A second
colon introduces the capacity value, which must be less than or equal to the capacity of the
source slice or array, adjusted for the origin. For instance,
</p>
<pre>
slice = array[2:4:7]
</pre>
<p>
sets the slice to have the same length as in the earlier example but its capacity is now only 5 elements (7-2).
It is impossible to use this new slice value to access the last three elements of the original array.
</p>
<p>
In this three-index notation, a missing first index (<code>[:i:j]</code>) defaults to zero but the other
two indices must always be specified explicitly.
It is possible that future releases of Go may introduce default values for these indices.
</p>
<p>
Further details are in the
<a href="//golang.org/s/go12slice">design document</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
This is a backwards-compatible change that affects no existing programs.
</p>
<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
<h3 id="preemption">Pre-emption in the scheduler</h3>
<p>
In prior releases, a goroutine that was looping forever could starve out other
goroutines on the same thread, a serious problem when GOMAXPROCS
provided only one user thread.
In Go 1.2, this is partially addressed: The scheduler is invoked occasionally
upon entry to a function.
This means that any loop that includes a (non-inlined) function call can
be pre-empted, allowing other goroutines to run on the same thread.
</p>
<h3 id="thread_limit">Limit on the number of threads</h3>
<p>
Go 1.2 introduces a configurable limit (default 10,000) to the total number of threads
a single program may have in its address space, to avoid resource starvation
issues in some environments.
Note that goroutines are multiplexed onto threads so this limit does not directly
limit the number of goroutines, only the number that may be simultaneously blocked
in a system call.
In practice, the limit is hard to reach.
</p>
<p>
The new <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetMaxThreads"><code>SetMaxThreads</code></a> function in the
<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package controls the thread count limit.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Few functions will be affected by the limit, but if a program dies because it hits the
limit, it could be modified to call <code>SetMaxThreads</code> to set a higher count.
Even better would be to refactor the program to need fewer threads, reducing consumption
of kernel resources.
</p>
<h3 id="stack_size">Stack size</h3>
<p>
In Go 1.2, the minimum size of the stack when a goroutine is created has been lifted from 4KB to 8KB.
Many programs were suffering performance problems with the old size, which had a tendency
to introduce expensive stack-segment switching in performance-critical sections.
The new number was determined by empirical testing.
</p>
<p>
At the other end, the new function <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetMaxStack"><code>SetMaxStack</code></a>
in the <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package controls
the <em>maximum</em> size of a single goroutine's stack.
The default is 1GB on 64-bit systems and 250MB on 32-bit systems.
Before Go 1.2, it was too easy for a runaway recursion to consume all the memory on a machine.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
The increased minimum stack size may cause programs with many goroutines to use
more memory. There is no workaround, but plans for future releases
include new stack management technology that should address the problem better.
</p>
<h3 id="cgo_and_cpp">Cgo and C++</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> command will now invoke the C++
compiler to build any pieces of the linked-to library that are written in C++;
<a href="/cmd/cgo/">the documentation</a> has more detail.
</p>
<h3 id="go_tools_godoc">Godoc and vet moved to the go.tools subrepository</h3>
<p>
Both binaries are still included with the distribution, but the source code for the
godoc and vet commands has moved to the
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go.tools">go.tools</a> subrepository.
</p>
<p>
Also, the core of the godoc program has been split into a
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/?repo=tools#hg%2Fgodoc">library</a>,
while the command itself is in a separate
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/?repo=tools#hg%2Fcmd%2Fgodoc">directory</a>.
The move allows the code to be updated easily and the separation into a library and command
makes it easier to construct custom binaries for local sites and different deployment methods.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Since godoc and vet are not part of the library,
no client Go code depends on the their source and no updating is required.
</p>
<p>
The binary distributions available from <a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a>
include these binaries, so users of these distributions are unaffected.
</p>
<p>
When building from source, users must use "go get" to install godoc and vet.
(The binaries will continue to be installed in their usual locations, not
<code>$GOPATH/bin</code>.)
</p>
<pre>
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/godoc
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/vet
</pre>
<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
<p>
We expect the future GCC 4.9 release to include gccgo with full
support for Go 1.2.
In the current (4.8.2) release of GCC, gccgo implements Go 1.1.2.
</p>
<h3 id="gc_changes">Changes to the gc compiler and linker</h3>
<p>
Go 1.2 has several semantic changes to the workings of the gc compiler suite.
Most users will be unaffected by them.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> command now
works when C++ is included in the library being linked against.
See the <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> documentation
for details.
</p>
<p>
The gc compiler displayed a vestigial detail of its origins when
a program had no <code>package</code> clause: it assumed
the file was in package <code>main</code>.
The past has been erased, and a missing <code>package</code> clause
is now an error.
</p>
<p>
On the ARM, the toolchain supports "external linking", which
is a step towards being able to build shared libraries with the gc
tool chain and to provide dynamic linking support for environments
in which that is necessary.
</p>
<p>
In the runtime for the ARM, with <code>5a</code>, it used to be possible to refer
to the runtime-internal <code>m</code> (machine) and <code>g</code>
(goroutine) variables using <code>R9</code> and <code>R10</code> directly.
It is now necessary to refer to them by their proper names.
</p>
<p>
Also on the ARM, the <code>5l</code> linker (sic) now defines the
<code>MOVBS</code> and <code>MOVHS</code> instructions
as synonyms of <code>MOVB</code> and <code>MOVH</code>,
to make clearer the separation between signed and unsigned
sub-word moves; the unsigned versions already existed with a
<code>U</code> suffix.
</p>
<h3 id="cover">Test coverage</h3>
<p>
One major new feature of <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go test</code></a> is
that it can now compute and, with help from a new, separately installed
"go tool cover" program, display test coverage results.
</p>
<p>
The cover tool is part of the
<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/checkout?repo=tools"><code>go.tools</code></a>
subrepository.
It can be installed by running
</p>
<pre>
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/cover
</pre>
<p>
The cover tool does two things.
First, when "go test" is given the <code>-cover</code> flag, it is run automatically
to rewrite the source for the package and insert instrumentation statements.
The test is then compiled and run as usual, and basic coverage statistics are reported:
</p>
<pre>
$ go test -cover fmt
ok fmt 0.060s coverage: 91.4% of statements
$
</pre>
<p>
Second, for more detailed reports, different flags to "go test" can create a coverage profile file,
which the cover program, invoked with "go tool cover", can then analyze.
</p>
<p>
Details on how to generate and analyze coverage statistics can be found by running the commands
</p>
<pre>
$ go help testflag
$ go tool cover -help
</pre>
<h3 id="go_doc">The go doc command is deleted</h3>
<p>
The "go doc" command is deleted.
Note that the <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a> tool itself is not deleted,
just the wrapping of it by the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command.
All it did was show the documents for a package by package path,
which godoc itself already does with more flexibility.
It has therefore been deleted to reduce the number of documentation tools and,
as part of the restructuring of godoc, encourage better options in future.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: For those who still need the precise functionality of running
</p>
<pre>
$ go doc
</pre>
<p>
in a directory, the behavior is identical to running
</p>
<pre>
$ godoc .
</pre>
<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go get</code></a> command
now has a <code>-t</code> flag that causes it to download the dependencies
of the tests run by the package, not just those of the package itself.
By default, as before, dependencies of the tests are not downloaded.
</p>
<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
<p>
There are a number of significant performance improvements in the standard library; here are a few of them.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>
decompresses about 30% faster.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/des/"><code>crypto/des</code></a> package
is about five times faster.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
encodes about 30% faster.
</li>
<li>
Networking performance on Windows and BSD systems is about 30% faster through the use
of an integrated network poller in the runtime, similar to what was done for Linux and OS X
in Go 1.1.
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
<h3 id="archive_tar_zip">The archive/tar and archive/zip packages</h3>
<p>
The
<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/"><code>archive/tar</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a>
packages have had a change to their semantics that may break existing programs.
The issue is that they both provided an implementation of the
<a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>os.FileInfo</code></a>
interface that was not compliant with the specification for that interface.
In particular, their <code>Name</code> method returned the full
path name of the entry, but the interface specification requires that
the method return only the base name (final path element).
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Since this behavior was newly implemented and
a bit obscure, it is possible that no code depends on the broken behavior.
If there are programs that do depend on it, they will need to be identified
and fixed manually.
</p>
<h3 id="encoding">The new encoding package</h3>
<p>
There is a new package, <a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a>,
that defines a set of standard encoding interfaces that may be used to
build custom marshalers and unmarshalers for packages such as
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/"><code>encoding/binary</code></a>.
These new interfaces have been used to tidy up some implementations in
the standard library.
</p>
<p>
The new interfaces are called
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryMarshaler"><code>BinaryMarshaler</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryUnmarshaler"><code>BinaryUnmarshaler</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>TextMarshaler</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>TextUnmarshaler</code></a>.
Full details are in the <a href="/pkg/encoding/">documentation</a> for the package
and a separate <a href="//golang.org/s/go12encoding">design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="fmt_indexed_arguments">The fmt package</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package's formatted print
routines such as <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Printf"><code>Printf</code></a>
now allow the data items to be printed to be accessed in arbitrary order
by using an indexing operation in the formatting specifications.
Wherever an argument is to be fetched from the argument list for formatting,
either as the value to be formatted or as a width or specification integer,
a new optional indexing notation <code>[</code><em>n</em><code>]</code>
fetches argument <em>n</em> instead.
The value of <em>n</em> is 1-indexed.
After such an indexing operating, the next argument to be fetched by normal
processing will be <em>n</em>+1.
</p>
<p>
For example, the normal <code>Printf</code> call
</p>
<pre>
fmt.Sprintf("%c %c %c\n", 'a', 'b', 'c')
</pre>
<p>
would create the string <code>"a b c"</code>, but with indexing operations like this,
</p>
<pre>
fmt.Sprintf("%[3]c %[1]c %c\n", 'a', 'b', 'c')
</pre>
<p>
the result is "<code>"c a b"</code>. The <code>[3]</code> index accesses the third formatting
argument, which is <code>'c'</code>, <code>[1]</code> accesses the first, <code>'a'</code>,
and then the next fetch accesses the argument following that one, <code>'b'</code>.
</p>
<p>
The motivation for this feature is programmable format statements to access
the arguments in different order for localization, but it has other uses:
</p>
<pre>
log.Printf("trace: value %v of type %[1]T\n", expensiveFunction(a.b[c]))
</pre>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: The change to the syntax of format specifications
is strictly backwards compatible, so it affects no working programs.
</p>
<h3 id="text_template">The text/template and html/template packages</h3>
<p>
The
<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
has a couple of changes in Go 1.2, both of which are also mirrored in the
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> package.
</p>
<p>
First, there are new default functions for comparing basic types.
The functions are listed in this table, which shows their names and
the associated familiar comparison operator.
</p>
<table cellpadding="0" summary="Template comparison functions">
<tr>
<th width="50"></th><th width="100">Name</th> <th width="50">Operator</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>eq</code></td> <td><code>==</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>ne</code></td> <td><code>!=</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>lt</code></td> <td><code>&lt;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>le</code></td> <td><code>&lt;=</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>gt</code></td> <td><code>&gt;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>ge</code></td> <td><code>&gt;=</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
These functions behave slightly differently from the corresponding Go operators.
First, they operate only on basic types (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>,
<code>float64</code>, <code>string</code>, etc.).
(Go allows comparison of arrays and structs as well, under some circumstances.)
Second, values can be compared as long as they are the same sort of value:
any signed integer value can be compared to any other signed integer value for example. (Go
does not permit comparing an <code>int8</code> and an <code>int16</code>).
Finally, the <code>eq</code> function (only) allows comparison of the first
argument with one or more following arguments. The template in this example,
</p>
<pre>
{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1 2 3 {{"}}"}} equal {{"{{"}}else{{"}}"}} not equal {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
</pre>
<p>
reports "equal" if <code>.A</code> is equal to <em>any</em> of 1, 2, or 3.
</p>
<p>
The second change is that a small addition to the grammar makes "if else if" chains easier to write.
Instead of writing,
</p>
<pre>
{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1{{"}}"}} X {{"{{"}}else{{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}if eq .A 2{{"}}"}} Y {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
</pre>
<p>
one can fold the second "if" into the "else" and have only one "end", like this:
</p>
<pre>
{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1{{"}}"}} X {{"{{"}}else if eq .A 2{{"}}"}} Y {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
</pre>
<p>
The two forms are identical in effect; the difference is just in the syntax.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Neither the "else if" change nor the comparison functions
affect existing programs. Those that
already define functions called <code>eq</code> and so on through a function
map are unaffected because the associated function map will override the new
default function definitions.
</p>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
There are two new packages.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package is
<a href="#encoding">described above</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/"><code>image/color/palette</code></a> package
provides standard color palettes.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package
adds the
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#File.DataOffset"><code>DataOffset</code></a> accessor
to return the offset of a file's (possibly compressed) data within the archive.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
methods to <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>.
These methods allow the <a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>Readers</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/io/#Writer"><code>Writers</code></a>
to be re-used on new input and output readers and writers, saving
allocation overhead.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>
can now decompress concatenated archives.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>
package adds a <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
method on the <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>,
to make it possible to reduce allocation when, for instance, constructing an
archive to hold multiple compressed files.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type adds a
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
so it may be reused.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type adds a
<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
so it may be reused.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/container/heap/"><code>container/heap</code></a> package
adds a <a href="/pkg/container/heap/#Fix"><code>Fix</code></a>
method to provide a more efficient way to update an item's position in the heap.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/container/list/"><code>container/list</code></a> package
adds the <a href="/pkg/container/list/#List.MoveBefore"><code>MoveBefore</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/container/list/#List.MoveAfter"><code>MoveAfter</code></a>
methods, which implement the obvious rearrangement.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a> package
adds the a new GCM mode (Galois Counter Mode), which is almost always
used with AES encryption.
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/"><code>crypto/md5</code></a> package
adds a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/#Sum"><code>Sum</code></a> function
to simplify hashing without sacrificing performance.
</li>
<li>
Similarly, the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/"><code>crypto/sha1</code></a> package
adds a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha1/#Sum"><code>Sum</code></a> function.
</li>
<li>
Also, the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/"><code>crypto/sha256</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/#Sum256"><code>Sum256</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/#Sum224"><code>Sum224</code></a> functions.
</li>
<li>
Finally, the <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/"><code>crypto/sha512</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/#Sum512"><code>Sum512</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/#Sum384"><code>Sum384</code></a> functions.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package
adds support for reading and writing arbitrary extensions.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package adds
support for TLS 1.1, 1.2 and AES-GCM.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package adds a
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.SetMaxOpenConns"><code>SetMaxOpenConns</code></a>
method on <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a> to limit the
number of open connections to the database.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a> package
now always allows trailing commas on fields.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a> package
now treats channel and function fields of structures as if they were unexported,
even if they are not. That is, it ignores them completely. Previously they would
trigger an error, which could cause unexpected compatibility problems if an
embedded structure added such a field.
The package also now supports the generic <code>BinaryMarshaler</code> and
<code>BinaryUnmarshaler</code> interfaces of the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
described above.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
now will always escape ampersands as "\u0026" when printing strings.
It will now accept but correct invalid UTF-8 in
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
(such input was previously rejected).
Finally, it now supports the generic encoding interfaces of the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
described above.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package
now allows attributes stored in pointers to be marshaled.
It also supports the generic encoding interfaces of the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
described above through the new
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Marshaler"><code>Marshaler</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Unmarshaler"><code>Unmarshaler</code></a>,
and related
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#MarshalerAttr"><code>MarshalerAttr</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#UnmarshalerAttr"><code>UnmarshalerAttr</code></a>
interfaces.
The package also adds a
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a> method
to the
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
type for use by custom encoders. See the documentation for
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.EncodeToken"><code>EncodeToken</code></a>
to see how to use it.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/flag/"><code>flag</code></a> package now
has a <a href="/pkg/flag/#Getter"><code>Getter</code></a> interface
to allow the value of a flag to be retrieved. Due to the
Go 1 compatibility guidelines, this method cannot be added to the existing
<a href="/pkg/flag/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
interface, but all the existing standard flag types implement it.
The package also now exports the <a href="/pkg/flag/#CommandLine"><code>CommandLine</code></a>
flag set, which holds the flags from the command line.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/go/ast/"><code>go/ast</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#SliceExpr"><code>SliceExpr</code></a> struct
has a new boolean field, <code>Slice3</code>, which is set to true
when representing a slice expression with three indices (two colons).
The default is false, representing the usual two-index form.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>go/build</code></a> package adds
the <code>AllTags</code> field
to the <a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a> type,
to make it easier to process build tags.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/draw/"><code>image/draw</code></a> package now
exports an interface, <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>,
that wraps the standard <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw"><code>Draw</code></a> method.
The Porter-Duff operators now implement this interface, in effect binding an operation to
the draw operator rather than providing it explicitly.
Given a paletted image as its destination, the new
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#FloydSteinberg"><code>FloydSteinberg</code></a>
implementation of the
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>
interface will use the Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion algorithm to draw the image.
To create palettes suitable for such processing, the new
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Quantizer"><code>Quantizer</code></a> interface
represents implementations of quantization algorithms that choose a palette
given a full-color image.
There are no implementations of this interface in the library.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/gif/"><code>image/gif</code></a> package
can now create GIF files using the new
<a href="/pkg/image/gif/#Encode"><code>Encode</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/image/gif/#EncodeAll"><code>EncodeAll</code></a>
functions.
Their options argument allows specification of an image
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Quantizer"><code>Quantizer</code></a> to use;
if it is <code>nil</code>, the generated GIF will use the
<a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/#Plan9"><code>Plan9</code></a>
color map (palette) defined in the new
<a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/"><code>image/color/palette</code></a> package.
The options also specify a
<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>
to use to create the output image;
if it is <code>nil</code>, Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion is used.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> method of the
<a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package now prioritizes its
arguments differently.
If one argument implements <a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>WriterTo</code></a>
and the other implements <a href="/pkg/io/#ReaderFrom"><code>ReaderFrom</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> will now invoke
<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>WriterTo</code></a> to do the work,
so that less intermediate buffering is required in general.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package requires cgo by default
because the host operating system must in general mediate network call setup.
On some systems, though, it is possible to use the network without cgo, and useful
to do so, for instance to avoid dynamic linking.
The new build tag <code>netgo</code> (off by default) allows the construction of a
<code>net</code> package in pure Go on those systems where it is possible.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds a new field
<code>DualStack</code> to the <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a>
struct for TCP connection setup using a dual IP stack as described in
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555">RFC 6555</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package will no longer
transmit cookies that are incorrect according to
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265">RFC 6265</a>.
It just logs an error and sends nothing.
Also,
the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ReadResponse"><code>ReadResponse</code></a>
function now permits the <code>*Request</code> parameter to be <code>nil</code>,
whereupon it assumes a GET request.
Finally, an HTTP server will now serve HEAD
requests transparently, without the need for special casing in handler code.
While serving a HEAD request, writes to a
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>'s
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>
are absorbed by the
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>
and the client receives an empty body as required by the HTTP specification.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd.StdinPipe"><code>Cmd.StdinPipe</code></a> method
returns an <code>io.WriteCloser</code>, but has changed its concrete
implementation from <code>*os.File</code> to an unexported type that embeds
<code>*os.File</code>, and it is now safe to close the returned value.
Before Go 1.2, there was an unavoidable race that this change fixes.
Code that needs access to the methods of <code>*os.File</code> can use an
interface type assertion, such as <code>wc.(interface{ Sync() error })</code>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package relaxes
the constraints on finalizer functions in
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#SetFinalizer"><code>SetFinalizer</code></a>: the
actual argument can now be any type that is assignable to the formal type of
the function, as is the case for any normal function call in Go.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> package has a new
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Stable"><code>Stable</code></a> function that implements
stable sorting. It is less efficient than the normal sort algorithm, however.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package adds
an <a href="/pkg/strings/#IndexByte"><code>IndexByte</code></a>
function for consistency with the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package
adds a new set of swap functions that atomically exchange the argument with the
value stored in the pointer, returning the old value.
The functions are
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapInt32"><code>SwapInt32</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapInt64"><code>SwapInt64</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUint32"><code>SwapUint32</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUint64"><code>SwapUint64</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUintptr"><code>SwapUintptr</code></a>,
and
<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapPointer"><code>SwapPointer</code></a>,
which swaps an <code>unsafe.Pointer</code>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now implements
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Sendfile"><code>Sendfile</code></a> for Darwin.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
now exports the <a href="/pkg/testing/#TB"><code>TB</code></a> interface.
It records the methods in common with the
<a href="/pkg/testing/#T"><code>T</code></a>
and
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>B</code></a> types,
to make it easier to share code between tests and benchmarks.
Also, the
<a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a>
function now quantizes the return value to an integer (although it
still has type <code>float64</code>), to round off any error caused by
initialization and make the result more repeatable.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
now automatically dereferences pointer values when evaluating the arguments
to "escape" functions such as "html", to bring the behavior of such functions
in agreement with that of other printing functions such as "printf".
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package, the
<a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a> function
and
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Format"><code>Format</code></a>
method
now handle time zone offsets with seconds, such as in the historical
date "1871-01-01T05:33:02+00:34:08".
Also, pattern matching in the formats for those routines is stricter: a non-lowercase letter
must now follow the standard words such as "Jan" and "Mon".
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package
adds <a href="/pkg/unicode/#In"><code>In</code></a>,
a nicer-to-use but equivalent version of the original
<a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsOneOf"><code>IsOneOf</code></a>,
to see whether a character is a member of a Unicode category.
</li>
</ul>

View File

@@ -1,608 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1.3 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1.3",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.3</h2>
<p>
The latest Go release, version 1.3, arrives six months after 1.2,
and contains no language changes.
It focuses primarily on implementation work, providing
precise garbage collection,
a major refactoring of the compiler tool chain that results in
faster builds, especially for large projects,
significant performance improvements across the board,
and support for DragonFly BSD, Solaris, Plan 9 and Google's Native Client architecture (NaCl).
It also has an important refinement to the memory model regarding synchronization.
As always, Go 1.3 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
of compatibility</a>,
and almost everything
will continue to compile and run without change when moved to 1.3.
</p>
<h2 id="os">Changes to the supported operating systems and architectures</h2>
<h3 id="win2000">Removal of support for Windows 2000</h3>
<p>
Microsoft stopped supporting Windows 2000 in 2010.
Since it has <a href="https://codereview.appspot.com/74790043">implementation difficulties</a>
regarding exception handling (signals in Unix terminology),
as of Go 1.3 it is not supported by Go either.
</p>
<h3 id="dragonfly">Support for DragonFly BSD</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for DragonFly BSD on the <code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86) and <code>386</code> (32-bit x86) architectures.
It uses DragonFly BSD 3.6 or above.
</p>
<h3 id="freebsd">Support for FreeBSD</h3>
<p>
It was not announced at the time, but since the release of Go 1.2, support for Go on FreeBSD
requires FreeBSD 8 or above.
</p>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, support for Go on FreeBSD requires that the kernel be compiled with the
<code>COMPAT_FREEBSD32</code> flag configured.
</p>
<p>
In concert with the switch to EABI syscalls for ARM platforms, Go 1.3 will run only on FreeBSD 10.
The x86 platforms, 386 and amd64, are unaffected.
</p>
<h3 id="nacl">Support for Native Client</h3>
<p>
Support for the Native Client virtual machine architecture has returned to Go with the 1.3 release.
It runs on the 32-bit Intel architectures (<code>GOARCH=386</code>) and also on 64-bit Intel, but using
32-bit pointers (<code>GOARCH=amd64p32</code>).
There is not yet support for Native Client on ARM.
Note that this is Native Client (NaCl), not Portable Native Client (PNaCl).
Details about Native Client are <a href="https://developers.google.com/native-client/dev/">here</a>;
how to set up the Go version is described <a href="//golang.org/wiki/NativeClient">here</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="netbsd">Support for NetBSD</h3>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, support for Go on NetBSD requires NetBSD 6.0 or above.
</p>
<h3 id="openbsd">Support for OpenBSD</h3>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, support for Go on OpenBSD requires OpenBSD 5.5 or above.
</p>
<h3 id="plan9">Support for Plan 9</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for Plan 9 on the <code>386</code> (32-bit x86) architecture.
It requires the <code>Tsemacquire</code> syscall, which has been in Plan 9 since June, 2012.
</p>
<h3 id="solaris">Support for Solaris</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for Solaris on the <code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86) architecture.
It requires illumos, Solaris 11 or above.
</p>
<h2 id="memory">Changes to the memory model</h2>
<p>
The Go 1.3 memory model <a href="https://codereview.appspot.com/75130045">adds a new rule</a>
concerning sending and receiving on buffered channels,
to make explicit that a buffered channel can be used as a simple
semaphore, using a send into the
channel to acquire and a receive from the channel to release.
This is not a language change, just a clarification about an expected property of communication.
</p>
<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
<h3 id="stacks">Stack</h3>
<p>
Go 1.3 has changed the implementation of goroutine stacks away from the old,
"segmented" model to a contiguous model.
When a goroutine needs more stack
than is available, its stack is transferred to a larger single block of memory.
The overhead of this transfer operation amortizes well and eliminates the old "hot spot"
problem when a calculation repeatedly steps across a segment boundary.
Details including performance numbers are in this
<a href="//golang.org/s/contigstacks">design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="garbage_collector">Changes to the garbage collector</h3>
<p>
For a while now, the garbage collector has been <em>precise</em> when examining
values in the heap; the Go 1.3 release adds equivalent precision to values on the stack.
This means that a non-pointer Go value such as an integer will never be mistaken for a
pointer and prevent unused memory from being reclaimed.
</p>
<p>
Starting with Go 1.3, the runtime assumes that values with pointer type
contain pointers and other values do not.
This assumption is fundamental to the precise behavior of both stack expansion
and garbage collection.
Programs that use <a href="/pkg/unsafe/">package unsafe</a>
to store integers in pointer-typed values are illegal and will crash if the runtime detects the behavior.
Programs that use <a href="/pkg/unsafe/">package unsafe</a> to store pointers
in integer-typed values are also illegal but more difficult to diagnose during execution.
Because the pointers are hidden from the runtime, a stack expansion or garbage collection
may reclaim the memory they point at, creating
<a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer">dangling pointers</a>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Code that uses <code>unsafe.Pointer</code> to convert
an integer-typed value held in memory into a pointer is illegal and must be rewritten.
Such code can be identified by <code>go vet</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="map">Map iteration</h3>
<p>
Iterations over small maps no longer happen in a consistent order.
Go 1 defines that &ldquo;<a href="//golang.org/ref/spec#For_statements">The iteration order over maps
is not specified and is not guaranteed to be the same from one iteration to the next.</a>&rdquo;
To keep code from depending on map iteration order,
Go 1.0 started each map iteration at a random index in the map.
A new map implementation introduced in Go 1.1 neglected to randomize
iteration for maps with eight or fewer entries, although the iteration order
can still vary from system to system.
This has allowed people to write Go 1.1 and Go 1.2 programs that
depend on small map iteration order and therefore only work reliably on certain systems.
Go 1.3 reintroduces random iteration for small maps in order to flush out these bugs.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: If code assumes a fixed iteration order for small maps,
it will break and must be rewritten not to make that assumption.
Because only small maps are affected, the problem arises most often in tests.
</p>
<h3 id="liblink">The linker</h3>
<p>
As part of the general <a href="//golang.org/s/go13linker">overhaul</a> to
the Go linker, the compilers and linkers have been refactored.
The linker is still a C program, but now the instruction selection phase that
was part of the linker has been moved to the compiler through the creation of a new
library called <code>liblink</code>.
By doing instruction selection only once, when the package is first compiled,
this can speed up compilation of large projects significantly.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Although this is a major internal change, it should have no
effect on programs.
</p>
<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
<p>
GCC release 4.9 will contain the Go 1.2 (not 1.3) version of gccgo.
The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide,
which means that 1.3 will be available in the development branch but
that the next GCC release, 4.10, will likely have the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
</p>
<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>cmd/go</code></a> command has several new
features.
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go run</code></a> and
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a> subcommands
support a new <code>-exec</code> option to specify an alternate
way to run the resulting binary.
Its immediate purpose is to support NaCl.
</p>
<p>
The test coverage support of the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a>
subcommand now automatically sets the coverage mode to <code>-atomic</code>
when the race detector is enabled, to eliminate false reports about unsafe
access to coverage counters.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a> subcommand
now always builds the package, even if it has no test files.
Previously, it would do nothing if no test files were present.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go build</code></a> subcommand
supports a new <code>-i</code> option to install dependencies
of the specified target, but not the target itself.
</p>
<p>
Cross compiling with <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> enabled
is now supported.
The CC_FOR_TARGET and CXX_FOR_TARGET environment
variables are used when running all.bash to specify the cross compilers
for C and C++ code, respectively.
</p>
<p>
Finally, the go command now supports packages that import Objective-C
files (suffixed <code>.m</code>) through cgo.
</p>
<h3 id="cgo">Changes to cgo</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cmd/cgo</code></a> command,
which processes <code>import "C"</code> declarations in Go packages,
has corrected a serious bug that may cause some packages to stop compiling.
Previously, all pointers to incomplete struct types translated to the Go type <code>*[0]byte</code>,
with the effect that the Go compiler could not diagnose passing one kind of struct pointer
to a function expecting another.
Go 1.3 corrects this mistake by translating each different
incomplete struct to a different named type.
</p>
<p>
Given the C declaration <code>typedef struct S T</code> for an incomplete <code>struct S</code>,
some Go code used this bug to refer to the types <code>C.struct_S</code> and <code>C.T</code> interchangeably.
Cgo now explicitly allows this use, even for completed struct types.
However, some Go code also used this bug to pass (for example) a <code>*C.FILE</code>
from one package to another.
This is not legal and no longer works: in general Go packages
should avoid exposing C types and names in their APIs.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Code confusing pointers to incomplete types or
passing them across package boundaries will no longer compile
and must be rewritten.
If the conversion is correct and must be preserved,
use an explicit conversion via <a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code></a>.
</p>
<h3 id="swig">SWIG 3.0 required for programs that use SWIG</h3>
<p>
For Go programs that use SWIG, SWIG version 3.0 is now required.
The <a href="/cmd/go"><code>cmd/go</code></a> command will now link the
SWIG generated object files directly into the binary, rather than
building and linking with a shared library.
</p>
<h3 id="gc_flag">Command-line flag parsing</h3>
<p>
In the gc tool chain, the assemblers now use the
same command-line flag parsing rules as the Go flag package, a departure
from the traditional Unix flag parsing.
This may affect scripts that invoke the tool directly.
For example,
<code>go tool 6a -SDfoo</code> must now be written
<code>go tool 6a -S -D foo</code>.
(The same change was made to the compilers and linkers in <a href="/doc/go1.1#gc_flag">Go 1.1</a>.)
</p>
<h3 id="godoc">Changes to godoc</h3>
<p>
When invoked with the <code>-analysis</code> flag,
<a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc">godoc</a>
now performs sophisticated <a href="/lib/godoc/analysis/help.html">static
analysis</a> of the code it indexes.
The results of analysis are presented in both the source view and the
package documentation view, and include the call graph of each package
and the relationships between
definitions and references,
types and their methods,
interfaces and their implementations,
send and receive operations on channels,
functions and their callers, and
call sites and their callees.
</p>
<h3 id="misc">Miscellany</h3>
<p>
The program <code>misc/benchcmp</code> that compares
performance across benchmarking runs has been rewritten.
Once a shell and awk script in the main repository, it is now a Go program in the <code>go.tools</code> repo.
Documentation is <a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/benchcmp">here</a>.
</p>
<p>
For the few of us that build Go distributions, the tool <code>misc/dist</code> has been
moved and renamed; it now lives in <code>misc/makerelease</code>, still in the main repository.
</p>
<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
<p>
The performance of Go binaries for this release has improved in many cases due to changes
in the runtime and garbage collection, plus some changes to libraries.
Significant instances include:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The runtime handles defers more efficiently, reducing the memory footprint by about two kilobytes
per goroutine that calls defer.
</li>
<li>
The garbage collector has been sped up, using a concurrent sweep algorithm,
better parallelization, and larger pages.
The cumulative effect can be a 50-70% reduction in collector pause time.
</li>
<li>
The race detector (see <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">this guide</a>)
is now about 40% faster.
</li>
<li>
The regular expression package <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a>
is now significantly faster for certain simple expressions due to the implementation of
a second, one-pass execution engine.
The choice of which engine to use is automatic;
the details are hidden from the user.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Also, the runtime now includes in stack dumps how long a goroutine has been blocked,
which can be useful information when debugging deadlocks or performance issues.
</p>
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
A new package <a href="/pkg/debug/plan9obj/"><code>debug/plan9obj</code></a> was added to the standard library.
It implements access to Plan 9 <a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/6/a.out">a.out</a> object files.
</p>
<h3 id="major_library_changes">Major changes to the library</h3>
<p>
A previous bug in <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a>
made it possible to skip verification in TLS inadvertently.
In Go 1.3, the bug is fixed: one must specify either ServerName or
InsecureSkipVerify, and if ServerName is specified it is enforced.
This may break existing code that incorrectly depended on insecure
behavior.
</p>
<p>
There is an important new type added to the standard library: <a href="/pkg/sync/#Pool"><code>sync.Pool</code></a>.
It provides an efficient mechanism for implementing certain types of caches whose memory
can be reclaimed automatically by the system.
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package's benchmarking helper,
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>B</code></a>, now has a
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.RunParallel"><code>RunParallel</code></a> method
to make it easier to run benchmarks that exercise multiple CPUs.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: The crypto/tls fix may break existing code, but such
code was erroneous and should be updated.
</p>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li> In the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package,
a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#DialWithDialer"><code>DialWithDialer</code></a>
function lets one establish a TLS connection using an existing dialer, making it easier
to control dial options such as timeouts.
The package also now reports the TLS version used by the connection in the
<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a>
struct.
</li>
<li> The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
function of the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
now supports parsing (and elsewhere, serialization) of PKCS #10 certificate
signature requests.
</li>
<li>
The formatted print functions of the <code>fmt</code> package now define <code>%F</code>
as a synonym for <code>%f</code> when printing floating-point values.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat"><code>Rat</code></a> types
now implement
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>encoding.TextMarshaler</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.TextUnmarshaler</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The complex power function, <a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Pow"><code>Pow</code></a>,
now specifies the behavior when the first argument is zero.
It was undefined before.
The details are in the <a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Pow">documentation for the function</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now exposes the
properties of a TLS connection used to make a client request in the new
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response.TLS</code></a> field.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
allows setting an optional server error logger
with <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.ErrorLog</code></a>.
The default is still that all errors go to stderr.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
supports disabling HTTP keep-alive connections on the server
with <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.SetKeepAlivesEnabled"><code>Server.SetKeepAlivesEnabled</code></a>.
The default continues to be that the server does keep-alive (reuses
connections for multiple requests) by default.
Only resource-constrained servers or those in the process of graceful
shutdown will want to disable them.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package adds an optional
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport.TLSHandshakeTimeout</code></a>
setting to cap the amount of time HTTP client requests will wait for
TLS handshakes to complete.
It's now also set by default
on <a href="/pkg/net/http#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>,
used by the HTTP client code, now
enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive">TCP
keep-alives</a> by default.
Other <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
values with a nil <code>Dial</code> field continue to function the same
as before: no TCP keep-alives are used.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package
now enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive">TCP
keep-alives</a> for incoming server requests when
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServe"><code>ListenAndServe</code></a>
or
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServeTLS"><code>ListenAndServeTLS</code></a>
are used.
When a server is started otherwise, TCP keep-alives are not enabled.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
provides an
optional <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.ConnState</code></a>
callback to hook various phases of a server connection's lifecycle
(see <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ConnState"><code>ConnState</code></a>).
This can be used to implement rate limiting or graceful shutdown.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's HTTP
client now has an
optional <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client.Timeout</code></a>
field to specify an end-to-end timeout on requests made using the
client.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.ParseMultipartForm"><code>Request.ParseMultipartForm</code></a>
method will now return an error if the body's <code>Content-Type</code>
is not <code>mutipart/form-data</code>.
Prior to Go 1.3 it would silently fail and return <code>nil</code>.
Code that relies on the previous behavior should be updated.
</li>
<li> In the <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package,
the <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a> struct now
has a <code>KeepAlive</code> option to specify a keep-alive period for the connection.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
now closes <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request.Body</code></a>
consistently, even on error.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package now implements
what the documentation has always said with regard to relative paths for the binary.
In particular, it only calls <a href="/pkg/os/exec/#LookPath"><code>LookPath</code></a>
when the binary's file name contains no path separators.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.SetMapIndex"><code>SetMapIndex</code></a>
function in the <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package
no longer panics when deleting from a <code>nil</code> map.
</li>
<li>
If the main goroutine calls
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#Goexit"><code>runtime.Goexit</code></a>
and all other goroutines finish execution, the program now always crashes,
reporting a detected deadlock.
Earlier versions of Go handled this situation inconsistently: most instances
were reported as deadlocks, but some trivial cases exited cleanly instead.
</li>
<li>
The runtime/debug package now has a new function
<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#WriteHeapDump"><code>debug.WriteHeapDump</code></a>
that writes out a description of the heap.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/strconv/#CanBackquote"><code>CanBackquote</code></a>
function in the <a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a> package
now considers the <code>DEL</code> character, <code>U+007F</code>, to be
non-printing.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now provides
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#SendmsgN"><code>SendmsgN</code></a>
as an alternate version of
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Sendmsg"><code>Sendmsg</code></a>
that returns the number of bytes written.
</li>
<li>
On Windows, the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now
supports the cdecl calling convention through the addition of a new function
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#NewCallbackCDecl"><code>NewCallbackCDecl</code></a>
alongside the existing function
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#NewCallback"><code>NewCallback</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package now
diagnoses tests that call <code>panic(nil)</code>, which are almost always erroneous.
Also, tests now write profiles (if invoked with profiling flags) even on failure.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package and associated
support throughout the system has been upgraded from
Unicode 6.2.0 to <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/">Unicode 6.3.0</a>.
</li>
</ul>

View File

@@ -1,896 +0,0 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1.4 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1.4",
"Template": true
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.4</h2>
<p>
The latest Go release, version 1.4, arrives as scheduled six months after 1.3.
</p>
<p>
It contains only one tiny language change,
in the form of a backwards-compatible simple variant of <code>for</code>-<code>range</code> loop,
and a possibly breaking change to the compiler involving methods on pointers-to-pointers.
</p>
<p>
The release focuses primarily on implementation work, improving the garbage collector
and preparing the ground for a fully concurrent collector to be rolled out in the
next few releases.
Stacks are now contiguous, reallocated when necessary rather than linking on new
"segments";
this release therefore eliminates the notorious "hot stack split" problem.
There are some new tools available including support in the <code>go</code> command
for build-time source code generation.
The release also adds support for ARM processors on Android and Native Client (NaCl)
and for AMD64 on Plan 9.
</p>
<p>
As always, Go 1.4 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
of compatibility</a>,
and almost everything
will continue to compile and run without change when moved to 1.4.
</p>
<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
<h3 id="forrange">For-range loops</h3>
<p>
Up until Go 1.3, <code>for</code>-<code>range</code> loop had two forms
</p>
<pre>
for i, v := range x {
...
}
</pre>
<p>
and
</p>
<pre>
for i := range x {
...
}
</pre>
<p>
If one was not interested in the loop values, only the iteration itself, it was still
necessary to mention a variable (probably the <a href="/ref/spec#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>, as in
<code>for</code> <code>_</code> <code>=</code> <code>range</code> <code>x</code>), because
the form
</p>
<pre>
for range x {
...
}
</pre>
<p>
was not syntactically permitted.
</p>
<p>
This situation seemed awkward, so as of Go 1.4 the variable-free form is now legal.
The pattern arises rarely but the code can be cleaner when it does.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: The change is strictly backwards compatible to existing Go
programs, but tools that analyze Go parse trees may need to be modified to accept
this new form as the
<code>Key</code> field of <a href="/pkg/go/ast/#RangeStmt"><code>RangeStmt</code></a>
may now be <code>nil</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="methodonpointertopointer">Method calls on **T</h3>
<p>
Given these declarations,
</p>
<pre>
type T int
func (T) M() {}
var x **T
</pre>
<p>
both <code>gc</code> and <code>gccgo</code> accepted the method call
</p>
<pre>
x.M()
</pre>
<p>
which is a double dereference of the pointer-to-pointer <code>x</code>.
The Go specification allows a single dereference to be inserted automatically,
but not two, so this call is erroneous according to the language definition.
It has therefore been disallowed in Go 1.4, which is a breaking change,
although very few programs will be affected.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Code that depends on the old, erroneous behavior will no longer
compile but is easy to fix by adding an explicit dereference.
</p>
<h2 id="os">Changes to the supported operating systems and architectures</h2>
<h3 id="android">Android</h3>
<p>
Go 1.4 can build binaries for ARM processors running the Android operating system.
It can also build a <code>.so</code> library that can be loaded by an Android application
using the supporting packages in the <a href="https://golang.org/x/mobile">mobile</a> subrepository.
A brief description of the plans for this experimental port are available
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14android">here</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="naclarm">NaCl on ARM</h3>
<p>
The previous release introduced Native Client (NaCl) support for the 32-bit x86
(<code>GOARCH=386</code>)
and 64-bit x86 using 32-bit pointers (GOARCH=amd64p32).
The 1.4 release adds NaCl support for ARM (GOARCH=arm).
</p>
<h3 id="plan9amd64">Plan9 on AMD64</h3>
<p>
This release adds support for the Plan 9 operating system on AMD64 processors,
provided the kernel supports the <code>nsec</code> system call and uses 4K pages.
</p>
<h2 id="compatibility">Changes to the compatibility guidelines</h2>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package allows one
to defeat Go's type system by exploiting internal details of the implementation
or machine representation of data.
It was never explicitly specified what use of <code>unsafe</code> meant
with respect to compatibility as specified in the
<a href="go1compat.html">Go compatibility guidelines</a>.
The answer, of course, is that we can make no promise of compatibility
for code that does unsafe things.
</p>
<p>
We have clarified this situation in the documentation included in the release.
The <a href="go1compat.html">Go compatibility guidelines</a> and the
docs for the <a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package
are now explicit that unsafe code is not guaranteed to remain compatible.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Nothing technical has changed; this is just a clarification
of the documentation.
</p>
<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
<h3 id="runtime">Changes to the runtime</h3>
<p>
Prior to Go 1.4, the runtime (garbage collector, concurrency support, interface management,
maps, slices, strings, ...) was mostly written in C, with some assembler support.
In 1.4, much of the code has been translated to Go so that the garbage collector can scan
the stacks of programs in the runtime and get accurate information about what variables
are active.
This change was large but should have no semantic effect on programs.
</p>
<p>
This rewrite allows the garbage collector in 1.4 to be fully precise,
meaning that it is aware of the location of all active pointers in the program.
This means the heap will be smaller as there will be no false positives keeping non-pointers alive.
Other related changes also reduce the heap size, which is smaller by 10%-30% overall
relative to the previous release.
</p>
<p>
A consequence is that stacks are no longer segmented, eliminating the "hot split" problem.
When a stack limit is reached, a new, larger stack is allocated, all active frames for
the goroutine are copied there, and any pointers into the stack are updated.
Performance can be noticeably better in some cases and is always more predictable.
Details are available in <a href="https://golang.org/s/contigstacks">the design document</a>.
</p>
<p>
The use of contiguous stacks means that stacks can start smaller without triggering performance issues,
so the default starting size for a goroutine's stack in 1.4 has been reduced from 8192 bytes to 2048 bytes.
</p>
<p>
As preparation for the concurrent garbage collector scheduled for the 1.5 release,
writes to pointer values in the heap are now done by a function call,
called a write barrier, rather than directly from the function updating the value.
In this next release, this will permit the garbage collector to mediate writes to the heap while it is running.
This change has no semantic effect on programs in 1.4, but was
included in the release to test the compiler and the resulting performance.
</p>
<p>
The implementation of interface values has been modified.
In earlier releases, the interface contained a word that was either a pointer or a one-word
scalar value, depending on the type of the concrete object stored.
This implementation was problematical for the garbage collector,
so as of 1.4 interface values always hold a pointer.
In running programs, most interface values were pointers anyway,
so the effect is minimal, but programs that store integers (for example) in
interfaces will see more allocations.
</p>
<p>
As of Go 1.3, the runtime crashes if it finds a memory word that should contain
a valid pointer but instead contains an obviously invalid pointer (for example, the value 3).
Programs that store integers in pointer values may run afoul of this check and crash.
In Go 1.4, setting the <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>GODEBUG</code></a> variable
<code>invalidptr=0</code> disables
the crash as a workaround, but we cannot guarantee that future releases will be
able to avoid the crash; the correct fix is to rewrite code not to alias integers and pointers.
</p>
<h3 id="asm">Assembly</h3>
<p>
The language accepted by the assemblers <code>cmd/5a</code>, <code>cmd/6a</code>
and <code>cmd/8a</code> has had several changes,
mostly to make it easier to deliver type information to the runtime.
</p>
<p>
First, the <code>textflag.h</code> file that defines flags for <code>TEXT</code> directives
has been copied from the linker source directory to a standard location so it can be
included with the simple directive
</p>
<pre>
#include "textflag.h"
</pre>
<p>
The more important changes are in how assembler source can define the necessary
type information.
For most programs it will suffice to move data
definitions (<code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives)
out of assembly into Go files
and to write a Go declaration for each assembly function.
The <a href="/doc/asm#runtime">assembly document</a> describes what to do.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>:
Assembly files that include <code>textflag.h</code> from its old
location will still work, but should be updated.
For the type information, most assembly routines will need no change,
but all should be examined.
Assembly source files that define data,
functions with non-empty stack frames, or functions that return pointers
need particular attention.
A description of the necessary (but simple) changes
is in the <a href="/doc/asm#runtime">assembly document</a>.
</p>
<p>
More information about these changes is in the <a href="/doc/asm">assembly document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
<p>
The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide.
GCC release 4.9 contains the Go 1.2 version of gccgo.
The next release, GCC 5, will likely have the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
</p>
<h3 id="internalpackages">Internal packages</h3>
<p>
Go's package system makes it easy to structure programs into components with clean boundaries,
but there are only two forms of access: local (unexported) and global (exported).
Sometimes one wishes to have components that are not exported,
for instance to avoid acquiring clients of interfaces to code that is part of a public repository
but not intended for use outside the program to which it belongs.
</p>
<p>
The Go language does not have the power to enforce this distinction, but as of Go 1.4 the
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command introduces
a mechanism to define "internal" packages that may not be imported by packages outside
the source subtree in which they reside.
</p>
<p>
To create such a package, place it in a directory named <code>internal</code> or in a subdirectory of a directory
named internal.
When the <code>go</code> command sees an import of a package with <code>internal</code> in its path,
it verifies that the package doing the import
is within the tree rooted at the parent of the <code>internal</code> directory.
For example, a package <code>.../a/b/c/internal/d/e/f</code>
can be imported only by code in the directory tree rooted at <code>.../a/b/c</code>.
It cannot be imported by code in <code>.../a/b/g</code> or in any other repository.
</p>
<p>
For Go 1.4, the internal package mechanism is enforced for the main Go repository;
from 1.5 and onward it will be enforced for any repository.
</p>
<p>
Full details of the mechanism are in
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14internal">the design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="canonicalimports">Canonical import paths</h3>
<p>
Code often lives in repositories hosted by public services such as <code>github.com</code>,
meaning that the import paths for packages begin with the name of the hosting service,
<code>github.com/rsc/pdf</code> for example.
One can use
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">an existing mechanism</a>
to provide a "custom" or "vanity" import path such as
<code>rsc.io/pdf</code>, but
that creates two valid import paths for the package.
That is a problem: one may inadvertently import the package through the two
distinct paths in a single program, which is wasteful;
miss an update to a package because the path being used is not recognized to be
out of date;
or break clients using the old path by moving the package to a different hosting service.
</p>
<p>
Go 1.4 introduces an annotation for package clauses in Go source that identify a canonical
import path for the package.
If an import is attempted using a path that is not canonical,
the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command
will refuse to compile the importing package.
</p>
<p>
The syntax is simple: put an identifying comment on the package line.
For our example, the package clause would read:
</p>
<pre>
package pdf // import "rsc.io/pdf"
</pre>
<p>
With this in place,
the <code>go</code> command will
refuse to compile a package that imports <code>github.com/rsc/pdf</code>,
ensuring that the code can be moved without breaking users.
</p>
<p>
The check is at build time, not download time, so if <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
fails because of this check, the mis-imported package has been copied to the local machine
and should be removed manually.
</p>
<p>
To complement this new feature, a check has been added at update time to verify
that the local package's remote repository matches that of its custom import.
The <code>go</code> <code>get</code> <code>-u</code> command will fail to
update a package if its remote repository has changed since it was first
downloaded.
The new <code>-f</code> flag overrides this check.
</p>
<p>
Further information is in
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14customimport">the design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="subrepo">Import paths for the subrepositories</h3>
<p>
The Go project subrepositories (<code>code.google.com/p/go.tools</code> and so on)
are now available under custom import paths replacing <code>code.google.com/p/go.</code> with <code>golang.org/x/</code>,
as in <code>golang.org/x/tools</code>.
We will add canonical import comments to the code around June 1, 2015,
at which point Go 1.4 and later will stop accepting the old <code>code.google.com</code> paths.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: All code that imports from subrepositories should change
to use the new <code>golang.org</code> paths.
Go 1.0 and later can resolve and import the new paths, so updating will not break
compatibility with older releases.
Code that has not updated will stop compiling with Go 1.4 around June 1, 2015.
</p>
<h3 id="gogenerate">The go generate subcommand</h3>
<p>
The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command has a new subcommand,
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Generate_Go_files_by_processing_source"><code>go generate</code></a>,
to automate the running of tools to generate source code before compilation.
For example, it can be used to run the <a href="/cmd/yacc"><code>yacc</code></a>
compiler-compiler on a <code>.y</code> file to produce the Go source file implementing the grammar,
or to automate the generation of <code>String</code> methods for typed constants using the new
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer">stringer</a>
tool in the <code>golang.org/x/tools</code> subrepository.
</p>
<p>
For more information, see the
<a href="https://golang.org/s/go1.4-generate">design document</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="filenames">Change to file name handling</h3>
<p>
Build constraints, also known as build tags, control compilation by including or excluding files
(see the documentation <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>/go/build</code></a>).
Compilation can also be controlled by the name of the file itself by "tagging" the file with
a suffix (before the <code>.go</code> or <code>.s</code> extension) with an underscore
and the name of the architecture or operating system.
For instance, the file <code>gopher_arm.go</code> will only be compiled if the target
processor is an ARM.
</p>
<p>
Before Go 1.4, a file called just <code>arm.go</code> was similarly tagged, but this behavior
can break sources when new architectures are added, causing files to suddenly become tagged.
In 1.4, therefore, a file will be tagged in this manner only if the tag (architecture or operating
system name) is preceded by an underscore.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Packages that depend on the old behavior will no longer compile correctly.
Files with names like <code>windows.go</code> or <code>amd64.go</code> should either
have explicit build tags added to the source or be renamed to something like
<code>os_windows.go</code> or <code>support_amd64.go</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="gocmd">Other changes to the go command</h3>
<p>
There were a number of minor changes to the
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>cmd/go</code></a>
command worth noting.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Unless <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> is being used to build the package,
the <code>go</code> command now refuses to compile C source files,
since the relevant C compilers
(<a href="/cmd/6c/"><code>6c</code></a> etc.)
are intended to be removed from the installation in some future release.
(They are used today only to build part of the runtime.)
It is difficult to use them correctly in any case, so any extant uses are likely incorrect,
so we have disabled them.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
subcommand has a new flag, <code>-o</code>, to set the name of the resulting binary,
corresponding to the same flag in other subcommands.
The non-functional <code>-file</code> flag has been removed.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
subcommand will compile and link all <code>*_test.go</code> files in the package,
even when there are no <code>Test</code> functions in them.
It previously ignored such files.
</li>
<li>
The behavior of the
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>build</code></a>
subcommand's
<code>-a</code> flag has been changed for non-development installations.
For installations running a released distribution, the <code>-a</code> flag will no longer
rebuild the standard library and commands, to avoid overwriting the installation's files.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="pkg">Changes to package source layout</h3>
<p>
In the main Go source repository, the source code for the packages was kept in
the directory <code>src/pkg</code>, which made sense but differed from
other repositories, including the Go subrepositories.
In Go 1.4, the<code> pkg</code> level of the source tree is now gone, so for example
the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package's source, once kept in
directory <code>src/pkg/fmt</code>, now lives one level higher in <code>src/fmt</code>.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Tools like <code>godoc</code> that discover source code
need to know about the new location. All tools and services maintained by the Go team
have been updated.
</p>
<h3 id="swig">SWIG</h3>
<p>
Due to runtime changes in this release, Go 1.4 requires SWIG 3.0.3.
</p>
<h3 id="misc">Miscellany</h3>
<p>
The standard repository's top-level <code>misc</code> directory used to contain
Go support for editors and IDEs: plugins, initialization scripts and so on.
Maintaining these was becoming time-consuming
and needed external help because many of the editors listed were not used by
members of the core team.
It also required us to make decisions about which plugin was best for a given
editor, even for editors we do not use.
</p>
<p>
The Go community at large is much better suited to managing this information.
In Go 1.4, therefore, this support has been removed from the repository.
Instead, there is a curated, informative list of what's available on
a <a href="//golang.org/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">wiki page</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
<p>
Most programs will run about the same speed or slightly faster in 1.4 than in 1.3;
some will be slightly slower.
There are many changes, making it hard to be precise about what to expect.
</p>
<p>
As mentioned above, much of the runtime was translated to Go from C,
which led to some reduction in heap sizes.
It also improved performance slightly because the Go compiler is better
at optimization, due to things like inlining, than the C compiler used to build
the runtime.
</p>
<p>
The garbage collector was sped up, leading to measurable improvements for
garbage-heavy programs.
On the other hand, the new write barriers slow things down again, typically
by about the same amount but, depending on their behavior, some programs
may be somewhat slower or faster.
</p>
<p>
Library changes that affect performance are documented below.
</p>
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
<p>
There are no new packages in this release.
</p>
<h3 id="major_library_changes">Major changes to the library</h3>
<h4 id="scanner">bufio.Scanner</h4>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type in the
<a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package
has had a bug fixed that may require changes to custom
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#SplitFunc"><code>split functions</code></a>.
The bug made it impossible to generate an empty token at EOF; the fix
changes the end conditions seen by the split function.
Previously, scanning stopped at EOF if there was no more data.
As of 1.4, the split function will be called once at EOF after input is exhausted,
so the split function can generate a final empty token
as the documentation already promised.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Custom split functions may need to be modified to
handle empty tokens at EOF as desired.
</p>
<h4 id="syscall">syscall</h4>
<p>
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package is now frozen except
for changes needed to maintain the core repository.
In particular, it will no longer be extended to support new or different system calls
that are not used by the core.
The reasons are described at length in <a href="https://golang.org/s/go1.4-syscall">a
separate document</a>.
</p>
<p>
A new subrepository, <a href="https://golang.org/x/sys">golang.org/x/sys</a>,
has been created to serve as the location for new developments to support system
calls on all kernels.
It has a nicer structure, with three packages that each hold the implementation of
system calls for one of
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/unix">Unix</a>,
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/windows">Windows</a> and
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/plan9">Plan 9</a>.
These packages will be curated more generously, accepting all reasonable changes
that reflect kernel interfaces in those operating systems.
See the documentation and the article mentioned above for more information.
</p>
<p>
<em>Updating</em>: Existing programs are not affected as the <code>syscall</code>
package is largely unchanged from the 1.3 release.
Future development that requires system calls not in the <code>syscall</code> package
should build on <code>golang.org/x/sys</code> instead.
</p>
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
<p>
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> now supports a
<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a> method.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a>,
and <a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a>
packages now support a <code>Reset</code> method
for the decompressors, allowing them to reuse buffers and improve performance.
The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package also has a
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Reader.Multistream"><code>Multistream</code></a> method to control support
for multistream files.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/"><code>crypto</code></a> package now has a
<a href="/pkg/crypto/#Signer"><code>Signer</code></a> interface, implemented by the
<code>PrivateKey</code> types in
<a href="/pkg/crypto/ecdsa"><code>crypto/ecdsa</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa"><code>crypto/rsa</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
now supports ALPN as defined in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301">RFC 7301</a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
now supports programmatic selection of server certificates
through the new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.CertificateForName"><code>CertificateForName</code></a> function
of the <a href="/pkg/crypo/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> struct.
</li>
<li>
Also in the crypto/tls package, the server now supports
<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-tls-downgrade-scsv-00">TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV</a>
to help clients detect fallback attacks.
(The Go client does not support fallback at all, so it is not vulnerable to
those attacks.)
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package can now list all registered
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Drivers"><code>Drivers</code></a>.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/"><code>debug/dwarf</code></a> package now supports
<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#UnspecifiedType"><code>UnspecifiedType</code></a>s.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/"><code>encoding/asn1</code></a> package,
optional elements with a default value will now only be omitted if they have that value.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a> package no longer
quotes empty strings but does quote the end-of-data marker <code>\.</code> (backslash dot).
This is permitted by the definition of CSV and allows it to work better with Postgres.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a> package has been rewritten to eliminate
the use of unsafe operations, allowing it to be used in environments that do not permit use of the
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package.
For typical uses it will be 10-30% slower, but the delta is dependent on the type of the data and
in some cases, especially involving arrays, it can be faster.
There is no functional change.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> can now report its input offset.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package,
formatting of pointers to maps has changed to be consistent with that of pointers
to structs, arrays, and so on.
For instance, <code>&amp;map[string]int{"one":</code> <code>1}</code> now prints by default as
<code>&amp;map[one:</code> <code>1]</code> rather than as a hexadecimal pointer value.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/image/#Image"><code>Image</code></a>
implementations like
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a> have specialized
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA.RGBAAt"><code>RGBAAt</code></a> and
<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray.GrayAt"><code>GrayAt</code></a> methods alongside the general
<a href="/pkg/image/#Image.At"><code>At</code></a> method.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/image/png/"><code>image/png</code></a> package now has an
<a href="/pkg/image/png/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
type to control the compression level used for encoding.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/math/"><code>math</code></a> package now has a
<a href="/pkg/math/#Nextafter32"><code>Nextafter32</code><a/> function.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> type
has a new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.BasicAuth"><code>BasicAuth</code></a> method
that returns the username and password from authenticated requests using the
HTTP Basic Authentication
Scheme.
</li>
<li>The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Transport</code></a> type
has a new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.DialTLS"><code>DialTLS</code></a> hook
that allows customizing the behavior of outbound TLS connections.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/"><code>net/http/httputil</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a> type
has a new field,
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ReverseProxy.ErrorLog"><code>ErrorLog</code></a>, that
provides user control of logging.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/os/"><code>os</code></a> package
now implements symbolic links on the Windows operating system
through the <a href="/pkg/os/#Symlink"><code>Symlink</code></a> function.
Other operating systems already have this functionality.
There is also a new <a href="/pkg/os/#Unsetenv"><code>Unsetenv</code></a> function.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Type</code></a> interface
has a new method, <a href="/pkg/reflect/#type.Comparable"><code>Comparable</code></a>,
that reports whether the type implements general comparisons.
</li>
<li>
Also in the <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package, the
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a> interface is now three instead of four words
because of changes to the implementation of interfaces in the runtime.
This saves memory but has no semantic effect.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package
now implements monotonic clocks on Windows,
as it already did for the other systems.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.Mallocs"><code>Mallocs</code></a> counter
now counts very small allocations that were missed in Go 1.3.
This may break tests using <a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats"><code>ReadMemStats</code></a>
or <a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a>
due to the more accurate answer.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package,
an array <a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.PauseEnd"><code>PauseEnd</code></a>
has been added to the
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats"><code>MemStats</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GCStats"><code>GCStats</code></a> structs.
This array is a circular buffer of times when garbage collection pauses ended.
The corresponding pause durations are already recorded in
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.PauseNs"><code>PauseNs</code></a>
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/race/"><code>runtime/race</code></a> package
now supports FreeBSD, which means the
<a href="/pkg/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command's <code>-race</code>
flag now works on FreeBSD.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package
has a new type, <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>.
<code>Value</code> provides an efficient mechanism for atomic loads and
stores of values of arbitrary type.
</li>
<li>
In the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package's
implementation on Linux, the
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Setuid"><code>Setuid</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Setgid"><code>Setgid</code></a> have been disabled
because those system calls operate on the calling thread, not the whole process, which is
different from other platforms and not the expected result.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
has a new facility to provide more control over running a set of tests.
If the test code contains a function
<pre>
func TestMain(m *<a href="/pkg/testing/#M"><code>testing.M</code></a>)
</pre>
that function will be called instead of running the tests directly.
The <code>M</code> struct contains methods to access and run the tests.
</li>
<li>
Also in the <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package,
a new <a href="/pkg/testing/#Coverage"><code>Coverage</code></a>
function reports the current test coverage fraction,
enabling individual tests to report how much they are contributing to the
overall coverage.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/"><code>text/scanner</code></a> package's
<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type
has a new function,
<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner.IsIdentRune"><code>IsIdentRune</code></a>,
allowing one to control the definition of an identifier when scanning.
</li>
<li>
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package's boolean
functions <code>eq</code>, <code>lt</code>, and so on have been generalized to allow comparison
of signed and unsigned integers, simplifying their use in practice.
(Previously one could only compare values of the same signedness.)
All negative values compare less than all unsigned values.
</li>
<li>
The <code>time</code> package now uses the standard symbol for the micro prefix,
the micro symbol (U+00B5 'µ'), to print microsecond durations.
<a href="/pkg/time/#ParseDuration"><code>ParseDuration</code></a> still accepts <code>us</code>
but the package no longer prints microseconds as <code>us</code>.
<br>
<em>Updating</em>: Code that depends on the output format of durations
but does not use ParseDuration will need to be updated.
</li>
</ul>

View File

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
Overall:
build: Go 1.4 required to build (https://golang.org/cl/2470, https://golang.org/cl/2993)
New Ports:
Darwin/ARM, a.k.a iOS. (https://golang.org/cl/2118, 2119, 3273, 2121, 2122, ..., 2127)
API additions and behavior changes:
bufio: add Reader.Discard (https://golang.org/cl/2260)
crypto/cipher: clarify what will happen if len(src) != len(dst) for the Stream interface. (https://golang.org/cl/1754)
crypto/elliptic: add Name field to CurveParams struct (https://golang.org/cl/2133)
crypto/tls: change default minimum version to TLS 1.0. (https://golang.org/cl/1791)
encoding/base64: add unpadded encodings (https://golang.org/cl/1511)
log: add SetOutput functions (https://golang.org/cl/2686, https://golang.org/cl/3023)
net/http: support for setting trailers from a server Handler (https://golang.org/cl/2157)
net/http/cgi: fix REMOTE_ADDR, REMOTE_HOST, add REMOTE_PORT (https://golang.org/cl/4933)
net/smtp: add TLSConnectionState accessor (https://golang.org/cl/2151)
os/signal: add Ignore and Reset (https://golang.org/cl/3580)
runtime, syscall: use SYSCALL instruction on FreeBSD (Go 1.5 now requires FreeBSD 8-STABLE+) (https://golang.org/cl/3020)
strings: add Compare(x, y string) int, for symmetry with bytes.Compare (https://golang.org/cl/2828)
testing/quick: support generation of arrays (https://golang.org/cl/3865)
Tools:
cmd/go: std wildcard now excludes commands in main repo (https://golang.org/cl/5550)
cmd/vet: better validation of struct tags (https://golang.org/cl/2685)
cmd/ld: no longer record build timestamp in Windows PE file header (https://golang.org/cl/3740)
Performance:
cmd/gc: optimize memclr of slices and arrays (https://golang.org/cl/2520)
sort: number of Sort performance optimizations (https://golang.org/cl/2100, https://golang.org/cl/2614, ...)
strconv: optimize decimal to string conversion (https://golang.org/cl/2105)
math/big: faster assembly kernels for amd64 and 386 (https://golang.org/cl/2503, https://golang.org/cl/2560)
math/big: faster "pure Go" kernels for platforms w/o assembly kernels (https://golang.org/cl/2480)
Assembler:
ARM assembly syntax has had some features removed.
- mentioning SP or PC as a hardware register
These are always pseudo-registers except that in some contexts
they're not, and it's confusing because the context should not affect
which register you mean. Change the references to the hardware
registers to be explicit: R13 for SP, R15 for PC.
- constant creation using assignment
The files say a=b when they could instead say #define a b.
There is no reason to have both mechanisms.
- R(0) to refer to R0.
Some macros use this to a great extent. Again, it's easy just to
use a #define to rename a register.
Also expression evaluation now uses uint64s instead of signed integers and the
precedence of operators is now Go-like rather than C-like.

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1 Release Notes",
"Path": "/doc/go1",
"Template": true
}-->
@@ -486,7 +485,7 @@ into subdirectories. For instance, <code>utf8</code> and
<code>utf16</code> now occupy subdirectories of <code>unicode</code>.
Also, <a href="#subrepo">some packages</a> have moved into
subrepositories of
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go"><code>code.google.com/p/go</code></a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go"><code>code.google.com/p/go</code></a>
while <a href="#deleted">others</a> have been deleted outright.
</p>
@@ -565,7 +564,7 @@ by hand.
<p>
Because they are not standardized, the packages under the <code>exp</code> directory will not be available in the
standard Go 1 release distributions, although they will be available in source code form
in <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/">the repository</a> for
in <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/">the repository</a> for
developers who wish to use them.
</p>
@@ -651,7 +650,7 @@ and also the command <code>gotry</code>.
<em>Updating</em>:
Code that uses <code>container/vector</code> should be updated to use
slices directly. See
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks">the Go
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks">the Go
Language Community Wiki</a> for some suggestions.
Code that uses the other packages (there should be almost zero) will need to be rethought.
</p>
@@ -660,7 +659,7 @@ Code that uses the other packages (there should be almost zero) will need to be
<p>
Go 1 has moved a number of packages into other repositories, usually sub-repositories of
<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/">the main Go repository</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/">the main Go repository</a>.
This table lists the old and new import paths:
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="Sub-repositories">
@@ -1695,7 +1694,7 @@ The compiler will catch code using the old interface.
The <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package has been rewritten.
It has the same interface but the specification of the regular expressions
it supports has changed from the old "egrep" form to that of
<a href="//code.google.com/p/re2/">RE2</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/re2/">RE2</a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1912,7 +1911,7 @@ package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
<em>Updating</em>:
Code using these functions must be rewritten to use
package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
The changes to <a href="//golang.org/change/2646dc956207">encoding/gob</a> and the <a href="//code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/source/detail?r=5340ad310031">protocol buffer library</a>
The changes to <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=2646dc956207">encoding/gob</a> and the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/source/detail?r=5340ad310031">protocol buffer library</a>
may be helpful as examples.
</p>
@@ -2035,4 +2034,4 @@ They are available for many combinations of architecture and operating system
Installation details are described on the
<a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a> page, while
the distributions themselves are listed on the
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/">downloads page</a>.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list">downloads page</a>.

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs",
"Path": "/doc/go1compat"
"Title": "Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs"
}-->
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
@@ -83,16 +82,16 @@ break if the bug is fixed. We reserve the right to fix such bugs.
<li>
Struct literals. For the addition of features in later point
releases, it may be necessary to add fields to exported structs in
the API. Code that uses unkeyed struct literals (such as pkg.T{3,
the API. Code that uses untagged struct literals (such as pkg.T{3,
"x"}) to create values of these types would fail to compile after
such a change. However, code that uses keyed literals (pkg.T{A:
such a change. However, code that uses tagged literals (pkg.T{A:
3, B: "x"}) will continue to compile after such a change. We will
update such data structures in a way that allows keyed struct
literals to remain compatible, although unkeyed literals may fail
update such data structures in a way that allows tagged struct
literals to remain compatible, although untagged literals may fail
to compile. (There are also more intricate cases involving nested
data structures or interfaces, but they have the same resolution.)
We therefore recommend that composite literals whose type is defined
in a separate package should use the keyed notation.
in a separate package should use the tagged notation.
</li>
<li>
@@ -104,14 +103,6 @@ outside of tests, and using it may cause a program to fail
to compile in future releases.
</li>
<li>
Use of package <code>unsafe</code>. Packages that import
<a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a>
may depend on internal properties of the Go implementation.
We reserve the right to make changes to the implementation
that may break such programs.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -153,28 +144,13 @@ developed software based on Go 1.
<p>
Code in sub-repositories of the main go tree, such as
<a href="//golang.org/x/net">golang.org/x/net</a>,
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go.net">code.google.com/p/go.net</a>,
may be developed under
looser compatibility requirements. However, the sub-repositories
will be tagged as appropriate to identify versions that are compatible
with the Go 1 point releases.
</p>
<h2 id="operating_systems">Operating systems</h2>
<p>
It is impossible to guarantee long-term compatibility with operating
system interfaces, which are changed by outside parties.
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package
is therefore outside the purview of the guarantees made here.
As of Go version 1.4, the <code>syscall</code> package is frozen.
Any evolution of the system call interface must be supported elsewhere,
such as in the
<a href="//golang.org/x/sys">go.sys</a> subrepository.
For details and background, see
<a href="//golang.org/s/go1.4-syscall">this document</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
<p>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!--{
"Title": "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)",
"Title": "FAQ",
"Path": "/doc/faq"
}-->
@@ -55,18 +55,13 @@ By its design, Go proposes an approach for the construction of system
software on multicore machines.
</ul>
<p>
A much more expansive answer to this question is available in the article,
<a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google:
Language Design in the Service of Software Engineering</a>.
<h3 id="What_is_the_status_of_the_project">
What is the status of the project?</h3>
<p>
Go became a public open source project on November 10, 2009.
After a couple of years of very active design and development, stability was called for and
Go 1 was <a href="//blog.golang.org/2012/03/go-version-1-is-released.html">released</a>
Go 1 was <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2012/03/go-version-1-is-released.html">released</a>
on March 28, 2012.
Go 1, which includes a <a href="/ref/spec">language specification</a>,
<a href="/pkg/">standard libraries</a>,
@@ -163,7 +158,7 @@ language was called for.
</p>
<p>
The article <a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google</a>
The article <a href="http://talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google</a>
discusses the background and motivation behind the design of the Go language,
as well as providing more detail about many of the answers presented in this FAQ.
</p>
@@ -221,14 +216,14 @@ easier to understand what happens when things combine.
<p>
Yes. There are now several Go programs deployed in
production inside Google. A public example is the server behind
<a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a>.
<a href="http://golang.org">http://golang.org</a>.
It's just the <a href="/cmd/godoc"><code>godoc</code></a>
document server running in a production configuration on
<a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a>.
</p>
<p>
Other examples include the <a href="//github.com/youtube/vitess/">Vitess</a>
Other examples include the <a href="https://code.google.com/p/vitess/">Vitess</a>
system for large-scale SQL installations and Google's download server, <code>dl.google.com</code>,
which delivers Chrome binaries and other large installables such as <code>apt-get</code>
packages.
@@ -260,7 +255,7 @@ Does Go support Google's protocol buffers?</h3>
<p>
A separate open source project provides the necessary compiler plugin and library.
It is available at
<a href="//github.com/golang/protobuf">github.com/golang/protobuf/</a>
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/">http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/</a>
</p>
@@ -270,9 +265,9 @@ Can I translate the Go home page into another language?</h3>
<p>
Absolutely. We encourage developers to make Go Language sites in their own languages.
However, if you choose to add the Google logo or branding to your site
(it does not appear on <a href="//golang.org/">golang.org</a>),
(it does not appear on <a href="http://golang.org/">golang.org</a>),
you will need to abide by the guidelines at
<a href="//www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html">www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html</a>
<a href="http://www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html">http://www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html</a>
</p>
<h2 id="Design">Design</h2>
@@ -426,20 +421,18 @@ When a coroutine blocks, such as by calling a blocking system call,
the run-time automatically moves other coroutines on the same operating
system thread to a different, runnable thread so they won't be blocked.
The programmer sees none of this, which is the point.
The result, which we call goroutines, can be very cheap: they have little
overhead beyond the memory for the stack, which is just a few kilobytes.
The result, which we call goroutines, can be very cheap: unless they spend a lot of time
in long-running system calls, they cost little more than the memory
for the stack, which is just a few kilobytes.
</p>
<p>
To make the stacks small, Go's run-time uses resizable, bounded stacks. A newly
To make the stacks small, Go's run-time uses segmented stacks. A newly
minted goroutine is given a few kilobytes, which is almost always enough.
When it isn't, the run-time grows (and shrinks) the memory for storing
the stack automatically, allowing many goroutines to live in a modest
amount of memory.
The CPU overhead averages about three cheap instructions per function call.
When it isn't, the run-time allocates (and frees) extension segments automatically.
The overhead averages about three cheap instructions per function call.
It is practical to create hundreds of thousands of goroutines in the same
address space.
If goroutines were just threads, system resources would
address space. If goroutines were just threads, system resources would
run out at a much smaller number.
</p>
@@ -448,7 +441,7 @@ Why are map operations not defined to be atomic?</h3>
<p>
After long discussion it was decided that the typical use of maps did not require
safe access from multiple goroutines, and in those cases where it did, the map was
safe access from multiple threads, and in those cases where it did, the map was
probably part of some larger data structure or computation that was already
synchronized. Therefore requiring that all map operations grab a mutex would slow
down most programs and add safety to few. This was not an easy decision,
@@ -466,7 +459,7 @@ Will you accept my language change?</h3>
<p>
People often suggest improvements to the language—the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">mailing list</a>
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">mailing list</a>
contains a rich history of such discussions—but very few of these changes have
been accepted.
</p>
@@ -482,9 +475,9 @@ to start talking about what that might be.
</p>
<p>
Even if your proposal is compatible with the Go 1 spec, it might
Even if your proposal is compatible with the Go 1 spec, it may be
not be in the spirit of Go's design goals.
The article <i><a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go
The article <i><a href="http://talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go
at Google: Language Design in the Service of Software Engineering</a></i>
explains Go's origins and the motivation behind its design.
</p>
@@ -708,7 +701,7 @@ A related example goes the other way:
<pre>
type Opener interface {
Open() Reader
Open(name) Reader
}
func (t T3) Open() *os.File
@@ -889,11 +882,6 @@ type is generic; if you care about how many bits an integer holds, Go
encourages you to be explicit.
</p>
<p>
A blog post, title <a href="http://blog.golang.org/constants">Constants</a>,
explores this topic in more detail.
</p>
<h3 id="builtin_maps">
Why are maps built in?</h3>
<p>
@@ -945,9 +933,9 @@ How are libraries documented?</h3>
There is a program, <code>godoc</code>, written in Go, that extracts
package documentation from the source code. It can be used on the
command line or on the web. An instance is running at
<a href="/pkg/">golang.org/pkg/</a>.
<a href="http://golang.org/pkg/">http://golang.org/pkg/</a>.
In fact, <code>godoc</code> implements the full site at
<a href="/">golang.org/</a>.
<a href="http://golang.org/">http://golang.org/</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="Is_there_a_Go_programming_style_guide">
@@ -964,19 +952,11 @@ compendium of do's and don'ts that allows interpretation.
All the Go code in the repository has been run through <code>gofmt</code>.
</p>
<p>
The document titled
<a href="//golang.org/s/comments">Go Code Review Comments</a>
is a collection of very short essays about details of Go idiom that are often
missed by programmers.
It is a handy reference for people doing code reviews for Go projects.
</p>
<h3 id="How_do_I_submit_patches_to_the_Go_libraries">
How do I submit patches to the Go libraries?</h3>
<p>
The library sources are in the <code>src</code> directory of the repository.
The library sources are in <code>go/src/pkg</code>.
If you want to make a significant change, please discuss on the mailing list before embarking.
</p>
@@ -986,6 +966,32 @@ See the document
for more information about how to proceed.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_does_the_project_use_Mercurial_and_not_git">
Why does the project use Mercurial and not git?</h3>
<p>
The Go project, hosted by Google Code at
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go">code.google.com/p/go</a>,
uses Mercurial as its version control system.
When the project launched,
Google Code supported only Subversion and Mercurial.
Mercurial was a better choice because of its plugin mechanism
that allowed us to create the "codereview" plugin to connect
the project to the excellent code review tools at
<a href="http://codereview.appspot.com">codereview.appspot.com</a>.
</p>
<p>
Programmers who work
with the Go project's source rather than release downloads sometimes
ask for the project to switch to git.
That would be possible, but it would be a lot of work and
would also require reimplementing the codereview plugin.
Given that Mercurial works today, with code review support,
combined with the Go project's mostly linear, non-branching use of
version control, a switch to git doesn't seem worthwhile.
</p>
<h3 id="git_https">
Why does "go get" use HTTPS when cloning a repository?</h3>
@@ -1018,37 +1024,6 @@ these two lines to <code>~/.gitconfig</code>:
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="get_version">
How should I manage package versions using "go get"?</h3>
<p>
"Go get" does not have any explicit concept of package versions.
Versioning is a source of significant complexity, especially in large code bases,
and we are unaware of any approach that works well at scale in a large enough
variety of situations to be appropriate to force on all Go users.
What "go get" and the larger Go toolchain do provide is isolation of
packages with different import paths.
For example, the standard library's <code>html/template</code> and <code>text/template</code>
coexist even though both are "package template".
This observation leads to some advice for package authors and package users.
</p>
<p>
Packages intended for public use should try to maintain backwards compatibility as they evolve.
The <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 compatibility guidelines</a> are a good reference here:
don't remove exported names, encourage tagged composite literals, and so on.
If different functionality is required, add a new name instead of changing an old one.
If a complete break is required, create a new package with a new import path.</p>
<p>
If you're using an externally supplied package and worry that it might change in
unexpected ways, the simplest solution is to copy it to your local repository.
(This is the approach Google takes internally.)
Store the copy under a new import path that identifies it as a local copy.
For example, you might copy "original.com/pkg" to "you.com/external/original.com/pkg".
Keith Rarick's <a href="https://github.com/kr/goven">goven</a> is one tool to help automate this process.
</p>
<h2 id="Pointers">Pointers and Allocation</h2>
<h3 id="pass_by_value">
@@ -1089,7 +1064,7 @@ error but the situation can still be confusing, because sometimes a
<a href="#different_method_sets">pointer
is necessary to satisfy an interface</a>.
The insight is that although a pointer to a concrete type can satisfy
an interface, with one exception <em>a pointer to an interface can never satisfy an interface</em>.
an interface, with one exception <em>a pointer to an interface can never satisfy a interface</em>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1283,7 +1258,7 @@ Do not communicate by sharing memory. Instead, share memory by communicating.
</p>
<p>
See the <a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem/">Share Memory By Communicating</a> code walk and its <a href="//blog.golang.org/2010/07/share-memory-by-communicating.html">associated article</a> for a detailed discussion of this concept.
See the <a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem/">Share Memory By Communicating</a> code walk and its <a href="http://blog.golang.org/2010/07/share-memory-by-communicating.html">associated article</a> for a detailed discussion of this concept.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_no_multi_CPU">
@@ -1300,7 +1275,7 @@ run-time support to utilize more than one OS thread.
Programs that perform parallel computation should benefit from an increase in
<code>GOMAXPROCS</code>.
However, be aware that
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">concurrency
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">concurrency
is not parallelism</a>.
</p>
@@ -1330,14 +1305,14 @@ to speed it up.
</p>
<p>
Go's goroutine scheduler is not as good as it needs to be. In the future, it
Go's goroutine scheduler is not as good as it needs to be. In future, it
should recognize such cases and optimize its use of OS threads. For now,
<code>GOMAXPROCS</code> should be set on a per-application basis.
</p>
<p>
For more detail on this topic see the talk entitled,
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">Concurrency
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">Concurrency
is not Parallelism</a>.
<h2 id="Functions_methods">Functions and Methods</h2>
@@ -1416,7 +1391,7 @@ each closure shares that single variable. When the closure runs, it prints the
value of <code>v</code> at the time <code>fmt.Println</code> is executed,
but <code>v</code> may have been modified since the goroutine was launched.
To help detect this and other problems before they happen, run
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_go_tool_vet_on_packages"><code>go vet</code></a>.
<a href="http://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_go_tool_vet_on_packages"><code>go vet</code></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1550,7 +1525,7 @@ table-driven, iterating over a list of inputs and outputs defined
in a data structure (Go has excellent support for data structure literals).
The work to write a good test and good error messages will then be amortized over many
test cases. The standard Go library is full of illustrative examples, such as in
<a href="/src/fmt/fmt_test.go">the formatting tests for the <code>fmt</code> package</a>.
<a href="/src/pkg/fmt/fmt_test.go">the formatting tests for the <code>fmt</code> package</a>.
</p>
@@ -1569,46 +1544,35 @@ and uses a variant of the Plan 9 loader to generate ELF/Mach-O/PE binaries.
</p>
<p>
We considered using LLVM for <code>gc</code> but we felt it was too large and
slow to meet our performance goals.
</p>
<p>
We also considered writing <code>gc</code>, the original Go compiler, in Go itself but
We considered writing <code>gc</code>, the original Go compiler, in Go itself but
elected not to do so because of the difficulties of bootstrapping and
especially of open source distribution&mdash;you'd need a Go compiler to
set up a Go environment. <code>Gccgo</code>, which came later, makes it possible to
consider writing a compiler in Go.
A plan to do that by machine translation of the existing compiler is under development.
<a href="http://golang.org/s/go13compiler">A separate document</a>
explains the reason for this approach.
consider writing a compiler in Go, which might well happen.
(Go would be a
fine language in which to implement a compiler; a native lexer and
parser are already available in the <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go</code></a> package
and a type checker is in the works.)
</p>
<p>
That plan aside,
Go is a
fine language in which to implement a self-hosting compiler: a native lexer and
parser are already available in the <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go</code></a> package
and a separate type checking
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/go/types">package</a>
has also been written.
We also considered using LLVM for <code>gc</code> but we felt it was too large and
slow to meet our performance goals.
</p>
<h3 id="How_is_the_run_time_support_implemented">
How is the run-time support implemented?</h3>
<p>
Again due to bootstrapping issues, the run-time code was originally written mostly in C (with a
tiny bit of assembler) although much of it has been translated to Go since then
and one day all of it might be (except for the assembler bits).
<code>Gccgo</code>'s run-time support uses <code>glibc</code>.
<code>Gc</code> uses a custom C library to keep the footprint under
Again due to bootstrapping issues, the run-time code is mostly in C (with a
tiny bit of assembler) although Go is capable of implementing most of
it now. <code>Gccgo</code>'s run-time support uses <code>glibc</code>.
<code>Gc</code> uses a custom library to keep the footprint under
control; it is
compiled with a version of the Plan 9 C compiler that supports
resizable stacks for goroutines.
The <code>gccgo</code> compiler implements these on Linux only,
using a technique called segmented stacks,
supported by recent modifications to the gold linker.
segmented stacks for goroutines.
The <code>gccgo</code> compiler implements segmented
stacks on Linux only, supported by recent modifications to the gold linker.
</p>
<h3 id="Why_is_my_trivial_program_such_a_large_binary">
@@ -1626,8 +1590,8 @@ A simple C "hello, world" program compiled and linked statically using gcc
on Linux is around 750 kB,
including an implementation of <code>printf</code>.
An equivalent Go program using <code>fmt.Printf</code>
is around 1.9 MB, but
that includes more powerful run-time support and type information.
is around 1.2 MB, but
that includes more powerful run-time support.
</p>
<h3 id="unused_variables_and_imports">
@@ -1635,17 +1599,14 @@ Can I stop these complaints about my unused variable/import?</h3>
<p>
The presence of an unused variable may indicate a bug, while
unused imports just slow down compilation,
an effect that can become substantial as a program accumulates
code and programmers over time.
For these reasons, Go refuses to compile programs with unused
variables or imports,
trading short-term convenience for long-term build speed and
program clarity.
unused imports just slow down compilation.
Accumulate enough unused imports in your code tree and
things can get very slow.
For these reasons, Go allows neither.
</p>
<p>
Still, when developing code, it's common to create these situations
When developing code, it's common to create these situations
temporarily and it can be annoying to have to edit them out before the
program will compile.
</p>
@@ -1687,14 +1648,6 @@ func main() {
}
</pre>
<p>
Nowadays, most Go programmers use a tool,
<a href="http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports">goimports</a>,
which automatically rewrites a Go source file to have the correct imports,
eliminating the unused imports issue in practice.
This program is easily connected to most editors to run automatically when a Go source file is written.
</p>
<h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>
<h3 id="Why_does_Go_perform_badly_on_benchmark_x">
@@ -1736,7 +1689,7 @@ In any case, Go can often be very competitive.
There has been significant improvement in the performance of many programs
as the language and tools have developed.
See the blog post about
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
Go programs</a> for an informative example.
<h2 id="change_from_c">Changes from C</h2>
@@ -1895,7 +1848,7 @@ considerable control over memory layout and allocation, much more than
is typical in garbage-collected languages. A careful programmer can reduce
the garbage collection overhead dramatically by using the language well;
see the article about
<a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
<a href="http://blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
Go programs</a> for a worked example, including a demonstration of Go's
profiling tools.
</p>

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<!--{
"Title": "The Go Memory Model",
"Subtitle": "Version of May 31, 2014",
"Subtitle": "Version of March 6, 2012",
"Path": "/ref/mem"
}-->
@@ -21,29 +21,6 @@ reads of a variable in one goroutine can be guaranteed to
observe values produced by writes to the same variable in a different goroutine.
</p>
<h2>Advice</h2>
<p>
Programs that modify data being simultaneously accessed by multiple goroutines
must serialize such access.
</p>
<p>
To serialize access, protect the data with channel operations or other synchronization primitives
such as those in the <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a>
and <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> packages.
</p>
<p>
If you must read the rest of this document to understand the behavior of your program,
you are being too clever.
</p>
<p>
Don't be clever.
</p>
<h2>Happens Before</h2>
<p>
@@ -297,41 +274,6 @@ then the program would not be guaranteed to print
crash, or do something else.)
</p>
<p class="rule">
The <i>k</i>th receive on a channel with capacity <i>C</i> happens before the <i>k</i>+<i>C</i>th send from that channel completes.
</p>
<p>
This rule generalizes the previous rule to buffered channels.
It allows a counting semaphore to be modeled by a buffered channel:
the number of items in the channel corresponds to the number of active uses,
the capacity of the channel corresponds to the maximum number of simultaneous uses,
sending an item acquires the semaphore, and receiving an item releases
the semaphore.
This is a common idiom for limiting concurrency.
</p>
<p>
This program starts a goroutine for every entry in the work list, but the
goroutines coordinate using the <code>limit</code> channel to ensure
that at most three are running work functions at a time.
</p>
<pre>
var limit = make(chan int, 3)
func main() {
for _, w := range work {
go func() {
limit <- 1
w()
<-limit
}()
}
select{}
}
</pre>
<h3>Locks</h3>
<p>
@@ -419,7 +361,7 @@ func twoprint() {
<p>
calling <code>twoprint</code> causes <code>"hello, world"</code> to be printed twice.
The first call to <code>doprint</code> runs <code>setup</code> once.
The first call to <code>twoprint</code> runs <code>setup</code> once.
</p>
<h2>Incorrect synchronization</h2>

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203
doc/godocs.js Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
/* A little code to ease navigation of these documents.
*
* On window load we:
* + Bind search box hint placeholder show/hide events (bindSearchEvents)
* + Generate a table of contents (generateTOC)
* + Bind foldable sections (bindToggles)
* + Bind links to foldable sections (bindToggleLinks)
*/
(function() {
'use strict';
function bindSearchEvents() {
var search = $('#search');
if (search.length === 0) {
return; // no search box
}
function clearInactive() {
if (search.is('.inactive')) {
search.val('');
search.removeClass('inactive');
}
}
function restoreInactive() {
if (search.val() !== '') {
return;
}
search.val(search.attr('placeholder'));
search.addClass('inactive');
}
search.on('focus', clearInactive);
search.on('blur', restoreInactive);
restoreInactive();
}
/* Generates a table of contents: looks for h2 and h3 elements and generates
* links. "Decorates" the element with id=="nav" with this table of contents.
*/
function generateTOC() {
if ($('#manual-nav').length > 0) {
return;
}
var nav = $('#nav');
if (nav.length === 0) {
return;
}
var toc_items = [];
$(nav).nextAll('h2, h3').each(function() {
var node = this;
if (node.id == '')
node.id = 'tmp_' + toc_items.length;
var link = $('<a/>').attr('href', '#' + node.id).text($(node).text());
var item;
if ($(node).is('h2')) {
item = $('<dt/>');
} else { // h3
item = $('<dd/>');
}
item.append(link);
toc_items.push(item);
});
if (toc_items.length <= 1) {
return;
}
var dl1 = $('<dl/>');
var dl2 = $('<dl/>');
var split_index = (toc_items.length / 2) + 1;
if (split_index < 8) {
split_index = toc_items.length;
}
for (var i = 0; i < split_index; i++) {
dl1.append(toc_items[i]);
}
for (/* keep using i */; i < toc_items.length; i++) {
dl2.append(toc_items[i]);
}
var tocTable = $('<table class="unruled"/>').appendTo(nav);
var tocBody = $('<tbody/>').appendTo(tocTable);
var tocRow = $('<tr/>').appendTo(tocBody);
// 1st column
$('<td class="first"/>').appendTo(tocRow).append(dl1);
// 2nd column
$('<td/>').appendTo(tocRow).append(dl2);
}
function bindToggle(el) {
$('.toggleButton', el).click(function() {
if ($(el).is('.toggle')) {
$(el).addClass('toggleVisible').removeClass('toggle');
} else {
$(el).addClass('toggle').removeClass('toggleVisible');
}
});
}
function bindToggles(selector) {
$(selector).each(function(i, el) {
bindToggle(el);
});
}
function bindToggleLink(el, prefix) {
$(el).click(function() {
var href = $(el).attr('href');
var i = href.indexOf('#'+prefix);
if (i < 0) {
return;
}
var id = '#' + prefix + href.slice(i+1+prefix.length);
if ($(id).is('.toggle')) {
$(id).find('.toggleButton').first().click();
}
});
}
function bindToggleLinks(selector, prefix) {
$(selector).each(function(i, el) {
bindToggleLink(el, prefix);
});
}
function setupDropdownPlayground() {
if (!$('#page').is('.wide')) {
return; // don't show on front page
}
var button = $('#playgroundButton');
var div = $('#playground');
var setup = false;
button.toggle(function() {
button.addClass('active');
div.show();
if (setup) {
return;
}
setup = true;
playground({
'codeEl': $('.code', div),
'outputEl': $('.output', div),
'runEl': $('.run', div),
'fmtEl': $('.fmt', div),
'shareEl': $('.share', div),
'shareRedirect': 'http://play.golang.org/p/'
});
},
function() {
button.removeClass('active');
div.hide();
});
button.show();
$('#menu').css('min-width', '+=60');
}
// fixFocus tries to put focus to div#page so that keyboard navigation works.
function fixFocus() {
var page = $('div#page');
var topbar = $('div#topbar');
page.css('outline', 0); // disable outline when focused
page.attr('tabindex', -1); // and set tabindex so that it is focusable
$(window).resize(function (evt) {
// only focus page when the topbar is at fixed position (that is, it's in
// front of page, and keyboard event will go to the former by default.)
// by focusing page, keyboard event will go to page so that up/down arrow,
// space, etc. will work as expected.
if (topbar.css('position') == "fixed")
page.focus();
}).resize();
}
function toggleHash() {
var hash = $(window.location.hash);
if (hash.is('.toggle')) {
hash.addClass('toggleVisible').removeClass('toggle');
}
}
$(document).ready(function() {
bindSearchEvents();
generateTOC();
bindToggles(".toggle");
bindToggles(".toggleVisible");
bindToggleLinks(".exampleLink", "example_");
bindToggleLinks(".overviewLink", "");
bindToggleLinks(".examplesLink", "");
bindToggleLinks(".indexLink", "");
setupDropdownPlayground();
fixFocus();
toggleHash();
});
})();

View File

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
The Go gopher was designed by Renee French. (http://reneefrench.blogspot.com/)
The design is licensed under the Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions license.
Read this article for more details: http://blog.golang.org/gopher

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@@ -11,20 +11,17 @@ Need help with Go? Try these resources.
<div id="manual-nav"></div>
<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<h3 id="go_faq"><a href="/doc/go_faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
<p>Answers to common questions about Go.</p>
<h3 id="playground"><a href="/play">The Go Playground</a></h3>
<p>A place to write, run, and share Go code.</p>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">Go Language Community Wiki</a></h3>
<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
<p>
Search the <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
Search the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
archives and consult the <a href="/doc/go_faq.html">FAQ</a> and
<a href="//golang.org/wiki">wiki</a> before posting.
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki">wiki</a> before posting.
</p>
<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
@@ -37,14 +34,11 @@ Go IRC channel.</p>
<h3 id="plus"><a href="https://plus.google.com/101406623878176903605/posts">The Go Programming Language at Google+</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's Google+ page.</p>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="//twitter.com/golang">@golang at Twitter</a></h3>
<h3 id="twitter"><a href="http://twitter.com/go_nuts">@go_nuts at Twitter</a></h3>
<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>
<p>Tweeting about your problem with the <code>#golang</code> hashtag usually
<p>Tweeting your about problem with the <code>#golang</code> hashtag usually
generates some helpful responses.</p>
<h3 id="go_user_groups"><a href="/wiki/GoUserGroups">Go User Groups</a></h3>
<p>
Each month in places around the world, groups of Go programmers ("gophers")
meet to talk about Go. Find a chapter near you.
</p>
<h3 id="blog"><a href="http://blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
the Go team and guests.</p>

View File

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ architectures.
<code>arm</code> (a.k.a. <code>ARM</code>); <code>5g,5l,5c,5a</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Supports Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD binaries. Less widely used than the other ports.
Supports only Linux binaries. Less widely used than the other ports and therefore not as thoroughly tested.
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -69,46 +69,50 @@ goroutines, such as stacks that grow and shrink on demand.
</p>
<p>
The compilers can target the DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD,
OS X (Darwin), Plan 9, Solaris and Windows operating systems.
The compilers can target the FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OS X (Darwin),
and Windows operating systems.
The full set of supported combinations is listed in the discussion of
<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
</p>
</div>
<h2 id="go14">Install Go compiler binaries</h2>
<h2 id="ctools">Install C tools, if needed</h2>
<p>
The Go tool chain is written in Go. To build it, you need a Go compiler installed.
The scripts that do the initial build of the tools look for an existing Go tool
chain in <code>$HOME/go1.4</code>.
(This path may be overridden by setting the <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code>
environment variable.)
The Go tool chain is written in C. To build it, you need a C compiler installed.
Please refer to the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/InstallFromSource#Install_C_tools">InstallFromSource</a>
page on the Go community Wiki for operating system specific instructions.
</p>
<h2 id="mercurial">Install Mercurial, if needed</h2>
<p>
To perform the next step you must have Mercurial installed. (Check that you
have an <code>hg</code> command.)
</p>
<p>
Build the tools with Go version 1.4 or a point release (1.4.1, 1.4.2 etc.).
Go 1.4 binaries can be found at <a href="/dl/">the downloads page</a>.
</p>
<p>
Download the zip or tarball of Go 1.4 for your platform and extract it to
<code>$HOME/go1.4</code> (or your nominated <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code>
location).
</p>
<h2 id="git">Install Git, if needed</h2>
<p>
To perform the next step you must have Git installed. (Check that you
have a <code>git</code> command before proceeding.)
</p>
<p>
If you do not have a working Git installation,
If you do not have a working Mercurial installation,
follow the instructions on the
<a href="http://git-scm.com/downloads">Git downloads</a> page.
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/downloads/">Mercurial downloads</a> page.
</p>
<p>
Mercurial versions 1.7.x and up require the configuration of
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/CACertificates">Certification Authorities</a>
(CAs). Error messages of the form:
</p>
<pre>
warning: code.google.com certificate with fingerprint b1:af: ... bc not verified (check hostfingerprints or web.cacerts config setting)
</pre>
<p>
when using Mercurial indicate that the CAs are missing.
Check your Mercurial version (<code>hg --version</code>) and
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/CACertificates#Configuration_of_HTTPS_certificate_authorities">configure the CAs</a>
if necessary.
</p>
@@ -117,24 +121,22 @@ follow the instructions on the
<p>Go will install to a directory named <code>go</code>.
Change to the directory that will be its parent
and make sure the <code>go</code> directory does not exist.
Then clone the repository and check out the latest release tag:</p>
Then check out the repository:</p>
<pre>
$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go
$ cd go
$ git checkout go1.4
$ hg clone -u release https://code.google.com/p/go
</pre>
<h2 id="head">(Optional) Switch to the master branch</h2>
<h2 id="head">(Optional) Switch to the default branch</h2>
<p>If you intend to modify the go source code, and
<a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribute your changes</a>
to the project, then move your repository
off the release branch, and onto the master (development) branch.
off the release branch, and onto the default (development) branch.
Otherwise, skip this step.</p>
<pre>
$ git checkout master
$ hg update default
</pre>
<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>
@@ -174,10 +176,6 @@ architecture, and root directory used during the install.
<p>
For more information about ways to control the build, see the discussion of
<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
<code>all.bash</code> (or <code>all.bat</code>) runs important tests for Go,
which can take more time than simply building Go. If you do not want to run
the test suite use <code>make.bash</code> (or <code>make.bat</code>)
instead.
</p>
</div>
@@ -218,61 +216,8 @@ If you see the "hello, world" message then Go is installed correctly.
<h2 id="gopath">Set up your work environment</h2>
<p>
You're almost done.
You just need to do a little more setup.
</p>
<p>
<a href="/doc/code.html" class="download" id="start">
<span class="big">How to Write Go Code</span>
<span class="desc">Learn how to set up and use the Go tools</span>
</a>
</p>
<p>
The <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document
provides <b>essential setup instructions</b> for using the Go tools.
</p>
<h2 id="tools">Install additional tools</h2>
<p>
The source code for several Go tools (including <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>)
is kept in <a href="https://golang.org/x/tools">the go.tools repository</a>.
To install all of them, run the <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command:
</p>
<pre>
$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/...
</pre>
<p>
Or if you just want to install a specific command (<code>godoc</code> in this case):
</p>
<pre>
$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc
</pre>
<p>
To install these tools, the <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command requires
that <a href="#git">Git</a> be installed locally.
</p>
<p>
You must also have a workspace (<code>GOPATH</code>) set up;
see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for the details.
</p>
<p>
<b>Note</b>: The <code>go</code> command will install the <code>godoc</code>
binary to <code>$GOROOT/bin</code> (or <code>$GOBIN</code>) and the
<code>cover</code> and <code>vet</code> binaries to
<code>$GOROOT/pkg/tool/$GOOS_$GOARCH</code>.
You can access the latter commands with
"<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>cover</code>" and
"<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>vet</code>".
The document <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> explains how to
set up a work environment in which to build and test Go code.
</p>
<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>
@@ -281,27 +226,31 @@ You can access the latter commands with
The usual community resources such as
<code>#go-nuts</code> on the <a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server
and the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>
mailing list have active developers that can help you with problems
with your installation or your development work.
For those who wish to keep up to date,
there is another mailing list, <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">golang-checkins</a>,
there is another mailing list, <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">golang-checkins</a>,
that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.
</p>
<p>
Bugs can be reported using the <a href="//golang.org/issue/new">Go issue tracker</a>.
Bugs can be reported using the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="releases">Keeping up with releases</h2>
<p>
New releases are announced on the
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
The Go project maintains a stable tag in its Mercurial repository:
<code>release</code>.
</p>
<p>
The <code>release</code> tag refers to the current stable release of Go.
Most Go users should use this version. New releases are announced on the
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list.
Each announcement mentions the latest release tag, for instance,
<code>go1.4</code>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -310,13 +259,11 @@ To update an existing tree to the latest release, you can run:
<pre>
$ cd go/src
$ git fetch
$ git checkout <i>&lt;tag&gt;</i>
$ hg pull
$ hg update release
$ ./all.bash
</pre>
Where <code>&lt;tag&gt;</code> is the version string of the release.
<h2 id="environment">Optional environment variables</h2>
@@ -326,8 +273,9 @@ The Go compilation environment can be customized by environment variables.
to override the defaults.
</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$GOROOT</code>
<blockquote>
<p><code>$GOROOT</code></p>
<p>
The root of the Go tree, often <code>$HOME/go</code>.
Its value is built into the tree when it is compiled, and
@@ -336,7 +284,7 @@ There is no need to set this unless you want to switch between multiple
local copies of the repository.
</p>
<li><code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code>
<p><code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code></p>
<p>
The value assumed by installed binaries and scripts when
<code>$GOROOT</code> is not set explicitly.
@@ -346,7 +294,7 @@ but move it elsewhere after the build, set
<code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code> to the eventual location.
</p>
<li><code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code>
<p><code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code></p>
<p>
The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture.
These default to the values of <code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and
@@ -354,16 +302,16 @@ These default to the values of <code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and
<p>
Choices for <code>$GOOS</code> are
<code>darwin</code> (Mac OS X 10.6 and above), <code>dragonfly</code>, <code>freebsd</code>,
<code>darwin</code> (Mac OS X 10.6 and above), <code>freebsd</code>,
<code>linux</code>, <code>netbsd</code>, <code>openbsd</code>,
<code>plan9</code>, <code>solaris</code> and <code>windows</code>.
<code>plan9</code>, and <code>windows</code>.
Choices for <code>$GOARCH</code> are
<code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86, the most mature port),
<code>386</code> (32-bit x86), and <code>arm</code> (32-bit ARM).
The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
<table cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<th width="50"></th><th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOOS</code></th> <th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOARCH</code></th>
<th width="50"><th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOOS</code></th> <th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOARCH</code></th> <th align="left"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
@@ -372,21 +320,12 @@ The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>dragonfly</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>dragonfly</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -402,9 +341,6 @@ The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -414,12 +350,6 @@ The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>solaris</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -427,7 +357,7 @@ The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
</tr>
</table>
<li><code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code>
<p><code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code></p>
<p>
The name of the host operating system and compilation architecture.
These default to the local system's operating system and
@@ -442,7 +372,7 @@ For example, you should not set <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> to
<code>arm</code> on an x86 system.
</p>
<li><code>$GOBIN</code>
<p><code>$GOBIN</code>
<p>
The location where Go binaries will be installed.
The default is <code>$GOROOT/bin</code>.
@@ -452,38 +382,15 @@ If <code>$GOBIN</code> is set, the <a href="/cmd/go">go command</a>
installs all commands there.
</p>
<li><code>$GO386</code> (for <code>386</code> only, default is auto-detected
if built on either <code>386</code> or <code>amd64</code>, <code>387</code> otherwise)
<p><code>$GOARM</code> (arm, default=6)</p>
<p>
This controls the code generated by 8g to use either the 387 floating-point unit
(set to <code>387</code>) or SSE2 instructions (set to <code>sse2</code>) for
floating point computations.
</p>
<ul>
<li><code>GO386=387</code>: use x87 for floating point operations; should support all x86 chips (Pentium MMX or later).
<li><code>GO386=sse2</code>: use SSE2 for floating point operations; has better performance than 387, but only available on Pentium 4/Opteron/Athlon 64 or later.
</ul>
<li><code>$GOARM</code> (for <code>arm</code> only; default is auto-detected if building
on the target processor, 6 if not)
<p>
This sets the ARM floating point co-processor architecture version the run-time
should target. If you are compiling on the target system, its value will be auto-detected.
</p>
<ul>
<li><code>GOARM=5</code>: use software floating point; when CPU doesn't have VFP co-processor
<li><code>GOARM=6</code>: use VFPv1 only; default if cross compiling; usually ARM11 or better cores (VFPv2 or better is also supported)
<li><code>GOARM=7</code>: use VFPv3; usually Cortex-A cores
</ul>
<p>
If in doubt, leave this variable unset, and adjust it if required
when you first run the Go executable.
The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/GoArm">GoARM</a> page
on the <a href="//golang.org/wiki">Go community wiki</a>
contains further details regarding Go's ARM support.
The ARM architecture version the run-time libraries should target.
Setting <code>$GOARM</code> to 5 causes the linker to emit calls
to a software floating point implementation instead of using
hardware floating point support.
</p>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>
Note that <code>$GOARCH</code> and <code>$GOOS</code> identify the

View File

@@ -6,30 +6,34 @@
<h2 id="download">Download the Go distribution</h2>
<p>
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/" id="start" class="download" target="_blank">
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads" id="start" class="download" target="_blank">
<span class="big">Download Go</span>
<span class="desc">Click here to visit the downloads page</span>
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/" target="_blank">Official binary
distributions</a> are available for the FreeBSD (release 8-STABLE and above),
Linux, Mac OS X (Snow Leopard and above), and Windows operating systems and
the 32-bit (<code>386</code>) and 64-bit (<code>amd64</code>) x86 processor
Click the link above to visit the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads">Go project's downloads page</a>
and select the binary distribution that matches your operating system and
processor architecture.
</p>
<p>
Official binary distributions are available for the FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X
(Snow Leopard, Lion, and Mountain Lion), NetBSD, and Windows operating systems
and the 32-bit (<code>386</code>) and 64-bit (<code>amd64</code>) x86 processor
architectures.
</p>
<p>
If a binary distribution is not available for your combination of operating
system and architecture, try
system and architecture you may want to try
<a href="/doc/install/source">installing from source</a> or
<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">installing gccgo instead of gc</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="requirements">System requirements</h2>
<p>
The <code>gc</code> compiler supports the following operating systems and
architectures. Please ensure your system meets these requirements before
@@ -40,15 +44,16 @@ proceeding. If your OS or architecture is not on the list, it's possible that
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="requirements">
<tr>
<th align="center">Operating system</th>
<th align="center">Architectures</th>
<th align="center">Notes</th>
<th align="middle">Operating system</th>
<th align="middle">Architectures</th>
<th align="middle">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
<tr><td>FreeBSD 8-STABLE or later</td> <td>amd64, 386, arm</td> <td>Debian GNU/kFreeBSD not supported; FreeBSD/ARM needs FreeBSD 10 or later</td></tr>
<tr><td>FreeBSD 7 or later</td> <td>amd64, 386, arm</td> <td>Debian GNU/kFreeBSD not supported; FreeBSD/ARM needs FreeBSD 10 or later</td></tr>
<tr><td>Linux 2.6.23 or later with glibc</td> <td>amd64, 386, arm</td> <td>CentOS/RHEL 5.x not supported; no binary distribution for ARM yet</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mac OS X 10.6 or later</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td>use the gcc<sup>&#8224;</sup> that comes with Xcode<sup>&#8225;</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>Windows XP or later</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td>use MinGW gcc<sup>&#8224;</sup>. No need for cygwin or msys.</td></tr>
<tr><td>Mac OS X 10.6/10.7</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td>use the gcc<sup>&#8224;</sup> that comes with Xcode<sup>&#8225;</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>Windows 2000 or later</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td>use mingw gcc<sup>&#8224;</sup>; cygwin or msys is not needed</td></tr>
<tr><td>NetBSD 6 or later</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td></td></tr>
</table>
<p>
@@ -60,30 +65,55 @@ installed Xcode 4.3+, you can install it from the Components tab of the
Downloads preferences panel.
</p>
<h2 id="install">Install the Go tools</h2>
<p>
If you are upgrading from an older version of Go you must
first <a href="#uninstall">remove the existing version</a>.
The Go binary distributions assume they will be installed in
<code>/usr/local/go</code> (or <code>c:\Go</code> under Windows),
but it is possible to install them in a different
location. If you do this, you will need to set the <code>GOROOT</code>
environment variable to that directory when using the Go tools.
</p>
<h3 id="tarball">Linux, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD tarballs</h3>
<p>
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/">Download the archive</a>
and extract it into <code>/usr/local</code>, creating a Go tree in
<code>/usr/local/go</code>. For example:
For example, if you installed Go to your home directory you should add the
following commands to <code>$HOME/.profile</code>:
</p>
<pre>
tar -C /usr/local -xzf go$VERSION.$OS-$ARCH.tar.gz
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
</pre>
<p>
Choose the archive file appropriate for your installation.
For instance, if you are installing Go version 1.2.1 for 64-bit x86 on Linux,
the archive you want is called <code>go1.2.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</code>.
Windows users should read the section about <a href="#windows_env">setting
environment variables under Windows</a>.
</p>
<h3 id="bsd_linux">FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X and NetBSD tarballs</h3>
<p>
If you are upgrading from an older version of Go you must
first remove the existing version from <code>/usr/local/go</code>:
</p>
<pre>
rm -r /usr/local/go
</pre>
<p>
Extract <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list?q=OpSys-FreeBSD+OR+OpSys-Linux+OR+OpSys-OSX+OR+OpSys-NetBSD+Type-Archive">the archive</a>
into <code>/usr/local</code>, creating a Go tree in <code>/usr/local/go</code>.
For example:
</p>
<pre>
tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.0.3.linux-amd64.tar.gz
</pre>
<p>
The name of the archive may differ, depending on the version of Go you are
installing and your system's operating system and processor architecture.
</p>
<p>
@@ -100,36 +130,11 @@ variable. You can do this by adding this line to your <code>/etc/profile</code>
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
</pre>
<h4 id="tarball_non_standard">Installing to a custom location</h4>
<p>
The Go binary distributions assume they will be installed in
<code>/usr/local/go</code> (or <code>c:\Go</code> under Windows),
but it is possible to install the Go tools to a different location.
In this case you must set the <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable
to point to the directory in which it was installed.
</p>
<p>
For example, if you installed Go to your home directory you should add the
following commands to <code>$HOME/.profile</code>:
</p>
<pre>
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin
</pre>
<p>
<b>Note</b>: <code>GOROOT</code> must be set only when installing to a custom
location.
</p>
<h3 id="osx">Mac OS X package installer</h3>
<p>
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/">Download the package file</a>,
open it, and follow the prompts to install the Go tools.
Open the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list?q=OpSys-OSX+Type-Installer">package file</a>
and follow the prompts to install the Go tools.
The package installs the Go distribution to <code>/usr/local/go</code>.
</p>
@@ -145,13 +150,29 @@ Terminal sessions for the change to take effect.
The Go project provides two installation options for Windows users
(besides <a href="/doc/install/source">installing from source</a>):
a zip archive that requires you to set some environment variables and an
MSI installer that configures your installation automatically.
experimental MSI installer that configures your installation automatically.
</p>
<h4 id="windows_msi">MSI installer</h4>
<h4 id="windows_zip">Zip archive</h4>
<p>
Open the <a href="https://golang.org/dl/">MSI file</a>
Extract the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list?q=OpSys-Windows+Type%3DArchive">zip file</a>
to the directory of your choice (we suggest <code>c:\Go</code>).
</p>
<p>
If you chose a directory other than <code>c:\Go</code>, you must set
the <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable to your chosen path.
</p>
<p>
Add the <code>bin</code> subdirectory of your Go root (for example, <code>c:\Go\bin</code>) to your <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
</p>
<h4 id="windows_msi">MSI installer (experimental)</h4>
<p>
Open the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list?q=OpSys-Windows+Type%3DInstaller">MSI file</a>
and follow the prompts to install the Go tools.
By default, the installer puts the Go distribution in <code>c:\Go</code>.
</p>
@@ -162,21 +183,6 @@ The installer should put the <code>c:\Go\bin</code> directory in your
command prompts for the change to take effect.
</p>
<h4 id="windows_zip">Zip archive</h4>
<p>
<a href="https://golang.org/dl/">Download the zip file</a> and extract it into the directory of your choice (we suggest <code>c:\Go</code>).
</p>
<p>
If you chose a directory other than <code>c:\Go</code>,
you must set the <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable to your chosen path.
</p>
<p>
Add the <code>bin</code> subdirectory of your Go root (for example, <code>c:\Go\bin</code>) to your <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
</p>
<h4 id="windows_env">Setting environment variables under Windows</h4>
<p>
@@ -186,7 +192,6 @@ versions of Windows provide this control panel through the "Advanced System
Settings" option inside the "System" control panel.
</p>
<h2 id="testing">Test your installation</h2>
<p>
@@ -220,54 +225,53 @@ hello, world
If you see the "hello, world" message then your Go installation is working.
</p>
<h2 id="gopath">Set up your work environment</h2>
<p>
You're almost done.
You just need to set up your environment.
The document <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> explains how to
set up a work environment in which to build and test Go code.
</p>
<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>
<p>
Start by taking <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-tour/">A Tour of Go</a>.
</p>
<p>
Read the <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document,
which provides <b>essential setup instructions</b> for using the Go tools.
</p>
<h2 id="uninstall">Uninstalling Go</h2>
<p>
To remove an existing Go installation from your system delete the
<code>go</code> directory. This is usually <code>/usr/local/go</code>
under Linux, Mac OS X, and FreeBSD or <code>c:\Go</code>
under Windows.
Build a web application by following the <a href="/doc/articles/wiki/">Wiki
Tutorial</a>.
</p>
<p>
You should also remove the Go <code>bin</code> directory from your
<code>PATH</code> environment variable.
Under Linux and FreeBSD you should edit <code>/etc/profile</code> or
<code>$HOME/.profile</code>.
If you installed Go with the <a href="#osx">Mac OS X package</a> then you
should remove the <code>/etc/paths.d/go</code> file.
Windows users should read the section about <a href="#windows_env">setting
environment variables under Windows</a>.
Read <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> to learn about writing
idiomatic Go code.
</p>
<p>
For the full story, consult Go's extensive <a href="/doc/">documentation</a>.
</p>
<p>
Subscribe to the
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
</p>
<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>
<p>
For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
<a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
For real-time help, there may be users or developers on
<code>#go-nuts</code> on the <a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
</p>
<p>
The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
</p>
<p>
Report bugs using the
<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
Bugs should be reported using the
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>

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